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THE 


American  Botanist 


AND 


Florist  : 

INCLUDING    LESSONS 

IN  THE 

STRUCTURE,  LIFE,  AND  GROWTH  OF  PLANTS; 

TOGETHER  WITH 

A   SIMPLE  ANALYTICAL  FLORA 


DESCRIPTIVE  OF  THE  NATIVE  AND  CULTIVATED  PLANTS 

GROWING  IN  THE  ATLANTIC  DIVISION 

OF  THE  AMERICAN  UNION, 


BY 

ALPHONSO  WOOD,  A.  M., 

▲UTnOR    OP    THE    CLASS-BOOK     OP    BOTANY,     BTtt 

LIBRARY 

UNIVERSITY  OF  CALIFORNIA 

DAVIS 

A.    S.    BARNES     &     COMPANY, 

NEW  YOKK  AND  CHICAGO. 
H.  B.  NIMS  &  COMPANY,  TROY,  N.  Y. 

UNIV£r;::^iTY  (  r  1  -L..  wKiNlA 


vV^OGDS    BOTANY. 


I.   OBJiiCT   IwESSONS   IN    BOTANY, 

Pleasin:^  lessons  for  young  learners. 

II.    BOTANIST   AND    FLORIST, 

A  thoroiigli  text-book,  comprehensive  and  practical. 

III.  THE   NEW   CLASS-BOOK, 

A  superb  and  exhaustive  compilation  and  encyclopedia  of  the  science. 

IV.  BOTANICAL  APPARATUS, 

A  complete  field  outfit,  consisting  of  Portable  Trunk,  Drying  Press, 
Trowel,  Lens,  Tweezers,  Etc.,  prepared  under  the  supervision  of 
Prof.  Wood. 

V.  THE  STUDENT'S  PLANT  RECORD, 

A  book  of  blank  forms,  facilitating  the  analysis  of  plants,  and  recording 
the  results  of  such  analysis,  and  the  progress  of  the  student. 


***   The   Publishers  will  send  either  of  above,  postage  or  freight  prepaid,  on  receipt 
of  price. 


Entered,  according  to  Act  of  Congress,  in  the  year  1S70,  by 

A  .     S  .     B  A  li  N  K  S    &    CO., 

[n  the  Clerk's  Offic«  of  the  District  Court  of  the  United  States  for  the 
Southern  District  of  New  York, 


PREFACE 


In  preparing  the  present  work,  it  was  our  purpose  to  furntsli  the  student 
In  BotaDy  with  a  complete  manual  within  the  compass  of  an  ordinary  duo- 
decimo volume.  To  this  end,  we  have  revised  the  introductory  treatise 
and  recorded  the  principles  of  the  Science  in  fewer  words,  occupying  but 
two-thirds  the  space  so  used  in  the  Class-Book.  We  have  thus  made  room 
for  the  introduction  of  a  series  of  Synoytical  Tables — a  feature  entirely  new 
— exhibiting  the  principles  contained  in  the  several  chapters  at  a  single 
glance,  and  in  their  combined  relations.  In  the  preparation  of  these  tables 
we  have  received  important  aid  from  Prof.  S.  A.  Norton,  of  Mount  Au- 
burn Seminary,  Cincinnati.  They  are  intended  for  the  blackboard,  and 
we  are  confident  that  both  teacher  and  pupil  will  find  them  an  essential 
aid  both  to  the  understanding  and  memory. 

Our  new  Flora  will  be  found  a  phenomenon  in  brevity.  Within  the 
space  of  426  duodecimo  pages,  in  fair  leaded  type,  we  have  recorded  and 
defined  nearly  4,500  species— all  the  known  Flowering  and  Fern-like  plants, 
both  native  and  cultivated  (hot  excepting  the  Sedges  and  Grasses),  grow- 
ing in  the  Atlantic  half  of  the  countrj'.  This  conciseness  has  been  attained, 
not  by  the  omission  of  anything  necessary  to  the  complete  definition  and 
prompt  recognition  of  every  species,  but  simply  by  avoiding  repetitions.  In 
i\iQ  final  definition  of  the  species  (sec,  for  example,  R.  bulbosus,  the  Bulbous 
Buttercup,  p.  20)  we  give  but  one,  two,  three,  rarely  4  lines.  This  cannot, 
of  course,  include  its  full  portraiture.  It  includes  only  those  few  features 
which  have  not  already  been  given  elsewhere,  and  which  Jiere  serve  to 
distinguish  the  R.  bulbos^.is  from  the  two  preceding  species  with  which  it 
stands  grouped  in  the  tabic.  But  the  full  portraiture  of  R.  bulbosus  (and 
of  every  species)  w.:i  nevertheless  be  found  in  the  Flora.  Some  of  its  fea- 
tures are  given  under  its  genus,  Ranunculus  ;  some  under  its  Order ;  some 
under  its  Cohort ;  others  under  its  Class,  its  Province,  and  its  Sub-kingdom. 


a  PREFACE. 

Moreover,  all  along  the  path  of  its  analysis  through  the  tables  its  charao 
ters  are  announced  and  recognized  ;  so  that  if  all  the  statements  descrip- 
tive of  R.  buWoms  were  collected,  we  should  have  nearly  a  half-page  of 
text,  and  no  important  character  left  unnoticed. 

Between  the  cultivated  exotics  and  the  wild  native  or  naturalized  species 
constituting  our  own  flora,  a  distinction  is  made  in  the  type.  The  names 
of  tlie  latter  are  expressed  in  full-face,  Roman  for  the  species,  and  Itaiu 
for  the  varieties.    The  names  of  the  exotics  are  in  small  capitals. 

The  geographical  limits  of  the  present  flora  are  the  same  as  those 
adopted  in  the  Class-Book ;  viz.,  all  the  States  of  the  American  Union 
lying  east  of  the  Mississippi  River.  This  will  necessarily  include  so  many 
of  the  plants  of  the  States  bordering  on  the  western  shore  of  the  Missis- 
sippi, that  the  book  may  be  regarded  as  well  adapted  to  those  States  also. 

It  gives  me  great  pleasure  to  acknowledge  my  obligations  to  the  friends 
whose  names  occur  below  and  in  many  other  parts  of  our  work,  for  their 
contributions  of  new  and  rare  plants,  and  for  valuable  information  con- 
ceraing  them ; — first,  and  especially,  to  Prof.  Thos.  C.  Porter,  of  Lafayette 
College ;  to  E.  L.  Hankenson,  Newark,  N.  Y. ;  to  John  Wolf,  Canton,  111. ; 
to  Chs.  H.  Peck,  Albany,  N.  Y. ;  to  Wm.  R.  Girard,  Esq.,  Poughkeepsie, 
N.  Y. ;  to  N.  CoLMAN,  Iowa ;  to  Rev.  J.  H.  Carruth,  Kansas ;  to  Dr. 
W.  Matthews,  Dakota ;  to  H.  Mapes,  Michigan,  &c.,  &c. 

And  as  a  just  tribute  to  the  memory  of  my  lamented  wife,  I  would  add 
that  whatever  is  new  and  peculiar  in  the  plan  of  the  present  Flora,  that 
on  which  its  definite  conciseness  depends,  is  due  to  Tier  alom.  She  first 
Indicated  the  method,  and  for  years  assiduously  advocated  its  adoption. 


CUJUS  NOMINI  AC  MEMORLE  CARISSIMiE, 

hoc  opus,  in  medio  dolore  ac  desiderio  confectum, 
dedicat  conjxjx. 


TABLE    OF    CONTENTS: 

1X)GBTHER  WITH  A  SYLLABUS  OP   THE  MORE   PRACTICAL   StJBJECT8, 

DESIGNED   AS   EXERCISES   ON   THE   BLACKBOARD, 

PRELIMINARY  TO  THE  LESSONS. 


X.  B.— Wfl  gire  the  Syllabns  of  but  a  few  Chapters,  and  of  fewer  entire,  in  order  that  the  pnpil 
may  exercise  his  own  skill  in  supplying  the  deficiencies.  The  teacher  should  require  this. 
The  abbreviation  (<te )  indicates  a  table  unfinished. 

INTRODUCTION Page  9 

Chapter  I.    Aids  to  the  Studyof  Botany 9 

Chapter  H.    Departments  of  Science 11 

♦  Existence,  individually ;  (§  13) 

a  As  an  inorganic  mass,  is A  Mineral. 

b  As  an  organic  body,— endowed  with  life A  Plant. 

—endowed  with  life  and  perception An  Animal. 

•  Existence,  collectively,  Nature.    (§  12),  &c. 

*  Existence,  objectively.  Science.    (§  16-18),  &c 

♦  Departments  of  Botany.    (§  19-23),  &c. 

•  Classification.    (§  27-30),  &c. 

♦  Nomenclature.    (§  25,  26) 

a  Local  appellatives  iu  common  use TrlTial  Names. 

b  Universal  appellatives  adopted  in  Science Latin  Names. 

—The  name  of  the  Genus Generic. 

—The  name  of  the  Species Specific. 

—The  name  of  the  Individual Proper. 

CttAPTEB  in.    Stages  of  Plant  Life 14 

First  Stage;  asleep  in  the  Seed Embryo. 

Second  Stage;  development.— a  A  wakening  and  beginning  to  grow..  Germination. 

—b  Developing  leaves  and  branches Vegetation. 

Third  Stage ;  leaves  transformed  to  flowers Flowering. 

Fourth  Stage ;  maturity.— c  Flowers  maturing  into  fruit Fructification. 

—d  Fruit  ripe  and  the  plant  exhausted.    Hybernation.    Death. 

Chapter  TV.    Term  of  Plant  Life IG 

%  Plant  fruiting  but  once,  and— a  dying  in  its  first  year ®  Annual  Herb 

—6  dying  after  its  second  year . . .  .@  Biennial  Herb. 

— c  dying  after  many  years Monocarpic. 

I  Plant  fruiting  more  than  once  (perennial), 

a  With  annual  stems,  is  a  %  Perennial  Herb. 

b  With  perennial  stems  becoming  woody. 

1,  If  lower  than  or  equalling  the  human  stature Undershrub. 

2,  If  taller,  7  to  20  feet  high Shrub. 

8,  If  still  taller,  with  a  distinct  trunk: A  Tree 

+  Trees  with  annual  foliage,  shed  in  Autumn Deciduous 

t  Trees  with  perennial  foliaijo Hrorgrccs 


4  CONTENTS. 

PART  FIRST.-STEUCTURAL  BOTANY,  OR  ORGANOGRAPHT M 

Chapter  I.    The  Flower,    It  may  consist  of, 19 

a  The  leafy  Envelopes,  or  Perianth,  in  2  whorls  or  sets. 

1,  The  onter  circle,  of  Sepals,  usually  green Calyx. 

2,  The  inner  circle,  of  Petal?,  usually  colored Corolla. 

b  The  Essential  Organs,  also  in  2  whorls  or  sets. 

3,  An  outer  set,  of  Stamens,  within  the  corolla Androecium. 

4,  The  inner  and  central  set,  of  Pistils Gynoecium. 

e  The  base,  or  platform  on  which  these  organs  stand Torus. 

Chapter  n.    Plan  of  the  Flower.— The  Typical  Flower, 21 

1,  Consisting  of  4  whorled  sets  of  organs,  is Complete. 

2,  Each  set  having  the  same  number  of  parts Symmetrical. 

3,  The  parts  composing  each  set  uniform Regular. 

4,  All  the  parts  separate  and  distinct  from  each  other Free. 

6,  Parts  of  adjacent  sets  alternating  in  position Alternate. 

Chapters  III.  and  IV.    Anomalous  Flowers.    Deviations  from  the  Type 23 

1,  Variations  in  the  Radical  Number From  ^  to  v'. 

2,  Deficiencies,  rendering  the  flower 

a  Incomplete.— Corolla  wanting Apetaloiis. 

—Corolla  and  calyx  both  wanting Naked. 

b  Imperfect.— The  stamens  wanting ?  Pistillate. 

— The  pistils  wanting l  Staminalo. 

c  Unsymmetrical,  from  the  suppression  of  a  part  of  some  set. 
d  Organs  opposite,  from  the  suppression  of  eorae  entire  set. 
\  Redundancies. 

a  Organs  increased  in  number,— by  multiples Multiplication. 

—by  clusters Chorisis. 

b  Appendages.— Ilorn-like  nectaries  projecting  backward Spurs. 

—Attached  to  the  inside  of  the  petals Scales, 

—Enlarged  scales Crown. 

—Glandular  bodies Glands. 

^  Union  of  Parts. 

a  By  Cohesion.— Petals  uuitad Gamopetalous,  or  Monopetalous. 

— Stamens  united Monadelphous. 

—Pistils  united Compound. 

5  By  Adhesion.— Parts  blended  with  the  Calyx Perigynous. 

— Parts  blended  with  the  Ovary Epigynous. 

6,  Irregularities.— Torus  lengthened,  excavated,  &c. 

—Like  organs,  becoming  unequal  in  size,  &c. 

Chapter  V.    Of  the  Floral  Envelopes,  or  Perianth 30 

Chapter  VI.    Forms  of  the  Perianth 34 

1,  Dialypetalous,  or  PolypetalouJJ. 

♦  Regular.— a  Four  long-clawed  petals  spreading  at  right-angles.. Cruciferous. 

—b  Fire  short-clawed  spreading  petals RosaceousL 

—c  Five  spreading  petals  on  long  erect  claws.... Caryophyllaceoua, 
—d  A  6-leaved  gradually  spreading  perianth Liliaceous. 

♦  Irregular.— «  Five  petals,  2  pairs  and  an  odd  one Papilionaceous. 

— /  Six  petals,  one  of  them  lip-like , Orchidaceous. 

B,  Gamopetalous,  or  Monopetalous.    (§  102) 

*  Regular.— a  Tube  very  short,  border  flat,  spreading Rotate. 

—b  Tube  very  short,  border  wide,  concave,  Cup-fonn,  &c.,  &c. 

*  Irregular.- c  Cylindrical  tube  split  down,  &c.    (§  10.3) 
I  Transformations  of  the  Perianth.    (§  101-108) 

1,  In  the  Compositae.    A  circle  of  dry  scales  or  bristles Pappus 

*,  In  the  Bog-Rushes.    A  circle  of  6  (more  or  less)  bristles Set« 


CONTENTS.  5 

8,  In  the  Sedges  (CarJces).   A  bottle-shaped  eavelope Perigynium. 

4,  In  the  Grasses.    Chaff-like  coverings Glunas,  and  Pales. 

CfHAPTER  VII.    Attributes  of  the  Essential  Organs. — Parts 39 

1,  In  respect  to  Number.— a  &c.    (§  118,  two  conditions.) 

2,  In  position. — a  On  the  toims,  free  from  all  other  organs HypogynouB. 

— b  Adherent  to  the  calyx,  &c.    (§  119,  four  other  conditions.) 
8,  In  cohesion;*.— a  United  into  one  set,  &c.    (§  120,  five  modes.) 

CCAPTER  VIII.    The  Pistils.— Its  Parts  (§125) 43 

1,  The  simple  ovary,— a  encloses  a  single  cavity Its  Cell. 

—J  produces  little  buds  becoming  seeds Ovules. 

—c  and  tAvo  fleshy  ridges  bearing  the  ovules .PlacentK. 

Jg,  The  compound  ovaiy— a  may  contain  as  many  cells  as  carpels. 

~-b  must  have  2  (or  a  double)  placentje  in  each  cell. 
—c  and  an  equal  number  of  ovules  in  each  cell. 
8,  The  number  of  carpels  in  a  compound  ovary  is  known— 

1,  By  the  number  of  distinct  styles,  if  any 

2,  By  the  number  of  distinct  stigmas. 

8,  By  the  number  of  the  cells ;  or  if  there  be  bat  one, 

4,  By  the  number  of  external  lobes,  angles,  or  sutures. 

Chapter  IX.    The  Ovules 48 

Chapter  X.    The  Fruit.— Pericarp.— Dehiscence 50 

Chapter  XI.    Forms  of  the  Pericarp.    (See  Syllabus,  §  150) 63 

Chapter  XII.    The  Seed  58 

Chapter  Xni.    Gennination 62 

Chapter  XIV.    The  Root,  orDescending  Axis.— Forms 66 

♦  Axial  Roots,  or  Tap  Roots,  having  the  main  axis  developed. 

1,  The  woody  tap-root  of  most  trees,  branching Ramous. 

2,  Tuberous  tap-roots.— «  Shaped  like  a  spindle  (Beet) .Fusiform. 

—b  Shaped  like  a  cone  (Carrot) Conical. 

—c  Shape  rounded  or  depressed  (Turnip) Napiform. 

♦  Inaxial  Roots,  having  only  the  branches  developed. 

3,  Root  consisting  of  numerous  thread-like  divisions Fibrous. 

4,  Root  flbro-tuberous.- a  Some  of  the  fibres  thickened Fasciculata 

— b  Fibres  abruptly  knotted Nodulous. 

— c  The  knots  at  regular  intervals Moniliform. 

—d  Fibres  bearing  little  tubers Tubercular. 

Chapter  XV.    Of  the  Stem,  or  Ascending  Axis 71 

Chapter  XVI.    Forms  of  the  Leaf-Stems,  aerial,  caulescent 75 

1,  Jointed,  or  hollow  stems  of  Grasses,  Sedges,  Canes Culm. 

2,  The  stout  woody  stem  of  Trees,  covered  with  bark Trunk. 

8,  The  woody,  simple  columns  of  Palms,  &c.,  without  bark Caadex. 

4,  Weak,  slender  stems,  climbing  or  trailing '. Vine. 

Chapter  XVII.    Forms  of  Scale-Stems,  acaulescent 78 

1,  Slender,  prostrate,  rootin<r.  on  or  in  the  ground  Creeper. 

2,  Fleshy,  thick,  rooting,  mostly  under  ground Rhizome. 

8.  Swollen  with  starch,  under  ground,  with  buds  (eyes) Tjber. 

4.  Bulbous,  solid,  with  thin  -cales.  under  ground Corm. 

6.  Bulhous.  consisTlne  mostly  of  thick  scales Bull). 

Chapter  X\T^TI.    The  Leaf-Bnd.    VtM-uation  (and /Estivation.  Chap.  XXR") 82 

♦  Separate  :  regarding  a  single  leaf  (petal  or  sepal)  in  bud. 

1,  Leaf  flat,  neither  folded  nor  rolled  in  the  bud Open. 

2,  Bent  forward,  apex  toward  the  base Reclined. 

8,  Folded  on  the  axis Coudnplicate. 

4,  Folded  in  plaits  like  a  fan Plicate. 

6,  Rolled  on  its  axis  downward Circiuate. 


Tidvite. 


CONTENTS. 

Chai'tek  V.    The  Ligueou.s  Si'steni,  continued 137 

Chapter  VI.    Vegetation,  or  the  Physiology  of  Plant  Life 140 

CuAPTEU  VII.    Fertilization 142 

Chapteu  VIII.    Pollenization  ;  Cross-fertilization 145 

CnAPTEK  IX,    Absorption 146 

*  By  the  root. 

a  The  root  absorbs  inorganic  matter,  from  the  soil,  viz.— 1,  Water. 

—2,  Carbon. 

—3,  Mineral  Salts. 
b  The  rt.  absorbs  organic  matter,  from  mould  &  refuse.— 1,  Nitrates. 

— 2,  Ammonia. 

*  By  the  green  parts,  from  the  Atmoephere,  viz — 1,  Water. 

—2,  Oxygen. 
—.3,  Carbonic  Acitt. 
— 1,  Ammonia. 
Chaptek    X.    Circulation ; 147 

*  Of  the  Crude  Sap,  upward  through  the  wood,— To  the  Leaves. 

*  Of  the  True  Sap,  returning,  downward,— a  to  the  incipient  IcavcB. 

—b  to  the  cambium  layer. 
— <;  to  the  medullary  rays. 
—d  to  the  roots. 
OnAPTER  X[.   Traii:*piratioa  and  Ke?piration 150 

*  Transpiration  through  the  Stomata,  of. —Water. 

*  Respiration,  /  Absorbing  CO,. 

1,  In  the  Green  Parts,— a  in  the  sunshine -<  Retaining  C. 

(  Exhaling  O. 

—6  in  darkness —  Absorbing  O. 

—Consuming  C. 
—Exhaling  CO3. 

2,  In  the  roots,  llowers,  &c.,  at  all  times —Absorbing  O. 

—Consuming  C. 
—Exhaling  CO2. 

PART  THIRD.-SYSTEMATIC  BOTANY... 1;,^ 

Chapteu  I.    General  Principles  of  Classification 15:1 

Chapter  II.    The  Natural  System 155 

Chapter  III.    Botanical  Analysis 160 

CuAPTEP.  IV.    Rules  for  Nomenclatare 1(;3 

INDEX  AND  GLOSSARY !•*> 


INTRODUOTIOISr. 


CHAPTER    I. 

AIDS   TO   THE    STUDY    OP   BOTANY. 

1.  The  proper  season  for  the  commencement  oi  the  stady 
of  Botany  in  schools,  is  late  in  winter,  at  the  opening  of  the  first 
session  after  New- Year's.  The  class  will  thus  be  prepared  be- 
forehand, by  a  degree  of  acquaintance  with  first  principles,  for 
the  analysis  of  the  earliest  Spring-flowers^the  Blood-root,  Liv- 
erwort, Spring-beauty,  Sweet  Mayflower,  Erigenia,  and  the  Vio- 
lets. We  have  arranged  the  topics  of  the  present  treatise  with 
a  special  view  to  the  convenience  of  the  learner  in  this  respect, 
beginning  with  that  which  is  the  first  requisite  in  analysis — the 
Flower. 

-2.  Specimens  of  leaves,  steins,  roots,  fruit,  flowers,  etc.,  in  unlimited  supply  are  re- 
quisite during  the  whole  course.  In  the  absence  of  the  living,  let  the  dried  specimens  of 
the  herbarium  be  consulted.  Crayon  sketches  upon  the  blackboard,  if  truthful,  are  always 
good  fur  displaying  minute  or  obscure  forms.  In  the  city,  classes  in  Botany  may  employ, 
at  small  expense,  a  collector  to  supply  them  daily  with  fresh  specimens  from  the  country. 
Moreover,  the  gardens  and  conservatories  will  furnish  to  such,  an  abundant  supply  of  cttl- 
Uvafed  species  for  study  and  analysis,  with  almost  equal  advantage,— since  the  present 
work  embraces,  together  with  the  native  flora,  all  exotics  which  are  in  any  degree  com- 
mon in  cultivation. 

3.  An  Herbarium  (Latin,  hortus  siccus^  or  h.  s.)  is  a  col- 
lection of  botanic  specimens,  artificially  dried,  protected  in 
papers,  and  systematically  arranged.  Herbaria  are  useful  in 
many  ways  j — («)  for  preserving  the  knowledge  of  rare,  or 
inaccessible,  or  lost  species ;  (b)  for  exchanges,  enabling  one  to 
possess  the  flora  of  other  countries ;  (c)  for  refreshing  one's 
memory  of  early  scenes  and  studies  ;   {d)  for  aiding  in  more 


10  INTRODUCTION. 

exact  researches  at  leisure;   (e)  for  the  comparison  of  spenea 
with  species,  genus  with  genus,  etc. 

4.  Apparatus.  For  collecting  botanic  specimens,  a  strong 
knife  for  digging  and  cutting  is  needed,  and  a  close  tin  box, 
fifteen  inches  in  length,  of  a  portable  form.  Enclosed  in  such 
a  box,  with  a  little  moisture,  specimens  will  remain  fresh  a  week. 

5.  Specimens  for  the  herbarium  should  represent  the  leaves, 
flowers,  and  fruit — and,  if  herbaceous,  the  root  also.  Much 
care  is  requisite  in  so  drying  them  as  to  preserve  the  natural 
appearance,  form,  and  color.  The  true  secret  of  this  art  con- 
sists in  extracting  the  moisture  from  them  before  decomposition 
can  take  place. 

G.  The  drying-press,  to  be  most  efficient  and  convenient, 
should  consist  of  a  dozen  quires  of  unsized  paper,  at  least  11  x  14 
inches  folio ;  two  sheets  of  wire-gauze  (same  size)  as  covers, 
stiffened  by  folded  edges;  and  three  or  four  leather  straps  a 
yard  in  length,  with  buckles.  When  in  use,  suspend  this  press 
in  the  wind  and  sunshine  ;  or,  in  rainy  weather,  by  the  fire.  In 
such  circumstances,  specimens  dry  well  without  once  changing. 
But  if  boards  be  used  instead  of  wire-gauze,  the  papers  must  bo 
changed  and  dried  daily.  Succulent  plants  may  be  immersed  in 
boiling  water  before  pressing,  to  hasten  their  desiccation. 

7.  The  lens,  either  single,  double,  or  triple,  is  almost  indis- 
pensable in  analysis.  In  viewing  minute  flowers,  or  parts  of 
flowers,  its  use  cannot  be  too  highly  appreciated.  Together 
with  tlie  lens,  a  needle  inserted  in  a  handle,  a  penknife,  and 
tweezers  are  rc(piired  for  dissection. 

8.  The  compound  microscope  is  undoubtedly  a  higher  aid 
in  scientific  investigation  than  any  other  instrument  of  human 
invention.  It  is  like  the  bestowment  of  a  new  sense,  or  the 
opening  of  a  new  world.  Through  this,  almost  solely,  all  our 
knowledge  of  the  cells,  the  tissues,  growth,  fertilization,  etc.,  is 
derived.  The  skilful  use  of  this  noble  instrument  is  itself  an  art, 
which  it  is  no  part  of  our  plan  to  explain.  For  such  informa- 
tion the  student  is  referred  to  the  works  of  Carpenter  and  Quekett. 

9.  On  the  preparation  of  botanical  subjects  for  examination  wc  remark  briefly.  The 
Gold  of  view  is  necessarily  small,  and  only  minute  portions  of  objects  can  be  s^ecn  at 
once.  The  parts  arc  to  be  brought  under  inspection  succccLivcly  by  the  movcmcntij  of 
Uio  stajre. 


DErARTMENl'8  OF  SCIENCE.  11 

10.  The  tissues  of  leaves,  etc.,  are  best  seen  by  transmitted  light.  They  are  to  be  di- 
vided by  the  razor  or  scalpel  into  extremely  thin  parings  or  cuttings.  Such  cuttings  may 
be  made  by  holding  the  leaf  between  the  two  halves  of  a  split  cork.  They  are  then  made 
wet  and  viewed  upon  glass.  The  stomata  are  best  seen  in  the  epidermis  stripped  off;  but 
in  the  Sorrel-leaf  (Oxalis  violacea)  they  appear  beautifully  distinct  upon  the  entire  leaf. 
(§  397,  Fig.  497.) 

11.  Woody  tissues,  etc.,  may  be  viewed  either  as  opaque  or  transparent.  Sections  and 
cuttings  should  be  made  in  all  directions,  and  attached  to  the  glass  by  water,  white  of 
egg,  or  Canada  balsam.  To  obtain  the  elementary  cells  separately  for  inspection,  tho 
fragment  of  wood  may  be  macerated  in  a  few  drops  of  nitric  acid  added  to  a  grain  of  chlo- 
rate of  potassa.    Softer  structures  may  be  macerated  simply  in  boiling  water. 

Jietietc  of  the  Chapter.—!.  Advantage  of  beginning  the  study  in  early  spring.  2.  Speci- 
mens for  illustration,  llow  to  obtain  them  in  the  city,  3,  The  herbarium.  Uses  of  it. 
4.  Apparatus  for  collecting.  5.  Good  specimens.  Secret  of  preparing  them.  6.  Th« 
drying-press.    7.  The  use  of  lenses.    8.  Of  the  microscope,  etc. 


CHAPTER   II. 

DEPARTMENTS    OF    SCIENCE. 

12.  Three  great  departments  in  nature  are  universally  recog- 
nized, commonly  called  the  mineral,  vegetable,  and  animal  king- 
doms. The  first  constitutes  the  Inorganic^  the  other  two  the 
Organic  Wbi'lcl. 

13.  A  mineral  is  an  inorganic  mass  of  matter — that  is,  without 
distinction  of  parts  or  organs.  A  stone,  for  example,  may  be 
broken  into  any  number  of  fragments,  each  of  which  will  retain 
all  the  essential  characteristics  of  the  original  body,  so  that  each 
fragment  will  still  be  a  stone. 

14.  A  plant  is  an  organized  body,  endowed  with  vitality  but 
not  with  sensation,  composed  of  distinct  parts,  each  of  which  is 
essential  to  the  completeness  of  its  being.  A  Tulip  is  composed 
of  organs  which  may  be  separated  and  subdivided  indefinitely, 
but  no  one  of  the  fragments  alone  will  be  a  complete  plant. 

15.  Animals,  like  plants,  are  organized  bodies  endowed  witli 
vitality,  and  composed  of  distinct  parts,  no  one  of  which  is  com- 
plete in  itself;  but  they  are  elevated  above  either  plants  or  min- 
erals by  their  power  of  perception. 

16.  Physics  is  the  general  name  of  the  science  which  treats  of 
the  mineral  or  inorganic  world. 

17.  Zoology  relates  to  the  animal  kingdom. 


12  INTRODUCTION. 

18.  Botany  is  the  science  of  the  vegetable  kingdom.  It  in- 
cludes the  knowledge  of  the  forms,  organs,  structure,  growth, 
and  uses  of  plants,  together  with  their  history  and  classification. 
Its  several  departments  correspond  to  the  various  subjects  to 
which  they  relate.     Thus, 

19.  Structural  Botany^  or  Organography,  treats  of  the  special 
organs  of  plants  as  compared  with  each  other,  answering  to 
Comparative  Anatomy  in  the  science  of  Zoology.  Morphology 
is  a  term  often  used  in  a  similar  sense ;  but  it  especially  relates 
to  the  mutual  or  typical  transformations  which  the  organs  un- 
dergo in  the  course  of  development. 

29.  Elementary  Botany  treats  of  the  elementary  tissues — the 
organic  elements  out  of  which  the  vegetable  fabric  is  constructed. 

21.  Physiological  Botany  is  that  department  which  relates  to 
the  vital  action  of  the  several  organs  and  tissues,  including  both 
the  vital  and  chemical  phenomena  in  the  germination,  growth, 
and  reproduction  of  plants.  It  has,  therefore,  a  dh-eet  and  prac- 
tical bearing  upon  the  labors  of  husbandry  in  the  propagation 
and  culture  of  plants,  both  in  the  garden  and  in  the  field. 

22.  Systematic  Botany  arises  from  the  consideration  of  plants 
in  relation  to  each  other.  It  aims  to  arrange  and  classify  plants 
into  groups  and  families,  according  to  their  mutual  affinities 
and  relative  rank,  so  as  to  constitute  of  them  all  one  unbroken 
series  or  system. 

23.  Descriptive  Botany^  or  Phytology,  is  the  art  of  expressing 
the  distinctive  characters  of  species  and  groups  of  plants  with 
accuracy  and  precision,  in  order  to  their  complete  recognition. 
A  Flora  is  a  descriptive  work  of  this  kind,  embracing  the  plants 
of  some  particular  country  or  district. 

24.  Finally,  in  its  extended  sense,  Botany  comprehends  also  the  knowledge  of  the  rela- 
tions of  plants  to  the  other  departments  of  nature— particularly  to  mankind.  The  ulti- 
mate aim  of  its  researches  is  the  development  of  the  boundless  resources  of  the  vegetable 
kingdom,  for  our  sustenance  and  pi«)tection  as  well  as  education  ;  for  the  healing  of  our 
diseases  and  the  alleviati(m  of  our  wants  and  woes.  This  branch  of  botanical  science  is 
called  Applied  Sotamj,  including  several  departments— as  Medical  Botany,  or  Pharmacy; 
Agricultural  Botany,  or  Chemistry ;  Pomology,  etc. 

25.  The  name  of  a  plant  or  other  natural  object  is  twofold, — • 
the  trivial  or  popular  name,  by  which  it  is  generally  known  in 
the  co\mtry;  and  the. Latin   name,  by  which  it  is  accurately 


DEPARTMENTS  OF  SCIENCE.  13 

designated  in  science  throughout  the  world.  For  example, 
Strawberry  is-  the  popular  name,  and  Fragaria  vesoa  the  Latin 
or  scientific  name,  of  the  same  plant.  In  elementary  treatises, 
like  the  present,  for  the  sake  of  being  readily  understood,  plants 
are  usually  called  by  their  popular  names.  Yet  we  earnestly 
recommend  the  learner  to  accustom  himself  early  to  the  use  of 
the  more  accurate  names  employed  in  science. 

26.  The  Latin  name  of  a  plant  is  always  double — generic  and 
specific.  Thus  Fragaria  is  generic,  or  the  name  of  the  genus  of 
the  plant — vesca  is  specific,  or  the  name  of  the  species. 

27.  A.  Species  embraces  all  such  individuals  as  may  hav« 
originated  from  a  common  stock.  Such  individuals  bear  an 
essential  resemblance  to  each  other  as  well  as  to  their  common 
parent,  in  all  their  parts.  For  example,  the  White  Clover  (Tri- 
folium  repens)  is  a  species  embracing  thousands  of  contemporarj 
individuals  scattered  over  our  hills  and  plains,  all  of  common 
descent,  and  producing  other  individuals  of  their  own  kind  from 
their  seed. 

28.  To  this  law  of  resemblance  in  plants  of  one  common  orighi 
there  are  some  apparent  exceptions.  Lidividuals  descended  from 
the  same  parent  often  bear  flowers  diflering  in  color,  or  fruit 
differing  in  flavor,  or  leaves  differing  in  form,  etc.  Such  plants 
are  called  Varieties.  They  are  never  permanent,  but  exhibit  a 
constant  tendency  to  revert  to  their  oi-iginal  type.  Varieties 
occur  chiefly  in  species  maintained  by  cultivation,  as  the  Apple, 
Potato,  Rose,  Dahlia.  They  also  occur  more  or  less  in  native 
plants  (as  Hcpatica  triloba),  often  rendering  the  limits  of  the 
species  extremely  doubtful.  They  are  due  to  the  diflTerent  cir- 
cumstances of  climate,  soil,  and  culture  to  which  they  are  sub- 
jected, and  continue  distinct  only  until  left  again  to  multiply 
spontaneously  from  seed  in  their  own  proper  soil,  or  some  other 
ol  ange  of  circumstances. 

29.  A  Genus  is  an  assemblage  of  species  closely  related  to  eacli 
other  in  the  structure  of  their  flowers  and  fruit,  and  having  more 
points  of  resemblance  than  of  difference  throughout.  Thus,  the 
genus  Clover  (Trifolium)  includes  many  species,  as  the  White 
Clover  (T.  repens),  the  Red  Clover  (T.  pratense),  the  Buflfalo 
Clover  (T.  refiexum),  etc.,  agreeing  in  floral  structure  and  gen- 


14  INTEODUCTION. 

eral  aspect  bo  obviously  that  the  most  hasty  observer  would 
notice  their  relationshij:).  So  in  the  genus  Pinus,  no  one  would 
hesitate  to  include  the  White  Pine,  the  Pitch  Pine,  the  Long- 
leafed  Pine  (P.  strobus,  rigida,  and  palustris),  any  more  than  we 
would  fail  to  observe  their  differences. 

30.  Thus  individuals  are  grouped  into  sj^ecies,  and  species 
are  associated  into  genera.  These  groups  constitute  the  bases 
of  all  the  systems  of  classification  in  use,  whether  by  artificial  or 
natural  methods. 

^etJiew.— 12.  Three  Kingdoms  of  Nature ?  13.  A  mineral  ?  Illustrate.  14.  A  plant? 
niuetratc.  15.  An  animal?  16.  Define  Physics.  17.  Zoology.  18.  Define  Botany.  19. 
Organography,  Morphology.  20.  Elementary  Botany.  21.  Physiological  Botany.  22. 
Systematic  Botany.  23.  Phytology.  24.  Applied  Botany.  25.  Names.  2*).  Latin  name*. 
87.  A  Species.   Illustrato.    2S.  Varieties.    29.  What  is  a  Genus  ? 


CHAPTER    III. 

THE    FOUR    STAGES    OF   PLANT   LIFE. 

31.  In  its  earliest  stage  of  life,  the  plant  is  an  embryo  sleeping 
in  the  seed.  It  then  consists  of  two  parts,  the  radicle  or  rootlet, 
and  the  plumule.  Both  may  be  seen  in  the  Pc^  Bean,  or  Acorn. 
Besides  the  embryo,  the  seed  contains  also  its  food  in  some  form, 
provided  for  its  first  nourishment. 

32.  At  length  the  genial  warmth  and  moisture  of  the  Spring 
awakens  the  embryo,  and  it  begins  to  feed  and  grow.  The  radi- 
cle protrudes  the  slender  rootlet  (fig.  2,  ?•),  whicli  turns  down- 
ward, seeking  the  dark  damp  earth,  avoiding  the  air  and  light, 
and  forms  the  root  or  descending  axis.  The  plumule,  taking  tlie 
opposite  direction  (fig.  3,  p),  ascends,  seeking  the  air  and  light, 
and  expanding  itself  to  their  influence.  This  constitutes  the 
stem  or  ascendliu/  axis,  bcarii  ^  the  leaves.  Thus  tlic  acorn 
(/erminates,  and  the  Oak  enters  upon  the  second  stage  of  its 
existence. 

33.  At  first  the  ascending  axis  is  merely  a  hud,  that  is,  a  grow- 
ing point  clothed  with  and  protected  by  little  scales,  the  rudi- 
ments of  leaves.  As  the  growing  point  advances  and  its  lower 
scales  gradually  expand  into  leaves,  new  scales  successively  ap- 
pear above.     Thus  the  axis  is  always  terminated  by  a  bud. 


THE  FOUR  STAGES  OF  PLANT  LIFE. 


15 


'  34.  By  the  growth  of  the  terminal  biid,  the  axis  is  simply- 
lengthened  in  one  direction,  an  undivided  stem.  But  besides 
this,  buds  also  exist,  ready  formed,  in  the  axils  of  the  leaves,  one 
in  each.  These  axillary  buds,  a  part  or  all  of  them,  may  grow 
and  develop  like  the  terminal  bud,  or  they  may 
always  sleep,  as  in  the  simple-stemmed  Mullein  or 
Palm.  But  in  growing  they  become  branches^  and 
these  branches  may,  in  turn,  generate  buds  and 
hranchlets  in  the  axils  of  their  own  leaves  in  like 
manner.  By  the  continued  repetition  of  this  simple 
process,  the  vegetable  fabric  arises,  ever  advancing 
in  the  direction  of  the  growing  points,  clothinj 
itself  with  leaves  as  it  advances,  and  en- 
larging the  volume  of  its  axis,  until  it 
reaches  the  limit  of  being  assigned  by  its 
Creator. 

35.  Reared  by  this  process  alone,  the  plant  consists  of 
Buch  organs  only  as  were  designed  for  its  own  individual 
nourishment— roots  to  absorb  its  food,  stem  and 
branches  to  transmit  it,  and  leaves  to  digest  it. 
These  are  called  organs  of  nutrition.  But  the 
divine  command  which  caused  the  tribes  of  vege- 
tation in  their  diversified  beauty  to  spring  from 
the  earth,  required  that  each  plant  should  have  its 
"?ced  within  itself"  for  the  perpetuation  of  its 
kind.  (See.  1 ;  11.) 

36.  In  the  third  stage  of 
vegetation,  therefore,  a  change 
occurs  in  the  development  of 
some  of  the  buds.  The  grow- 
ing point  ceases  to  extend  it- 
self as  hitherto,  and  still 
remains  a  point,  expand- 
ing its  scales  in  crowded 
whorls,  each  successive 
whorl  undergoing  a 
gradual  transformation,  departing  more  and  more  from  the 
original  type — the  leaf.  Thus,  instead  of  a  leafy  branchy  the 
ordinary  product  of  the  bud,  a  flower  is  the  result. 

37.  Hence  a  flower  may  be  considered  as  a  transformed  branch, 


Acorn  (seed  of  Quercvx  paluslHj)) 
germinating  :  1,  section  showing  th« 
radicle  (r)  wnich  is  to  become  the 
root,  and  tlie  two  cotyledons  (r)  which 
are  to  nourish  it  ;  2,  the  radicle  r,  desccKdins  ;  3  and  4,  the 
radicle,  r,  descending,  and  the  plumule  (p)  ascending. 


16  INTBODUCTION. 

having  the  leaves  crowded  together  by  the  non-development  of 
tlie  axis,  moulded  into  more  delicate  forms  and  tinged  with  more 
brilliant  hues,  not  only  to  adorn  the  face  of  nature,  but  to  fulfil 
the  important  office  of  reproduction. 

38.  Lastly  comes  fruit-bearing,  the  fourth  stage  of  plant  life, 
for  which  the  flower  has  prepared  the  way.  The  work  and  bloom 
■  >f  tlie  flower  are  soon  accomplished,  its  deciduous  parts  fall,  and 
the  remaining  energies  of  the  plant  are  directed  to  the  develop- 
nuMit  oi  xXiQ  pistil  into  the  perfect  y/'i«z7. 

^?meifj.— 31.  First  stage  of  plant  life.  Contents  of  a  seed.  32.  Second  stage.  Tendency 
of  tlie  radicle.— Of  the  plumule.  83.  Structure  of  the  first  bud.  How  does  it  grow? 
34.  What  it  develops  ?  Other  buds.  Whence  the  branches  arise.  36.  Origin  of  the 
flower.    37.  What  then  is  its  nature  ?    38.  Fourth  stage. 


CHAPTER    IV. 

TEEM    OR   PERIOD    OF   PLANT   LIFE. 

39.  Flowering  and  fruit-bearing  is  an  exhausting  process.  If 
it  occur  within  the  first  or  second  year  of  the  life  of  the  plant, 
it  generally  proves  the  fatal  event.  In  all  other  cases  it  is 
either  immediately  preceded  or  followed  by  a  state  of  needful 
repose.  Now  if  flowering  be  prevented  by  nipping  the  buds, 
the  tender  annual  may  become  ^^erennial,  as  in  the  florist's  Tree- 
mignonette. 

40.  We  distinguish  plants,  as  to  their  term  of  life,  into  the  an- 
nual ( (l) ),  the  biennial  ( d) ),  and  the  perennial  ( %. ).  An  annual 
( (D )  herb  is  a  plant  whose  entire  life  is  limited  to  a  single  season. 
It  germinates  from  the  seed  in  Spring,  attains  its  growth,  blos- 
soms, bears  fruit,  and  dies  in  Autumn;  as  the  Flax,  Corn, 
^U)rning-glory. 

41.  A  hlentilal  herh  (@)  is  a  plant  which  germinates  and  vege- 
tates, bearing  leaves  only  the  first  season,  blossoms,  bears  fruit, 
and  dies  the  second  ;  as  the  Beet  and  Turnip.  Wheat,  Rye,  etc., 
are  annual  plants;  but  when  sown  in  Autumn  they  have  the  habit 
of  biennials,  in  consequence  of  the  prevention  of  flowering  by 
the  sudden  cold. 


TERM  OR  PERIOD   OF  PLANT  LIFE.  17 

42.  Monocarpic  herbs.  The  Centnry-plant  (Agave),  the  Talipot-palm,  etc.,  are  so  called 
They  vegetate,  boaring  leaves  only,  for  many  years,  accumulating  materiali*  and  t*trength 
for  oue  mighiy  effort  in  fructification,  which  being  accomplished,  they  die.  In  some 
species  the  term  of  life  depends  on  climate  alone.  The  Castor-bean  (Ricinus)  is  an  annual 
herb  in  the  Northern  States,  a  shrub  in  the  Southern,  and  a  tree  of  large  size  in  its  native 
India.    So  Petunia,  annual  in  onr  gardens,  is  perennial  at  home  (in  Brazil). 

43.  Perennial  plants  are  such  as  have  an  indefinite  duration 
of  life,  usually  of  many  years.  They  may  be  either  herbaceous 
or  woody.  Herbaceous  perennials,  or  perennial  herbs  (It),  are 
plants  whose  parts  are  annual  above  ground  and  perennial  below. 
In  other  words,  their  roots  or  subterranean  stems  live  from  yeai 
to  year,  sending  up  annually,  in  Spring,  flowering  shoots  which 
perish  after  they  have  ripened  their  fruit  in  Autumn ;  as  the  Lily, 
Dandelion,  Hop. 

44.  Wood)/  perennials  usually  vegetate  several  years,  and  at- 
tain well-nigh  their  ordinary  stature  before  flowering;  thence- 
forward they  fructify  annually,  resting  or  sleeping  in  winter. 
They  are  known  as  trees  (5),  shrubs  (b),  bushes,  and  under- 
shrubs  (b) — distinctions  founded  on  size  alone. 

45.  A  shrub  (b)  is  a  diminutive  tree,  limited  to  eighteen  or 
twenty  feet  in  stature,  and  generally  dividing  into  branches  at 
or  near  the  surface  of  the  ground  (Alder,  Quince).  If  the 
woody  plant  be  limited  to  a  still  lower  growth,  say  about  the 
human  stature,  it  is  called  a  bush  (Snowball,  Andromeda).  If 
still  smaller,  it  is  an  undershrub  (b)  (Whortleberry). 

46.  A  tree  (b)  is  understood  to  attain  to  a  height  many  timei* 
greater  than  the  human  stature,  with  a  permanent  woody  stem, 
whose  lower  part,  the  trunk,  is  unbranched. 

47.  As  to  age,  some  trees  live  only  a  few  years,  rapidly  attaining  their  growth  and  rap- 
idly decaying,  as  the  Peach ;  others  have  a  longevity  exceeding  the  age  of  man ;  and  some 
species  outlive  many  generations.  Age  may  be  estimated  by  the  number  of  wood-circles 
or  rings  seen  in  a  cross-section  of  the  trunk  (§  40S),  each  ring  being  (very  generally)  au 
annual  growth.  Instances  of  great  longevity  are  on  record.  See  Class  Book  of  Botany, 
§§  99, 100.  The  monarch  tree  of  the  world  is  that  Californiau  Cedar— Sequoya  giganiea. 
One  which  had  fallen  measured  26  feet  in  diameter,  and  363  in  length  1  The  wood-cir- 
cles of  this  specimen  are  unusually  thick,  yet  count  up  to  1,:330  years.  Among  those  yet 
standing  (a.  d.  1S66),  are  many  of  even  greater  dimensions,  as  beautiful  in  form  as  they 
are  sublime  in  height— the  growth,  probably,  of  moi'e  than  2,000  years. 

48.  Trees  are  again  distinguished  as  deciduous  (b)  and  ever- 
green (b) — the  former  losing  their  foliage  in  Autumn,  and  re- 
maining naked  until  the  following  Spring ;  the  latter  retaining 


18  INTllODUCTION. 

their  leaves  and  verdure  throughout  all  seasons.  The  Fir  tribe 
(Coniferai)  includes  nearly  all  the  evergreens  of  the  North : 
those  of  the  South  are  far  more  numerous  in  kind — e.  g.^  the 
Magnolias,  the  Live-oaks,  Holly,  Cherry,  Palmetto,  etc. 

B&oiew.—Z'^.  What  of  flowering  and  fruiting?  When  do  they  prove  fatal  ?  An  exnori- 
ment.  40.  Define  an  annual  herb.  41.  A  biennial  herb.  42.  Monocarpic  herbs.  What 
of  the  Castor-bean  ?  43.  Perennial  plants.  Herbaceous  perennials.  44.  Woody  percn 
nials.  45.  Shrub.  Bush.  Undershrub.  46.  A  tree.  47.  The  age  of  trees.  How  ascer- 
tained. The  "monarch"  of  trees.  Eelate  its  age  and  dimensions.  48.  Distinctions  in 
reference  to  verdure. 


PART  FIRST. 

STRUCTUEAL  BOTANY;    OR,  ORGANOGRAPHY. 


CHAPTER   I. 

THE   FLOWER. 

49.  The  flower  is  the  immediate  agent  in  the  production  ol 
the  seed  with  its  embryo,  and  to  this  end  its  whole  structure  is 
designed.  Moreover,  its  superior  beauty  attracts  earliest  atten- 
tion, and  an  intimate  knowledge  of  its  organism  is  the  first  re- 
quisite in  analysis  and  classification. 

50.  The  flower  may  consist  of  the  following  members — the 
floral  envelopes  and  the  essential  floral  organs.  The  floral  envel- 
opes consist  of  one  or  more  circles  or  lohorls  of  leaves  surrounding 
the  essential  organs.  The  outer  of  these  whorls  is  called  the 
calyx ;  and  the  other,  if  there  be  any,  the  corolla.  The  calyx 
may,  therefore,  exist  without  the  corolla ;  but  the  corolla  cannot 
exist  without  the  calyx. 

51.  Calyx  is  a  Greek  Avord  signifying  a  cup.  It  is  applied 
to  the  external  envelope  of  the  flower,  consisting  of  a  whorl  of 
leaves  with  their  edges  distinct  or  united,  usually  green,  but 
sometimes  highly  colored.  The  leaves  or  pieces  composing  the 
calyx  are  called  sepals. 

52.  Corolla  is  a  Latin  word  signifying  a  little  crown,  applied 
to  the  interior  envelope  of  the  flower.  It  consists  of  one  or  more 
circles  of  leaves,  either  distinct  or  united  by  their  edges,  usually 
of  some  other  color  than  green,  and  of  a  more  delicate  texture 
than  the  calyx.     Its  leaves  are  qaWqA  2>etals. 


20 


STRUCTUliAL   ]iOTANY. 


53.  Perianth  ('^'tvj,  around,  avh^,  flower)  is  a  word  in  com- 
mon use  to  designate  the  floral  envelopes  as  a  whole,  without 
distinction  of  calyx  and  corolla.  It  is  used  in  description,  espe-. 
cially  when  these  two  envelopes  are  so  similar  as  not  to  be  readily 
distinguished,  as  in  the  Tulii),  Lily,  and  the  Endogens  generally ; 
also  where  only  one  envelope  exists,  as  in  Phytolacca,  Elm,  etc. 

54.  The  essential  floral  orga7is  stand  within  the  circles  of  the 
perianth,  and  are  so  called  because  they  are  the  immediate  in- 
struments in  perfecting  the  seed,  and  thus  accomplishing  the  final 
purposes  of  the  flower.  These  organs  are  of  two  kinds,  perfectly 
distinct  in  position  and  oftice — viz.,  the  stamens  and  the  pistils. 

55.  The  stamens  are  those  thread-like  organs  situated  just 
within  the  perianth  and  around  the  pistils.  Their  number  varies 
from  one  to  a  hundred  or  more ;  but  the  most  common  number 
i&five.     Collectively  they  are  called  the  androecium. 

56.  The  pistils  (called  also  carpels)  occupy  the  centre  of  the 
flower  at  the  absolute  terminus  of  the  flowering  axis.  They  are 
sometimes  numerous,  often  apparently  but  one.  always  destined 
to  bear  the  seed.     Collectively  they  are  called  the  gynoecium. 


6    Flower  of  the  Strawberry.    C,  Flower  of  tlie  Pink.    7.  Flower  of  tbe  Lily  (Lilium  superbuiii).    Tho 
pupil  will  point  out  the  parts. 


5V.  The  torus  or  receptacle  is  the  axis  of  the  flower,  situated 
at  the  summit  of  the  flower-stalk.  It  commonly  appears  a  flat- 
tened or  somewhat  convex  disk,  whose  centre  corresponds  to  the 
apex  of  the  axis.  On  this  disk,  as  on  a  platform,  stand  the  floral 
organs  above  described,  in  four  concentric  circles.     The  gyncc,-. 


PLAN  OF  THE  FLOWER.  21 

cium  (pistils)  occupies  tbe  centre;  the  androecium  encircles  it; 
the  corolla  is  next  without ,  and  the  calyx  embraces  the  whole. 

Review.— 49.  Agency  of  the  Flower.  50.  MeraherB.  What  are  the  Floral  envelopes  ? 
Which  is  the  calyx ?  The  corolla?  51.  The  calyx  defined.  The  sepals.  52.  The  corolla 
defined.  Petals.  53.  What  of  the  perianth?  54.  The  essential  organs.  55.  The  sta- 
mens. Another  name.  56.  The  pistils.  Their  collective  name.  57.  The  torus.  Order 
of  the  whole. 


CHAPTER   II. 

PLAN    OF   THE   FLOWER. 

58.  Such,  in  general,  is  the  organization  of  the  flower.  It  is 
^Axiiple  enough  in  theory ;  and  in  most  of  the  plants  with  which 
he  meets,  the  student  will  easily  recognize  these  several  organs 
by  name.  But,  in  truth,  flowers  vary  in  form  and  fashion  to  a 
degree  almost  infinite.  Each  organ  is  subject  to  transformations, 
disguises,  and  even  to  entire  extinction ;  so  that  the  real  nature 
of  the  flower  may  become  an  intricate  and  perplexing  study. 

59.  But  we  shall  soon  see  that  in  all  these  variations  there  is 
method.  They  are  never  capricious  or  accidental,  however  much 
they  may  appear  so.  U?iiti/  in  diversity  is  characteristic  of  Na- 
ture in  all  her  departments,  and  eminently  so  in  the  flowers ; 
and  the  iiist  step  in  the  successful  study  of  them  is  to  discover 
that  unity — that  simple  idea  of  the  floral  structure  in  which  all 
its  diversities  harmonize.  Before  flowers  were  created,  that  idea 
or  t'l/pe  was  cc^nceived ;  and  to  possess  it  ourselves  is  a  near  ap- 
proach to  comniunlon  with  the  Infinite  Author  of  Nature. 

60.  The  typical  flower,  one  that  exemplifies  the  full  idea 
of  the  floral  structure,  consists  of  four  difi*erent  circles  of  organs, 
as  before  described,  placed  circle  within  circle  on  the  torus,  and 
all  having  a  common  centre.  Such  a  flower  must  possess  these 
five  attributes — viz. :  It  must  be 

a,  Complete  ;  having  the  four  kinds  or  sets  of  organs  arranged 
in  as  many  concentric  circles.  That  it  is  perfect,  having  both 
kinds  of  the  essential  organs,  is  ^lecessarily  included  under  its 
completeness. 

bj  Reaidar ;  having  the  organs  ol  the  same  name  all  similar 


22 


STRUCTUllAL  BOTANY. 


and  alike ;  that  is,  all  the  petals  of  one  pattern,  all  tlie  stamens 
alike  in  form,  size,  position,  etc. 

c,  Symraetrical ;  having  the  same  number  of  organs  in  each 
set  or  circle. 

d^  Alternating  in  respect  to  the  position  of  the  organs.  This 
implies  that  the  several  organs  of  each  set  stand  not  opposite  to, 
but  alternating  with  the  organs  of  the  adjacent  set ; — the  petals 
alternate  with  the  sepals  and  stamens;  the  stamens  alternate 
with  the  petals  and  pistils. 

e.  That  the  organs  be  distinct^  all  disconnected  and  free  from 
each  other. 

Gl.  This  is  the  Type.  But  it  is  seldom  fully  realized  in  the 
flowers  as  they  actually  grow,  although  the  tendency  toward  it 
is  universal.  Deviations  occur  in  every  imaginable  mode  and 
degree,  causing  that  endless  variety  in  the  floral  world  which  we 
never  cease  to  admire.  For  example,  in  our  pattern  flowers  (5, 
6,  7,)  the  pistils  seem  too  few  in  the  Pink  and  Lily,  and  tlie 
stamens  too  many  in  all  of  them. 

G2.  The  flower  of  the  Flax  (10)  corahinea  very  nearly  all  the  conditions  above  specified. 
It  is  complete,  regular,  symmetrical.  Its  organs  are  alternate  and  all  separate ;  and  (dis- 
regarding the  slight  cohesion  of  the  pistils  at  their  base)  this  flower  well  realizes  our 
type.  Admitting  two  whorls  of  stamens  instead  of  one,  we  have  a  good  example  of  our 
type  in  Stone-crop  (Sedura  ternatum),  a  little  fleshy  herb  of  our  woods.  Its  flowers  are 
both  4-parted  and  5-parted  in  the  same  plant.  See  also  the  12-parted  flowers  of  the  coni 
mon  Houseleek, 


8,  Flower  of  Crassula  lactea,  regular,  svnimetricHl,  organs  distinct.    9,  DiaRfam  showing  its  plan. 
10,  Flower  of  the  Scarlet  Flax.     11,  Diagram  of  its  plan. 

03.  The  flowers  of  Crassula  (8),  an  African  genus  sometimes 
cultivated,  afford  unexceptionable  examples,  the  sepals,  petals, 


STUDY   OF  ANOMAI.OUS   FLOWERS. 


28 


Btam<,'ns,  and  pistils  each  being  five  in  number,  regularly  alter- 
nating and  perfectly  separate. 

Jiei-iew.—58.  Whence  the  difficnlties  in  the  stndy  of  flowers  ?  59.  A  grand  character- 
istic in  Nature.  First  step  in  the  study  of  the  flowers.  bO.  Deftnc  the  typical  flower. 
Why  is  it  complete  ?  Why  regular ';  Why  symmetrical  ?  How  alternating  ?  How  dis- 
tinct? fil.  Is  the  type  often  realized?  Whence  the  endless  variety  ?  Faults  in  Pinlc, 
Strawberry,  Lily.    62.  One  fault  of  Flax— of  Sedura.    63.  One  perfect  example. 


CHAPTER   III. 


STUDY    OF    ANOMALOUS    FLOWERS. 

64.  No"w  the  true  method  of  studying  the  flower 

is  by  comparing  it  with  this  type.  So  shall  we  be  able,  and 
ever  delischted,  to  learn  the  nature  of  each  origan  in  all  its  dis- 
guises  of  form,  and  to  discern  the  features  of  the  general  plan 
even  under  its  widest  deviations.  The  more  important  of  them 
are  included  under  the  following  heads,  which  will  be  considered 
in  order:  1,  Vanations  of  the  radical  number  of  the  flower;  2, 
Deficiencies ;  3,  Redundancies ;  4,  Union  of  parts ;  5,  Irregular- 
ities of  development. 

65.  The  radical  number  of  the  flower  is  that  which  enu- 
merates the  parts  composing  each  whorl.  Here  nature  seems 
most  inclined  to  the  number  Jive,  as  in  Crassula,  Flax,  Rose, 
and  Strawberry.  It  varies,  however,  from  one  to  twelve,  and 
is  expressed  by  word  or  sign  as  follows :  di-merous,  or  2-parted 
(-^),  tri-merous  or  3-parted  (v^),  penta-merous  or  5-parted  (v^), 
etc.  The  flow^- 
crs  of  Hippuris 
(12  )  are  1- 
parted,  having 
but  one  stamen 
and  one  pistil. 
Those  of  Cir- 
ctea  (13)  are 
2-parted,  hav- 
ing 2  sepals,  2  petals,  2  stamens,  etc.  Those  of  Xyris  (14)  are 
4^,  having  all  the  part«  in  3s.     Xyris  is  one  of  the  Endogens. 


12,  Flower  of  Hippuris,  one-parted.    13,  Flower  of  Circaea  Lutetiana,  ^. 
14,  FIowerofXyriB,  ^^ 


24 


STRUCTURAL  BOTANY. 


Trimorous  flowers  are  characteristic  of  this  great  group  of  Plants, 
while  pentaraeroijs  flowers  commonly  distinguish  the  Exogens. 

66.  Deficiencies  often  occur,  rendering  the  flower  incom.- 
plete.  Such  flowers  lack  some  one  or  more  entire  sets  of  organs 
When  only  one  of  the  floral  envelopes,  the  calyx,  exists,  the 
flower  is  said  to  be  apetalons  or  moncchlamydeous  (^Xajjiuf,  a 
cloak),  as  in  Elm,  Phytolacca.  These  terms  are  also  loosely  ap- 
plied to  such  plants  as  Rhubarb,  Anemone,  Liverwort,  where  the 
pieces  of  the  perianth  are  all  similar,  although  in  two  or  three 
whorls.  When  the  perianth  is  wholly  wanting,  the  flower  is 
said  to  be  achlamydeous,  or  naJced^  as  in  Lizard-tail  (15). 


IB,  Flower  nf  Saururus  (Lizard-tail)— achlamydeons.    16,  Flower  of  Fraxinut  [Xsti).     17,  Flower  of 
'^aHx  AVillow),  staminate— 18,  pistillate. 

67.  Imperfect  flowers  are  also  of  frequent  occurrence.  They 
are  deficient  in  respect  to  the  essential  organs.  A  sterile  or 
staminate  flower  (denoted  thus  ^)  has  stamens  without  pistils. 
A  fertile  or  pistillate  flower  (  $ )  has  pistils  without  stamens. 
Such  flowers  being  counterparts  of  each  other,  and  both  neces- 
sary to  the  perfection  of  the  seed,  must  exist  either  together 
upon  the  same  plant  or  upon  separate  plants  of  the  same  f  pecicR. 
In  the  former  case  the  species  is  mojioecious  ( 6* ),  as  in  Oak  ;  in 


19,  PSetlllate  flower  of  Balm-of-Gilead.     20,  Stamkiate.     21.  Begonia— a,  slamiuate;    6,  pistillate 


STUDY  OF  ANOMALOUS  FLOWERS.  '2o 

the  latter  ease  dioecions  [^  $  ),  as  in  Willow.  The  term  diclinous, 
denoting  either  8  or  $  '^  without  distinction,  is  in  common  use. 

68.  A  neutral floicer  is  a  perianth  or  calyx  only,  having  neither 
stamens  nor  pistils.  Such  are  the  ray-flowers  of  many  of  the 
Corapositse,  and  of  the  cymes  of  Hydrangea,  High-cranberry, 
etc.,  which  in  cultivation  may  all  become  neutral,  as  in  the 
Snow-ball. 

69.  Unsymmetrical  floicers.  The  term  symmetry,  as  used  in 
Botany,  refers  to  number  only.  A  flower  becomes  unsymmetri- 
cal by  the  partial  development  of  any  set  or  circle  in  respect  to 
the  number  of  its  organs.  The  Mustard  family,  called  the  Cru- 
cifers,  afford  good  examples. 

70.  The  flowers  of  Mustard,  Cress,  etc.,  are  understood  to  be  4-meron8  (4/)-  The  sepals 
are  four,  petals  four,  but  the  stamens  are  six  and  the  styles  but  two.  Thfi  stamens  are 
arranged  in  two  circles,  having  two  of  those  in  the  outer  circle  suppressea  or  reduced  to 
mere  glands.  Two  of  the  carpels  are  also  suppressed  (429).  In  the  Mint  family  and  the 
Figworts  one  or  three  of  the  stamens  are  generally  abortive.  Here,  while  the  flowers  are 
.y,  the  stamens  are  four  in  some  species  and  only  two  in  others.  The  missing  stamens, 
however,  often  appear  in  the  guise  of  slender  processes— the  rudiments  of  stamens- 
proving  in  an  interesting  manner  the  natural  tendency  to  symmetry, 

71.  In  the  ^  flowers  of  Poppy,  the  sepals  are  but  two ;  in  y  Spring-beauty  they  are  but 
two ;  in  both  cases  too  few  for  symmetry.  In  Larkspur  (^fi)  the  ^'  flowers  have  but  four 
petals ;  and  in  Monk's-hood  (29),  also  ^\  the  petals  are  apparently  but  two,  strangely  de- 
formed bodies.  A  careful  inspection,  however,  generally  reveals  the  other  three,  very 
minute,  in  their  proper  places,  as  displayed  in  the  cut. 

72.  "  Organs  opposite'''  is  a  condition  much  less  frequent  than 
"  organs  alternate,"  but  is  highly  interesting,  as  being  sometimes 
characteristic  of  whole  families.  Thus  in  the  Primrose,  Thrift, 
and  Buckthorn  families,  the  stamens  always  stand  opposite  to 
the  petals ! 

73.  How  happens  this  ?  Among  the  Prim  worts  this  question 
is  solved  in  the  flowers  of  Lysimachia  and  Samolus,  where  wo 


Diwrams.— 22,  Flower  of  Samolus,  showinj^  the  rudimentary  stamens  alternating  with  the  perfect. 
IS,  Flower  of  a  Labiate  plant,  showing  the  place  of  the  deficient  stamen,  24,  Flower  of  Asarum— fhrefl 
sepals   t^felve  stamens,  etc.    25,  Flower  of  Saxifrage— two  pistils,  t«n  stamens,  etc. 


20  STRUCTURAL  BOTANY. 

find  a  circle  of  five  teeth  (abortive  filaments)  between  the  petals 
and  stamens,  alternating  with  both  sets,  thus  restoring  the  lost 
symmetry.  Hence  we  infer  that  in  such  cases  generally  a  circle 
of  alternating  organs  has  been  either  partially  or  wholly  sup- 
pressed. In  the  Buckthorn,  however,  a  different  explanation  has 
been  given. 

74.  Redundancy.  The  multiplication  of  organs  \^  ^y.Q.(tKi(i- 
ingly  common,  and  usually  according  to  a  definite  plan.  The 
increase  takes  place,  as  a  rule,  by  circles,  and  consequently  by 
multiples.  That  is,  e.  g.^  the  stamens  of  a  ij/  flower,  if  increased, 
will  be  so  by  3s ;  of  a  ^J^  flower  by  5s,  etc. — sometimes  to  the  ex- 
tent of  twenty  such  circles. 

75.  In  the  Crowfoot  family  the  stamens  are  almost  always  multiplied.  The  carpels  are 
also  generally  multiplied,  yet  often,  on  the  contrary,  diminished,  as  in  the  Paeony.  In 
Roeaceie,  also,  the  stamens  are  generally  multiplied,  while  the  carpels  exist  in  all  condi- 
tions as  to  number.  Thus  in  Strawberry  they  are  multiplied,  in  the  Apple  they  are  regu- 
larly five,  in  Agrimony  reduced  to  two,  and  in  the  Cherry  to  one.  In  Magnolia  the  ^/ 
flowers  have  three  sepals  in  one  circle,  six  or  nine  petals  in  two  or  three  circles,  numer- 
ous stamens  and  carpels  in  many  circles  of  each.  In  the  ^  flowers  or  Blood-root  there 
are  two  sepals,  eight  petals,  twenty-four  stamens,  and  two  carpels. 

76.  ChoHsis.  In  other  cases  the  organs  seem  to  be  increased  in  number  by  clusters, 
rather  than  by  circles,  as  when  in  the  same  circle  several  stamens  stand  in  the  place  of 
one — e.  g.,  in  Squirrel-corn,  St.  Johnswort,  Linden.  Such  cases  afford  wide  scope  for  con- 
jecture. Perhaps  each  cluster  originates  by  division,  as  the  compound  from  the  simple 
leaf;  or  as  a  tuft  of  axillary  leaves  ;  or  thirdly,  by  a  partial  union  of  organs. 

Jieriew.—Gi.  How  to  study  flowers.  Five  general  modes  of  deviation  from  the  Type. 
65.  The  radical  number.  How  expressed.  Give  examples.  66.  Incomplete  flowers. 
ApetaloHs  flowers.  Naked  flowers.  Examples.  67.  Imperfect  flowers.  The  sterile. 
The  fertile.  Monoecious.  Dioecious.  Examples.  68.  Neutral  flowers.  69.  Unsymmet- 
rical  flowers.  70.  Case  of  the  Mustard.  Case  of  the  Mint  tribe.  71.  Case  of  the  Poppy, 
Larkspur.  72.  Organs  opposite.  73.  How  explained.  74.  Law  of  the  multiplication  of 
organs.    Illustrate  this  in  Pinks,  Lilies,  Syringa,  Magnolia. 


CHAPTER    IV. 

ANOMALOUS    FLOWERS CONTINUED. 

V7.  Ap2yendicular  organs  consist  of  spurs,  scales,  crown, 
glands,  etc.,  and  often  afford  excellent  distinctive  marks.  The 
old  term  nectary  was  indiscriminately  applied  to  all  such  organs, 
because  some  of  them  produced  honey. 

Vs.  Spurs  are  singular  processes  of  the  flower,  tubular  and 
projecting  from   behind   it.     In   Columbine  each   petal  is  thus 


STUDY  OF  ANOMALOUS  FLOWERS. 


27 


spurred; — in  Violet,  one  petal  only;  in  Larkspur,  two  jDetais  and 
a  sepal,  the  spur  of  the  latter  inclosing  that  of  the  former.  The 
curved  spur  of  the  Jewel-weed  belongs  to  a  sepal  (27,  28). 

79.  Scales  are  attached  to  the  inner  side  of  the  corolla,  usually 
upon  the  claw  of  the  petals,  as  in  Buttercups,  or  within  the 
throat  of  the  corolla  tube,  as  in  the  Borrageworts.  Similar  ap- 
pendages, when  enlarged  and  conspicuous,  constitute  a  crown  in 
Catchfly,  Corn-cockle,  Narcissus.  See  also  the  staminal  crown 
or  corona  of  the  Silk-grass  (Asclepias,  fig.  532). 


26,  Flower  of  Delphinium  Consolida  (common  Larkspur),  displaying  »,  «,  /»,  «,  «,  the  five  sepals— a,  the 
upper  one  spnrrert;  r,  the  corolla  of  four  petals,  here  united  into  one  and  produced  into  a  spur.  27,  Flower 
of  Impatiens  fulva  (Touch-me-not).  28,  Displaying  «,  »,  «,  y,  the  four  sepals,  y  being  saccate  and  spurred ; 
p,  p,  the  two  petals,  both  double,  preserving  the  symmetry. 


80.  Glandular  bodies  are  often  found  upon  the  receptacle  in 
the  places  of  missing  stamens  or  carpels,  or  as  abortive  organs 
of  some  kind.  Examples  are  seen  in  the  Crucifers  and  Grape. 
In  Grass-Parnassus  they  are  stalked  and  resemble  stamens. 

81.  The  union  of  organs  in  some  way  occurs  in  almost 
ever^  flower ;  and,  more  perhaps  than  any  other  cause,  tends  to 
disguise  its  plan  and  origin.  The  separate  pieces  which  stood 
each  as  the  representative  of  a  leaf,  now,  by  a  gradual  fusion, 
lose  themselves  in  the  common  mass.  Nevertheless,  marks  of 
this  process  are  always  discernible,  either  in  parts  yet  remaining 
free,  or  in  the  seams  where  the  edges  were  conjoined.  The 
floral  organs  may  unite  by  cohesion  or  adhesion. 

82.  Cohesion,  when  the  parts  of  the  same  whorl  arc  joined 


28 


STKUCTUllAL  BOTANY. 


together ;  as  the  sepals  of  the  Pink,  the  petals  of  Morning-glory, 
the  stamens  of  Mallows,  the  carpels  of  Poppy.  Adhesion,  when 
the  parts  of  dilFerent  whorls  are  conjoined ;  as  the  stamens  with 
the  corolla  in  Phlox,  with  the  pistils  in  Milkweed,  Lady's- slip- 
per; or  calyx  with  ovary,  in  Apple  or  Wintergreen  (Gaultheria). 
The  adjective  free  is  used  in  a  sense  opposite  to  adhesion,  im- 
plying that  the  organ  is  inserted  on  (or  grows  out  of)  the  recep- 
tacle, and  otherwise  separated  from  any  other  kind  of  organ. 
The  adjective  distinct  is  opposed  to  cohesion,  implying  that  like 
organs  are  separate  from  each  other.  More  of  this  in  another 
chapter. 


29,  Flower  of  Aconitum  Napellus  displayed;  »,  *,  />,  »,  «,  the  five  sepals,  the  upper  one  hooded;  p, p, p, 
the  five  petals,  of  which  the  two  upper  are  nectaries  covered  by  the  hood,  and  the  three  lower  very 
mintite.  30,  Flower  of  Catalpa,  21ipped,  5-ljbed.  31,  Corolla  laid  open,  showing  the  two  peuect  sta- 
mens and  the  three  rudimentary. 


83.  Irregular  development.  Our  typical  flower,  it  will 
be  remembered,  is  regular;  and  observation  proves  that  all 
flowers  are  actually  alike  regular  in  the  early  bud.  Those  in- 
equalities or  "one-sided"  forms,  therefore,  which  characterize 
certain  flowers,  are  occasioned  by  subsequent  irregular  growth 
from  a  regular  type.  The  irregularity  of  flowers  occurs  in  a 
thousand  ways  and  modes ; — in  the  unequal  size  of  like  organs ; 
in  thmr  dissimilar /brms  and  positio?is ;  in  their  unequal  cohe- 
sions, and  in  their  partial  suppressions.  So  in  the  Violet  (50), 
Monk's-hood  (29),  Catalpa  (30),  the  Labiates  (69),  the  Pea  tribe 
(59),  etc. 

84.  The  torus,  or  receptacle,  is  sometimes  strangely  modified. 
In  the  little  Myosurus  (32),  in  some  Buttercups,  and  in  tho 


STUDY  OF  ANOlB^iLOUS  FLOWERS. 


29 


Tulip-tree  we  find  a  lengthened  or  spindlershaped  torus — length- 
ened according  to  the  nature  of  t  branch  (§  35),  and  all  covered 
with  the  multiplied  pistils.  On  the  contrary,  we  have  in  the 
Rose  (35)  and  LadyVmantle  (38),  an  excavated  torus,  within 
which  the  carpels  are  held,  -vi  hile  the  other  organs  are  borne 
upon  its  elevated  rim. 


S2.  Flower  (magnified)  of  Myosurus;  a  vertical  section  showing  its  elongated  torus,  etc.  33,  Th« 
name,  natural  size.  34,  Flower  of  Isopyrum  bitematnm;  vertical  section,  showing  the  coavex  or  globu- 
lar torus,  etc.    35,  Flower  of  Row,  showing  its  excavated  torus. 

85.  The  disk  is  a  portion  of  the  receptacle  raised  into  a  rim 
somewhere  in  the  midst  of  the  whorls.  It  is  found  between  the 
ovary  and  stamens  in  Paeony  and  Buckthorn.  It  bears  the  sta- 
mens in  Maple  and  Mignonette,  and  crowns  the  ovary  in  the 
Umbellifer83. 


36,  Paeonia  Moutan,  showing  its  very  large  disk  (tJ)  sheathing  the  ovaries  (p).  37,  Pistil  of  the  Lein<».», 
with  its  base  surrounded  by  the  disk,  d.  38.  Section  of  flower  of  Alchemilla,  showing  its  single  simple 
pistil,  large  disk,  and  excavated  torus. 


86.  Combined  deviations  are  quite  frequent,  and  sometimes  obscure  the  typical  charac- 
ter of  the  flower  to  such  a  degree  as  to  require  close  observation  in  tracing  it  out.  The 
«tndy  of  such  cases  is  full  of  'ioth  amusement  and  improvement.    For  example,  the  ^ 


80 


STRUCTURAL  BOTANY. 


Poppy  has  suppression  in  the  calyx,  multiplication  in  the  stamens  and  carpe  s,  and  la 
the  latter  cohesion  also.  The  ^  Sage  has  cohesion  and  irregularity  in  the  calyx,  every 
kind  of  irregularity  in  the  corolla,  suppression  and  irregularity  in  the  stamens,  suppres- 
sion and  cohesion  in  the  pistils.  The  ^  Cypripedium  is  perfectly  symmetrical,  yet  has 
Irregular  cohesion  in  the  calyx,  great  inequality  in  the  petals,  cohesion,  adhesion,  and 
metamorphosis  in  the  stamens,  and  cohesion  in  the  carpels. 

(In  this  way  let  the  pupil  analyze  the  deviations  in  the  flower  of  Geranium.  Hollyhock, 
Moth-mullein,  Larkspur,  Sweetbrier,  Touch-me-not,  Petunia,  Snapdragon,  Violel,  I'oly- 
gala.  Squirrel-corn,  Orchis,  Henbit,  Monk's-hood,  Calceolaria,  etc.) 

Review.— 11.  Mention  some  appendicular  organs.  78.  What  are  spurs  in  Larkspur 
etc.  ?  79.  Scales  in  Buttercups,  etc.  ?  Explain  the  cuts  2G-28. — Thy  crown  in  Narcit^sus, 
etc.— In  Aselepias.  8().  Appendages  in  Grass-Parnassus.  8L  Kcmarks  on  the  union  of 
organs.  How  detected?  82.  Distinguish  between  cohesion  and  adliesion. — Between 
free  and  distinct.  83.  What  of  flowers  in  the  early  bud?  Whence  irregularity  ?  Certain 
modes  of  irregularity  mentioned.  Exani})les.  84.  Two  singular  modifications  of  the 
torus.  Explain  cuts  32-35.  &5.  What  is  tlie  disk  ?— flgs.  3t>-38.  86.  Trace  the  combined 
deviations  in  Poppy.— In  Cypripedium.— In  any  flower  at  hand. 


CHAPTER  Y. 

THE    FLOKAL    ENVELOPES,    OR    PERIANTH. 

87.  In  our  idea  of  the  typical  flower,  the  perianth  consists  ot 
two  whorls  of  expanded  floral  leaves  encircling  and  protecting 
the  more  delicate  essential  organs  in  their  midst.  As  a  rule,  the 
outer  circle,  calyx,  is  green  and  far  less  conspicuous  than  the 
inner  circle  of  highly  colored  leaves — the  corolla.  J^ut  there  are 
many  exceptions  to  this  rule.  Strictly  speaking,  the  calyx  and 
corolla  are  in  no  w^ay  distinguishable  except  by  position.  The 
outer  circle  is  the  calyx,  whatever  be  its  form  or  color;  and  the 
i?iner,  if  there  be  more  than  one,  is  the  corolla. 


Forme  of  pfUil ».—'?,%  Buttercup,  showing  the  scale  at  base.  40,  Mipnenette,  fringed  at  top.  41,  Si- 
lene  stellata.  frinired  and  ungiiiculate.  42,  Flower  of  Osmorhiza  longistylis,  petals  inflected.  43,  Flowei 
of  Mitella  diphylla,  petals  pectiuatepimiatifld.    44,  Fetal  of  Cerastiuiu  uutiins.  2-clott. 


THE  FLORAL  ENYELOPES.  31 

88.  Both  blade  and  petiole  are  distinguishable  in  the  floral 
leaves,  especially  in  the  petals.  The  blade,  or  expanded  part,  is 
here  called  limb,  or  lamina ;  the  petiolar  part,  when  narrowed 
into  a  stalk,  is  called  the  claw.  In  form,  or  outline,  there  is  a 
general  resemblance  between  the  limb  and  the  leaf.  It  is  ovate, 
oval,  lanceolate,  obcordate,  orbicular,  etc.  In  margin  it  is  gen- 
erally entire.     (See  §  308.) 

89.  Some  peculiar  forms,  however,  should  be  noticed,  as  the 
bilobate  petal  of  the  Chickweed  (44),  the  pinnatifid  petal  of 
Miterwort  (43),  the  inflected  petal  of  the  Umbelliferae  (42),  the 
fan-shaped  petal  of  Pink,  the  fringed  (fimbriate)  petal  of  Cam- 
pion (Silene  stellata)  (40),  the  hooded  sepal  of  Napellus  (29), 
the  saccate  petal  of  Calceolaria,  Cypripedium  (71).  The  limb 
is,  moreover,  often  distorted  into  a  true  nectary,  spurred,  as 
already  shown  (§  V8),  or  otherwise  deformed,  as  in  Napellus, 
Coptis,  etc. 

90.  We  have  seen  that  the  floral  organs  are  often  in  various 
ways  united.  Considering  their  crowded  state  in  the  flower,  we 
rather  wonder  that  they  do  not  always  coalesce  in  their  growth. 
The  calyx  with  united  sepals  was  called  by  the  early  botanists 
monosepalous  •  the  corolla  with  united  petals  was  called  mono- 
petalous  (fAovoff,  one — from  the  false  idea  that  such  an  organ  con- 
sisted of  a  single  piece  or  leaf!)  Opposed  to  these  terms  were 
polypetalous  {mokug^  many),  petals  distinct;  and  polysepalous^ 
sepals  distinct. 

91.  The  monosepalous  calyx,  or  monopetalous  corolla,  although 
thus  compounded  of  several  pieces,  is  usually  described  as  a  sim- 
ple organ,  wheel-shaped,  cup-shaped,  tubular,  according  to  the 
degree  of  cohesion.  The  lower  part  of  it,  formed  by  the  united 
claws,  whether  long  or  short,  is  the  tube  /  the  upper  part,  com- 
posed of  the  confluent  laminae,  is  the  border,  or  Ihnh  j  the 
opening  of  the  tube  above  is  the  throat. 

92.  The  border  is  either  lobed,  toothed,  crenate,  etc.,  by  the 
distinct  ends  of  the  pieces  composing  it,  as  in  the  calyx  of  Pink, 
the  calyx  and  corolla  of  Primula,  Phlox,  and  Bell  wort,  or  it  may 
become,  by  a  complete  lateral  cohesion,  entire,  as  in  the  Morning- 
glory.  Heie  the  compound  nature  of  the  organ  is  shown  by  the 
seams  alone. 


32 


STKUCTURAL  BOTANY. 


93.  A  terminal  cohesion,  where  summit  as  well  as  sides  are 
joined,  forming  a  cap  rather  than  cup,  rarely  occurs,  as  in  the 
calyx  of  the  garden  Escholtzia  and  the  corolla  of  the  Grape. 


»»,  Flower  of  Saponaria  (Bouncing  Bet):  petals  aiul  claws  quite  distinct.  46,  Phlox;  claws  united, 
with  lamina  distinct.  47,  Spigelia  (Pink-root),  petals  still  further  united.  48,  Quamoclit  cocciuea; 
petals  united  throughout. 

94.  The  modes  of  adhesion  are  various  and  important,  fur- 
nishing some  of  the  most  valuable  distinctive  characters.  An 
organ  is  said  to  be  adherent  when  it  is  conjoined  with  some  dis- 
similar organ,  as  stamen  with  pistil.  All  the  organs  of  our 
typical  flower  are  described  as/ree. 


95.  The  term  hypogynous  (u-rw,  under,  /uvv,  the  pistil)  is  an 
adjective  in  frequent  use,  denoting  that  the  organs  are  inserted 
into  the  torus  under,  or  at  the  base  of  the  ovary  or  pistil.  Or- 
gans so  situated  are,  of  course,  in  the  normal  condition  and  free^ 
there  being  no  adhesions.  Observe  and  explain  the  sections  of 
Oeifersonia  and  Violet  (49,  50), 


THE   FLORAL   ENVELOPES. 


33 


96.  Perigynous  (-tts^j,  around)  is  a  term  applicable  to  the 
stamens  and  petals  only, 
and  implies  that  they  are 
(apparently)  inserted  on  the 
calyx  or  corolla  around  the 
free  ovary.  In  Phlox,  the 
stamens  are  perigynous  on 
the  corollii-tubc.  In  Cher- 
ry and  Plum,  the  petals 
and  stamens  are  perigynous 

on    the    calyx-tube.       (See  H  51 

51.) 

97.  Epigynous  (s-jt/,  upon)  denotes  that  the  organs  are  in- 
serted (apparently)  iqjoyi  the  ovary,  as  appears  in  Apple,  Pear, 
Caraway,  Sunflower.  (See  cuts  42,  51.)  The  common  phrases 
"calyx  superior,"  "ovary  inferior,"  have  the  same  signification 
as  "calyx  epigynous,"  all  implying  the  apparent  insertion  of  the 
organs  upon  or  above   the   ovary.     In  this   condition  all  the 


68,  Rilwi  aarentn  and  (54)  Fuchsia  graciali,?;  ovary  inferior  or  adlierent,  Btamcn?  and  petals  e{)Ig>noc« 
(above  Xh^  culherent  o\&ry).    53,  Saxifraga  Yirginiensis;  ovary  half-superior. 


organs,  or  at  least  the  calyx,  are  blended  with  the  ovary  to  its 
top.  Hence  the  phrases  "  ovary  adherent,"  or  "  calyx  adherent," 
liave  also  the  same  meaning,  and  are  preferable,  because  in  ac- 
cordance with  the  fact.  (Explain  the  sections  of  Golden  Cur- 
rant and  Ear-drop — 52,  54.) 

%* 


34 


STRUCTURAL  BOTANY. 


1)8.  Calyx  inferior  or  free,  ovary  superior  or  free,  are  all 
phrases  of  the  same  import  as  calyx  hypogynous.  Between  the 
two  conditions,  calyx  superior  and  calyx  inferior,  there  are  nu- 
merous gradations,  of  which  one  onl^  is  defined,  to  wit,  calyx  half- 
superior,  as  exemplified  in  the  Mock-orange  and  Saxifrage  (53). 

7?e^Aew. — 87.  The  type  once  more.  State  the  only  true  distinction  hctwccn  calyx  and 
corolla,  as.  What  part  in  tiie  floral  leaves  corresponds  to  blade  ?  What  part  to  petiole  ? 
General  forms.  89.  Several  peculiar  forms  meutioned.  90.  Why  should  tlie  floral  organs 
be  united?  What  absurdity  in  the  word  monosepalous,  etc.*  The  opposite  terraa. 
91.  What  the  tube?— the  limb?  92.  Varieties  in  the  degree  of  cohesion  (figs.  4.5-48). 
93.  How  in  Grape,  etc.?  94.  Define  adherent.  95.  Use  of  the  word  hypogyncusf  9(i. 
Ferigynous?  97.  Ejngynous  ?  Two  equivaleut  phrases.  98.  Calyx  half-superior.  Ex- 
plain flgs.  49-54. 


CHAPTER   VI. 

FOKMS    OF   THE    TElilANTH. 

y9.  The. innumerable  forms  of  the  perianth,  whether  calyx  or 
corolla,  or  both,  are  first  to  be  distinguished  as  polypetalous 
or  GAMOPETALOUS,  and  secondly,  as  regular  or  irregular.  The 
POLYPETALOUS-^'e^i^^ar  forms  may  be  referred  to  the  four  types 
represented  in  the  drawings  below,  and  described  as  follows. 


Forrnn  of  corollas.— ^,  Cheirwithus  (Stock).    ."56,  Silene  regia  (Scarlet  CatchBy).    57,  Pyriis  coronanr. 
58,  Amaryllis  (Atamasco  Lily). 

100.  First,  Cruciform  {criicis^  of  a  cross)  or  cross-shaped 
corollas  consist  of  four  long-clawed  petals,  placed  at  right  angh^s 
to  each  other,  as  in  Mustard,  Wall-flower  (55).     2d,  CaryophyV 


FORMS  OF  THE  FERIANTH. 


35 


laceous  or  pink-like  corollas  consist  of  five  petals  with  long,  erect 
elates,  and  spreading  laminsB;  as  in  the  Pink  (56).  3d,  Rosa- 
ceous or  rose-like  corollas  are  composed  of  five  short-clawed  open 
petals;  as  in  the  Rose  (fig.  57).  4th,  Liliaceous  flowers,  like 
the  Lilies,  consist  of  a  six-leaved  perianth ;  each  leaf  gradually 
spreading  so  as  to  resemble,  as  a  whole,  the  funnel-form  (58). 

101.  Polypetalous-irregular  forms  (59,  71)  may  generally 
be  referred  to  these  two  types — the  papilionaceous  and  the  or- 
chidaceous. The  Papilionaceous  {papilio,  butterfly)  corolla  or 
flower  may  consist  of  five  dissimilar  petals,  designated  thus :  the 
upper,  largest,  and  exterior  petal  is  the  banner  (vexillum) ;  the 
two  lateral,  half-exterior,  are  the  wings  (alee) ;  the  two  lower, 
interior  petals,  often  united  at  their  lower  margin,  are  the  keel 
(carina).  The  flowers  of  the  Pea,  Locust,  Clover,  and  of  the 
great  family  of  the  Leguminosae  in  general  are  examples.  The 
Orchidaceous  is  a  form  of  the  perianth  peculiar  to  the  Orchis, 
and  to  that  large  and  singular  tribe  in  general.  It  is  a  6-pai'ted 
double  perianth,  very  irregular,  characterized  chiefly  by  its  lip, 
which  is  the  upper  petal  (lower  by  the  twisting  of  the  ovary) 
enlarged  and  variously  deformed. 

61 


U9,  Papilionaceous  flower  of  the  Pea.    60,  Displayed;  r,  the  vexillum;   a,  a,  the  al»;  c,  c,  the  cariut 
til,  Section  of  flower  of  Dicentra  Cucullaria. 


102.  Gamopetalous-regular  perianths  (62-67)  may  in 
elude  mainly  the  following  forms,  although  some  of  them  may 
become  irregular.  First,  Motatc,  wheel-shaped,  or  st"*r-shapea, 
is  a  form  with  tube  very  short,  if  any,  and  a  flat,  spreading  bor- 
der; as  the  calyx  of  Chickweed,  corolla  of  Trientalis,  Elder.  It 
is  sometimes  a  little  irregular,  as  in  Mullein.  2d,  Cup-shaped^ 
with  pieces  cohering  into  a  concave  border,  as  in  the  calyx  of 


36 


STRUCTURAL  BOTANY. 


Malk)ws,  eorolla  of  Kalraia,  etc.  3d,  Campaiiulate^  or  bell- 
shaped  ;  when  the  tube  widens  abruptly  at  base  and  gradually 
in  the  border,  as  in  the  Harebell,  Canterbury-bell.  4th,  Urceo- 
late^  urn-shaped ;  an  oblong  or  globular  corolla  with  a  narrow 
opening,  as  the  Whortleberry,  Heath.  5th,  Funnel-form  (in- 
fundibuliform),  narrow-tubular  below,  gradually  enlarging  to 
the  border,  as  Morning-glory.  6th,  Salver-form  (hypocrateri- 
form),  the  tube  ending  abruptly  in  a  horizontal  border,  as  in 
Phlox,  Petunia,  both  of  which  are  slightly  irregular.  Vth,  Tubu- 
lar^ a  cylindraceous  form  spreading  little  or  none  at  the  border ; 
as  the  calyx  of  the  Pink,  corolla  of  the  Honeysuckle.  It  is  often 
a  little  curved.  Tubular  flowers  are  common  in  the  CompositfP, 
as  the  Thistle,  Sunflower,  when  they  are  often  associated  with 
the  next  form,  the  ligtdate, 

62 


Form."  of  coroll4i.o.—62.  Cainpiinula  AmericaiiH 
iirceolate.    65,  Convolvulus  (Morning-glory).     " 


rotate.  63,  Campanula  divaricata.  64,  Andromeda; 
6,  Petunia.  67,  Lonicera  senipervircns  (floueysucklp). 
(vS,  Dandelion:  ligulate  corolla  ('•),  5-toothed;  (i,  five  anthers  united  into  a  tube  around  .v,  the  style 
69,  Synandra  grandiflora,  ringent,  upper  lip  2-lobed,  lower  3-lobed.  70,  Linaria  (yellow  Snapdragon,, 
personate     71,  Cypripedium  acaule,  orchidaceous. 


103.  Gamopetalous-irregular  perianths  may  be  either  li.g- 
ulate  01  labiate.  The  Ijlgulate  corolla  {ligula^  tongue)  is  formed 
as  if  by  splitting  a  tubular  corolla  on  one  side.  The  notches  at 
the  end  plainly  indicate  the  number  of  united  petals  composing 


FOKMS   OF  THE   PEKIANTH. 


37 


It,  as  also  do  the  parallel  longitudinal  seams.  (See  figa  68,  t ).) 
The  labiate^  bilabiate  or  lip-shaped,  resembling  the  mouth  of 
some  animal,  is  a  very  common  form,  resulting  from  the  unequal 
union  of  the  parts,  accompanied  with  other  irregularities.  In 
the  labiate  corolla  three  petals  unite  more  or  less  to  form  the 
lower  lip,  and  two  to  form  the  upper.  In  the  calyx,  when  bila- 
l)iate,  this  rule  is  reversed,  according  to  the  law  of  alternation 
of  organs;  two  sepals  are  united  in  the  lower  lip  and  three  in 
the  upper,  as  seen  in  the  Sage  and  the  Labiate  Order  generally. 
Labiate  flowers  are  said  to  be  galeate  or  helmeted  when  the 
upper  lip  is  concave,  as  in  Catmint ;  ringent  or  gaping  when  the 
throat  or  mouth  is  wide  open  (69) ;  personate  or  masked  when 
the  throat  is  closed  as  with  d^ palate^  like  the  Snapdragon  (70). 

104.  Certain  reduced  forms  of  the  perianth  should  be  noticed 
in  this  place.  The  Pappus  {iro^'jr'jrQs,  grandfather,  alluding  to  his 
gray  hairs)  is  the  hair-like  calyx  of  the  florets  of  the  Compositae, 
and  other  kindred  Orders.  Tlie  florets  of  this  Order  are  col 
lected  into  heads  so  compactly  that  the  calyxes  have  not  room 
for  expansion  in  the  ordinary  way.  The  pappus  is  commonly 
persistent,  and  often  increases  as  the  fruit  matures,  forming  a 
feathery  sail  to  waft  away  the  seed  through  the  air,  as  in  the 
Dandelion  and  Thistle.  It  varies  greatly  in  form  and  size,  as 
seen  in  the  cuts ;  sometimes  consisting  of  scales,  sometimes  of 
hairs,  again  of  feathers  or  bristles.  Sometimes  it  is  mounted 
on  a  stipe,  which  is  the  beak  of  the  fruit. 


•  ,>s  la  (incorrectly  called  achenium)  of  the  Composita-,  with  variotis  forms  of  pappas.  72,  EclijHa 
Pk  >  i.nv.ens,  no  pappus.  73,  Ambrosia  triflda.  74,  Heliajithus  grosse-serratus,  pappus  2-awneTl.  75, 
A<?i  aid.  I  coiiizoides,  pappus  of  five  scales.  76,  Mulgedium,  capillary  pappus— cypsela  slightly  ros- 
tra\  .    Tis  Lactuca  elougata,  rostrate  cypsela. 


105.  Again :  the  calyx,  or  the  limb  of  the  catyx,  is  reduced  to 
a  mert  rim,  as  seen  in  the  Umbelliferae.  In  the  Amentaceous^ 
Orders,  the  whole  perianth  diminishes  to  a  shallow  cup,  as  in 


STRUCTURAL  BOTANY. 


the  Poplar  and  Willow,  or  altogether  disappears,  as  in  the  Birch, 
Ash,  and  Lizard-tail  (15,  16). 

106.  Setee,  meaning  bristles  in  general,  is  a  term  specifically 
used  to  denote  the  reduced  perianth  of  the  sedges.  In  the  Bog- 
rush  (Scirpus)  there  is,  outside  the  stamens,  a  circle  of  six  setas, 
representing  a  6-leaved  perianth  (78).  In  the  Cotton-grass 
(Eriphorum)  the  setae  are  multiplied  and  persistent  on  the  fruit, 
becoming  long  and  cotton-like. 

107.  Perigynium  is  the  name  given  to  the  urceolate  perianth 
of  Carex,  investing  the  ovary  but 
allowing  the  style  to  issue  at  its  sum- 
mit. It  is  composed  of  two  united 
sepals,  as  indicated  by  the  two  teeth 
at  the  top  (79). 

108.  Glumes  and  pales  repre- 
sent the  floral  envelopes,  or  rather 
the  involucre  of  the  Grasses  (436). 
Their  alternating  arrangement  clearly 
distinguishes  them  from  a  perianth. 

109.  The  duration  of  the  calyx 
and  corolla  varies  widely,  and  is 
marked  by  certain  general  terms. 
It  is  caducous  when  it  falls  ofi*  im- 
mediately, as  the  calyx  of  Poppy, 
corolla  of  Grape ;  deciduous  when  it  falls  with  the  stamens,  as 
in  most  plants  ;  and  persisteiit^  if  it  remain  until  the  fruit  ripens, 
as  the  calyx  of  Apple.  If  it  continue  to  grow  after  flowering,  it 
is  accrescent ;  and  if  it  wither  without  falling  off*,  it  is  marescent. 

Beview.—99.  Primary  distinctions  in  the  forms  of  the  perianth.  100.  Pour  forms  of 
polj'petalous-regular  perianths.  To  which  belouo:s  Stock?  Pink?  Apple?  Lily?  101. 
Two  forms  of  polypetalous-irregular— describe.  Explain  figs.  59-61.  102.  Name  the 
peven  forms  of  gamopetalous-regular.  To  which  belongs  fig.  62?  63?  64?  65?  etc.  The 
flowers  of  Elder?  Kalmia?  Harebell?  103.  Describe  the  gamopetalous-irregular  foi ma, 
etc.     104.  What  is  pappus?    Describe  the  figures  72-77.    106.  Perianth  of  Bog-rush— 107. 


78,  Flower  of  Scirpns  laciistris,  magni- 
fied; consisting  of  six  seta?,  three  stamens, 
three  pistils  united,  except  the  stigmas. 
79,  Flower  of  Carex  rivularis  ?  .  with  (7, 
its  ginme,  p,  its  bottle-shaped  perigynium, 
2-toothed  at  top,  enveloping  the  triple 
ovary;  stigmas,  three. 


Of  Carex— 108.  Of  Grasses.    Point  out  the  glumes— The  pales. 
Deciduous— Accrescent— Marescent. 


Define  caducoiiti— 


THE  ESSENTIAL  ORGANS. 


39 


CHAPTER   VII. 

OF    THE    ESSENTIAL    ORGANS. THE    STAMENS. 

110.  Within  the  safe  inclosure  of  the  floral  envelopes  stand 
the  essential  organs — the  stamens  and  j3istils — clearly  distinguish- 
able from  the  perianth  by  their  more  slight  and  delicate  forms, 
and  from  each  other  by  various  marks.  In  the  complete  flower 
the  ANDRCECiUM  ncxt  succeeds  the  corolla  in  the  order  of  position, 
being  the  third  set,  counting  from  the  calyx. 

111.  A  perfect  stamen  consists  of  two  parts — the  ^/ilame?it, 
corresponding  with  the  petiole  of  the  typical  leaf;  and  the  anther^ 
answering  to  the  blade.  Within  the  cells  of  the  anther  the  pollen 
is  produced,  a  substance  essential  to  the  fertility  of  the  flower. 
Hence  the  anther  alone  is  the  essential  part  of  the  stamen. 


80,  Andrcecium  and  gynoecium  of  Frankenia  (after  Peyer).  81,  Stamen  (adnate)  of  Morninji:-plory. 
82,  Same  enlarjred,  with  pollen  prains  discliarged;  /,  filament;  a,  a.  anther,  2-l()bed;  r,  top  of  tlie  con 
nectile.  83,  Rantinciilns.  84,  Same,  cut  transversely.  85,  Iris,  cut  transversely  (extrorse).  86,  Ama- 
ryllis, versatile.    87,  Larkspur,  innate.    88,  Same,  cut. 


112.  The  filament  {filum^  a  thread)  is  the  stalk  supj^orting 
the  anther  at  or  near  its  top.  It  is  ordinarily  slender,  yet  sus- 
taining itself  with  the  anther  in  position.  Sometimes  it  is  capil- 
lary^ and  pendulous  with  its  weight,  as  in  the  Grasses. 

113.  The  anther  is  regularly  an  oblong  body  at  the  summit 
of  the  filament,  composed  of  two  hollow  parallel  lobes  joined  to 
each  other  and  to  the  filament  by  the  connectile.  In  front  of 
the  connectile,  looking  toward  the  pistil,  there  is  usually  a  fur- 


iO 


STRUCTURAL  BOTANY. 


row ;  on  its  back  a  ridge,  and  on  the  face  of  each  lobe  a  scam, 
the  usual  place  of  dehiscence  or  opening,  all  running  parallel 
with  the  filament  and  connectile. 

114.  The  Btamen,  as  thus  described,  may  be  considered  re<?ular  or  typical  in  form,  and 
is  well  exemplified  in  that  of  the  Buttercup  (fig.  83).  But  the  variations  of  structure  are 
as  remarkal)le  here  as  in  other  organs,  depending  on  such  circumstances  as,  1st,  the  at- 
tachment of  filament  to  anther.  This  may  occur  in  three  ways.  The  anther  is  said  to  be 
innate  when  it  stands  centrally  erect  on  the  top  of  the  filament ;  adnate  when  it  seems 
attached  to  one  side  of  the  filament ;  versatile  when  connected  to  the  top  of  the  filament 
by  a  single  point  in  the  back.  2d,  The  modes  of  Dehiscence  or  opening,  are  also  three  — 
viz.,  valvular^  where  the  seam  opens  vertically  its  whole  length,  which  is  the  usual  way; 
porous,  where  the  cells  open  by  a  chink  or  pore,  usually  at  the  top,  as  in  Rhododendron 
and  Potato;  opercular,  when  by  a  lid  opening  upward,  as  in  Sassafras,  Berberis  (92).  3d, 
The  facing  of  the  anther  is  also  an  important  character.  It  is  introrse  when  the  lines  of 
dehiscence  look  toward  the  pistil,  as  in  Violet ;  exirorse  when  they  look  outward  toward 
the  corolla,  as  in  Iris.  4th,  Tho.  connectile  is  usually  a  mere  prolongation  of  the  filament, 
terminating,  not  at  the  base,  but  at  the  top  of  the  antlier.  If  it  fall  short,  the  anther  will 
be  emarginate.  Sometimes  it  outruns  the  anther,  and  tips  it  with  a  terminal  appendage 
of  some  sort,  as  in  Violet,  Oleander,  and  Paris.  Again,  its  base  may  be  dilated  into  spurs, 
as  in  two  of  the  stamens  of  Violet.  5th,  If  the  connectile  be  laterally  dilated,  as  we  see 
gradnally  done  in  the  various  species  of  the  Labiate  Order,  the  lobes  of  the  anther  will 
be  separated,  forming  two  dimidiate  (halved)  anthers  on  one  filament,  as  in  Sage  and  Bru- 
cella.    Such  are,  of  course,  1-celled  (96). 

P 


PeruHar  forms  of  Ktametui. — 89,  Pyrola  rotundifolia;  p,  dehiscence  by  pores  at  top.  90,  Vaccinium 
u'.igiuosum;  p,  dehiscence.  91,  Berberis  aqui folium,  anthers  opening  (92)  by  valves  upward.  93,  An- 
ther of  Violet,  introrse,  with  au  appendage  at  top.  94,  Oleander,  sagittate,  appendaged.  95,  Catalpa. 
lobes  of  anther  separated.  96,  Sage,  lobes  of  anther  widely  separated,  on  stipes;  b,  barren  lobe  without 
»>ollen.    97,  Malva,  anther  1-celled.    98,  Ephedra  (after  I'eyer),  anther  4-celle(J. 

115.  The  cells  of  the  anthers  are  at  first  commonly  four,  all 
parallel,  becoming  two  only  at  maturity.  In  some  plants  the 
four  are  retained,  as  in  the  anthers  of  Ephedra  (98).  In  others, 
as  Mallows,  all  the  cells  coalesce  into  one  (97). 

116.  Ai)pendages  of  many  kinds  distinguish  the  stamens  of  different  species.  In  the 
Ericacete  there  are  horns,  spurs,  tails,  queues,  etc.  In  Onions  ai  1  elarlic,  the  filament  is 
2  or  3  forked,  bearing  the  anther  on  one  of  the  tips.  Sometimes  i  pair  of  appendages 
appear  at  base,  as  if  stipulate.  It  is  often  conspicuously  clothed  with  hairs,  as  in  Trades- 
cantia.    (See  89-94,       .) 

117.  Stami7Wdia,  or  sterile  filaments  with  abortive  anthers  or  none,  occur  singly  in 
many  of  the  Figworts  and  Labiates,  or  in  entire  whorls  next  within  the  petals,  alternat- 
ing with  them,  as  in  Loose-strife.  The  curious  fringes  of  the  Passion-flower  are  regarded 
as  composed  of  staminodia  (112). 


THE  ESSENTIAL  ORGANS. 


41 


118.  The  number  of  the  stamens  is  said  to  be  definite  Avhen 
not  exceeding  twenty,  as  is  sometimes  definitely  expressed  by 
such  terms  as  follow,  compounded  of  the  Greek  numerals— 
viz.,  monandrous,  having  one  stamen  to  each  flower;  dlandrous^ 
with  two  stamens ;  pentandrous,  with  five  stamens.  If  the  num- 
ber exceeds  twenty,  it  is  said  to  be  indefinite  (denoted  thus,  QO  ) 
or  polyandrous. 


Esseniinl  nrgnnx.— 99,  Rhododendron,  five  stamens  (.s),  one  pistil  (p),  oblique  or  slightly  irregular.  100. 
Flower  of  /Esculns  (Buckeye),  regular.  .Vtoothed  calyx  (r),  very  irregular  4-petalled  corolla,  seven  stameui 
nnequitl.  one  style  (■«).     101,   Flower  of  Hydrastis;  s,  sepals  deciduous. 

119.  The  position  or  insertion  of  the  stamens  (§  55  )  may 
be  more  definitely  stated  here  as  hypogynoiis^  on  the  receptacle 
below  the  ovaries ;  perigynoiis^  on  the  calyx  around  the  ovary ; 


r^^ 


102,  Stamens  (diadelphous)  of  a  Legumin(>us  plant.  103,  Stamens  (syngenesious)  of  a  Composite;  / 
fllaments  distinct:  n,  anthers  united;  s,  stigmas  revolute.  etc.  lOi,  Tetradynamous  stamens  of  a  t!ni' 
cifer.  105,  (iyuandrous  column  of  Cypripedium;  o,  ovary;  r,  torus;  s,  sterile  stamen;  a,  two  poUiiiia 
c,  stigma.     ItXJ,    Didyniimous  stamens  of  Lophospermum. 


eplpettdoHs^  on  the  corolla,  as  in  Phlox;  epigynous,  on  the  ovary 
at  its  summit,  and  gynandrous  (/uvii,  pistil,  aviJpsf,  stamens)  on 
the  pistil,  that  is,  when  the  stamens  are  adherent  to  the  style,  as 


^ 


STRUCTUKAL  BOTANY. 


in  Orchis.  Inequality  in  length  is  definitely  marked  in  two 
cases,  as  tetradynamous  ('fs-pacr,  four,  6oM(x,\h\c:^  power)  when  the  sta- 
mens are  six,  whereof  four  are  longer  than  the  other  two,  as  in 
all  the  Crucifers ;  didyiiamous^  where  the  stamens  are  four,  two 
of  them  longer  than  the  other  two,  as  in  all  the  Labiates  (104, 106). 
120.  Cohesion  is  as  frequent  with  stamens  as  with  petals. 
They  are  monadelphous  (cc(j£X(pot:,  a  brother)  when  thoy  are  all 
united,  as  in  Mallow,  into  one  set  or  brotherhood  by  the  fila- 
ments ;  diadelphous  in  two  sets,  whether  equal  or  unequal,  as  in 
Pea,  Squirrel-corn;  polyadelphous^  many  sets,  as  in  St.  Johns- 
wort  ;  and  syngenesious^  when  they  are  united  by  their  anthers, 
as  in  the  Composit^e.  Finally,  the  absence  of  the  stamens  alto- 
gether, whether  by  abortion,  as  in  the  $  flowers  of  Veratrum, 
or  by  suppression,  as  in  Oak,  occurs  in  various  modes,  render- 
ing the  plant  monoecious  (5*),  dioecious  (6  ?),  or  polygamous 
(5  ^  ? ),  as  already  explained  (§  67). 

Ill 

108  109 


PoUku  araimt.—Vil ,  Tinns  larico.    108,  Basella  rubra.     109,  Ranunculus  repens.    110,  Scoiymus  grandl- 
tiorus.     Ill,  Passifioia  iucarnata. 


121.  The  pollen  is  in  appearance  a  small,  yellow  dust,  con- 
tained in  the  cells  of  the  anther.  When  viewed  with  the  mi- 
croscope it  appears  as  grains  of  various  forms,  usually  spheroidal 
or  oval,  sometimes  triangular  or  polyhedral,  but  always  of  the 
same  form  and  appearance  in  the  same  species.  Externally  they 
are  curiously,  and  often  elegantly  figured  with  stripes,  bands, 
dots,  checks,  etc.  Each  grain  of  pollen  is  a  membranous  cell  or 
sack  containing  a  fluid.  Its  coat  is  double — the  outer  is  more 
thick  and  firm,  exhibiting  one  or  more  breaks  where  the  inner 


THE   ESSENTIAL  ORGANS. 


43 


coat,  which  is  very  thin  and  expansible,  is  uncovered.  In  the 
fluid  are  suspended 
molecules  of  incon- 
ceivable minuteness, 
said  to  possess  a  trem- 
ulous motion.  When 
the  membrane  is  ex- 
posed to  moisture,  it 
swells  and  bursts, 
discharging  its  con- 
tents. 

122.  In  the  Orchids 
and  Silk  weed  tribe, 
the  pollen  grains  do 
not  separate  as  into  a 
dust  or  powder,  but  mamLS 
all  cohere  into  masses 
called  POLLixiA,  accompanied  by  a  viscid  fluid. 

Review.— \\Q.  Position  of  the  stamens.  111.  Members,  compared  with  a  leaf.  Pollen. 
The  filament.  113.  The  anther.  Connectile.  Dehiscence.  In  82,  point  out  these 
parts.  114.  How  the  anther  is  attached  to  the  filament— 3  modes.  Of  dehiscence— 3 
modes.  Define  "anther  introrse"— "Anther  extrorse."  What  figures  illustrate ?  What 
are  dimidiate  anthers?  115.  The  cells  in  regard  to  number.  Mention  some  appendages. 
What  are  staminodia?  118.  Define  the  terms  definite  and  indefinite,  as  applied  to  the 
stamens.  Define  the  terms  relating  to  position— To  inequality  in  length.  120.  Four 
terms  relating  to  cohesion.  Three  terms  expressing  absence.  The  pollen  as  seen  under 
the  microscope.    Structure.    Pollinia, 


112,  Section  of  the  Passion-flower  (Passiflora  coerulea);  h,  brncts 
of  the  involucre;  «,  sepals;  j»,  petals;   o,  a,  staminodia  or  Sieril* 
stipe;  o,  ovary;  d,  stamens;  t,  stigmas. 


CHAPTER   VIII. 


OF    THE    ESSENTIAL    ORGANS. THE    PISTILS. 


123.  The  Gynoeciuin  occupies  the  centre  of  the  flower,  at 
tliu  termination  of  the  axis.  It  consists  regularly  of  a  circle  of 
distinct  pistils  {\  60),  symmetrical  in  number  with  the  other 
circles.  It  is  subject  to  great  variation.  The  pistil  may  oe  dis- 
tinct and  simple^  as  in  Columbine,  or  coherent  in  various  degrees 
into  a  compound  body,  as  in  St.  Johnswort.  Also  instead  of 
being  free  and  superior,  as  it  regularly  should  be,  it  may  adhere 
to  the  other  circles,  as  already  explained    (§  97),   ?nid  become 


u 


STRUCTURAL  BOTANY. 


inferior;  that  is,  apparently  placed  below  the  flower,  as  in  the 
Currant  (52). 

124.  The  number  of  the  pistils  is  by  no  means  coniined  to  the 
radical  of  the  flower.  They  may  be  increased  by  multiples, 
hecoming  a  spiral  on  a  lengthened  receptacle,  as  in  Tulip-tree, 
or  still  remaining  a  circle,  as  in  Poppy.  On  the  other  hand,  they 
may  be  reduced  in  number  often  to  one,  as  in  Cherry  and  Pea. 
Certain  terms  are  employed  to  denote  the  number  of  pistils  in 
the  flower,  such  as  mo?iog^nous,  with  one  pistil ;  trigynous^  with 
three ;  poly gy nous ^  with  many,  etc. 

125.  The  simple  pistil  may  usually  be  known  from  the 
compound,  by  its  one-sided  forms — having  two  sides  similar  and 

two  dissimilar.  If  the  pistils  appear  distinct,  they  are 
all  simple,  never  being  united  into  more  than  one  set, 
as  the  stamens  often  are.  The  parts  of  a  simple  pistil 
are  three — the  ovary  (o,  113)  at  base,  the  stigma  (s) 
at  the  summit,  and  the  style  {sty)  intervening.     Like 


116 


ll3.  Pistil  of  Tobacfo.    U4,  Pistil,  stamens,  and  calyx  of  Azalea.     115.  Trillium— stigmas  OD  and  antliera 
(«)  nearly  sessile.     116,  Pistils  of  Rue  Anemone  (A.  thalictroidfA)—RtigmRs  sessile. 


the  tilament,  the  style  is  not  essential;  and  when  it  is  wanting, 
the  stigma  is  sessile  upon  the  ovary,  as  in  Anemone  (116).  In 
order  to  understand  the  relation  of  these  parts,  we  must  needs 
first  study — 

126.  The  morphology  of  the  pistil.  As  before  stated, 
the  pistil  consists  of  a  modified  leaf  called  a  carpel  (xap-roc:, 
fruit),  or  carpellary  leaf  This  leaf  is  folded  together  toward 
the  axis,  so  that  the  upper  surface  becomes  the  inner,  while  tlie 


THE   ESSENTIAL   ORGANS. 


45 


lower  becomes  tbc  outer  surface  of  the  ovary.  By  this  arrange- 
ment two  sutures  or  seams  will  be  formed — the  dorsal,  at  the 
back,  by  the  midvein ;  the  ventral,  in  front,  by  the  joined  mar- 
gins of  the  leaf.  This  view  of  the  pistil  is  remarkably  confirmed 
and  illustrated  by  the  flowers  of  the  Double  Cherry  (124,  125), 
where  the  pistil  may  be  seen  in  every  degree  of  transition,  re- 
verting toward  the  form  of  a  leaf.  This  carpellary  leaf  stands 
in  the  place  of  the  pistil,  having  the  edges  infolded  toward  each 
other,  the  midvein  prolonged  and  dilated  at  the  apex,  as  shown 
in  125. 


M7,  Simple  pistil  of  Strawberry,  the  style  lateral.  US,  Simple  pistil  of  Crowfoot,  cut  to  show  tlio 
ovule.  U9,  Simple  pistil  of  the  Cherr*'.  120,  Vertical  section  showing  ihe  ovule  (o),  style  («),  stigma 
((«).  121,  Cross-section  of  the  same.  122,  Compound  pistil  of  SprinK-heauty.  123,  Cross-section  of  the 
same,  showing  the  S  c«lls  of  the  ovary.  124,  fixpauded  carpellary  leaf  of  the  Double  Ckerry.  125,  The 
same  partly  folded,  as  if  to  form  a  pistil. 


127.  The  placentae  are  usually  prominent  lines  or  ridges 
extending  along  the  ventral  suture  within  the  cell  of  the  ovary, 
and  bearing  the  ovules.  They  are  developed  at  each  of  the  two 
edges  of  the  carpellary  leaf,  and  are  consequently  closely  parallel 
when  those  edges  are  united,  forming  one  double  placenta  in  the 
cell  of  each  ovary. 

128.  The  simple  carpd,  with  all  its  parts,  is  completely  exemplified  in  the  Pea-pod. 
When  this  is  laid  open  at  the  ventral  snture,  the  leaf  form  becomes  manifest,  with  the 
peas  (ovules)  arranged  in  an  alternate  order  along  each  margin,  so  as  to  form  but  one  row 
when  the  pod  is  closed.  In  the  pod  of  Columbine  (127),  the  ovules  form  two  distinct 
rows ;  in  the  simple  Plum  carpel,  each  margin  bears  a  single  ovule  ;  and  in  the  one-ovuled 
Cherry,  only  one  of  the  margins  is  fruitful.  > 

129.  The  stigma  is  the  glandular  orifice  of  the  ovary,  communi- 
cating with  it  either  directly  or  through  the  tubiform  style.  It 
is  usually  globular  and  terminal,  often  linear  and  lateral,  but 
subject  to  great  variations  in  form.  It  is  sometimes  double  or 
halved,  or  2-lobed,  even  when  belonging  to  a  single  carpel  or  to 


46 


STRUCTURAL  BOTANY. 


a  simple  style,  as  in  Linden,  where  these  carpels  are  surmounted 
by  three  pairs  of  stigmas. 

130.  The  compound  pistil  consists  of  the  united  circle  of  pis- 
tils, just  as  the  monopetalous  corolla  consists  of  the  united  circle 
of  petals.  The  union  occurs  in  every  degree,  always  commencing 
at  the  base  of  the  ovary  and  proceeding  upward.  Thus  in  Col- 
umbine, we  see  the  carpels  (piskls)  quite  distinct ;  in  early  Saxi- 
frage, cohering  just  at  base ;  in  Pink,  as  far  as  the  top  of  the 
ovaries,  with  styles  distinct ;  in  Spring-beauty,  to  the  top  of  the 
styles,  with  stigmas  distinct ;  and  in  Rhododendron,  the  union 
is  complete  throughout. 


j26.  Ovary  (follicle)  of  Larkspur,  composed  of  a  single  carpellary  leaf.  127,  Ovaries  of  the  Columbine, 
live,  coutipuous  but  distinct.  128,  Compound  ovary  of  Hypericum,  of  carpels  United  below  with  distinct 
rtyles.  129,  Ovary  of  another  Hypericum  of  three  carpels  completely  united.  130,  Ovary  of  Flax;  car- 
pels five,  united  below,  distinct  above.     131,  Diantlins  (Fi'ik).     132,  Saxifraga. 

131.  To  determine  the  number  of  carpels  in  a  compound  ovary 
is  an  important  and  sometimes  difficult  matter.  It  may  be 
known,  first,  by  the  number  of  the  styles ;  or,  by  the  number 
of  the  free  stigmas  (remembering  that  these  organs  are  liable  to 
be  halved — §  129) ;  or  3d,  by  the  lobes,  angles,  or  seams  of  the 
ovary ;  or  4th,  by  the  cells ;  or  5th,  by  the  placentae.  But  in 
Dodecatheon,  etc.,  all  these  indications  fail,  so  perfect  is  the 
union,  and  we  are  left  to  decide  from  analogy  alone. 

132.  The  student  will  notice  two  very  diverse  modes  of  cohe- 
sion in  the  carpels  of  the  compound  ovary.  First  and  regularly, 
the  carpels  may  each  be  closed,  as  when  simple,  and  joined  by 
their  sides  and  fronts;  as  in  St.  Johnswort  (129)  and  Lily  (171). 
In  this  case,  he  may  prove  the  following  propositions.  1st.  Thfi 
compound  ovary  will  have  as  many  cells  as  carpels.  2d.  The 
partitions  between  the  cells  will  be  doub\?,  and  alternate  with 


THE   ESSENTIAL   ORGANS. 


47 


the  stigmas.  3d.  A  partition  dividing  the  cell  of  a  single  carpel 
must  be  2^  false  one;  as  occurs  in  Flax  (136).  4th.  The  Pla- 
centa, as  well  as  the  ventral  suture,  will  be  axial. 

133.  Again:  the  carpels  may  each  be  open  and  conjoined  by 
their  edges,  as  are  the  petals  of  a  gamopetalous  corolla.  So  it 
IS  in  the  ovary  of  Violet  (137)  and  Rock-rose  (139).  In  this 
case,  1st.  There  will  be  no  partition  (unless  a  false  one,  as  in  the 
Crucifers),  and  but  one  cell;  2d.  'Y\iQi  Placentoz  will  be  iKirletal^ 
i.  e.,  on  the  wall  of  the  cell  [jyaries,  a  wall). 

134.  Between  the  two  conditions  of  axial  (or  central)  and  parietal  jylacentce,  we  find  ail 
degrees  of  transition,  as  illustrated  in  the  different  species  of  St.  Johnswort  and  in 
Poppy,  where  the  inflected  margins  of  the  carpels  carry  the  placentye  inward,  well-nigh 
to  the  axis.  Moreover,  the  placenta3  are  not  always  mere  marginal  lines,  but  often  wide 
spaces  covering  large  portions  of  the  walls  of  the  cell,  as  in  Poppy  and  Water-lily ;  in 
other  cases,  as  Datura  (168),  they  become  large  and  fleshy,  nearly  filling  the  cell. 


133,  Samolus  Valerandi,  section  of  flower  showing  the  free  axial  placenta.  134,  Ovary  of  Scrophulit- 
riaceae.  135,  Ovary  of  Tulip.  136.  Cross-section  of  ovary  of  Flax,  S-celled,  falsely  10-celled.  137,  Ovarv 
of  Violet,  1-cclled.  1.38,  Ovary  of  Fuchsia,  4-celled.  139,  Ovary  of  Rock-rose,  1-celled,  5-carpelled 
140,  Geiitianaceie,  2-valved,  1-celled. 


135.  A  free  axial  placenta^  without  partitions,  occurs  in  some 
compound  one-celled  ovaries,  as  in  the  Pink  and  Primrose  orders 
(133).  This  anomaly  is  explained  in  two  ways — first,  by  the 
obliteration  of  the  early  formed  partitions,  as  is  actually  seen  to 
occur  in  the  Pinks ;  secondly,  by  supposing  the  placenta  to  be, 
at  least  in  some  cases,  an  axial  rather  than  a  marginal  growth  ; 
that  is,  to  grow  from  the  point  of  the  axis  rather  than  from  the 
margin  of  the  carpellary  leaf,  for  in  Primrose  no  partitions  ever 
appear. 

136.  A  few  peculiar  forms  of  the  style  and  stigma  are  worthy  of  note  in  our  narrow 
limits,  as  the  lateral  style  of  Strawberry;  the  basilar  style  of  the  Labiatie  and  Borrage- 
■worts;  the  branching  style  of  Emblica,  one  of  the  Enphorbiacese ;  also  the  globular 


48 


STRUCTURAL   BOTANY. 


stigma  of  Mirabilis  ;  the  linear  stigma  of  Gyromia ;  the  feathery  stigma  of  Grasses ;  the 
filiform  stigma  of  Indian  corn  ;  the  lateral  stigma  of  Aster;  the  petaloid  stigmas  of  Iris; 
the  hooded  stigma  of  Violet  (141-149). 


Pistih. — 141,  Sj-mphyttim,  basilar  style,  ovary  4-parted. 
branching  styles.  143,  Mirabilis  Jalapa,  globular  stigma. 
Feathery  stigmas  of  a  Grass.  146,  Stigmas  of  Aster.  147, 
of  Zea  Mays  (Corn). 


142,  ?  Flower  of  Emblica  (Euphorbiacese), 
144,  Flower  of  Luzula,  stigmas  linear.  14.5, 
Runiex.    148,  Poppy.     149,  Filiform  stigma 


137.  In  the  Pino,  Cedar,  and  the  Conifer®  generally,  both  the 
style  and  stigma  are  wanting;  and  the  ovary  is  represented 
only  by  a  flat,  open,  carpellary  scale,  bearing  the  naked  ovules 
at  its  base. 

i?m(?2C.— 123.  What  the  Gynoecium  regularly  consists  of.  How  it  may  vary.  Varia- 
tions in  number.  What  is  the  meaning  of  trigynous,  etc.  ?  125.  How  to  know  the  simple 
pistil.  Its  members.  Which  is  non-essential  ?  Define  the  carpel.  How  it  is  folded. 
Proofs  of  the  theory.  Explain  by  figs.  124,  125.  Define  placentae.  The  Pea-pod  as  a 
simple  carpel.  Describe  the  stigma.  l;iO.  Various  degrees  of  union  in  the  pistils.  Six 
signs  indicating  the  number  of  carpels.  First  mode  of  cohesion.  Four  theorems.  Second 
mode.  Two  theorems.  Explain  the  free  axial  placenta.  Peculiar  forms  (141-149).  137. 
Stigma  in  the  Pine. 


CHAPTER   IX 


THE    OVULES. 

138.  The  ovules  are  understood  to  be  transformed  huds^  des- 
tined to  become  seeds  in  the  fruit.  Their  development  from  the 
margins  and  inner  surface  of  the  carpel  favors  this  view  ;  for  the 
ordinary  leaves  of  Bryophyllum  and  some  other  plants  do  habit- 
ually produce  buds  at  their  margin  or  on  their  upper  surface; 
and  in  the  Mignonette,  ovules  themselves  have  been  seen  trans- 
formed into  leaves. 

139.  The  number  of  ovules  in  the  ovary  varies  from  one  to 
hundreds.     Thus   in  Buttercups,  Composiia?,  and  Grasses,  the 


THE  OVULES. 


49 


ovule  is  solitary ;  in  Umbelliferse  it  is  also  solitary  in  each  of  the 
two  carpels ;  in  the  Pea  order  they  are  definite^  being  but  few ; 
in  Mullein  and  Poppy,  indefinite  {  Cc),  too  many  to  be  readily 
counted.  As  to  position,  the  ovule  is  erect  when  it  grows  up- 
ward from  the  base  of  the  cell,  as  in  Compositae;  ascending, 
when  it  turns  upward  from  the  side  of  the  cell ;  horizontal^  when 
neither  turning  upward  nor  downward ;  pendulous^  when  turned 
downward;  and  stcspended,  when  growing  directly  downward 
from  the  top  of  the  cell,  as  in  Birch  (158-161). 


150,  Pistil  of  Celosia;  the  pericarp  detached,  showing  the  young  ovules.  151,  Flower  of  Rhubarb, 
pericarp  removed,  showing  the  young  ovule.  152,  A  similar  ovule  (orthotropous)  of  Polygonum.  153, 
The  same,  full  grown;  foramen  at  top.  154,  Section  showing  its  two  coats,  nucleus,  and  sac.  155,  Ana- 
tropous  ovule,  as  of  Columbine;  a,  foramen.  156,  Section  of  same.  157,  Campylotropous  ovule,  as  of 
Bean;  a,  foramen.  158,  Section  of  a  Cherry;  ovule  anatropous,  suspended.  159,  Section  of  carpel  of 
Ranunculus;  ovule  ascending.    160,  Senecio;  ovule  erect.     161,  llippuris;  ovule  pendulous. 


140.  The  ovule  at  the  time  of  flowering  is  soft  and  pulpy, 
consisting  of  a  nucleus  within  two  coats,  supported  on  a  stalk. 
The  stalk  is  called  funiculus  ;  the  point  of  its  juncture  with  the 
base  of  the  nucleus  is  the  chalaza.  The  nucleus  was  first  formed ; 
then  the  tegmen^  or  inner  coat,  grew  up  from  the  chalaza  and 
covered  it;  and  lastly  the  outer  coat,  the  testa^  invested  the 
whole.  Both  coats  remain  open  at  the  top  by  a  small  orifice, 
Ihe  foramen. 

141.  In  most  cases  the  ovule,  in  the  course  of  its  growth, 
changes  position — curving  over  in  various  degrees  upon  its 
lengthening  funiculus  or  upon  itself.  When  no  such  curvature 
exists,  and  it  stands  straight,  as  in  the  Buckwheat  order,  it  is 


50  STRUCTURAL  BOTANY. 

orthdtropous.  It  is  andtropous  when  completely  inverted.  In 
this  state  a  portion  of  the  funiculus  adheres  to  the  testa,  forming 
a  ridge  called  raphe,  reaching  from  the  chalaza  to  the  hilum.  It 
is  campylotropous  when  curved  upon  itself.  In  this  state  the 
foramen  is  brought  near  to  the  chalaza,  and  both  are  next  the 
placenta,  as  in  the  Pinks  and  Cruciferge ;  and  aynphUropoxis  when 
half  inverted,  so  that  its  axis  becomes  parallel  with  the  placenta, 
as  in  Mallow.  Here  the  raphe  exists,  but  is  short.  In  campylo- 
tropous  there  is  no  raphe. 

142.  The  ovule  contains  no  young  plant  (embryo)  yet;  but  a 
cavity,  the  embryo  sac,  is  already  provided  to  receive  it  just 
within  the  upper  end  of  the  nucleus. 

The  relations  of  the  ovule  to  the  pollen  grain  will  be  more  suitably  discussed  hereafter, 
under  the  head  of  fertilization.  We  briefly  remark  here  that  the  immediate  contact  of 
the  two  is  brought  about,  at  the  time  of  flowering,  by  special  arrangements ;  and  that,  as 
the  undoubted  result  of  their  combined  action,  the  embryo  soon  after  originates  in  the 
embryo  sac. 

Revieic.—\^.  Nature  of  the  ovules.  139.  How  many?  Five  terms  indicative  of  their 
position.  What  is  funiculus?— Chalaza?  How  the  ovule  develops.  An  orthotropoua 
ovule.  Anatropous.  Two  other  similar  terms.  142.  What  provision  for  the  coming 
ftmbryo  ?    Relation  to  the  pollen  grain. 


CHAPTER  X. 

THE    FRUIT. PERICARP. 

143.  After  having  imbibed  the  pollen  which  the  anthers  have 
discharged,  the  pistil  or  its  ovary  continues  its  growth  and  en- 
largement, and  is  finally  matured  in  the  form  of  the  peculiar 
fruit  of  the  plant.  The  fruit  is,  therefore,  properly  speaking, 
the  ovary  brought  to  perfection. 

144.  As  to  the  other  organs  of  the  flower,  having  accomplished  their  work— the  fertiliza- 
tion of  the  ovary— they  soon  wither  and  fall  away.  Some  of  them,  however,  often  persist, 
to  protect  or  become  blended  with  the  ripening  fruit.  Thus  the  tube  of  the  svperior 
calyx  (§  97)  always  blends  with  the  ovary  in  fruit;  as  in  Currant,  Cucumber,  Apple,  etc. 
Ii  <^oniposita3,  the  persistent  limb  enlarges  into  the  pappus  of  the  fruit.  In  Buttercups, 
tl  i  fruit  is  beaked  with  the  short,  persistent  style.  In  Clematis  and  Geum,  it  is  caudate 
(tailed)  with  the  long,  growing  style.  In  the  Potato  tribe,  Labiatae,  and  many  others,  the 
iv^'eHoi'  calyx  continues  to  vegetate  like  leaves  until  the  fruit  ripens.  In  some  cases  the 
fruit,  so  called,  con-ists  of  the  receptacle  and  ovaries  blended;  as  in  Blackberry  and 
Strawberry.  Again— in  Mulberry,  Pig,  and  Pineapple,  the  whole  inflorescence  is  con- 
solidated into  the  matured  fruit. 


THE  FRUIT. 


51 


145.  As  a  rule,  the  structure  of  the  fruit  agrees  essentially 
with  that  of  the  ovary.  In  many  cases,  however,  the  fruit  un- 
dergoes such  changes  in  the  course  of  its  growth  from  the  ovary 
as  to  disguise  its  real  structure.  An  early  examination,  there- 
fore, is  always  more  reliable  in  its  results  than  a  late  one.  For 
example,  the  Oak-acorn  is  a  fruit  with  but  one  cell  and  one 
seed,  although  its  ovary  had  three  cells  and  six  ovules  !  This 
singular  change  is  due  to  the  non-development  of  five  of  its 
ovules,  while  the  sixth  grew  the  more  rapidly,  obliterated  the 
partitions  by  pressing  them  to  the  wall,  and  filled  the  whole 
space  itself  Similar  changes  characterize  the  Chestnut,  Hazel- 
nut, and  that  whole  Order.  The  ovary  of 
the  Birch  is  2-celled,  2-ovuled ;  but  by  the 
suppression  of  one  cell  with  its  ovule,  the 
fruit  becomes  1-celled  and  1-seeded. 


162,  Section  of  the  ovary  of  an  Acorn,  3-celled,  6-ovuled.  163,  Section  of  ovary  of  Bircli,  2-celled, 
2-ovuled.  164.  Vertical  section  of  tlie  same  in  fruit.  165,  Pericarp  of  Miirnonette  open  soon  after  flow 
ering.    166,  Naked  seed  of  Taxus  Canadensis,  surrounded,  not  covered,  by  the  tieshy  pericarp. 

On  the  other  hand,  the  cells  are  sometimes  multiplied  in  the  fruit  by  the  formation  of 
false  partitions.  Thus  the  pod  of  Thornapple  (Datura)  becomes  4-celled  from  a  S-celled 
ovary;  and  the  longer  pods  of  some  Leguminous  plants  have  cross-partitions  formed 
between  the  seeds. 

146.  The  Pericarp.  The  fruit  consists  of  the  pericarp  and 
the  seed.  The  pericarp  {irspl,  around)  is  the  envelope  of  the 
seeds,  consisting  of  the  carpels  and  whatever  other  parts  they 
may  be  combined  with.  It  varies  greatly  in  texture  and  sub- 
stance when  mature,  being  then  either  dry,  as  the  Pea-pod,  or 
succulent,  as  the  Currant.  Dry  pericarps  are  membranous,  or 
coriaceous  (leathery),  or  woody.  Succulent  pericarps  may  be 
either  wholly  so,  as  the  Grape,  or  partly  so,  as  the  Peach  and 
other  stone  fruit. 

147.  With  very  few  exceptions  the  pericarp  encloses  the  seed 
while  maturing.     In  Mignonette   (105),  however,  it  opens,  ex- 


52 


STRUCTUEAlj  BOTANY. 


posing  tlie  seed,  immediately  after  flowering.  The  membranous 
pericarp  of  Cohosh  (Leontice)  falls  away  early,  leaving  the  seed 
to  ripen  naked.  In  Yew  (Taxus)  the  seed  is  never  enclosed 
wholly  by  its  fleshy  pericarp ;  but  in  most  of  the  other  Coni- 
ferse,  the  close-pressed,  carpellary  scales  cover  the  seeds.  One- 
seeded  fruits,  like  those  of  Butter-cups,  etc.,  are  liable  to  be 
mistaken  for  naked  seeds. 


Capsule,  167.  of  Scroplmlaria,  2-celled;  168,  of  Datura  Stramonium;  169,  of  Iris;  170,  showing  its  mode 
of  dehiscence  (h)culicidiil).  171,  of  Colchicum,  3-ceIled.  172,  Regma,  ripe  fruit  of  Geranium,  the  carpels 
(cocci)  separating  from  the  axis  and  bending  upward  on  the  elastic  styles. 


148.  Dehiscence.  The  fleshy  pericarp  is  always  mf?e^^scew^. 
Its  seeds  are  liberated  only  by  its  decay,  or  bursting  in  germi- 
nation. So  also  in  many  cases  the  dry  pericarp,  as  the  acorn. 
But  more  commonly  the  dry  fruit,  when  arrived  at  maturity, 
opens  in  some  way,  discharging  its  seeds.  Such  fruits  are  de- 
hiscent. Dehiscence  is  either  valvular,  porous,  or  circumscissile  ; 
valvular^  when  the  pericarp  opens  vertically  along  the  sutures, 
forming  regular  parts  called  valves.  These  valves  may  separate 
quite  to  the  base,  or  only  at  the  top,  forming  teeth,  as  in  Chick- 
weed.     We  notice  four  modes  of  valvular  dehiscence,  viz, : 

1,  Suttiral^  when  it  takes  place  at  the  sutures  of  any  1 -celled 
pericarp,  as  Columbine,  Pea,  Violet. 

2,  Septlcidal  [septum^  partition,  cmdo^  to  cut),  when  jt  takes 
j)lace  through  the  dissepiments  (which  are  double,  §  132).  The 
carpels  thus  separated  may  open  severally  by  sutures  (Mallows), 
or  remain  indehiscent,  as  in  Vervain. 

3,  LocuVicidal  (locidus,  a  cell,  ccedo,  to  cut),  when  each  carpel 


FORMS   OF   THE  PERICAlir. 


6a 


opens  at  its  dorsal  suture  directly  into  the  cell  (Evening  Prim- 
rose,  Lily).  Here  the  dissepiments  come  away  attached  to  the 
middle  of  the  valves. 

4.  Septtf vagal  {septum^  and  frajiffo,  to  break),  when  the  valves 
separate  from  the  dissepiments  which  remain  still  united  in  the 
axis  (Convolvulus.) 


173 


Dehiscence;  173,  septicidal;  174,  icculicidai,  175.  scptifragal. 

149.  Porous  dehiscence  is  exemplified  in  the  Poppy,  where 
the  seeds  escape  by  orifices  near  the  top  of  the  fruit.  It  is  not 
common.  Glrcumscissile  {circu?nscmdo,  to  cut  around),  when 
the  top  of  the  ovary  opens  or  falls  off  like  a  lid,  as  in  Jefferso- 
nia.  Henbane,  Plantain.  Some  fruits,  as  the  Gerania  and  Um- 
belliferse,  are  furnished  with  a  carpophore^  that  is,  a  slender  col- 
umn from  the  receptacle — a  fusiform  torus,  prolonged  through 
the  axis  of  the  fruit,  supporting  the  carpels. 

7?«ri«w.— 143.  Origin  of  the  fruit.  Death  of  the  flower.  What  parts  may  survive  ?— In 
Apple?  Genm?  Potato?  Strawberry?  145.  A  rule  and  an  exception.  Instance  in  Oak- 
Birch.  What  change  in  Thornapple  ?  14(J.  Constituents  of  the  fruit.  Etymology  of 
pericarp.  Texture.  147.  Open  pericarps.  148.  What  is  dehiscence  and  indehiscence. 
Three  general  modes  of  dehiscence.  Four  modes  of  valvular  dehiscence.  149.  Define 
Porous  dehiscence — Circumscissile.    What  is  a  carpophore  ?    Illustrate  by  172,  177. 


CHAPTER   XL 


FOKMS    OF    THE    PERICARP. 


150.  The  morphology  of  the  pericarp  is  exceedingly  diversified;  but  it  will  suffice  the 
learner  at  first  to  acquaint  himself  with  the  leading  forms  only,  such  as  are  indicated  in 
the  following  synopsis  and  more  definitely  described  afterward. 

The  following  is  a  synopsis  of  the  principal  forms  of  Pericarps  for  the  blackboard. 


54 


STKUCTURAL  BOTANY. 


§  1.  Free  Fruits  {/armed  by  a  single  Flower). 


*  Pericarps  iiideliiscent. 

t  With  usually  but  one  seed,  and 
:|;  Uniform,  or  1-coated. 

1.  Separated  from  the  seed. 

2.  Inflated,  often  breaking  away. 

3.  Inseparable  from  the  seed. 

4.  Invested  with  a  cupule  (involucre). 

5.  Having  winged  appendages. 

X  Double  or  triple-coated,  fleshy  or  fibrous. 

6.  Three-coated.     Stone  cell  entire. 

7.  Two-coated.     Stone  cell  2-partcd. 

8.  Drupes  aggregated. 
t  With  two  or  more  seeds, 

t  Immersed  in  a  fleshy  or  pulpy  mass. 

9.  Kind  membranous. 

10.  Rind  leathery,  separable. 

11.  Kind  hard,  crustaceous. 

t  12.  Inclosed  in  distinct  cells. 

*  Pericarps  dcliiscent. 

t  13.  Dehiscence  circumscissile,  seeds  oo . 
+  Dehiscence  valvular  or  porous ; 
i  Simple,  or  1-carpelled, 

14.  Opening  by  the  ventral  suture. 

15.  Opening  by  both  sutures. 
10.  Legume  jointed. 

X  Compound  pericar])s ; 

17.  Placentie  parietal  with  two  cells. 

Silique  short. 

18.  Placentie  parietal  only  when  1-celled. 


Achenium  (Buttercups), 
Utricle  (Pigweed). 
Caryopsis  (Grasses) 
Glans  (Oak). 
Samara  (Ash). 

Drupe  (Cherry). 
Tryma  (Walnut). 
Etaerio  (Raspberry). 


Berry  (Gooseberry). 
Ilesperidium  (Orange). 
Pepo  (Squash). 
Pome  (Apple). 


Pyxis  (Henbane). 


Follicle  (Columbine). 
Legume  (Pea). 
Loment  (Desmodium). 

Silique  (Mustard). 

Silicle  (Shepherd's  Purse;. 

Capsule  (Flax). 


19.  Capsule  with  cari)ophore  and  elastic  styles.    Regma  (Geranium). 


§  2.  Conflmnt  Fruits  (Jornwd  of  an  Inflorescence). 


♦  20.  With  open  carpels  aggregated  into  a  cone. 

•  21.  With  closed  carpels  aggregated  into  a  mass. 


Strobile  (Pine). 
Sorosis  (Pineapple.) 


151.  The  achenium  is  a  small,  dry,  indehiscent  pericarp,  free 
from  the  one  seed  which  it  contains,  and  tipped  with  the  remains 
of  the  Style  (Buttercups,  Lithospermum). 

The  double  achenium  of  the  UmbcUifene,  supported  on  a  cariwphoi'e,  is  called  cremo- 
carp  (177).  The  2-carpcllcd  achenium  of  the  Composita^,  usually  crowned  with  a  pappus, 
is  called  ci/psela  (178). 

The  achenia  are  often  mistaken  for  seeds.  In  the  Labiatie  and  Borrageworts  they  are 
associated  in  fours  (141).  In  Geum,  Anemone,  etc.,  they  are  collected  in  heads.  'I'he 
rich  pulp  of  the  Strawberry  consists  wholly  of  the  overgrown  receptacle,  which  bears  the 
dry  achenia  on  its  surface  (184). 

152.  The  utricle  is  a  small,  thin  pericarp,  fitting  loosely  upon 
its  one  seed,  and  often  opening  transversely  to  discharge  it 
(Pigweed,  Prince's  Feather). 


FORMS   OF   THE   PERICARP. 


153.  Cari/opsis,  the  grain  or  fruit  of  the  Grasses,  is  a  thin,  dry, 
1-seeded  pericarp,  inseparable  from  the  seed. 

154.  Samara;   dry,   1-seeded,  indehiscent,  furnished  with   a 
membranous  wing  or  wings  (Ash,  Elm,  Maple). 

184 

-     A  yfC^       -irft        ^»v 

176 


176,  Achenia  of  Anemone  tnalictroides.  177,  Creniocarp  of  Archansrelica  oflRcinalis,  its  halves  (mero- 
carps)  separated  and  suspended  on  the  carpophore.  178,  Cypsela  of  Thistle  with  its  plnnious  pappus. 
179,  Utricle  of  Chenopodium  (PifTweed).  180,  Caryopsis  of  W lio.it.  181,  Samara  of  Elm.  182,  Glaus  o» 
Beech.    183,  Drupe  of  Frunus.    181,  Fruit  of  Fragaria  Indica,  a  fleshy  torus  like  tho  Strawberry. 

155.  GlanSj  or  met;  hard,  dry,  indehiscent,  commonly  1-seeded 
by  suppression  (§145),  and  invested  with  a  persistent  involucre 
called  a  cupule,  either  solitary  (Acorn,  Hazelnut)  or  several 
together. (Chestnut,  Beechnut). 

156.  Drupe,  stone-fruit ;  a  3-coated,  1-celled,  indehiscent  peri- 
carp, exemplified  in  the  Cherry  and  Peach.  The  outer  coat 
((epidermis)  is  called  the  epicarp ;  the  inner  is  the  nucleus  or 
endocarp,  hard  and  stony ;  the*  intervening  pulp  or  fleshy  coat 
is  the  sarcocarp  ((J'ap^,  flesh).  These  coats  are  not  distinguish- 
able in  the  ovary. 

157.  Tryma,  a  kind  of  dryish  drupe,  2-coated;  the  epicarp 
fibro-fleshy  (Butternut)  or  woody  (Hickory) ;  the  nucleus  bony, 
with  its  cell  often  deeply  2-parted  (Cocoanut). 

158.  Etfjerio,  an  aggregate  fruit  consisting  of  numerous  little 
drupes  united  to  each  other  (Raspberry)  or  to  the  fleshy  recep- 
tacle (Blackberry). 

159.  Berry,  a  succulent,  thin-skinned  pericarp,  holding  the 
seeds  loosely  imbedded  in  the  pulp  (Currant,  Grape). 

160.  IIci<peridium,  a  succulent,  many-carpcUed  fruit;  the  rind 


56 


STRUCTURAL  BOTANY. 


thick,  leathery,  separable  from  the  pulpy  mass  within  (Orange, 
Lemon). 

161.  Pepo^  an  indehiscent,  compound,  fleshy  fruit,  with  a 
hardened  rind  and  parietal  placentae  (Melon). 

162.  The  pome  is  a  fleshy,  indehiscent  pericarp,  formed  of 
the  permanent  calyx,  containing  several  cartilaginous  (Apple) 
or  bony  (Haw)  cells. 

163.  The  pyxis  is  a  many-seeded,  dry  fruit,  opening  like  a  lid 
by  a  circumscissile  dehiscence  (Plantain,  Henbane,  Jeffersonia). 

164.  The  follicle  is  a  single  carpel,  1-celled,  many-seeded, 
opening  at  the  ventral  suture  (Columbine,  Larkspur,  Silk-grass). 


F/im7«.— IS5,  Etairio  of  Rubns  strigosus  (Blackberry).  186,  Pepo:  section  of  Cucumber.  187.  Berry 
Orape.  188,  Tciue,  Crataifrus  (Haw).  189,  Pyxis  of  Jeffersonia.  190,  Legume  of  Fea.  191,  Lomeut  of 
Desmodium.    192,  Silique  of  Mustard.  193,  Silicle  of  Capsella. 


165.  The  legimie^  or  pod,  is  a  single  carpel,  1-celled,  usually 
"Splitting  into  two  valves,  but  bearing  its  1 — CO  seeds  along  the 
ventral  suture  only,  in  one  row,  as  in  the  Bean  and  all  the 
Legumiiiosai.  It  is  sometimes  curved  or  coiled  like  a  snail-shell 
(Medicago).  The  lament  is  a  jointed  pod,  separating  across 
into  1-seeded  portions  (Desmodium). 

166.  Sllique.  This  is  also  a  pod,  linear,  2-carpelled,  2-valved, 
2-celled  by  a  false  dissepiment  extended  between  the  two  parie- 
tal j)lacei)tie.     To  this  false  dissepiment  on  both  sides  of  both 


FOKMS   OF   THE   rElUCARP. 


57 


edges  the  seeds  are  attached  (Mustard).  The  silicle  is  a  short 
silique,  nearly  as  wide  as  long  (Shepherd's  Purse).  The  silique 
and  silicle  are  the  peculiar  fruit  of  all  the  Cruciferie. 

167.  Capsule  (casket.)  This  term  includes  all  other  forms  of 
dry,  dehiscent  fruits,  compound,  opening  by  as  many  valves  as 
there  are  carpels  (Iris),  or  by  twice  as  many  (Chickweed),  or  by 
pores  (Poppy). 

168.  The  Regma  is  a  kind  of  capsule  like  that  of  the  Gera- 
nium, whose  dehiscent  carpels  separate  elastically,  but  still 
remain  attached  to  the  carpophore. 

169.  Strobile^  or  Cone;  an  aggregate  fruit  consisting  of  a 
conical  or  oval  mass  of  imbricated  scales,  each  an  open  carpel 
(  2  flower),  bearing  seeds  on  its  inner  side  at  base,  i.  e.,  axillary 
seeds  (Pine  and  the  Gymnosperms  generally).  The  Cone  {si/n- 
carpium^  tfuv,  together)  of  the  Magnolia  tribe  is  a  mass  of  con- 
fluent, closed  pericarps  on  a  lengthened  torus  (Cucumber  Tree). 


1»4,  Strobile  of  Pinus.    195,  The  Fi?  Csyconus).    196,  Sorosis  of  Mulberry, 
nearly  enclosed  in  the  leathery  calyx  tube. 


197,  Hip  of  Kosa,  aclienin 


IVO.  The  Fig  (syconus)  is  an  aggregate  fruit,  consisting  of 
numerous  seed-like  pericarps  enclosed  within  a  hollow,  fleshy 
receptacle,  where  the  flowers  were  attached. 

171.  Other  confluent  fruits  {Sorosis)  consist  of  the  entire  in- 
florescence developed  into  a  mass  of  united  pericarj^s,  as  in  the 
Mulberry,  Osage-orange,  Pineapple. 

Hevieio. —laO.  Name  the  first  division  of  fruits.  Free  fruits,  how  subdivided  ?  Name 
the  five  indehiscent,  l-seeded,  1-coated  fruits.  How  do  we  distin<:^uish  them  ?  Name  the 
three  indehiscent,  1-seeded,  several-coated  fruits.  DifTerence  between  drupe  and  tr.vma  ? 
— Etjerio?  Name  the  four  indehiscent,  several-seeded  fruits.  How  does  pome  ditFcr 
from  the  others?  Are  the  dehiscent  pericarps  fleshy  or  dry?  Distinguish  the  Pyxis. 
Name  three  simple  fruits  which  open  oy  valves.  Distin<?nish  them.  Name  four  com.' 
po'ipd.  opening  fruits.  What  is  the  fruit  of  Mustard,  etc.  ?  Find  all  the  fi<^nre8.  The 
tiubdivisiou  of  confluent  fruits,  etc,  etc. 


68 


STKUCTURAI    BOTANY. 


CHAPTER   XII, 


THE    SEED, 


172.  The  seod  is  the  perfected  ovule,  having  an  embryo 
formed  within,  which  is  the  rudiment  of  a  new  plant  similar  in 
all  respects  to  the  original.  The  seed  consists  of  a  nucleus  or 
kernel  invested  with  the  intes^uments  or  coverings.  The  outer 
covering  is  the  testa^  the  inner  the  legmen^  as  in  the  ovule.  The 
latter  is  thin  and  delicate,  often  indistinguishable  from  the  testa. 

173.  The  testa  is  either  membranous  (papery),  coriaceous 
(leathery),  crustaceous  (horny),  bony,  woody,  or  fleshy.  Its 
suriace  is  generally  smooth,  sometimes  beautifully  polished,  as 
m  Columbine,  Indian-shot  (Canna),  and  often  highly  colored, 
as  in  tlie  Bean ;   or  it  may  be  dull 

and  rough.  It  is  sometimes  winged, 
as  in  Catalpa,  and  sometimes  clothed 
with  long  hairs,  as  in  Silk-grass 
( Asclepias).  Such  a  vesture  is  called 
the  Coma.  Cotton  is  the  coma  of 
the  Cotton-seed. 


1T4.  The  coma  must  not  be  confounded  with 
the  pappus  (§  104),  which  is  a  modification  of  the 
calyx,  appended  to  the  pericarp,  and  not  to  the 
fceed,  as  in  the  achenia  of  the  Thistle,  Dandelion, 
and  other  Composit.ne.  Its  intention  in  the  econ- 
omy of  the  plant  cannot  be  mistaken ;  serving 
like  the  pappus  to  secure  the  dispersion  of  the 
seed,  while  incidentally  as  it  were,  in  the  case  of 
the  Cotton-seed,  it  furnishes  clothing  and  em- 
ployment to  a  large  portion  of  the  human  race. 

1T5.  Tl»e  aril  is  an  occasional  appendage,  par- 
tially or  wholly  investing  the  seed.  It  originates 
after  fertilization,  at  or  near  the  hilum,  where  the 
seed  is  attached  to  its  stalk  (funiculus).  Fine  ex- 
amples are  seen  in  the  gashed  covering  of  the  Nutmeg,  called  mace,  and  in  the  scarlet 
coat  of  the  seed  of  Staff-tree.  In  the  seed  of  Polygala,  etc,  it  is  but  a  small  scale,  entire 
or  2-cleft,  called  caruncle. 

ITG.  The  position  of  the  seed  in  the  pericarp  is,  like  that  of  the  ovule,  erect,  ascending, 
]}endulous,  etc.  (§  149).  Likewise  in  respect  to  its  inversions,  it  is  ortlwtropous,  andlro- 
pous,  amphUropous,  and  carnpylotropous  (§  141),  terms  »lready  defined.  The  anatropona 
is  by  far  the  most  common  condition. 


198,  Aril  of  Nntmes  (ni.oce).  199,  Seed  of 
f^atiilpa.  200,  Seed  of  Willow.  201,  Seed 
of  Cotton. 


THE  SEED. 


59 


177.  The  hilum  is  the  scar  or  mark  left  in  the  testa  of  the 
Beed  by  its  separation  from  the  funiculus.  It  is  commonly  called 
the  eye,  as  in  the  Bean.  In  orthotropous  and  campylotropous 
seeds,  the  hilum  corresponds  with  the  chalaza  (§  140).  In  other 
conditions  it  does  not;  and  the  raphe  (§  141)  extends  between 
the  two  points,  as  in  the  ovules.  The  foramen  of  the  ovule  is 
closed  up  in  the  seed,  leaving  a  slight  mark — the  micropyle. 

203  204 


5fl)2,  Seed  of  Water  Lily  (Nvmphasa),  enlarged  section;  alh.,  albumen;  n,  the  embryo  contained  in  tl.e 
embryo-sac;  s,  tegmen;  p,  testa;  r,  raphe;  ar,  aril;  m,  orifice;  /,  funiculus.  203,  Seed  of  Bean.  204, 
Same,  one  cotyledon  with  the  leafy  embryo.  205,  Seed  of  Apple.  206,  One  cotyledon  showing  the 
raphe  and  embryo.  207,  Fruit  of  Mirabilis:  embryo  coiled  into  a  ring.  208,  Onion;  embryo  coile«l. 
209,  Convolvulus;  leafy  embryo  folded.  210,  Embryo  of  Cuscuta.  2U,  Typha.  312,  Ranunculus. 
213,  Hop. 

178.  The  seed-kernel  may  consist  of  two  parts,  the  embryo 
and  albumen,  or  of  the  embryo  only.  In  the  former  case  the 
seeds  are  albiiminoKS  /  in  the  latter,  exalbwninous  j  a  distinction 
of  great  importance  in  systematic  botany. 

179.  The  albumen  is  a  starchy  or  farinaceous  substance 
accompanying  the  embryo  and  serving  as  its  first  nourishment 
in  germination.  Its  qualities  are  wholesome  and  nutritious, 
even  in  poisonous  plants.  Its  quantity,  when  compared  with 
the  embryo,  varies  in  every  possible  degree;  being  excessive 
(Ranunculacese),  or  about  equal  (Violacese),  or  scanty  (Convol 
vulacese),  or  none  at  all  (Leguminosge).  In  texture  it  is  mealy 
in  AVheat,  mucilaginous  in  Mallows,  oily  in  Ricinus,  horny  in 
Coffee,  ruminated  in  Nutmeg  and  Pawpaw,  ivory-like  in  the 
Ivory-palm  (Phytelephas),  fibrous  in  Cocoanut,  where  it  is  also 
hollow,  enclosing  the  milk. 

180.  The  en^bryo  is  an  organized  body,  the  rudiment  of 
the  future  plant,  consisting  of  root  (radicle),  stem-bud  (phimitle)^ 


60 


STKUCTURAL  BOTANY. 


and  leaves  (cotyledons).  But  these  parts  are  sometimes  quite 
undistinguishable  until  germination,  as  in  the  Orchis  tribe. 
The  Radicle  is  the  descending  part  of  the  embryo,  always  point- 
ing toward  the  micropyle,  the  true  vertex  of  the  seed.  The 
Plumule  is  the  germ  of  the  ascending  axis,  the  terminal  bud, 
located  between  or  at  the  base  of  the  Cotyledons.  These  are 
the  seed-lobes,  the  bulky  farinaceous  part  of  the  embryo,  des- 
tined to  become  the  first  or  seminal  leaves  of  the  young  plant. 
The  nutritive  matter  deposited  in  the  seed  for  the  early  suste- 
nance of  the  germinating  embryo,  is  found  more  abundant  in  the 
cotyledons  in  proportion  as  there  is  less  of  it  in  the  albumen — 
often  wholly  in  the  albumen  (Wheat),  again  all  absorbed  in  the 
bulky  cotyledons  (Squash). 

181.  The  number  of  the  cotyledons  is  variable;  and  upon  this 
circumstance  is  founded  the  most  important  subdivision  of  the 
Flowering  Plants.  The  monocotyledons  are  plants  bearing 
seeds  with  one  cotyledon ;  or  if  two  are  present,  one  is  minute 
or  abortive.  Such  plants  are  also  called  Endogens,  because 
their  stems  grow  by  internal  accretions  (§  421).  Such  are  the 
Grasses,  the  Palms  and  Lilies,  whose  leaves  are  mostly  con- 
structed with  parallel  veins. 


214.  Dicotyledonous  fBean).  215.  Monocotyledonous  (Wheat).  216,  Polycotyledon«us  (Pine').  217, 
Acotyledonous  (zoospore  of  one  of  the  ijoufervae),  (?-,  r,  r,  radicle;  ;»,  /),  p,  plumule;  c,  c,  c,  cotyledon; 
a,  albumen.) 


182.  The  dicotyledons  are  plants  bearing  seeds  with  two 
cotyledons.  These  are  also  called  Exogens,  because  their  stems 
grow  by  external  accretions ;  including  the  Bean  tribe.  Melon 
tribe,  all  our  forest  trees,  etc.     These  are  also  distinguished  at  a 


THE  SEED.  61 

glanco  by  the  structure  of  their  leaves,  which  are  net-veiued 
(§  280).  More  than  two  cotyledons  are  found  in  the  seeds  of 
Pine  and  Fir ;  while  the  Dodder  is  almost  the  only  known  exam- 
ple of  an  embryo  with  no  cotyledon. 

183.  The  position  of  the  embryo,  whether  with  or  without 
albumen,  is  singularly  varied  and  interesting  to  study.  It  may 
be  straight,  as  in  Cat-tail  and  Violet,  or  curved  in  various  de- 
grees (Moonseed  and  Pink),  or  coiled  (Hop),  or  rolled  (Spice- 
bush),  or  he7it  angularly  (Buckwheat),  or  folded  (Crucifera?). 
In  the  last  case  two  modes  are  to  be  specially  noticed.  1,  In- 
cumhent,  when  the  cotyledons  fold  over  so  as  to  bring  the  back 
of  one  against  the  radicle  (Shepherd's  Purse)  \  2,  accumbent, 
when  the  edges  touch  the  radicle  (Arabis). 

184.  A  few  plants,  as  the  Onion,  Orange,  and  Coniferae,  occasionally  have  two  or  even 
several  embryos  in  a  seed ;  while  all  the  Cryptogamia  or  flowerless  plants  have  do  em- 
bryo at  all,  nor  even  seeds,  but  are  reproduced  from  spores— \ioA\e%  analogous  to  the  pol- 
len-grains of  flowering  plants  (217). 

185.  Vitality  of  the  seed.  After  the  embryo  has  reached 
its  wonted  growth  in  the  ripened  seed,  it  becomes  suddenly  inac- 
tive and  torpid,  yet  still  alive.  In  this  condition  it  is,  in  fact,  a 
living  plant,  safely  packed  and  sealed  up  for  transportation. 
This  suspended  vitality  of  the  seed  may  endure  for  years,  or 
even,  in  some  species,  for  ages.  The  seeds  of  Maize  and  Rye 
have  been  known  to  grow  when  30  to  40  years  old ;  Kidney- 
beans  when  100;  the  Raspberry  after  1700  years  (Lindley). 
Seeds  of  Mountain  Potentilla  (P.  tridentata)  were  known  to  us 
to  germinate  after  a  slumber  of  60  years.  On  the  other  hand, 
the  seeds  of  some  species  are  short-lived,  retaining  vitality  hardly 
a  year  (Coffee,  Magnolia). 

186.  Tlie  dispersion  of  seeds  over  wide,  and  often  to  distant  regions,  is  effected 
by  special  agencies,  in  which  the  highest  Intelligence  and  Wisdom  are  clearly  seen.  Some 
seeds  made  buoyant  by  means  of  the  coma  or  pappus,  already  mentioned,  are  wafted  afar 
by  the  winds,  beyond  rivers,  lakes,  and  seas :  as  the  Thistle  and  Dandelion.  Other  seeds  i 
have  wings  for  the  same  purpose.  Others  are  provided  with  hooks  or  barbs,  by  which  * 
they  lay  hold  of  men  and  animals,  and  are  thus,  by  unwilling  agents,  scattered  far  and 
wide  (Burr-seed.  Tick-seed).  Again :  some  seeds,  destitute  of  all  such  appendages,  are 
thrown  to  a  distance  by  the  sudden  coiling  of  the  elastic  carpels  (Touch-me-not).  The 
Squirting-cucumber  becomes  distended  with  water  by  absorption,  and  at  length,  when 
ripe,  bursts  an  aperture  at  the  base  by  separating  from  the  stem,  and  projects  the  mingled 
eeeds  and  water  with  amazing  force, 

187.  Rivers,  streams,  and  ocean  currents,  are  agents  for  transporting  seeds  from  coun- 
try to  country.    Thus  the  Oocoa,  and  the  Ca6hew-nut,  and  the  seeds  of  Mahogany,  have 


62 


STKUCTUBAL  BOTANY. 


been  known  to  perfoim  long  voyages  without  injury  to  their  vitality.  Squirrels  laying 
up  their  winter  stores  in  the  earth ;  birds  migrating  from  clime  to  clime  and  from  island 
to  island,  in  like  manner  conspire  to  effect  the  same  important  end. 

Review.— 112.  What  is  the  seed?  Its  two  coverings.  173.  The  texture  of  the  testa. 
Its  appendages.  What  is  cotton?  174.  Distinguish  coma  from  pappus.  175.  What  is 
the  aril  ?  176.  Positions  of  the  seed  in  the  cell. "  When  is  a  seed  anatropous  ?— Orth6tro- 
pous  ?  etc.  177.  Define  hilum.  When  does  a  raphe  exist  ?  What  is  the  micropyle  ?  178. 
Constituents  of  an  albuminous  seed — Exalbuminous.  179.  Varying  proportions  of  albu- 
men. Various  texture.  180.  Distinguish  the  three  parts  of  the  embryo.  Where  is  the 
food  for  the  embryo  ?  181.  Distinguish  the  Monocotyledonous  Plants.  182.  The  Dicoty- 
ledonous. 183.  Position  of  the  embryo  in  the  seed  of  Violet?— Of  Pink?— Hop?— Shep- 
herd's Purse  ?—Arabis  ?  185.  Vitality  of  the  seed,  186.  Special  arrangements  for  their 
dispersion. 


CHAPTER    XIII. 

GERMINATION. 

188.  The  recommencement  of  growth  in  the  seed  is  called 
germination.  It  is  the  awakening  of  the  embryo  from  its  tor- 
por, and  the  beginning  of  development  in  its  parts  already 
formed,  so  as  to  become  a  plant  like  its  parent. 


Gurminnhnn  of  the  Beechnut— 21^,  Cross-section,  showing  the  folded  cotyledons.  219,  The  radicle 
only.  220.  The  ascendinjf  axis,  above  c,  appears.  221,  The  cotyledons  expand  into  the  primordial 
leaves.     222,  The  first  true  leaves. 


189.  All  the  stages  of  this  interesting  process  may  be  conveniently  observed,  at  any 
season,  by  an  experiment.  Let  a  few  seeds,  as  of  flax,  cotton,  wheat,  pea,  be  enveloped 
in  a  lock  of  cotton  resting  upon  water  in  a  bulb-glass,  and  kept  constantly  at  a  proper  tem 
pi-rature.    Or,  in  Spring,  the  garden-soil  will  give  us  examples  of  all  kinds  everywhere. 


GERMINATION. 


63 


J  90.  That  the  seed  may  begin  to  grow,  or  germinate,  it  is  first 
planted ;  or,  at  least,  placed  in  contact  with  warm,  moist  soil. 
Concerning  the  proper  depth  of  the  planted  seed,  agriculturists 
are  not  agreed;  but  nature  seems  to  indicate  that  no  covering 
is  needed  beyond  what  will  secure  the  requisite  moisture  and 
shade.  Thus  situated,  the  integuments  gradually  absorb  water, 
soften,  and  expand.  The  insoluble,  starchy  matter  deposited  in 
the  cotyledons,  or  in  tlie  albumen,  or  in  both,  undergoes  a  cer- 
tain chemical  change,  becoming  sweet 
and  soluble,  capable  of  affording  nour- 
ishment to  the  embryo  now  beginning 
to  dilate  and  develop  its  parts.  First 
(in  the  winged  seed  of  the  Maple, 
scattered  everywhere)  the  radicle  is 
seen  protruding  from  the  micropyle, 
or  the  bursting  coverings.  A  section 
of  this  seed  would  now  show  the  fold- 
ed embryo,  impatient  of  confinement 
(225). 

191.  Soon  after,  the  radicle  has  ex- 
tended ;  and,  pale  in  color,  has  hidden 
itself  in  the  dark  damp  earth.     Now 
the   cotyledons,  unfolding   and   grad- 
ually freed  from  the  seed-coats,  display 
themselves  at  length  as  a  pair  of  green 
leaves.     Lastly  the   plumule   appears 
in  open  air,  a  green  bud,  already  show- 
ing a  lengthening  base,  its  first  inter- 
node,  and  soon  a  pair  of  regular  leaves,  lobed  as  all  Maple-leaves. 
The  embryo  is  now  an  embryo  no  longer,  but  a  growing  plant 
descending  by  its  lower  axis,  ascending  and  expanding  by  its 
upper. 

1 92.  With  equal  advantage  we  may  watch  the  germination  of 
the  Beech,  represented  in  the  figures  above;  or  of  the  Oak,  as 
displayed  in  figures  1,  2,  3,  4 ;  or  the  Pea,  or  Squash,  and  other 
Dicotyledons ;  and  the  chief  difference  observed  among  them 
will  be  in  the  disposal  of  the  cotyledons.  In  general,  these  arise 
Avith  the  ascending  axis,  as  in  IMaple  and  Bean,  and  act  as  tha 


Germhiatirm  of  Wheat. — n,  the  graiJ, 
containing  the  cotyiedon;  c,  plumule; 
»•,  radicle;  «,  rootlets  tadventitious). 


64 


STKUCTUllAL  BOTANY. 


first  pair  of  leaves.  But  sometimes  when  they  are  very  thick,  a^ 
in  Pea,  Buckeye,  and  Oak,  they  never  escape  the  seed-coats,  but 
remain  and  perish  at  the  collum  (§  199),  neither  ascending  noi 
descending. 


Germination  of'  the  Maple.— 225,  Samara;  section  showing  the  folded  cotyledons  at  c     226-230,  Pro. 

gressive  stages. 

193.  The  germination  of  monocotyledons,  as  seen  in  Indian 
Corn,  Wheat,  and  Tulip,  is  in  this  wise.  The  cotyledon  is  not 
disengaged  from  the  seed,  but  remains  stationary  with  it.  The 
radicle  (r)  protrudes  slightly,  and  one  or  more  rootlets  (s)  break 
out  from  it  and  descend.  The  plumule  (c)  shoots  at  first  par- 
allel with  the  cotyledon  along  the  face  of  the  seed,  but  soon 
ascends,  pushing  out  leaf  from  within  leaf. 

194.  The  conditions  requisite  for  germination  are  moisture, 
air,  and  warmth.  3foisture  is  necessary  for  softening  the  integ- 
uments, dissolving  the  nutritive  matter,  and  facilitating  its  cir- 
culation. This  is  supplied  in  the  rain  and  dew.  Ah%  or  rather 
its  oxygen,  is  required  for  the  conversion  of  the  starch  into 
sugar, — a  process  always  depending  upon  oxidation.  The  oxy- 
gen absorbed  unites  with  a  portion  of  the  carbon  of  the  starch, 
producing  heat,  evolving  carbonic  acid,  and  thus  converting  the 
remainder  into  grape-sugar,  soluble  and  nutritive. 

195.  Warmth  is  a  requisite  condition  of  all  vital  action,  as 


GERMINATION. 


65 


well  in  the  sprouting  of  a  seed  as  in  the  hatching  of  an  Qgg. 
The  proper  degree  of  temperature  for  our  own  climate  may  be 
stated  at  60°  to  80°.  Extremes 
of  heat  and  of  cold  are  not, 
however,  fatal  to  all  germina- 
tion. In  one  of  the  Geysers 
of  Iceland,  which  was  hot 
enough  to  boil  an  Q^g  in  four 
minutes,  a  species  of  Chara  was 
found  in  a  growing  and  fruitful 
Btate.  The  hot  springs  and 
pools  of  San  Bernardino,  Cali- 
fornia, at  the  constant  heat  of 
190°,  have  several  species  of 
plants  growing  within  their  wa- 
ters. Many  species  also  arise 
and  flower  in  the  snows  of  Mt. 
Hood,  along  their  lower  bor- 
ders. Darkness  is  favorable 
to  germination,  as  proved  by 
experiment,  but  not  an  indis- 
pensable   condition.       Hence, 

while  the  seed  should  be  covered,  for  the  sake  of  the  moisture 
and  shade,  the  covering  should  be  thin  and  light,  for  the  sake 
of  a  free  access  to  air. 

196.  The  cause  of  the  downward  tendency  of  the  root  is  a  theme  of  much  discussion. 
Some  liave  referred  it  to  the  principle  of  gravitation ;  others  to  its  supposed  aversion  to 
light.  But  it  is  a  simple  and  satisfactory  explanation  that  its  growth  or  cell-development 
takes  place  most  readily  on  the  moist  side  of  its  growing-point,  and  consequently  in  a 
downward  direction,  so  long  as  the  soil  in  contact  with  its  lower  surface  is  more  moist 
than  that  above.  Hence,  also,  the  well-known  tendency  of  roots  toward  springs  and 
water-courses. 

Eexiew.—\%%.  Define  the  term  Germination.  189.  Where  and  when  to  obsei-ve  the  pro- 
cess. How  at  other  seasons.  190.  Prerequisites  to  germination.  Depth  of  planting. 
What  chan<re  In  the  material  of  the  seed  ?  State  of  the  embryo  in  225  ?— In  226  ?— In  figs. 
227-2.30  ?  191.  What  becomes  of  the  radicle  ?— Of  the  cotyledons  ?  How  does  the  plumiile 
develop  ?  Show  by  the  figures.  In  what  plants  do  the  cotyledons  remain  stationary  ? 
19.3.  Show  how  the  Monocotyledons  germinate,  by  figs.  231,  2.32.  195.  Three  conditions 
requisite.  Why  is  moisture  needed?  Why  air?  Whence  comes  the  sugar ?  195.  What 
degrees  of  warmth  ?    Some  strange  exceptions.    196.  Why  the  root  grows  downward. 


231,232,  Germination  of  ludian  Corn. 


GQ 


STRUCTURAL  BOTANY. 


CHAPTER   XIY. 

THE    ROOT.    OR    DESCENDIIn^G    AXIS. 

197.  The  Root  is  the  basis  of  the  ])lant,  and  the  principal 
organ  of  nutrition.  It  originates  with  the  radicle  of  the  seed, 
the  tendency  of  its  growth  is  downward,  and  it  is  generally  im- 
mersed in  the  soil.  Its  office  is  twofold;  viz.,  to  support  the 
plant  in  its  position,  and  to  imbibe  from  the  soil  the  food  neces- 
sary to  the  growth  of  the  plant. 


fc53,  White  Clover — an  axial  root  (with  minute  tubers).    234,  Buttercups— fibrous  roots,  inaxial.    235, 
Erigenia— root  tuberous. 


198.  The  leading  propensity  of  the  root  is  to  divide  itself;  and 
its  only  normal  appendages  are  branches,  branchlets,  fibres,  and 
fibrillffi,  which  are  multiplied  to  an  indefinite  extent,  correspond- 
ing with  the  multiplication  of  the  leaves,  twigs,  &c.,  above. 
This  at  once  insures  a  firm  hold  upon  the  earth,  and  brings  a 
large  absorbing  surface  in  contact  with  the  moi:  t  soil. 

199.  The  summit  of  the  root,  or  that  place  where  the  root 


THE   ROOT. 


07 


meets  the  stem,  is  called  the  collum  j  the  remote,  cpposite  ex- 
tremities, the  ends  of  the  fibres,  being  chiefly  active  in  absorp- 
tion, are  the  spongioles.  Neither  of  these 
terms  denotes  distinct  organs,  but  places 
only,  and  are  often  convenient.  The  fi- 
brils^ or  JibrillcB^  are  those  minute  hairs 
(seen  only  with  a  lens)  which  clothe  the 
younger  fibres.  They  arise  from  the 
tender  epidermis  or  skin,  and  perish  when 
that  thickens  into  bark.  These  are  the 
efficient  absorbers  of  liquid  nourishment. 
They  are  developed  and  perish  annually 
with  the  leaves,  whose  servants  they  are. 
Few  of  them  remain  after  the  fall  of  the 
leaf.  This  fact  plainly  indicates  that  the 
proper  time  for  transplanting  trees  or 
shrubs  is  the   late  Autumn,  Winter,  or     236,  Extremity  of  a  rootlet  of : 

.  1  f»  P'®'  ^**'^  '''^  tibrillai  and  spougiole 

early  Sprmg,  when  there   are    but  lew  («)  magnified  50  diameters. 
tender  fibril loe  to  be  injured. 

200.  Two  modes  of  root-development  are  definitely  distin- 
guished. First,  the  Axial  mode  is  that  where  the  primary, 
simple  radicle,  in  growing,  extends  itself  downward  in  a  main 
body  more  or  less  branched,  continuous  with  the  stem,  and 
forms  the  permanent  root  of  the  plant.  Such  is  the  case  with 
the  Maple,  Mustard,  Beet,  and  most  of  the  Dicotyledonous 
Plants  (§  183). 

201.  Secondly,  the  Inaxial  development  is  that  where  the 
primary  radicle  proves  abortive,  never  developing  into  an  axial 
root;  but,  growing  laterally  only,  it  sends  out  little  shoots  from 
its  sides,  which  grow  into  long,  slender  roots,  nearly  equal  in 
value,  none  of  th^m  continuous  with  the  stem.  Of  this  nature 
are  the  roots  of  all  the  Grasses,  the  Lilies,  and  the  Monocotyle- 
dons generally,  and  of  the  Cryptogamia.  Plants  raised  from 
layers,  cuttings,  tubers,  and  slips  are  necessarily  destitute  of 
the  axial  root. 

202.  The  various  forms  of  the  root  are  naturally  and 
conveniently  referred  to  these  two  modes  of  development.  The 
principal  axial  forms  are  the  ramous,  fusiform,  napiforra,  and  con- 


68 


STRUCTURAL  BOTANT. 


ical.  To  all  these  forms  the  general  name  tap-root  is  applied. 
The  ramous  is  the  woody  tap-root  of  most  trees  and  shrubs, 
where  the  main-root  branches  extensively,  and  is  finally  dissolved 
and  lost  in  multiplied  ramifications. 

203.  Tuberous  tap-roots.  In  herbaceous  plants  the  tap- 
root often  becomes  thick  and  fleshy,  with  comparatively  few 
branches.  This  tendency  is  peculiarly  marked  in  biennials  (§  41), 
where  the  root  serves  as  a  reservoir  of  the  superabundant  food 
which  the  plant  accumulates  during  its  first  year's  growth,  and 
keeps  in  store  against  the  exhausting  process  of  fruit-bearing  in 
its  second  year.  Such  is  the  Fusiform  (spindle-shaped)  root — 
thick,  succulent,  tapering  downward,  and  also  for  a  short  space 
upward.  Beet,  Radish,  and  Ginseng  are  examples.  The  Con- 
ical root  tapers  all  the  way  from  the  collum  downward  (Carrot). 
The  Napiform  (turnip-shaped)  swells  out  in  its  upper  part  so 
that  its  breadth  equals  or  exceeds  its  length,  as  in  Erigenia  (235) 
and  Turnip  (239). 


237,  JIaple— an  axial,  ramous  root.    238,  Parsnip— a  fusiform  root. 
Corallorhiza — a  coralline  root. 


Turnip— a  napiforra  root.    210, 


204.  The  forms  of  inaxial  roots  are  fibrous,  fibro-tubcr 
ous,  tubercular,  coralline,  nodulous,  and  moniliform.  The j^^rows 
root  consists  of  numerous  thread-like  divisions,  sent  oiF  directly 
from  the  base  of  the  stem,  with  no  main  or  tap  root.  Such  are 
the  roots  of  most  Grasses,  which  multiply  their  fibres  excessively 
in  light  sandy  soils.     Flhro-tuberous  roots  (or  fasciculate)  are 


THE  ROOT. 


G9 


80  called  when  some  of  the  fibres  are  thick  and  fleshy,  as  in  the 
Asphodel,  Crowfoot,  Paeony,  Orchis,  and  Dahlia.  When  the 
fibre  is  enlarged  in  certain  parts  only,  it  is  7iodulous  ;  and  when 
the  enlargements  occur  at  regular  intervals, '  it  is  moniliform 
(necklace-like).  When  it  bears  little  tubers  here  and  there,  as 
in  Squirrel-corn  (Dicentra  Canadensis),  it  is  tubercular. 


Z41,  Paony— fibro-tuberoup  roots.    242,  Ginseng — fusiform  root.    243,  Pelargonium  triste— moniliforiu 
root.    244,  Spirea  filipendula — nodulous  root.    245,  A  creeping  stem,  with  adventitious  roots. 


205.  Deposits  of  starch,  or  farinaceous  matter,  in  all  these 
cases,  constitute  the  thickening  substance  of  the  root,  stored  up 
for  the  future  use  of  the  plant. 

206  Adventitious  roots  are  such  as  originate  in  some  part  of  the  ascending  axis 
— stem  or  branches— whether  above  or  below  the  ground.  They  are  so  called  because 
their  origin  is  indeterminate,  both  in  place  and  time.  Several  special  forms  should  be 
noticed ;  as  the  drrhous  roots  of  certain  climbing  vines  (European  Ivy,  Poison  Ivy,  Trum- 
pet-creeper) put  forth  in  great  numbers  from  the  stem,  serving  for  its  mechanical  support 
and  no  other  known  use.  Again  ;  the  Fulcra  of  certain  Monocotyledonous  plants  origi- 
nate high  up  the  stem,  and  descending  obliquely  enter  the  ground.  The  Indian  Corn 
"y:;quently  puts  forth  such  roots  from  its  lovver  joints,  and  thereby  becomes  strongly 
braced.  The  Screw  Pine  (Pandanus)  of  the  conservatories  puts  forth  fulcra  often  several 
foet  in  length. 

•207.  Tlie  Banian  Tree  (Ficus  Indicns)  drops  "adventitious"  roots  from  its  ex- 
tended branches,  which,  reaching  and  entering  the  ground,  grow  to  supporting  columns, 
like  secondary  trunks.  Thus  a  single  tree  becomes  at  length  a  grove  capable  of  shelter- 
ing an  army. 

208.  Epiphytes  (s-ttj,  upon,  (puTov,  a  plant),  a  class  of  plants, 
called  also  air-plants,  have  roots  which  are  merely  mechanical, 


70 


STRUCTURAL  BOTANY. 


serving  to  fix  such  plants  firmly  upon  other  plants  or  trees, 
while  they  derive  their  nourishment  wholly  from  the  air.  The 
Long-moss  (Tillandsia)  and  Conopseum  are  examples. 


247,  Old  Oak  trunk  with  horizontal  branch  bearing  epiphytes  and  para- 
sites, a,  A  fern  (Polypodium  incanum).  fe,  Epidendrum  conopseum).  w, 
Long-moss  (Tillandsia).    d,  Mistletoe  (Viscum).    e,  Lichen. 

209.  Parasites — Three  classes.  Very  dif- 
ferent in  nature  are  the  roots  of  those  plants 
247  called  parasites,  which  feed  upon  the  juices  of 
other  plants  or  trees.  Such  roots  penetrate 
the  bark  of  the  nurse-plant  to  the  cambium 
layer  beneath,  and  appropriate  the  stolen  juices  to  their  own 
growth  ;  as  the  Dodder  and  Mistletoe.  Other  parasites,  al- 
though standing  in  the  soil,  are  fixed  upon  foreign  roots,  and 
thence  derive  either  their  entire  sustenance,  as  the  Beech-drops 
and  other  leafless,  colorless  plants,  or  a  part  of  their  sustenance,^ 
as  the  Cow-wheat  (Melampyrum)  and  Gerardia. 

210.  Subterranean  stems.  As  there  are  aerial  roots,  so  there  are  subterraneaa 
stems.  These  are  frequently  mistaken  for  roots,  but  may  be  known  by  their  habitually 
and  regularly  producing  buds.  Of  this  nature  are  the  tubers  of  the  Irish  Potato,  the  root- 
stock  of  the  Sweet-flag,  the  bulb  of  the  Tulip.  But  even  the  true  root  may  sometimes 
develop  buds— accidentally  as  it  were— in  consequence  of  some  injury  to  the  ujjper  axis, 
or  some  other  unnatural  condition. 

Review.— \^'^.  The  root  defined.  Its  office.  IflS.  Its  leading  propensity.  Its  proper 
appendages.  Puri)ose  of  their  multiplication.  199.  Where  is  the  coUum?  Wheie  the 
spongelets?  What  are  they?  What  are  the  fibrilhe  ?  Tlieir  office  and  history.  Why 
should  a  tree  be  planted  in  Sjvinr/f  200.  Name  the  two  modes  of  root-developmenf. 
Define  the  aaia/.  201.  Define  the  i«aa*iff'.  Give  instances.  202.  Four  varieties  of  axial 
or  tap  roots.  Define  the  ramous.  203.  Define  the  fusiform— The  conical— The  napifonn. 
What  the  nature  of  these  fleshv  roots?  204.  Six  varieties  of  inaxial  roots.  What  of  the 
fibrous  ?  —  Fibro-tuberons  ?  —  Nodulous  ?  —  Moniliform  ?  —  Coralline  (240)  ?  20.').  What  is 
stored  in  them?  20fi.  What  are  adventitious  roots?— The  cirrhous ?— The  fulcra?  207. 
Trunks  of  the  Banian.  208.  Epiphytes.  209.  How  do  the  parasites  diflTer?  Mention 
three  classes.    210.  Distinguish  roots  from  stems. 


THE   STEM. 


71 


CHAPTER    XV. 

THE    STEM,    OR   ASCENDING   AXIS. 

211.  The  general  idea  of  the  Axis  is  this  :  the  central  substan- 
tial portion  of  the  plant,  bearing  the  appendages,  viz.,  roots 
below,  and  the  leaf-organs  above.  The  Ascending  Axis  is  that 
which  originates  with  the  plumule,  tends  upward  in  its  growth, 
and  expands  itself  to  the  influence  of  the  air  and  the  light. 


218,  Procumbent  stem— Chiogenes  hispidula. 

212.  Although  the  first  direction  of  the  stem's  growth  is  ver- 
tical in  all  plants,  there  are  many  in  which  this  direction  does 
not  continue,  but  clianges  into  the  oblique  or  horizontal,  either 
lust  above  the  surface  of  the  ground,  or  iust  beneath  it..  If  the 
stem  continues  to  arise  in  the  original  direction,  as  it  most  com- 
monly does,  it  is  said  to  be  erect.  If  it  grow  along  the  ground 
without  rooting,  it  is  said  to  be  procumbent,  prostrate,  trailing. 
If  it  recline  upon  the  ground  after  having  at  the  base  arisen 
somewhat  above  it,  it  is  decumbent.     If  it  arise  obliquely  from  a 


249,  Decumbent  stem— Anagallis  arvensis. 


prostrate  base,  it  is  said  to  be  ascending ;  and  if  it  continue 
buried  beneath  the  soil,  it  is  subterranean.  Such  stems,  although 
buried  like  roots,  may  readily  be  known  by  their  buds  as  already 
explained  (§  210). 


72  STRUCTURAL    BOTANY. 

213.  Stems  arc  either  simple  or  branched.  The  simple  stem 
is  produced  by  the  unfolding  of  the  primary  bud  (the  plumule) 
in  the  direction  of  its  point  alone.  As  this  bud  is  developed 
below  into  the  lengthening  stem,  it  is  continually  reproduced  at 
its  summit,  and  so  is  always  borne  at  the  termination  of  the 
stem.     Hence  the  axis  is  always  terminated  by  a  bud. 

214.  The  Branched  Stem,  which  is  by  far  the  most  common, 
is  produced  by  the  development  of  both  terminal  and  axillary 
buds.  The  axis  produces  a  bud  in  the  axil  of  its  every  leaf;  that 
is,  at  a  point  just  above  the  origin  of  the  leaf-stalk.  These  buds 
remain  inactive  in  the  case  of  the  simple  stem,  as  the  Mullein; 
but  more  generally  are  developed  into  leafy  subdivisions  of  the 
axis,  and  the  stem  thus  becomes  branched.  A  Branch  is,  there- 
fore, a  division  of  the  axis  produced  by  the  development  of  an 
axillary  bud.  This  bud,  also,  ever  renewed,  is  borne  at  the  ter- 
mination of  the  branch  ;  so  that  axillary  buds,  each  in  turn, 
become  terminal. 

215.  The  Arrangement  of  the  Branches  upon  the  stem,  de- 
pends, therefore,  upon  the  arrangement  of  the  leaves;  which  will 
be  more  particularly  noticed  hereafter.  This  arrangement  is 
beautifully  regular,  according  to  established  laws.  In  this  place 
we  briefly  notice  three  general  modes.  The  Alternate  arrange- 
ment is  where  but  one  branch  arises  from  each  joint  (node)  on 
different  sides  of  the  stem,  as  in  the  Elm.  The  Opposite  is  where 
two  branches  stand  on  opposite  sides  of  the  same  node,  as  in 
Maple.  The  Verticillate  is  where  three  or  more  branches,  equi- 
distant, encircle  the  stem  at  each  node,  as  in  the  Pine. 

216.  Certain  kinds  of  branches  are  noted  for  their  tendency  to 
produce  adventitious  roots,  and  thus  to  become  independent 
plants.  Nurserymen  avail  themselves  of  this  property  in  propa- 
gation, and  name  such  branches  cions,  suckers,  stolons,  ofi'sets, 
slips,  layers,  cuttings,  and  runners.  The  Sucker  is  a  branch 
issuing  from  some  underground  portion  of  the  plant,  leaf-bearing 
above  and  sending  out  roots  from  its  own  base,  becoming  finally 
a  separate,  independent  plant.  The  Rose  and  Raspberry  are 
tluis  multiplied. 

217.  The  Stolon  or  Layer  is  a  branch  issuing  from  some  above- 
ground   portion   of  the  stem,   and  aftci"ward  declining   to   the 


THE  STEM. 


73 


ground,  takes  root  at  or  near  its  extremity,  sends  up  new  shoots, 
and  becomes  a  new  plant.  The  Hobble-bush  and  Black-rasp- 
berry do  this  naturally,  and  gardeners  imitate  the  process  in 
many  plants. 

218.  The  Cion  is  any  healthy  twig  or  branchlet  bearing  one 
or  more  buds,  used  by  the  gardeners  in  the  common  process  of 
grafting.  Slips  and  cuttings  are  fragments  of  ordinary  branches 
or  stems,  consisting  of  young  wood  bearing  one  or  more  buds. 
These  strike  root  when  planted  in  the  ground.  So  the  Grape- 
vine and  Hop.  The  Offset  is  merely  a  cion  severed  from  the 
parent  and  set  in  the  ground  to  strike  root. 


250,  a.  Slip  (Gooseberry)  taking  root.  6,  Gutting  (Grape)  taking  root,  c,  Stolons  or  layers  artificially 
arranged  for  propagation,  d,  A  mode  of  J  rfing;  the  vessel,  »,  is  filled  with  soil.  e.  Scions;  process 
of  grafting.    /,  A  sucker. 


219.  The  Runner  is  a  prostrate,  filiform  branch,  issuing  from 
certain  short-stemmed  herbs,  extending  itself  along  the  surface 
of  the  ground,  striking  root  at  its  end  without  being  buried. 
Thence  leaves  arise,  and  a  new  plant,  which  in  turn  sends  out 
new  runners,  as  in  the  Strawberry. 

220.  The  JSTocle^  or  joint  of  the  stem,  marks  a  definite  point 
of  a  peculiar  organization,  where  the  leaf  with  its  axillary  bud 
arises.  The  nodes  occur  at  regular  intervals,  and  the  spaces 
between  them  are  termed  ixternodes.  This  provides  for  the 
symmetrical  arrangement  of  the  leaves  and  branches  of  the  stem. 
In  the  root  no  such  provision  is  made,  and  the  branches  have  no 
manner  of  arrangement.     Now  the  growth  of  the  stem  consists 


74  STRUCTURAL  BOTANY. 

ill  the  development  of  the  internodes.  In  the  bud,  the  nodes 
are  closely  crowded  together,  with  no  perceptible  internodes ; 
thus  bringing  the  rudimentary  leaves  in  close  contact  with  each 
other.  But  in  the  stem,  which  is  afterward  evolved  from  that 
bud,  we  see  full-grown  leaves  separated  by  considerable  spaces. 
That  is,  while  leaves  are  developed  from  the  rudiments,  inter- 
nodes are  pushed  out  from  the  growing  point. 


251,  A  Strawberry  plant  (Fragaria  vesca)  sending  out  a  runner. 

221.  There  are,  however,  many  species  of  plants,  especially  of 
herbs,  in  which  the  axis  of  the  primary  bud  does  not  develop 
into  internodes  at  all,  or  but  partially  in  various  degrees.  See 
the  axis  of  Trillium,  Onion,  and  Bloodroot.  ,  Such  stems  seldom 
appear  above-ground.  They  are  subterranean.  This  fact  makes 
a  wide  difference  in  the  forms  of  stems,  and  naturally  constitutes 
them  into  two  great  divisions — viz.,  the  Leaf-stems  and  the 
Scale-sterns. 

JReview.— 211.  What  is  the  Axis?  What  the  Ascending  Axis ?  212.  Is  the  axis  always 
erect?  What  is  a  procumbent  stem?  What  decumbent  ?— Ascending?— Subterranean? 
How  may  these  be  distinguished  from  roots  ?  213.  Explain  the  growth  of  a  simple  stem. 
Where  may  the  plumule-bud  always  be  found?  214.  Explain  the  growth  of  a  branching 
stem.  Define  a  branch.  215.  Their  order.  State  the  three  general  modes.  21<).  What  is 
a  sucker?  217.  What  is  a  stolon?  218.  What  is  a  cion?— An  offset?— Slips  and  cuttings? 
219.  IIow  docs  the  Strawberry  spread?  220.  What  is  a  Node ?— An  Internode  ?  What  of 
Stem  growth?    221.  State  carefully  a  different  method.    Two  grand  divisions  of  Stems. 


FORMS  OF  THE  LEAF-STEMS. 


75 


CHAPTER    XVI. 


FORMS    OF   THE    LEAF-STEMS. 


222.  The  leaf-stems  are  those  forms  which,  with  internodes 
fully  developed,  rise  into  the  air  crowned  with  leaves.  The 
principal  forms  are  the  caiilis,  culm,  trunk,  caudex,  and  vine. 
They  are  either  herbaceous  or  woody.  They  bear  fruit  but  one 
season  and  then  perish,  at  least  down  to  the  root,  scarcely  becom- 
ing woody ;  as  seen  in  Mustard,  Radish,  and  Grasses.  But  the 
woody  leaf-stems  survive  the  Winter,  and  become  firm  and  solid 
in  substance  in  after  years ;  as  do  all  the  forest  trees. 


252,  Scale-stem  (Dicentra  cucuUrtria).     253,  A  flower  of  the  same.     254,  A  flower  of  D.  Ganadeusia. 
255,  Leaf-stem  (Ckimaphila  maculata). 

223.  Caulis  is  a  term  generally  applied  to  the  annual  leaf- 
stems  of  herbaceous  plants.  "  Halm"  is  a  term  used  in  England 
with  the  same  sisrnification.     Caulescent  and  acaidcscent  are  con- 


76 


STRUCTURAL  BOTANY. 


venient  terms,  denoting,  the  former  the  presence,  and  the  latter 
the  absence  of  the  caulis  or  aerial  stem. 

224,  The  culm  is  the  stem  of  the  Grasses  and  the  Sedges, 
generally  jointed,  often  hollow,  rarely  becoming  woody ;  as  in 
Cane  and  Bamboo. 


8  B  E 

256,  S,  Spruce.    B,  Beech.    E,  E'jj;  ♦/  .''ustrate  excurrent  and  solvent  axis. 

225.  The  trunk  is  the  namo  of  the  peculiar  stems  of  arbor- 
escent plants.  It  is  the  cent'^p.l  column  or  axis  which  supports 
their  branching  tops  and  withstands  the  assaults  of  the  wind  by 
means  of  the  great  firwj'iss  and  strength  of  the  woody  or  lig- 
neous tissue  with  which  it  abounds.  The  trunk  is  usually  seen 
simple  and  columnar  below,  for  a  certain  space,  then  variously 
dividing  itself  into  branches.  Here  it  is  cylindrical,  straight, 
and  erect,  as  in  the  Poorest  Pine;  prismatic  often,  as  in  the  Gum- 
tree  ;  gnarled  cind  curved,  as  in  the  Oak ;  or  inclined  far  over  its 
base,  as  in  the  Sycamore. 

226.  In  dividing  itself  into  branches  we  observe  two  general 
modes,  with  their  numerous  variations,  strikingly  characterizing 


FORMS   OF  THE   LEAF-STEMS.  77 

tlie  tree  forms.  In  the  one,  named  by  Lindley  the  excurrent, 
the  trunk,  from  the  superior  vigor  of  its  terminal  bud,  takes  pre- 
cedence of  the  bi-anclies,  and  runs  through  to  the  summit,  as  in 
the  Beech,  Birch,  Oak,  and  especially  in  the  Spruce — trees  with 
oval  or  pyramidal  forms.  But  in  the  other,  the  solvent  axis, 
as  seen  in  the  Elm  and  Apple-tree,  the  trunk  suddenly  divides 
into  several  subequal  branches,  which  thence  depart  with  differ- 
ent degrees  of  divergency,  giving  the  urn  form  to  the  Elm,  the 
rounded  form  to  the  Apple-tree,  the  depressed  form  to  the  Sloe- 
tree  (Viburnum)  and  Dogwood. 

227.  Caudex  is  a  terra  now  applied  to  tlie  peculiar  trunk  of  the  Palms  and  Tree-fenis, 
simple,  branchless  columns,  or  rarely  dividing  in  advanced  age.  It  is  produced  by  the 
growth  of  the  terminal  bud  alone,  and  its  sides  are  marked  by  the  scars  of  the  fallen  leaf 
Ptalks  of  former  years,  or  are  yet  covered  by  their  persistent  bases.  The  stock  or  cai/dex 
of  the  cactus  tribe  is  extraordinary  in  form  and  substance.  It  is  often  jointed,  prismatic, 
branched,  always  greenish,  fleshy,  and  full  of  a  watery  juice.  Instead  of  leaves,  its  lateral 
buds  develop  spines  only,  the  stem  itself  performing  the  functions  of  leaves.  These 
plants  abound  in  the  warm  regions  of  tropical  America,  and  aflbrd  a  cooling,  acid  bev- 
erage to  the  thirsty  traveller  when  springs  dry  up  under  the  torrid  sun. 

228.  The  vine  is  either  herbaceous  or  woody.  It  is  a  stem 
too  slender  and  weak  to  stand  erect,  but  trails  along  the  ground, 
or  any  convenient  support.  Sometimes,  by  means  of  special 
organs  for  this  purpose,  called  tendrils^  it  ascends  trees  and  other 
objects  to  a  great  height ;  as  the  Grape,  Gourd,  and  other 
climbing  vines. 

229.  The  twining  vim  having  also  a  length  greatly  disproportioned  to  its  diameter, 
supports  itself  on  other  plants  or  objects  by  entwining  itself  around  them,  being  destitute 
of  tendrils.  Thus  the  Hop  ascends  into  the  air  by  foreign  aid,  and  it  is  a  curious  fact 
that  the  direction  of  its  winding  is  always  the  same,  viz.,  with  the  sun,  from  left  to  right; 
nor  can  any  artificial  training  induce  it  to  reverse  its  course.  This  is  a  general  law 
among  twining  stems.  Every  individual  plant  of  the  same  species  revolves  in  the  same 
direction,  although  opposite  directions  may  characterize  different  species.  Thus  the 
Morning-Glory  revolves  always  against  the  sun. 

Review.— 'i'^.  Carefully  repeat  the  definition.  When  are  they  herbaceous?  When 
woody?  223.  Define  Caulis,  and  two  derived  terms.  224.  What  is  a  Culm?  225.  What 
is  the  Trunk?  Various  forms  of  it.  226.  Its  characteristic  difference  in  Beech  and  Elm. 
227.  Characterize  the  trunk  of  the  Palm-tree— Of  Cactus.  228.  Describe  the  Vine,  and 
two  varieties.  Are  the  climbers  or  twiners  armed  with  tendrils  ?  229.  The  law  of  the 
coiirse  of  the  twiners.    Course  of  Hop— Of  Morning-Glory, 


78 


STBUCTURAL  BOTANY. 


CHAPTER   XVII 


FORMS    OF    SCALE-STEMS. 

230.  The  Scale-stems  are  those  forms  which,  with  inter- 
nodes  partially  or  not  at  all  developed,  and  generally  clotlied 
with  scales  for  leaves,  scarcely  emerge  from  beneath  the  soil. 
They  are  the  creeper  and  rhizoma  (developed),  the  crown.,  tuber., 
corm^  and  bulb  (undeveloped).  Their  forms  are  singular,  often 
distorted  in  consequence  of  their  underground  growth  and  the 
unequal  development  of  the  internodes.  They  commonly  belong 
to  perennial  herbs,  and  the  principal  forms  are  describ-ed  as  fol- 
low^s ;  but  intermediate  connecting  forms  are  very  numerous, 
and  often  perplexing. 


257,  Creeper  of  "  Nimble  Will,"  or  Witch-grass;  a,  Bud;  Ih,  bases  of  culma. 

231.  The  creeper  is  either  subaerial  or  subterranean.  In  the 
former  case  it  is  prostrate,  running  and  rooting  at  every  joint, 
and  hardly  distinguishable  otherwise  from  leaf-stems;  as  the 
Twin-flower  (Linnsea),  the  Partridge-berry  (Mitchella).  In  the 
latter  case  it  is  more  commonly  clothed  with  scales,  often  branch- 
ing extensively,  rooting  at  the  nodes,  exceedingly  tenacious  of 
life,  extending  horizontally  in  all  directions  beneath  the  soil,  an- 
nually sending  up  from  its  terminal  buds  erect  stems  into  tlie 
air.  The  Witch-grass  (Triticum  repens)  is  an  example.  Such 
plants  are  a  sore  evil  to  the  garden.  They  can  have  no  better 
cultivation  than  to  be  torn  and  cut  to  pieces  by  the  spade  of  the 
angry  gardener,  since  they  are  thus  multiplied  as  many  times  as 
there  are  frairments. 


FOEMS  OF  SCALE-STEMS. 


79 


232.  Repent  stems  of  this  kind  are  not,  however,  without  their  use.  They  frequently 
abound  in  loose,  sandy  soil,  which  they  serve  to  bind  and  secure  against  the  inroads  of 
the  water  and  even  the  sea  itself.  Holland  is  said  to  owe  its  very  existence  to  the  repent 
stems  of  such  plants  as  the  Mat-<i;rass  (Arundo  arenaria),  Carex  arenarius,  and  Elymus 
aronarius,  which  overrun  the  artificial  dykes  upon  its  shores,  and  by  their  innumerable 
roots  and  creepers  apparently  bind  the  loose  sand  into  a  firm  barrier  against  the  washing 
of  the  waves.  So  the  iurf^  chiefly  composed  of  repent  Grass-stems,  forms  the  only  secu- 
rity of  our  own  sandy  or  clayey  hills  against  the  washing  rains. 

233.  The  rhizome  or  root-stock  diiFers  from  the  creeper 
only  in  being  shorter  and  thicker,  having  its  internodes  but  par- 
tially developed.  It  is  a  prostrate,  fleshy,  rooting  stem,  either 
wholly  or  partially  subterranean,  often  scaly  with  the  bases  of 
undeveloped  leaves,  or  marked  with  the  scars  of  former  leaves, 
and  yearly  producing  new  shoots  and  roots.  Such  is  the  fleshy, 
horizontal  portion  of  the  Blood-root,  Sweet-flag,  Water-lily,  and 
Bramble  (the  latter  hardly  diflerent  from  the  creeper). 

234.  The  growth  of  the  rhizome  is  instructive,  marking  its  peculiar  character.  Each 
joint  marlvs  the  growth  of  a  year.  In  Spring,  the  terminal  bud  unfolds  into  leaves  and 
flowers,  to  perish  in  Autumn— a  new  bud  to  open  the  following  Spring,  and  a  new  inter- 
node,  with  its  roots,  to  abide  several  yeai'S.  The  number  of  joints  indicates,  not  the  age 
of  the  plant,  but  the  destined  age  of  each  internode.  Thus  if  there  are  three  joints,  wo 
infer  that  they  are  triennial,  perishing  after  the  third  season,  while  the  plant  still  grows  on 


2.58.  Rhizoma  of  Solomon's  Seal  (Polygronatnm  multiflorum).  a,  Frafrment  of  the  first  year's  prowth , 
6,  the  second  year's  growth;  r,  growth  of  the  third  year;  <l,  growth  of  the  present  (fourth)  year,  bearing 
the  stem,  which,  on  decaying,  will  leave  a  scar  (seal)  like  the  rest.  259,  Tremorse  root  of  Trilli-ucn 
erect  urn. 


235.  The  premorse  root-stock,  formerly  described  as  a  root, 
is  a  short,  erect  rhizome,  ending  abruptly  below,  as  if  bitten 
square  oft*  (pra3morsus).  This  is  owing  to  the  death  of  the 
earlier  and  lower  internodes  in  succession,  as  in  the  horizontal 
rhizome.  Scabius,  Viola  pedata,  and  Benjamin-root  (Trillium) 
are  examples. 

236.  Crown  of  the  root  designates  a  short  stem  with  con- 
densed internodes,  remaining  upon  some  perennial  roots,  at  oi 


80 


STRUCTUllAL  BOTANY. 


beneath  the  surface-soil,  after  the  leaves  and  annual  stems  hav« 
perished. 

237.  The  tuuer  is  an  annual  thickened  portion  of  a  subterra- 
nean stem  or  branch,  provided  with  latent  buds  called  eyes, 
from  which  new  plants  ensue  the  succeeding  year.  It  is  the  fact 
of  its  origin  with  the  ascending  axis,  and  the  production  of  buds, 
that  places  the  tuber  among  stems  instead  of  roots.  The  Po- 
tato and  Artichoke  are  examples. 

238.  The  stem  of  the  Potato-plant  sends  out  roots  from  its  base,  and  branches  above, 
like  other  plants;  but  we  observe  that  its  branches  have  two  distinct  modes  of  develop- 
ment. Those  branches  which  rise  into  the  air,  whether  issuing  from  the  abovegrouud 
or  the  underground  portion  of  the  stem,  expand  regularly  into  leaves,  etc. ;  while  those 
lower  branches  which  continue  to  grope  in  the  dark,  damp  ground,  cease  at  length  to 
elongate,  swell  up  at  the  ends  into  tubers  with  developed  buds  and  abundance  of  nutri- 
tious matter  in  reserve  for  renewed  growth  the  following  year. 


th>'!/  ;,, 


-2(50,  The  common   Potato  (Solanum).     261,  Artichoke  (Helianthiis).     202.   Sweci 
rotalo  (Convolvuhis). 


230.  The  corm  is  an  underground,  solid,  fleshy  stem,  with 
condensed  internodes,  never  extending,  but  remaining  of  a 
rounded  form  covered  with  thin  scales.  It  is  distinguished  from 
roots  by  its  leaf-bud,  which  is  either  borne  at  the  summit,  as  in 
the  Crocus,  or  at  the  side,  as  in  the  Colchicum  and  Futty-root 
(Aplectrum). 


FORMS  OF  SCALE- STEMS. 


81 


240.  The  Bulb  partakes  largely  of  the  nature  of  the  bud.  It 
consists  of  a  short,  dilated  axis,  bearing  an  oval  mass  of  thick, 
fleshy  scales,  closely  packed  above,  a  circle  of  adventitious  roots 
around  its  base,  and  a  flowering  stem  from  the  terminal,  or  a 
lateral  bud. 


S63,  Corms  of  Putty-root  (Aplectrnm);  a,  of  last  year— A.  of  the  present  year.    264,  Scale-l)ulb  of  White 
Lily.    265,  Scale-bulb  of  Oxalis  violacea. 


241.  How  muUiplied. —Bulhs  arc  renewed  or  multiplied  annually  at  the  approach  of 
Winter  by  the  development  of  bulbs  from  the  axils  of  the  scales,  which  increase  at  the 
expense  of  the  old,  and  ultimately  become  de- 
tached. Bulbs  which  flower  from  the  terminal 
bud  are  necessarily  either  annual  or  biennial ; 
those  flowering  from  an  axillary  bud  may  be 
perennial,  as  the  terminal  bud  may  in  this  case 
continue  to  develop  new  scales  indefinitely. 

242.  Bulbs  are  said  to  be  timi- 
cated  when  they  consist  of  con- 
centric layers,  each  entire  and 
enclosing  all  within  it,  as  in  the 
Onion.  But  the  more  common 
variety  is  the  scali/  bulb — consist- 
ing of  fleshy,  concave  scales,  arranged  spirally  upon  the  axis,  as 
in  the  Lily. 

243.  The  tuber,  corm,  and  bulb  are  analogous  forms  approaching  by  degrees  to  the 
character  of  the  bud,  which  consists  of  a  little  axis  bearing  a  covering  of  scales.  In  the 
IuIkt.  the  axis  is  excessively  developed,  while  the  scales  arc  reduced  to  mere  linear 

G 


266,  Bulb  of  Lilium  superbum,  with  habi*  "f 
a  rhizorao;  a,  full  grown  bulb  sending  up  a  v.jr- 
minal  stem  c,  and  two  offsets  bb,  for  the  bulLs 
of  next  year. 


82 


STRUCTURAL  BOTANY. 


points.  In  the  conn,  the  analogy  is  far  more  evident,  for  the  ixis  is  less  excessive  and 
the  scales  more  manifest ;  and  lastly,  in  the  bulb  the  analogy  is  complete,  or  overdoue, 
the  scales  often  becoming  excessive. 


267,  Oorm  of  Crocus,  with  new  ones  forming  above.  268,  Vertical  section  of  tjv  ame.  269,  Sectim 
jf  bulb  of  Hyacinth,  with  terminal  scape  and  axillary  bulblet.  270,  Section  of  bu.D  of  Oxalis  violacea, 
« ith  axillary  scajjcs. 

Eevieio.—2S0.  Give  carefully  the  definition.  Which  forms  are  undeveloped?  Which 
partly  developed  ?  231.  Define  the  Creeper.  Its  two  classes.  IIow  is  Witrh  grass  best 
cultivated?  Usefulness  of  such  stems.  \Vhat  is  sward  f  2.33.  Define  Root-stock  ?  Show 
its  manner  of  growth  by  the  figure  (258).  235.  What  is  the  premorse  Root-stock?  2;^(). 
The  stem  of  Clover,  Asparagus,  etc.,  in  Winter  is  what?  237.  What  is  a  Tuber?  Show 
by  fig.  260  how  it  grows.  239.  Define  Corm.  Show  by  fig.  263  how  it  grows.  240.  De- 
soribe  the  bulb.  Show  its  growth  by  fig.  266.  Varieties.  243.  Point  out  the  gradation 
iu  tuber,  corm,  and  bulb. 


CHAPTER    XVIII. 


THE    LEAF-BUD. 


244.  It  is  but  a  step  from  the  study  of  the  bulb  to  that  of  tiio 
leaf-bud.  Buds  are  of  two  kinds  in  respect  to  their  contents — - 
the  leaf-bud  containing  the  rudiments  of  a  leafy  stem  or  branch, 
the  flower-bud  containing  the  same  elements  transformed  into  the 
nascent  organs  of  a  flower  for  the  purpose  of  reproduction. 

245.  The  leaf-bud  consists  of  a  brief,  cone-shaped  axis  with 
a  tender  growing  point,  bearing  a  protecting  covering  of  imbri- 
cated scales  and  incipient  leaves. 

246.  Tlie  leafy  nature  of  the  scales  is  evident  from  a  careful 
inspection  of  such  buds  as  those  of  the  Rose,  Currant,  Tulip-tree, 


THE   LEAF-BUD. 


83 


when  they  are  swollen  or  bursting  in  Spring.  The  student  will 
notice  a  gradual  change  from  the  outer  scales  to  the  evident 
leaves  or  stipules  within,  as  seen  in  Fig.  273. 
As  a  further  protection  against  frost  and  rain, 
we  find  the  scales  sometimes  clothed  with 
Iiairs,  sometimes  varnished  with  resin.  This 
is  abundant  and  very  aromatic  in  the  buds  of 
the  Balm-of-Gilead  and  other  Poplars. 

247.  In  regard  to  position,  buds  are  either 
terminal  or  axillary,  a  distinction  already  no- 
ticed. Axillary  buds  are  especially  noted  as 
being  either  active  or  latent.  In  the  former  case 
they  are  unfolded  into  branches  at  once,  or  in 
the  Spring  following  their  formation.  But 
latent  buds  suspend  their  activities  from  year 
to  year,  or  perhaps  are  never  quickened  into 
growth.  Axillary  buds  become  terminal  so 
soon  as  their  development  fairly  commences ; 
therefore  each  branch  also  has  a  terminal  bud, 
and,  like  the  main  axis,  is  capable  of  extending 
its  growth  as  long  as  that  bud  remains  un- 
harmed. If  it  be  destroyed  by  violence  or 
frost,  or  should  it  be  transformed  into  a 
flower-bud,  the  growth  in  that  direction  for- 
ever ceases. 

248.  The  suppression  of  axillary- 
buds  tends  to  simplify  the  form  of  the  plant. 
Their  total  suppression  during  the  first  year's 
growth  of  the  terminal  bud  is  common,  as  in 
the  annual  stem  of  Mullein  and  in  most  peren- 
nial stems.  When  axillary  buds  remain  permanently  latent, 
a.'id  only  the  terminal  bud  unfolds  year  after  year,  a  simple, 
branchless  trunk,  crowned  with  a  solitary  tuft  of  leaves,  is  the 
result,  as  in  the  Palmetto  of  our  southern  borders. 


271,  Branch  of  Pear-tree. 
Tlie  terminal  bud  a,  having 
been  destroyed,  an  axillary 
bud  supplied  its  place,  anil 
formed  the  axis  6.  r,  Thick- 
ened branch  with  Hovver- 
buds  ;  d,  brunch  with  leaf- 
buds.  272,  U  section  of 
terminal  bud  ;  /,  of  axillary 
bud. 


SMn.  A  partial  suppression  of  buds  occurs  \n  almost  all  species,  and  generally  in  some 
definite  order.  In  plants  with  opposite  leaves,  sometimes  one  bud  of  the  pair  at  each 
node  is  developed  and  the  other  is  suppressed,  as  in  the  Pink  tribe.  When  both  buds 
are  developed,  the  branches,  appearing  in  pairs  like  arras,  are  said  to  be  brachiate.  as  in 
the  Labiates.    In  many  trees  the  terminal  buds  are  arrested  by  inflorescence  each  season 


84 


STRUCTUKAL  BOTANY. 


and  the  growth  is  cimtiniied  l)y  axillary  buds  alone,  as  in  theCatalpa  and  Horse-chestnut, 
In  all  trees,  indeed,  buds  arc  suppressed  more  or  less,  from  various  causes,  disguising  at 
length  the  intended  symmetry  of  the  branches,  to  the  utter  confusion  of  twigs  and  spray. 


V3,  Bud  of  Currnut  unfolding,— the  scales  gradually  becoming  leaves.    274,  Bud  of  Tulip-tree,  -tti« 
scales  unfolding  into  stipules. 

250.  Accessory  buds,  one  or 
more,  are  sometimes  found  just 
above  the  true  axillary  bud,  or 
clustered  with  it,  and  only  dis- 
tinguished from  it  by  their 
smaller  size  ;  as  in  the  Cherry 
and  Honeysuckle. 

251.  Adventitious  or  acci- 
dental buds  are  such  as  are 
neither  terminal  nor  axillary. 
They  occasionally  appear  on 
any  part  of  the  plant  in  the 
internodes  of  the  stem  or 
branches,  on  the  root  or  even 
the  leaves.  Such  buds  gener- 
ally result  from  some  abnormal 
condition  of  the  plant,  from 
pruning  or  other  destruction  of 
branches  or  stem  above,  while 
the  roots  remain  in  full  vigor  ; 
thus  destroying  the  equilibrium 
of  vital  force  between  the  upper  and  lower  axis. 


275,  Ilj'pericum  Sarothra,  \rith  brachi.ito 
branches.  276,  Pink  (Diauthus)— axillary  budi 
alternately  suppressed. 


The  leaf  of  the 


THE  LEAF-BUD. 


85 


Walking-fern  emits  rootlets  and  buds  at  its  apex  ;  the  leaf  of 
Bryophyllum  from  its  margin  each — bud  here  also  preceded  by  a 
I'ootlet.  Some  plants  are  thus  artificially  propagated  in  conser- 
vatories from  the  influence  of  heat  and  moisture  on  a  leaf  or  the 
fragment  of  a  leaf. 

252.  Vernation  or  praefoliation  are  terms  denoting  the 
mode  of  arrangement  and  folding  of  the  leaf  organs  composing 
the  bud.  This  arrangement  is  definitely  varied  in  different  or- 
ders of  plants,  furnishing  useful  distinctions  in  systematic  botany. 
It  may  be  studied  to  excellent  advantage  by  making  with  a  keen 
instrument  a  cross-section  of  the  bud  in  its  swollen  state,  just 
before  expansion  ;  or  it  may  be  well  observed  by  removing  one 
by  one  the  scales.  The  Forms  of  Vernation  are  entirely  analo- 
gous to  those  of  .Estivation,  and  denoted  by  similar  terms. 

253.  Vernation  is  considered  in  two  diflcrent  aspects — first,  the 
manner  in  which  the  leaf  itself  is  folded ;  second,  the  arrange- 
ment of  the  leaves  in  respect  to  each  other.  Thjs  depends  much 
upon  the  phyllotaxy.     (§  261.) 


Vernation,  2?7,  of  Oak  leaf;  278.  of  Liriodendron  (TuTiptree).    279,  of  Fern  ;  280,  of  Carex  ;  281,  Safc   ; 

282.  Iris. 


254.  Each  leaf  alone  considered  is  either  flat  and  open^  as  in 
the  mistletoe,  or  it  \?>  folded  or  rolled^  as  follows  :  viz.  Reclined^ 
when  folded  crosswise,  with  apex  bent  over  forward  toward  the 
base,  as  in  the  Tulip-tree ;  Conduplicate^  when  folded  perpen  • 
dicularly,  with  the  lateral  halves  brought  together  face  to  face, 
as  in  the  Oak ;  Plaited^  or  Plicate,  each  leaf  folded  like  a  fan, 
as  in  Birch. 

255.  Circlnate  implies  that  each  leaf  is  rolled  or  coiled  down- 
ward from  the  apex,  as  in  Sundew  and  the  Ferns. 

25G.  The  Convolute  leaf  is  wholly  rolled   up  from  one  of  its 


86 


STRUCTURAL  BOTANY. 


sides,  as  in  the  Cherry ;  while  the  Involute  has  both  its  edges 
rolled  inward,  as  in  Apple,  Violet ;  and  Eevohite  has  both  mar- 
gins rolled  outward  and  back- 
ward, as  in  the  Dock,  Willow, 
Kosemarv. 


Vernation,  283,  of  Birch  leaf;  284,  of  Lilac  (imbricate);  285,  Cherry  leaves  (convolute);  286,  Dcek  bud 
(revolute);  287,  Balm  of  Gilead  (involute). 

257.  The  general  vernation  is  loosely  distinguished  in  descrip- 
tive botany  as  valvate  (edges  meeting),  and  imbricate  (edges 
overlapping),  terms  to  be  noticed  hereafter.  The  valvate  more 
often  occurs  in  plants  with  opposite  leaves. 

258.  Imbricate  vernation  is  JEquitant  (riding  astraddle), 
when  conduplicate  leaves  alternately  embrace — the  outer  one 
the  next  inner  by  its  unfolded  margins,  as  in  the  Privet  and 
Iris  (282).  It  is  Obvolute  when  it  is  half-equitant ;  that  is,  the 
outer  leaf  embraces  only  one  of  the  margins  of  the  inner,  as  ya 
the  Sage  (281).  Again,  it  is  Triquitrous  where  the  bud  is  trian- 
gular in  section  and  the  leaves  equitant  at  each  angle,  as  in  the 
Sedges  (280). 

259.  The  ^winciple  of  hud- 
ding, — Each  leaf-bud  may  be 
regarded  as  a  distinct  individ- 
ual, capable  of  vegetating  either 
in  its  native  jDosition,  or  when 
removed  to  another,  as  is  exten- 
sively practised  in  the  impor- 
tant operation  of  budding. 

260.  Bulblets.  In  the  Tiger-lily,  Cicuta 
bulbifera,  and  Aspidium  bulbiferum,  the 
axillary  buds  spontaneously  detach  them- 
selves, fall  to  the  ground,  and  become 
new  plants.     These  remarkable  little  bodies  are  called  bulblets. 

Revieto.—'-244.  Two  kinds  of  buds.  245.  Define  the  leaf-bud.  Show  the  leafy  nature  of 
the  scales  by  fi<^.  273,  The  coatinjj  of  buds.  247.  Buds  classed  as  to  position.  Location 
of  the  axillary  buds.    Two  kinds.    When  do  the  axillary  become  terminal  ?    248.  What 


289,  290,  Showinjr  the  process 
of ''budding." 


LEAF-ARRANGEMENT. 


87 


If  a  part  of  them  be  .oppressed  ?  What  if  all  ?  249.  What  is  a  brachiate  axis  ?  How  in 
the  Pink  ?  How  in  Catalpa  ?  250.  What  are  accessory  biuls  ?  Adventitious  ?  Examples. 
252.  What  is  Vernation  ?  How  may  we  study  it  ?  Considering  each  leaf  alone,  when  is 
It  reclined  ?— Conduplicate  ?— Plaited  ?  When  circinate  ?— Convolute  ?—  Involute  ?— Revo- 
Inte?  How  is  the  vernation  in  Oak  ?— Dock  ?— Birch  ?— Fern  ?  etc.  258.  Considering 
leaves  combined,  when  are  they  obvolute  ?— Equitant  ?— Triqnitrous  ?  259.  State  the 
principle  of  Budding.    What  are  Bulblets  ? 


CHAPTER    XIX. 

PHYLLOTAXY,    OR    LEAF-ARRANGEMENT. 

'261.  As  the  position  of  the  leaf  upon  the  stem  marks  the  po- 
sition of  the  axillary  bud,  it  follows  that  the  order  of  the  leaf- 
arrangement  will  be  the  order  of  the  branches  also.  The  care- 
ful investigation  of  this  subject  has  developed  a  science  of 
unexpected  exactness  and  beauty,  called  phyllotaxy  ((puXXov,  a 
leaf,  TCL^ig^  order. 


201    Ladies' -slipper  (leaves  alternate);  292,  Syiiandra  granrtiflora  (leaves  opposite);  294,  Medeola  Vir- 
giniea  (leaves  verticillate);  293,  Larix  Americana  (leaves  fasciculate). 

262.  In  regard  to  position,  leaves  are  radical  when  they  grow 
out  of  the  stem  at  or  beneath  the  surface  of  the  ground,  so  as  to 
appear  to  grow  from  the  roots  ;  caullne,  when  they  grow  from 
the  stem ;  and  ramial  {ramiis^  a  branch),  when  from  the  branches. 


88  STRUCTURAL  BOTANY. 

Their  arrangement  on  the  axis  is  according  to  the  following 
general  modes : 

Alternate^  one  above  another  on  opposite  sides,  as  in  the  Elm. 

Scattered,  irregularly  spiral,  as  in  the  Potato  vine. 

Hosulate,  clustered  regularly,  like  the  petals  of  a  Rose,  as  in 
the  Plantain  and  Shepherd's-purse. 

Fasciculate,  tufted,  clustered  many  together  in  the  axil,  as 
seen  in  the  Pine,  Larch,  Berberry. 

Opposite,  two,  against  each  other,  at  the  same  node.  Ex., 
Maple. 

Verticillate,  or  whorled,  more  than  two  in  a  circle  at  each 
node,  as  in  the  Meadow-lily,  Trumpet-weed.  We  may  reduce 
all  these  modes  to  two  general  types, — the  alternate,  inclu- 
ding all  cases  with  one  leaf  at  each  node  ;  the  opposite,  including 
cases  with  two  or  more  leaves  at  each  node. 

263.  The  true  character  of  the  alternate  type  may  be  learned 
by  an  experiment.  Take  a  straight  leafy  shoot  or  stem  of  the 
Elm  or  Flax,  or  any  other  plant  with  seemingly  scattered  leaves, 
and  beginning  with  the  lowest  leaf,  pass  a  thread  to  the  next 
above,  thence  to  the  next  in  the  same  direction,  and  so  on  by  all 
the  leaves  to  the  top ;  the  thread  will  form  a  regular  spiral. 
The  opposite  leaved  type  is  also  spiral,  consisting  of  two  or  more 
parallel  spirals — as  many  as  there  are  leaves  at  the  node.  There- 
fore it  is  an  established  law  that  the  course  of  development  in  the 
growing  plant  is  universally  spiral.  But  this,  the  formative 
CYCLE  as  it  is  called,  has  several  varieties. 

264.  The  Elm  cycle.  In  the  strictly  alternate  arrangement 
(Elm,  Linden,  Grasses)  the  spiral  thread  makes  one  complete 
circuit  and  commences  a  new  one  at  the  third  leaf  The  third 
leaf  stands  over  the  first,  the  fourth  over  the  second,  and  so  on, 
forming  two  vertical  rows  of  leaves.  Here  (calling  each  com- 
plete circuit  a  cycle)  we  observe,  first,  that  this  cycle  is  composed 
of  two  leaves ;  second,  that  the  angular  distance  between  its 
leaves  is  :^  a  circle  (180°)  ;  third,  if  we  express  this  cycle  math- 
ematically by  ^,  the  numerator  (1)  will  denote  the  turns  or  revo- 
lutions, the  denominator  (2)  its  leaves,  and  the  fraction  itself  the 
angular  distance  between  the  leaves  (^  of  360°). 

265.  The  Alder  cycle.     In  the  Alder,  Birch,  Sedges,  etc., 


LEAF-ARKANGEMENT. 


89 


fche  cycle  is  not  complete  until  the  fourth  leaf  is  readied.  The 
fourth  leaf  stands  over  the  first,  the  fifth  over  the  second,  etc., 
forming  three  vertical  rows.  Here  call  the  cycle  ^ ;  1  denotes 
the  turns,  3  the  leaves,  and  the  fraction  itself  the  angulai  dis- 
tance a  of  360°). 

266.  The  Cherry  cycle.  In  the  Cherry,  Apple,  Peach, 
Oak,  Willow,  etc.,  neither  the  third  nor  the  fourth  leaf,  but  the 
sixth,  stands  over  the  first ;  and  in  order  to  reach  it  the  thread 
makes  two  turns  around  the  stem.  The  sixth  leaf  is  over  the 
first,  the  seventh  over  the  second,  etc.,  forming  five  vertical 
rows.  Call  this  the  |  cycle  ;  2  denotes  the  turns,  5  the  leaves  in 
the  cycle,  and  the  fraction  itself  the  angular  distance  (|  of  360°). 


297 


295,  296,  297,  Showing  the  course  of  the  spiral  thread  and  the  order  of  the  leaf-succession  in  the  f»x»s  ol 
Elm,  Alder,  and  Cherry.  298,  Axis  of  Osage-orange  with  a  section  of  the  bark  peeled,  displaying  the 
order  of  the  leaf-scars  (cycle  %). 


267.  The  Osage-orange  cycle.  In  the  common  hedge 
plant,  Osage-orange,  the  Holly,  Evening  Primrose,  Flax,  etc., 
we  find  no  leaf  exactly  over  the  first  until  we  come  to  the  9tli, 
and  in  reaching  it  the  spiral  makes  three  turns.  Here  the  leaves 
form  eight  vertical  rows.  It  is  a  f  cycle  ;  3  the  number  of  turns, 
8  the  number  of  leaves,  and  the  fraction  the  angular  distance  be- 
tween the  leaves  (f  of  360°). 

268.  These  several  fractions  which  represent  the  above  cycles 
form  a  series  as  follows :  i,  ^,  |,  f ,  in  which  each  term  is  the 


90 


STRUCTURAL  BOTANY. 


sura  of  the  two  preceding.     The  fifth  terms  in  order  will,  there- 
fore, be  -j^  ;  and  this  arrangement  is  actually  realized  in — 

269.  The  White  Pine  cycle.  In  the  young  shoots  of  the 
White  Pine,  in  cones  of  most  Pines,  in  Flea-bane  (Erigeron 
Canadense),  etc.,  the  fourteenth  leaf  stands  over  the  first,  th3 
fifteenth  over  the  second,  etc.  The  spiral  thread  makes  five 
revolutions  to  complete  the  cycle,  which  is,  therefore,  truly  ex* 
pressed  by  j^-^. 


299,  Pliyllotaxy  of  the  cone  (cycle  V2i^  of  Finns  serotina.  The  scales  flre  numhered  (1,  2,  3,  etc.)  in 
order  as  they  occur  in  the  formative  cycle.  Between  1  and  22  are  8  turns  and  21  scales,  etc.  3D0, 
Cherry  cycle  (^/g)  as  viewed  froui  above,  forming  necessarily  that  kind  of  aestivation  called  quincuncial. 


270.  The  Houseleek  cycle  is  next  in  order,  expressed  by 
the  fraction  (^fg)  yt,  having  eight  turns  and  twenty-one  leaves. 
Examples  are  found  in  the  Scotch  Pine,  Houseleek,  and  the  cone 
of  Pine  figured  above  (§  299). 

Seview.—ZGl.  What  is  the  etymology  of  the  word  phyllotaxy  ?  2'j2.  Explain  "  Lvs. 
radicar'— Lvs.  cauline— Lvs.  ramial.  What  is  the  alternate  arrangeraent '/—Opposite  ? 
—Scattered  '—Fasciculate  ?— Verticillate  ?  Reduce  to  two  general  types.  2(3:3.  Wliat  ex- 
periment reveals  the  true  nature  of  these  types  ?  State  the  Law  of  plant-development. 
264.  Carefully  explain  the  Elm  Cycle.  Why  is  its  index  i  ?  265.  Explain  also  thi  Aldei 
Cycle  and  its  index— and  the  other  cycles.  268.  Show  the  relation  of  these  cycles  Ex- 
plain tigs.  299,  300. 


MORPHOLOGY   OF  THE  LEAF.  91 

CHAPTER   XX. 

MORPHOLOGY    OF   THE    LEAF. 

271.  The  leaf  constitutes  the  verdure  of  plants,  and  is  by  far 
the  most  conspicuous  and  beautiful  object  in  the  scenery  of 
nature.  It  is  also  of  the  highest  importance  in  the  vegetable 
economy,  being  the  organ  of  digestion  and  respiration.  It  is 
characterized  by  a  thin  and  expanded  form,  presenting  the 
largest  possible  surface  to  the  action  of  the  air  and  light,  which 
agents  are  indispensable  to  the  life  and  increase  of  the  plant. 

The  leaf  may  be  regarded  as  an  expansion  of  the  substance  of 
the  bark,  extended  into  a  broad  thin  plate  by  means  of  a  woody 
framework  or  skeleton,  issuing  from  the  inner  part  of  the  stem. 
The  expanded  portion  is  called  the  lamina  or  blade  of  the  leaf, 
and  it  is  either  sessile^  that  is,  attached  to  the  stem  by  its  base, 
or  it  is  petiolate,  attached  to  the  stem  by  a  footstalk  called 
the  petiole. 

272.  The  regular  petiole  very  often  bears  at  its  base  a  pair 
of  leaf-like  appendages,  more  or  less  apparent,  called  stipules. 
Leaves  so  appendaged  are  said  to  be  stipulate  ;  otherwise  they 
are  exsti2:>ulate. 

273.  Therefore  a  complete  leaf  consists  of  three  distinct  parts — • 
the  lamina  or  blade,  the  petiole,  and  the  stipules.  But  they  are 
subject  to  endless  transformations.  Either  of  them  may  exist 
without  the  others,  or  they  may  all  be  transformed  into  other 
organs,  as  pitchers,  spines,  tendrils,  and  even  into  the  organs  of 
the  flower,  as  will  hereafter  appear. 

274.  The  Petiole  in  form  is  rarely  cylindrical,  but  more  gen- 
erally flattened  or  channelled  on  the  upper  side.  When  it  is  flat- 
tened in  a  vertical  direction,  it  is  said  to  be  compressed^  as  in 
the  Aspen  or  Poplar.  In  this  case  the  blade  is  very  unstable, 
and  agitated  by  the  least  breath  of  wind.  The  winged  petiole 
is  flattened  or  expanded  into  a  margin,  but  laterally  instead  of 
vertically,  as  in  the  Asters.  Sometimes  the  margins  outrun  the 
petioles,  and  extend  down  the  stem,  making  that  winged,  or 


92 


STRUCTURAL  BOTANY. 


alate^  also.     Such  leaves  are  said  to  be  decurrent  (decurro^  run 
down).     Ex.,  Mullein. 

275.  The  amplexicaid  petiole  is  dilated  at  the  base  into  a 
margin  which  surrounds  or  clasps  the  stem,  as  in  the  Umbelli- 
fers.  Frequently  we  find  the  stem-clasping  margins  largely 
developed,  constituting  a  sheath — with  free  edges  in  the  Grasses, 
or  closed  into  a  tube  in  the  Sedges, 

276.  The  petiole  is  simple  in  the  simple  leaf,  but  compound 
or  branched  in  the  compound  leaf,  with  as  many  branches  {petio- 
lides)  as  there  are  divisions  of  the  lamina.  A  leaf  is  simple  when 
its  blade  consists  of  a  single  piece,  however  cut,  cleft,  or  divided ; 
and  compound  when  it  consists  of  several  distinct  blades,  sup- 
ported by  as  many  branches  of  a  compound  petiole. 

277.  Stipules  are  certain  leaf-like  expansions,  always  in  pairs, 
situated  one  on  each  side  of  the  petiole  near  the  base.  They  do 
not  occur  in  every  plant,  but  are  pretty  uniformly  present  in 
each  species  of  the  same  natural  order.  In  substance  and  color 
they  usually  resemble  the  leaf;  sometimes  they  are  colored  like 
the  stem,  often  they  are  membranous  and  colorless.  In  the 
Palmetto  its  substance  is  a  coarse  net- work  resembling:  canvas. 


001,  Rose  leaf,  odd-pinnate,  with  aanate  stipules.    302,  Vioiet  (V.  tricolor),  ■with  simple  leaf  (0,  and  free 

compound  stipules. 

278.  Stipules  are  often  adnate,  or  adherent  to  the  petio-le,  as  in 
the  Rose ;  more  generally  they  are  free,  as  in  the  Pea  and 
Pansy.  In  these  cases  and  others  they  act  the  part  of  leaves ; 
again  they  are  very  small  and  inconspicuous. 

279.  An  Ochrea  is  a  membranous  sheath  enclosing  the  stem 
from  the  node  upward,  as  in  the  Knot-grass  family  (Polygo- 
naceae).  It  is  formed  of  the  two  stipules  cohering  by  their  two 
margins.     In  case  the  two  stipules  cohere  by  their  outer  margin 


MOEPHOLOGl    OF  THE  LEAF. 


93 


only,  a  double  stipule  is  formed  opposite  to  the  leaf,  as  in  the 
Buttonwood.  If  they  cohere  by  their  inner  margin,  the  double 
stipule  appears  in  the  leaf  axil,  as  in  the  Pond-weed  (Potamo- 
goton).  The  Ligule  of  the  Grasses  is  generally  regarded  as  a 
double  axillary  stipule.  The  leaflets  of  compound  leaves  are 
sometimes  furnished  with  little  stipules,  called  stipels. 

280.  Inter-petiolar  stipules  occur  in  a  few  opposite-leaved 
tribes,  as  the  Galium  tribe.  Here  we  find  them  as  mere  bristles 
in  Diodia,  while  in  Galium  they  look  like  the  leaves,  forming 
whorls.  Such  whorls,  if  complete,  will  be  apparently  6-leaved, 
consisting  of  two  true  leaves  and  four  stipules.  But  the  adja- 
r^ent  stipules  are  often  united,  and  the  whorl  becomes  4-leaved 


303,  Leaf  of  Selinum,  tripinnate,  with  sheathing  petiole.  304,  Leaf  of  Polygonum  Pennsylvanicnm, 
with  its  (o)  ochrea.  305,  Culm  of  Grass,  with  joint  (>),  leaf  (0,  ligule  («).  306,  Leaf  of  Fear-tree^ 
with  slender  stipules. 

281.  Stipules  are  o^en  fugacious,  existing  as  scales  in  the  bud, 
and  falling  when  the  leaves  expand,  or  soon  after,  as  in  the 
Magnolia  and  Tulip-tree. 

282.  Nature  of  veins.  The  blade  of  the  leaf  consists  of, 
(1)  the  frame-ic or k,  and  (2)  the  tissue  commonly  called  the  pa- 
renchynia.  The  frame-work  is  made  up  of  the  branching  vessels 
of  the  footstalk,  which  are  woody  tubes  pervading  the  paren- 
chyma, and  conveying  nourishment  to  every  part.  Collectively, 
these  vessels  are  called  veins,  from  the  analogy  of  their  functions. 
Vexation  is  a  term  denoting  the  manner  in  which  the  veins  are 
divided  and  distributed.  The  several  organs  of  venation,  differ- 
ing from  each  other  only  in  size  and  position,  may  be  termed 
the  midvein,  veins,  veinlets,  and  veinulets.  (The  old  terms,  rnicl- 
rib  and  nerves,  being  anatomically  absurd,  are  here  discarded.) 


94 


STRUCTURAL  BOTANY. 


283.  The  Midvein  is  the  principal  axis  of  the  venation,  or  pro- 
longation of  the  petiole,  running  directly  through  the  lamina, 
from  base  to  apex,  as  seen  in  the  leaf  of  the  Oak  or  Birch.  If 
there  be  several  similar  divisions  of  the  petiole,  radiating  from 
the  base  of  the  leaf,  they  are  appropriately  termed  Veins ;  and 
the  leaf  is  said  to  be  three-veined,  five-veined,  as  in  Maple.  The 
primary  branches  sent  off  from  the  midvein  or  the  veins  we  may 
term  the  Veinlets,  and  the  secondary  branches,  or  those  sent  off 
from  the  veinlets,  are  the  Veinulets.  These  also  branch  and 
subdivide  until  they  become  too  small  to  be  seen. 


Varieties  of  venatioT).— 207,  Feather-veined,— leaf  of  Betula  populifolia  (White  Birch),  lying  upon  » 
loHf  of  Plum-tree  ;  same  venation  with  different  outlines.  308,  Palmate-veined, —leaf  of  VVliite  Maple, 
contrasted  witl>  leaf  of  Cercis  Canadensis.  309,  Parallel  venation,— plant  of  "three-leaved  Solomou's- 
ieal"  (Smilacina  trifoliata).    310,  Forked  venation, — Climbing  Fern  iLygodium). 


284.  Botanists  distinguii.h  three  modes  of  venation,  which  are 
in  general  characteristic  of  three  Grand  Divisions  of  the  Vege- 
table Kingdom — viz.  : 

Reticulate  or  JSFet-veined^  as  in  the  Dicotyledons  (called  also 
ExsS'GExs).  This  kind  of  venation  is  characterized  by  the  fre- 
quent reunion  or  inosculation  of  its  numerously  brandling  veins, 
eo  as  to  form  a  kind  of  irregular  net-work. 

Parallel-veined^  as  in  the  Moxocotyledoxs  (called  also  Endo- 
GENs).     The  veins,  whether  straight  or  curved,  run  parallel,  or 


MORPHOLOGY   OF   THE   LEAF.  95 

side  by  side,  to  the  apex  of  the  leaf  or  to  the  margin,  and  are 
connected  by  simple  transverse  veinlets  hardly  seen. 

Fork-veined,  as  in  the  Ferns  (and  other  Ckyptogams  where 
veins  are  present  at  all).  Here  the  veins  divide  and  subdivide 
in  a  forked  manner,  and  do  not  reunite. 

285.  Of  the  Keticulate  venation  the  student  should  carefully 
note  three  leading  forms  :  viz.,  The  Feather-veined  (pinni-veined) 
leaf  is  that  in  which  the  venation  consists  of  a  midvein  giving  off 
at  intervals  lateral  veinlets  and  branching  veinulcts,  as  in  the 
leaf  of  Beech,  Chestnut.  In  the  Radiate-veined  (palmi-veined) 
leaf  the  venation  consists  of  several. veins  of  nearly  equal  size 
radiating  from  the  base  toward  the  circumference,  each  with  its 
own  system  of  veinlets.  Ex.,  Maple,  Crowfoot.  Lastly,  the 
Tripli-veined  seems  to  be  a  form  intermediate  between  the  two 
former,  where  the  lowest  pair  of  veinlets  are  conspicuously 
stronger  than  the  others,  and  extend  Avith  the  midvein  toward 
the  summit  (see  fig.  319). 

286.  In  parallel-veined  venation  the  veins  are  either  straight, 
as  in  the  linear  leaf  of  the  Grasses;  curved,  as  in  the  oval  leaf  of 
the  Orchis  ;  or  transverse,  as  in  the  Canna,  Calla,  etc. 

/rmew.— 271.  How  does  the  leaf  fijrure  in  landscape  scenery?  Its  general  character? 
What  is  the  blade  ?  The  petiole?  Explain  sessile— Petiolate.  2T2.  What  are  stipules? 
How  many?  Two  special  terms.  273.  When  is  the  leaf  complete?  Transformations. 
27i.  Describe  the  petiole  of  Aspen— Of  Aster,  etc.  What  peculiar  in  the  leaves  of  Mnl- 
l(!in  ?  What  is  amplexicaul  ?  What  constitutes  a  sheath  ?  What  fitrnre  ?  What  are 
pctioUiles?  27(5.  Distinguish  simple  and  compound.  277.  TF;^er<?  are  the  stipules  ?  Ap- 
p<  arance  ?  Are  they  always  present  ?  278.  What  of  the  Rose  ?— The  Pansy  ?  279.  What 
oi  Ochrese?  280.  What  of  the  stipules  of  Galium  ?— Of  Pond-weed  ?— Of  Grasses  ?— Of 
B  ittonwood  ?  What  are  stipels  ?  282.  Structure  of  the  Blade.  What  is  Venation  ?  Its 
oigans  ?  Why  veim  rather  than  ribs  f  283.  Define  Midvein.  What  leaf  has  such  ?  De- 
fine vein,  as  in  Maple,  Veinlets.  V^einnlets.  284.  Name  and  describe  the  Venation  of 
the  Exo;^ens— Of  the  Endogens— Of  the  Ferns.  28.5.  What  leaf  is  pinni-veined? 
Palrai-veined  ?— Tripli-veined  ?    Parallel  venation  how  varied  ? 


CHAPTER    XXI. 

MOEPHOLOGY    OF    THE    LEAF — CONTINUED. 

,^87.  That  infinite  variety  of  beautiful  and  graceful  forms  for 
which  the  leaf  is  distinguished,  becomes  intelligible  to  the  stu- 
dent only  when  viewed  in  connection  with  its  venaticn.  Since 
it  is  through  the  veins  alone  that  nutriment  is  conveyed  for  the 


96 


STRUCTURAL  BOTANY. 


development  and  extension  of  the  parenchyma,  it  follows  that 
there  will  be  the  greatest  extension  of  outline  where  the  veins 
are  largest  and  most  numerous.  Consequently  the  form  of  the 
leaf  will  depend  upon  the  direction  of  the  veins  and  the  vigor 
of  their  action  in  developing  the  intervening  tissue.  In  accord- 
ance with  this  theory,  leaf-forms  will  be  classed  in  respect  to 
Ihcir  venation. 


317 


FormsofJmres.—^W^  Rhododendron  maximum.  312,  Alnus  glutinosa  (cult.).  313,  Polygonum  dnm- 
etorum.  314,  Pawpaw.  315,  Impatiens  fiilva.  316,  Celtis  Americana.  317,  Oircaja  Lutetiana.  318 
(y'atmlnt.    319,  Solidago  Canadensis— a  tripli-veiued  leaf. 


288.  Feather- veined  leaves.  Of  these,  the  following 
forms  depend  upon  the  length  of  the  veinlets  in  relation  to  eacli 
other  and  to  the  midvein.  When  the  lower  veinlets  are  longer 
than  the  others,  the  form  of  the  blade  will  be  (1)  ovate^  with  the 
outline  of  an  e^^,  the  broad  end  at  the  base ;  (2)  la7iceolate,  or 
lance-shaped,  narrower  than  ovate,  tapering  gradually  upward ; 
(3)  deltoid,  or  triangular-shaped,  like  the  Greek  letter  A. 

289.  If  the  middle  veinlets  exceed  the  others  in  length,  the  leaf 
will  be  (4)  orbicular,  roundish,  or  quite  circular;  (5)  elliptical^ 
with  the  outline  of  an  ellipse,  nearly  twice  longer  than  broad ; 
(6)  oval,  broadly  elliptical ;  (7)  ohloiig,  narrowly  elliptical. 

290.  When  the  veinlets  are  more  largely  developed  in  the  upper 
region  of  the  leaf,  its  form  becomes  (8)  obovate,  inversely  ovate, 
the  narrow  end  at  base;   (9)  oblanceolate,  that  is,  lanceolate  with 


MORPHOLOGY  OF  THE  LEAF. 


97 


the  narrow  end  at  base;  (10)  spatidate,  like  a  spatula,  with  a 
narrow  base  and  a  broader,  rounded  apex ;  (11)  cuneate  or  cune- 
iform, shaped  like  a  wedge  with  the  point  backward. 


6  5  7        11     10  9 

320-330,  Diagrams  of  pinnate-veined  leaf-forms. 

291.  Again :  if  the  lowest  pair  of  veirdets  are  length- 
ened and  more  or  less  recurved,  the  leaf  will  be  vari- 
ously modified  in  respect  to  its  base,  becoming  (12) 
cordate,  or  heart-shaped,  an  ovate  outline  with  a  sinus 
or  re-entering  angle  at  base ;  (13)  auriculate,  with  ear- 
shaped  lobes  at  base ;  (14)  sagittate,  arrow-shaped,  with  the 
lobes  pointed,  and  directed  backward ;  (15)  hastate,  halbert- 
Bhaped,  the  lobes  directed  outward. 

337 


formic  ofhnvex.—?^.  Sileiie  \ 
sagittntuni.  XiJ,  Hepatica  ac 
IL  umbellata. 


3  V  irgin 
utiloba, 


ica.    3X,  Magnolia  Fraseri. 
333,  Asarum  Virginicuin. 


Arabis  dentata.    337,  Polygonum 

331,   Hydrocotyle  Americana.     335, 


292.  Pinnatifid  forms.  The  following  pinnate-veined  forms, 
approaching  the  compound  leaf,  depend  less  upon  the  proportion 
of  the  veinlets  than  upon  the  relative  development  of  the  inter- 

7 


98 


STRUCTUKAL  BOTANY. 


The  prefix  pinnated  is  obviously  used  in  contrast 
with  palmated  among  palmate-veined  forms. 

293.  Pinnatifid  (pioma^  feather, yjnc?o,  to  cleave),  feather-cleft, 
the  tissue  somewhat  sharply  cleft  between  the  veinlets  about 
half-way  to  the  midvein,  forming  oblong  segments.  When  the 
segments  of  a  pinnatifid  leaf  are  pointed  and  curved  backward, 
it  becomes  runcinate,  i.  e.,  re-uncinate.  When  the  terminal  seg- 
ment of  a  pinnatifid  leaf  is  orbicular  in  figure  and  larger  than 
any  other,  presenting  the  form  of  the  ancient  lyre,  the  form  is 
termed  lyrate. 


Feather-veined  leaven,  approaching  the  compomul.—ZS&,  Quercus  imbric.iria— undulate.  339,  Q.  alba 
(White  Oak)— lobate-sinuate.  340,  Q.  macrocarpa — lyrate.  341,  Mulgedium  (Milkweed).  342,  Bipin- 
natifld  lenf  of  Ambrosia  artemisifolia  (Hogweedj. 

294.  Pinnately  parted  implies  that  the  incisions  are  deeper 
than  pinnatifid,  nearly  reaching  the  midvein.  In  either  case  the 
leaf  is  said  to  be  sinuate  when  the  incisions  (sinuses)  as  well  as 
the  segments  are  rounded  and  flowing  in  outline.  Such  segments 
are  lobes,  and  the  leaves  lohate  or  lobed,  a  very  generic  term. 

295.  Palmate  forms.  The  palmate  venation  presents  us 
with  a  set  of  forms  which  are,  in  general,  broader  in  proportion 
ilian  the  pinnate,  having  the  breadth  about  equal  to  tJie  length. 
Such  a  leaf  may  be  rarely  broadly  ovate,  or  broadly  cordate, 
terms  wliich  require  no  further  explanation.  Or  it  may  be 
Reniform,  kidney-shaped,  having  a  flowing  outline  broader  than 
long,  concave  at  base ;  or  Peltate,  shield-form,  the  petiole  not 
inserted  at  the  margin,  but  in  the  midst  of  the  lower  surface  of 
the  blade.     This  singular  form  evidently  results  from  the  blend* 


MORPHOLOGY  OF  THE  LEAP. 


99 


ing  of  the  base  lobes  of  a  deeply  cordate  leaf,  as  seen  in  hydro- 
cotyle.     It  may  be  orbicular,  oval,  etc. 


fUUher-peined  leaves  afmnxt  compound.— M?t,  Nigella  (pinnatisect).    344,  (Mieledonium  niajus.    345,  Thi». 
tie  (Cirsium  lanceolatum).    346,  Dandelion  (runciiiate-lyrate). 

296.  The  following  result  from  deficiency  of  tissue,  causing 
deep  divisions  between  the  veins.  Leaves  thus  dissected  are 
said  to  be  palmately-lobed  when  either  the  segments  or  the  si- 


Palmate-vtined  ieui)«t.— 347,  Menispermum  Canndense.    348,  Passiflora  cerulea.    349,  Broussonetia  pa- 
pyri fera.    350,  Oak  Geranium. 

nases  are  somewhat  rounded  and  continuous.  The  number  of 
lobes  is  denoted  by  such  terms  as  bilobate^  trilobate,  five-lobed, 
etc.     Leaves  are  palmatety  cleft  and  palmately  parted^  according 


100 


STRUCTURAL  BOTANY. 


to  the  depth  of  the  incisions  as  above  described.     But  the  most 
peculiar  modification  is  the  Pedate,  like  a  bird's  foot,  having  the 
lowest  pair  of  veins  enlarged,  recurved, 
and  bearing   each   several   of  the   seg- 
ments (348). 

297.  The  forms  of  the  parallel- 
veined  leaves  are  remarkable  for  their 
even,  flowing  outlines,  diversified  solely 
by  the  direction  and  curvature  of  the 
veins.  When  the  veins  are  straight,  the 
most  common  form  is  the  Linear^  long 
and  narrow,  with  parallel  margins,  like 
the  leaves  of  the  Grasses — a  form  which 
may  also  occur  in  the  pinnate-veined 
leaf,  when  the  veinlets  are  all  equally 
shortened.  The  ensiform^  or  sword- 
shaped,  is  also  linear,  but  has  its  edges 
vertical,  that  is,  directed  upward  and 
downward. 

298.  If  the  veins  curve,  we  may  have 
the  lanceolate,  elliptical,  or  even  orbicu- 
lar forms  ;  and  if  the  lower  curve  down- 
ward, the  cordate,  sagittate,  etc.  Pal- 
mate forms  there  also  are,  splendidly 
develoj^ed  in  the  Palmetto  and  other 
Palms,  whose  large  leaves  are  appropri- 
ately c2X\edi  flahelliform  (fan-shaped). 

299.  The  leaves  of  the  Pine  and  the  Fir  tribe  (Conifera?)  gen- 
erally are  parallel-veined  also,  and  remarkable  for  their  con 
tracted  forms,  in  which  there  is  no  distinction  of  petiole  or  blade. 
Such  are  the  Acerose  (needle-shaped)  leaves  of  the  Pine,  the 
tubulate  (awl-shaped)  and  scale-form  leaves  of  the  Cedars,  etc. 


351,  Ensifoini  leaves  of  Iris.  352, 
Acerose  leaves  of  J'imis.  353,  Subu- 
late leaves  of  Juniperus  communis. 


Re'view.—'il'S^.  Account  for  the  leafs  figure.  What  the  principle  of  our  classiflcation? 
288..  Of  feather-veined  form?,  define  the  first  class.  Define  each  special  form.  28!).  Th«' 
eec'.nd  class.  Each  special  form.  290.  The  third  class.  Define  an  ohovate  leaf— An  o'tr- 
lanceolate— A  epatulate— A  cuneate.  291.  Define  the  fourth  class.  Disrinynish  four  spe- 
cial forms.  Apply  the  proper  term  to  each  figure  (311-319).  292.  On  what  do  the  pinna- 
tifid  forms  depend  ?  Describe  the  pinnatifid  leaf— The  runcinate— The  lyrate.  294.  What 
is  pinnately-parted  ?— Sinuate  ?  295.  What  forms  may  a  palmi-veined  leaf  take  ?  Define 
reniform— Peltate.  Observe  (fig.  347-350)  which  is  palmately  cleft— Parted— Lobed.  De- 
fine pedate.  297.  What  is  remarked  of  the  parallel-veined  leaves?  Examples  of  th« 
linear— Ensiform—Acerosc-Flabelliform— Subulate. 


THE   COMPOUND  LEAF. 


101 


CHAPTER    XXII. 


THE    COMPOUND   LEAF,    ETC. 

300.  If  we  conceive  of  a  simple  leaf  becoming  a  compound 
one,  on  the  principle  of  "  deficiency  of  tissue  between  the  veins," 
it  will  be  evident  that  the  same  forms  of  venation  are  represented 
by  the  branching  petioles  of  the  latter  as  by  the  veins  of  the 
former.  The  number  and  arrangement  of  the  parts  will  there- 
fore in  like  manner  correspond  with  the  mode  of  venation. 

301.  The  divisions  of  a  compound  leaf  arc  called  leaflets  ;  and 
che  same  distinction  of  outline,  margin,  etc.,  occur  in  them  as  in 
simple  leaves.  ^\\q  petiolules  of  the  leaflets  may  or  may  not  be 
articulated  to  the  main  petiole,  or  rachis^  as  it  is  called. 


Oympound  /ffair.i.— 354,  Trifolium  repens.    355,  Desmodiuri  fotuiidifoliuca.    356,     Sesbanin.     357,  Chs- 
sia.    358,  Agriir,imia. 

302.  Pinnately  compound.  From  the  pinnate-veined  ai  • 
rangement  we  may  have  tht;  pinnate  leaf,  where  the  petiole 
(midvein)  bears  a  row  of  leaflets  on  each  side,  either  sessile  or 
petiolulate,  generally  equal  in  number  and  opposite.  It  is  un- 
equally pinnate  (35V)  when  the  rachis  bears  an  odd  terminal 
leaflet,  and  equally  pinnate  (356)  when  there  is  no  terminal 


102 


STRUCTURAL  BOTANY. 


leaflet,  and  interruptedly  pinnate  when  the   leaflets  are  alter- 
nately large  and  small  (358). 

303.  The  number  of  leaflets  in  the  pinnate  leaf  a  aries  from 
thirty  pairs  and  upward  (as  in  some  Acacias),  down  to  three, 
when  the  leaf  is  said  to  be  ternate  or  trifoliate  y  or  two,  becom- 
ing hlnate  ;  or  Anally  even  to  one  leaflet  in  the  Lemon.  Such  a 
leaf  is  theoretically  compound,  on  account  of  the  leaflet  (blade) 
being  articulated  to  the  petiole. 


359    \  £>-  362  H 

Compound  leaves.— iia9,  Clematis.    360,  Erigeiiia  biilbosa.    361.  Acacia.    362,  Ilouey-locust 

304.  A  hiphuiate  leaf  (twice  pinnate)  is  formed  when  the 
racliis  bears  ^)/?i?Ke  or  secondary  pinnate  leaves,  instead  of  leaf- 
lets (361),  and  tripinnate  (thrice  pinnate)  when  pinna)  take  the 
places  of  the  leaflets  of  a  bipinnate  leaf  (360).  When  the  divi- 
sion is  still  more  complicated,  the  leaf  is  decompound.  Different 
degrees  of  division  often  exist  in  different  parts  of  the  same  leaf, 
illustrating  the  gradual  transition  of  leaves  from  simple  to  com- 
pound in  all  stages.  The  leaves  of  the  Honey-locust  and  Coffee- 
tree  (Gymnocladus)  often  aflTord  curious  and  instructive  exam- 
ples (362). 

305.  A  hiternate  leaf  is  formed  when  the  leaflets  of  a  ternate 
leaf  give  place  themselves  to  ternate  leaves  (359),  and  triternate 
when  the  leaflets  of  a  biternate  leaf  again  give  place  to  ternate 
leaves. 

300.  Palmately  compound.     The  palmate  venation  Las 


THE    COMPOUND   LEAF. 


103 


also  its  peculiar  forms  of  compound  leaves,  as  ternate,  quinate, 
septinate,  etc.,  according  to  the  number  of  leaflets  wliich  arise 
together  from  the  summit  of  the  petiole.  Ternate  leaves  of  this 
venation  are  to  be  carefully  distinguished  from  those  of  the 
pinnate  plan.  The  palmately  ternate  leaf  consists  of  three  leaf- 
lets, which  are  either  all  sessile 'or  stalked  alike;  the  pinnately 
ternate  has  the  terminal  leaflet  raised  above  the  other  two  on 
the  prolonged  rachis  (354,  355). 


366  J7  "*^  365  I  364 

363,  Lemon.    364,  Jeffersonia.    365,  Potentilla  anserina.    366,  P.  tridentata. 

307.  Apex.  In  regard  to  the  termination  of  a  leaf  or  leaflet 
at  its  apex,  it  may  be  acuminate,  ending  with  a  long,  tapering 
point ;  ciisjndate,  abruptly  contracted  to  a  sharp,  slender  point ; 
mucroiiate,  tipped  with  a  spiny  point ;  acute,  simply  ending  with 
an  angle ;  obtuse,  rounded  at  the  point.     Or  the  leaf  may  end 

^  <■■  d  e  f  g  h  k 


367-375,  Apex  of'  Jpnrpx.    «,  obcordate;  h,  emarginate;  c,  retuse;   d,  truncate;  e,  obtuse:  /,  acute;  g, 
miicronate;  h,  cuspidate;  /.-,  acuminate. 
376-330,  Bases  of  leauen.    I,  hastate;  hi,  7i,  sagittate;  o,  auriculata;  p,  cordate;  g,  reniforra. 

without  a  point,   being  truncate,  as  if  cut  square  ofi";  retuse, 
with  a  rounded  end  slightly  depressed  where  the  point  should 
be  ;  emarginate,  having  a  small  notch  at  the  end  ;  obcordate^ 
inversely  heart-shaped,  having  a  deep  indentation  at  the  end. 
308.  Margin.     The  following  terms  arc  used  to  define  the 


104 


STRUCTURAL  BOTANY. 


margin  of  the  leaf  or  leaflet,  with  no  reference  to  the  general 
form.  If  the  leaf  be  even-edged,  having  the  tissue  completely 
filled  out,  the  appropriate  term  is,  entire.  Sometimes  a  vein  runs 
along  such  a  margin  as  if  a  hem. 

309.  But  when  the  marginal  tissue  is  deficient,  the  leaf  be- 
comes dentate^  having  sharp  teeth  pointing  outward  from  tlie 
centre  ;  serrate^  with  sharp  teeth  pointing  forward,  like  the  teetli 
of  a  saw ;  crenate,  with  rounded  or  blunt  teeth.  The  terms 
denticulate^  serrulate^  crenulate^  denote  finer  indentations  of  the 
several  kinds  ;  doubly  dentate,  etc. ,  denote  that  the  teeth  aro 
themselves  toothed. 


S81,  Serrate  leaf  of  riiestmit  ^^82  Doubh  serrate  leaf  of  Elm  383,  Dentate  leaf  of  Arrow-woott. 
884,  Crenate  leat  of  (atimnt.  385,  Repand  leAf  of  Circaea.  386,  Undulate  leaf  of  Shingle  Oak.  387^ 
Tjobed  leaf  of  Chrysanthemum. 

310.  The  undulate,  or  wavy  edge,  is  somewhat  different  from 
the  repand,  which  bends  like  the  margin  of  an  umbrella.  If  the 
veins  project,  and  are  tipped  with  spines,  the  leaf  becomes 
spinous.  Irregularly  divided  margins  are  said  to  be  erose  or 
jagged,  laciniate  or  torn,  incised  or  cut.  Often,  instead  of  a 
deficiency,  there  is  a  superabundance  of  marginal  tissue,  de- 
denoted  by  the  term  C7'ispate  or  crisped. 

311.  Insertion.  Several  important  terms  descriptive  of  the 
various  modes  of  leaf-insertion  must  here  be  noticed.  A  sessile 
leaf  is  said  to  be  amjjlexlcaul  when  its  base  lobes  adhere  to  and 


THE  COMPOUND  LEAF. 


105 


clasp  the  stem.  Should  these  lobes  extend  quite  around  the 
stem  and  become  blended  together,  on  the  other  side  a  perfoliate 
leaf  will  be  formed  (joer,  through,  folium,  leaf),  the  stem  seem- 
ing to  pass  through  the  leaves.  When  the  bases  of  two  opposite 
sessile  leaves  are  so  united  as  to  form  one  piece  of  the  two,  they 
ai'e  said  to  be  connate. 


Insertion  of  leave-t.—^^,  Aster  laevis  (amplexicaul).    389,  Uvularia  perfoliata. 

virens  (connate). 


),  Lonicera  semper* 


312.  Surface.  The  following  terms  are  applicable  to  any 
other  organs  as  well  as  leaves.  In  the  quality  of  surface  the 
leaf  may  be  glabrous  (smooth),  destitute  of  all  hairs,  bristles, 
etc.,  or  scabrous  (rough),  with  minute,  hard  points,  hardly  visi- 
ble. A  dense  coat  of  hairs  will  render  the  leaf  pubescent  when 
the  hairs  are  soft  and  short ;  villous  when  they  are  rather  long 
and  weak ;  sericeous,  or  silky,  when  close  and  satin-like :  such 
a  coat  may  also  be  lanuginous,  woolly ;  tomentous,  matted  like 
felt ;  ovfloccose,  in  soft,  fleecy  tufts. 

313.  Thinly  scattered  hairs  render  the  surface  hirsute  Allien 
they  are  long ;  pilous  when  short  and  soft ;  hispid  when  short 
and  stiff*.  The  surface  will  be  setous  when  beset  with  bristly 
hairs  called  setcB  ;  and  spinous  when  beset  with  spines,  as  in  the 


106  STRUCTURAL  BOTANY. 

Thistle  and  Horse-nettle.  Leaves  may  also  be  armed  with 
stinging  hairs  which  are  sharp  and  tubular,  containing  a  poison- 
ous fluid,  as  in  Nettles  and  Jatropha  stiraulans  (503). 

314.  A prui7ioics  surface  is  covered  with  a  bluish-white  waxy- 
powder,  called  bloom,  as  in  the  Cabbage;  and  a  punctate  leaf 
is  dotted  with  colored  points  or  pellucid  glands. 

315.  In  texture  leaves  may  be  membranous,  or  coriaceous 
(leathery),  or  succulent  (fleshy),  or  scarious  (dry),  rugous  (wrin- 
kled), etc.,  which  terms  need  only  to  be  mentioned. 

31 G.  Double  terms.  The  modifications  of  leaves  are  almost  endless.  Many  other 
terms  are  defined  in  the  glossary,  yet  it  will  often  be  found  necessary  in  the  exact  descrip- 
tion of  a  plant  to  combine  two  or  more  of  the  terms  defined  in  order  to  express  some  in- 
termediate fii^ure  or  quality  ;  thus  ovate-lanceolate,  signifying  a  form  between  ovate  and 
lanceolate,  etc. 

31T.  The  Latin  preposition  sub  (under)  prefixed  to  a  descriptive  term  denotes  the 
quality  which  the  term  expresses,  in  a  lower  degree,  as  sitbsesdle,  nearly  sessile,  subser- 
rale,  somewhat  serrate. 

Beviexv.—^^.  ITow  a  simple  leaf  may  become  compound.  301.  What  arc  the  leaflets? 
—The  petiolnles  ?— The  rachis  ?  30-2.  "Describe  the  pinnate  leaf.  What  sort  is  fig.  350  ?— 
;^7'/— 358?  .303.  Numbers  ofleaflets  ?— In  trifoliate  ?— In  binate  ?  What  of  the  Lemon 
leaf?  Wliat  is  bipinnate?—Tripinnate?— Decompound  ?  What  singularity  in  the  leaf 
of  Iloney-locust  ?  Define  a  bitcrnate  leaf.— A  triternate.  Distinguish  palinately  and pin- 
nalely  ternate.  What  kind  of  leaf-form  is  fig.  355  ?— 351)  ?— 305  ?  Name  and  define  the 
acuminate,  and  other  forms  of  leaf-points.  What  leaf  is  truncate?— Emarginate  ?  etc. 
:^I9.  Speaking  merely  of  the  margin,  when  is  it  entire  ?~Dentate  ?— Serrate?— Crenate? 
What  if  the  teeth  are  fine?— Doubly  serrate?  310.  Undulate?  Erose  ?  Crisped?  312. 
As  to  surface,  what  is  glabrous  ?— Scabrous  ?  With  a  dense  coat  of  hairs,  mention  six 
modifications.  Distinguish  hirsute— Pilous— Hispid.  Also  setous,  spinous.  311.  What 
covers  the  pruinous  surface?  Explain  such  terms  as  ovate-lanceolate.  Use  of  subf 
Explain  fig.  388,  380,  300. 


CHAPTER    XXIII. 

TRANSFORMATIONS    OF   THE    LEAF. 

318.  Hitherto  we  have  considered  the  leaf  as  foliage  merely — 
constituted  the  fit  organ  of  aeration  by  its  large  expansion  of 
surface.  This  is  indeed  the  chief,  but  not  the  only  aspect  in 
which  it  is  to  be  viewed.  The  leaf  is  a  typical  form  ;  that  is,  a 
type,  or  an  idea  of  the  Divine  Architect,  whence  is  deiived  the 
form  of  every  other  appendage  of  the  plant.  To  trace  out  this 
idea  in  all  the  disguises  under  which  it  lurks,  is  one  of  the  first- 
aims  of  the  botanist.  Several  of  these  forms  of  disguise  have 
already  been  noticed — for  example : 

319.  The  scales  which  clothe  the  various  forms  of  scale- 


TRANSFORMATIONS  OF  THE  LEAF. 


107 


etems  are  leaves,  or  roore  \\su3\\  j  petioles,  reduced  and  distorted, 
perhaps  by  the  strait-cned  circumstances  of  their  underi^round 
growth.  The  scales  of  corms  and  rhizomas  are  mostly  mere 
membranes,  while  those  of  the  bulb  are  fleshy,  serving  as  deposi- 
tories of  food  for  the  future  use  of  the  plant.  That  these  scales 
are  leaves  is  evident—  1st,  from  their  position  at  the  nodes  of  the 
stem ;  2d,  from  their  occasional  development  into  true  leaves. 
Of  the  same  nature  arc  the  brown  scales  of  Winter  buds. 

320.  The  cotyledons  of  seeds  or  seed-lobes  are  readily  recog- 
nized as  leaves,  especially  when  they  arise  above-ground  in  ger- 
mination, and  form  the  first  pair  upon  the  young  plant ;  as  in 
the  Beechnut  and  Squash  seed.  Their  deformity  is  due  to  the 
starchy  deposits  with  which  they  are  crammv?d  for  the  nourish- 
ment of  the  embryo  when  germinating,  and  also  to  the  way  in 
which  they  are  packed  in  the  S'jtd. 


Ascidia.—Z91,  Nepenthes.    392,  Sarr<icenia  psittacina.    393,  S.  purpurea.    39 
niondii.    395,  Acacia  heterophylla— its  phyllodia. 


395 

Ct  uovii,  /3-  Druj  y 


321.  Phyllodia  are  certain  leaf-forms,  consisting  of  petiolei 
excessively  compressed,  or  expanded  vertically  into  margins 
while  the  true  lamina  is  partly  or  entirely  suppressed.  Fine 
examples  are  seen  in  our  greenhouse  Acacias  from  Australia, 
Their  vertical  or  edgewise  position  readily  distinguishes  them 
from  true  leaves. 

.'522.  Ascidia,  oi^  pitcliers,  are  surprising  forms  of  leaves,  ex* 


108 


STliUCTUPiAL  BOTANY. 


pressly  contrived,  as  if  by  art,  for  holding  water.  The  pitchers 
of  Sarracenia,  whose  several  species  are  common  in  bogs  North 
and  South,  are  evidently  formed  by  the  blending  of  the  involute 
margins  of  the  broadly  winged  petioles,  so  as  to  form  a  complete 
vase.  The  broad  expansion  which  appears  at  the  top  may  be 
regarded  as  the  lamina.  These  pitchers  contain  water,  in  which 
insects  are  drowned,  being  prevented  from  escaping  by  the  de- 
flexed  hairs  at  the  mouth.  Other  pitcher-bearing  plants  are 
equally  curious ;  as  Darlingtonia  of  California,  Nepenthes  and 
Dischidia  of  the  East  Indies.  In  Dionsea  of  North  Carolina, 
the  leaves  are  transformed  to  spiny,  snapping  fly-traps ! 

323.  Many  weak-stemmed  water-plants  are  furnished  with  Ai7'- 
bladders,  or  little  sacks  filled  with  air  to  buoy  them  up  near  to 
the  surface.  Such  are  the  bladders  of  the  common  Bladderwort, 
formed  from  the  leaf-lobes.  In  the  Horned-bladderwort,  the 
floats  are  made  of  the  six  upper  inflated  petioles  lying  upon  the 
surface  of  the  water  like  a  wheel-shaped  raft,  and  sustaining  the 
flower  upon  its  own  elevated  stalk. 


396,  Lftaf  of  Greenbrier,  with  tendrils  in  place  of  stipules.    397,  Leaf  of  Everlasting  Pea— tenrtrils  at  end 
ofrachis.    398,  Leaf  of  Gloriosa— apex  ends  in  a  tendril.    399,  Air-bladder  of  Horn  Pond ftecd. 

324.  The  Tendril  is  a  thread-like,  coiling  appendage,  fur- 
nished to  certain  weak-stemmed  plants  as  their  means  of  support 
in  place.  Its  first  growth  is  straight,  and  it  remains  so  until  it 
reaches  some  object,  when  it  immediately  coils  itself  about  it, 
and  thus  acquires  a  firm  though  elastic  hold.  This  beautiful 
nppendage  is  finely  exemplified  in  the  Cucurbitaceae  and  Grape, 
above  cited ;  also  in  many  species  of  the  Pea  tribe  (Leguminosa?), 
where  it  is  appended  to  the  leaves.  It  is  not  a  new  organ,  hut 
some  old  one  transformed  and  adapted  to  a  new  purpose.  In 
Gloriosa  superba,  the  midvein  of  the  leaf  is  prolonged  beyond 
tlie  blade  into  a  coiling  tendril.     In  the  Pea,  Vetch,  etc.,  the 


TBANSFOKMATIONS  OF  THE  LEAF. 


109 


tendrils  represent  the  attenuated  leaf-blades  themselves.  Agaiu, 
the  entire  leaf  sometimes  becomes  a  tendril  in  Lathyrus,  while 
the  stipules  act  as  leaves. 

325.  The  petiole  of  the  leaf  of  Clematis,  otherwise  unchanged, 
coils  like  a  tendril  for  the  support  of  the  vine.  In  the  Green- 
brier, the  stipules  are  changed  to  tendrils,  which  thus  arise  in 
pairs  from  the  base  of  the  petioles.     So  probably  in  the  Gourd. 

326.  But  the  tendrils  of  the  Grapevine  are  of  a  different  nature.  From  their  position 
opposite  the  leaves,  and  the  tubercles  occasionally  seen  upon  them,  representing  flower- 
buds,  they  are  inferred  to  be  abortive,  or  transformed  flower-stalks. 


Thorns — 400,  Crataegus  parvifolia  (thorns  axillary).    401,  Honey-locust.    402,  Common  Loaist.     403^ 
Berberis — a,  it,  its  thorns. 


327.  Many  plants  are  armed,  as  if  for  self-defence,  with  hard, 
filiarp-pointed,  woody  processes,  called  spines  or  thorns.  Those 
which  are  properly  called  spines  originate  from  leaves.  In  Ber- 
beris the  spines  are  evidently  transformed  leaves,  as  the  same 
plant  exhibits  leaves  in  every  stage  of  the  metamorphosis.  In 
Goat's-thorn  (Astragalus  tragacanthus)  of  S.  Europe,  the  pe- 
tioles change  to  spines  after  the  leaflets  fall  oflT.  In  the  Locust 
(Robinia),  there  is  a  pair  of  spines  at  the  base  of  the  j)etiole,  in 
place  of  stipules. 

328.  Thorns  originate  from  axillary  buds,  and  are  abortive  branches.  This  is  evident 
from  their  position  in  the  Hawthorn  and  Osage-orange.  The  Apple  and  Pear  tree  in 
their  wild  state  produce  thorns,  but  by  cultivation  become  thornless  ;  that  is,  the  axil- 
Uirj*  bads,  through  better  tillage,  develop  branches  instead  of  thorns.     The  terrible 


110  STRUCTUBAL  BOTANY. 

branching  thorns  of  the  Honey-locust  originate  just  above  ine  axil,  from  ( ccessory  ouds. 
Prickles  diffc  frona  either  spines  or  thorns,  growing  from  the  epidermis  upon  stems  or 
leaves,  at  no  determinate  point,  and  consisting  of  hardened  cellular  tissues,  as  in  the 
Rose,  Bramble. 

329.  By  a  more  gentle  transformation,  leaves  pass  into  Bracts, 
which  are  those  smaller,  reduced  leaf-forms  situated  near  and 
among  the  flowers.  So  gradual  is  the  transition  from  leaves 
to  bracts — in  the  Peony,  e.  g. — that  no  absolute  limits  can  be  as- 
signed. Equally  gradual  is  the  transition  from  bracts  to  sepals 
of  the  flower — affording  a  beautiful  illustration  of  the  doctrine 
of  metamorphosis  (§  330,  etc.)  Bracts  will  be  further  consid- 
ered under  the  head  of  Inflorescence. 

Beview.—'^Yl.  Early  aim  of  the  botanist  ?  319.  Prove  that  scales  are  transformed  leaves. 
Three  varieties  of  such  scales.  320.  Nature  of  the  cotyledons?  Proof?  Why  so  de- 
formed ?  321.  What  are  the  "  leaves"  of  Acacia  ?  322.  Give  the  nature  of  ascidia— The 
four  examples  given.  What  of  the  leaves  of  Dionsea  ?  323.  Use  of  air-bladders  ?  324. 
Use  of  the  tendril  ?  Is  this  a  new  organ  ?  Whence  that  of  Pea  ?— Lathyrus  ?— Gloriosa  ? 
In  Clematis  what  organs  serve  as  tendrils  ?— In  Greenbrier  ?— In  the  Grapevine  ?  327. 
Nature  of  the  spines  in  Berberis?— Goat's- thorn?— Locust?  328.  The  thorn  of  a  differ- 
ent nature.  When  do  trees  lose  their  thorns?  What  are  prickles?  329.  Nature  of 
Bracts  ? 


CHAPTER   XXIV. 

METAMORPHOSIS    OF    THE    FLOAVEE. 

330.  It  has  already  been  announced  (§  37)  that  a  flower  is  a 
metamorphosed,  that  is,  a  transformed  branch.  No  new  princi- 
ple or  element  was  devised  to  meet  this  new  necessity  in  the 
life  of  the  plant,  viz.,  the  perpetuation  of  its  kind  ;  but  the  leaf, 
that  same  protean  form  which  we  have  already  detected  in 
shapes  so  numerous  and  diverse,  the  leaf,  is  yet  once  more  in 
nature's  hand  moulded  into  a  series  of  forms  of  superior  elegance, 
touched  with  colors  more  brilliant,  and  adapted  to  a  higher 
sphere  as  the  organs  of  reproduction. 

331.  Proofs  of  this  doctrine  appear  on  every  hand,  both  in 
the  natural  and  in  the  artificial  development  of  plants.  We 
mention  a  few  instances.  The  thoughtful  student  will  observe 
many  more. 

332.  In  most  flowers,  as  in  the  Poppy,  very  little  evidence 
of  the  metamorphosis  appears,  simply  because  it  has  been  so 
complete.     Its  sepals,  petals,  stamens,  and  pistils — how  unlike  I 


METAMORPHOSIS   OF  THE   FLOWER. 


Ill 


Can  these  be  of  one  and  the  same  element  ?     Look  asrain.     Here 

o 

is  a  double  flower,  a  Poppy  of  the  gardens,  artificially  devel- 
oped ;  its  slender  white  stamens  have  indeed  expanded  into 
Lroad  red  petals  ! 

333.  The  argument  begins  with  the  sepals.  In  the  Rose  and 
Paeony,  and  in  most  flowers,  the  sepals  have  all  the  character- 
istics of  leaves — color,  form,  venation,  etc.  The  transition  from 
leaves  to  bracts  and  from  bracts  to  sepals  is  so  gradual  as  to 
place  their  identity  beyond  doubt.  Again,  in  Calicanthus,  the 
sepals  pass  by  insensible  gradations  into  petals ;  and  in  the 
Lilies  these  two  ors^ans  are  almost  identical.     Hence,  if  the  se- 


414 
*0i,  Papaver  (poppy 


405 


— .«,  stamens;  p,  stigmas.    405,  Sepal.     406,  Petal— all  very  different.    407,  Petals 
of  the  Water-lily  (Nymphsea)  gradually  passing  into  stamens. 


pals  are  leaves,  the  petals  are  leaves  also.  In  respect  to  the  na- 
ture of  the  stamens,  the  Water-lily  is  particularly  instructive. 
Here  we  see  a  perfect  gradation  of  forms  from  stamens  to  petals, 
and  thence  to  sepals,  where,  half-way  between  the  two  former, 
we  find  a  narrow  j^etal  tipped  w^ith  the  semblance  of  an  anther 
(410).  Finally,  cases  of  close  resemblance  between  stamen  and 
pistil,  so  unlike  in  the  Poppy,  are  not  wanting.  For  example, 
the  Tulip-tree. 

3.34.  Teratology.  Cases  in  artificial  development  where  organs  of  one  kind  are 
converted  into  those  of  another  kind  by  cultivation,  aflford  undeniable  evidence  of  the 
doctrine  in  question— /Ae  homology  of  all  the  fionU  organs  with  each  other  and  with  the 
%mf  Such  cases  are  frequent  in  the  garden,  and,  however  much  admired,  they  are  monr 
pirotri^  because  unnatural.  In  all  double  flowers,  as  Rose.  P.eony,  Camellia,  the  stamens 
bavo  been  reconverted  into  petals,  (uther  wholly  or  partially,  some  yet  remaining  in 
every  conceivable  stage  of  the  transition.  In  the  double  Butter-cup  (416)  the  pistils  as 
well  as  stamens  revert  to  petals,  and  in  the  garden  Cherry,  Flowering  Almond,  a  pair  ol 
green  leaves  occupy  the  place  of  the  pistils.  By  still  further  changes  all  parts  of  the 
flower  manifest  their  foliage  affinities,  and  the  entire  flower-bud,  after  having  given  clear 
indications  of  its  floral  character,  is  at  la^t  developed  into  a  leafy  branch  (417).  Further 
evidence  of  this  view  will  appear  in  the— 


112 


STRUCTURAL  BOTANY. 


335.  iEstivation  of  the  flower-bud.  This  term  (from 
cestivus,  of  Summer)  refers  to  the  arrangement  of  the  floral 
envelopes  while  yet  in  the  bud.  It  is  an  important  subject,  since 
in  general  the  same  mode  of  aestivation  regularly  characterizes 
whole  tribes  or  orders.  It  is  to  the  flower-bud  what  vernation 
[vernus,  Spring)  is  to  the  leaf-bud.  The  various  modes  of  aesti- 
vation are  best  observed  in  sections  of  the  bud  made  by  cutting 
it  through  horizontally  when  just  ready  to  open.  From  such 
sections  our  diagrams  are  copied. 


415,  Ranimculus  acris;  a  single  flower.    416,  R.  acris,  P.  plena,  a  double  flower.    417,  Epacris  impressa* 
the  flowers  changing  to  leafy  branches  (Lindley). 

336.  Separately  considered,  we  find  each  organ  here  folded 
in  ways  similar  to  those  of  the  leaf-bud ;  that  is,  the  sepal  or 
the  petal  may  be  convolute,  involute,  revolute,  etc.,  terms  already 
defined.  Collectively  considered,  the  a3stivation  of  the  flower 
occurs  in  four  general  modes  with  their  variations — the  valvate, 
the  contorted,  imbricate,  and  plicate. 

337.  In  valvate  sestivation  the  pieces  meet  by  their  mar- 
gins without  any  overlapping ;  as  in  the  sepals  of  the  Mallow, 
petals  of  Hydrangea,  valves  of  a  capsule.     The  following  va- 


METAMORPHOSIS  OF  THE  FLOWER. 


113 


rieties  of  the  valvate  occur :  Induplicate^  where  each  piece  is  in- 
volute— i.  €.,  has  its  two  margins  bent  or  rolled  inward,  as  in 
Clematis ,  or  reduplicate,  when  each  piece  is  revolute — having 
its  margins  bent  or  rolled  outward,  as  in  the  sepals  of  Althea 
rosea  (419,  420). 

338.  Contorted  aestivation  is  where  each  piece  overlaps 
its  neighbor,  all  in  the  same  direction,  appearing  as  if  twisted 
together,  as  in  Phlox,  Flax,  Oleander  (421). 

418 


41&-425,  Modes  of  aestivation.    424,  Petals  of  the  Wall-flower. 

339.  Imbricated  aestivation  {imbrex,  a  tile)  is  a  term  re- 
stricted to  those  modes  in  which  one  or  more  of  the  petals  or 
sepals  is  wholly  outside,  overlapping  two  others  by  both  its 
margins.  This  kind  of  aestivation  naturally  results  from  the 
spiral  arrangements  so  common  in  phyllotaxy,  while  the  valvate 
and  contorted  seem  identified  with  the  opposite  or  whorled  ar- 
rangement. The  principal  varieties  are  the  following  :  The  Quin- 
cuncial,  consisting  of  five  leaves,  two  of  which  are  wholly  with- 
out, two  wholly  within,  and  one  partly  both,  or  one  margin  out, 
the  other  in,  as  in  the  Rose  family  (422).  This  accompanies 
the  two-fiftlis  cycle  in  phyllotaxy,  and  corresponds  precisely 
w^ith  it,  each  quincunx  being  in  fact  a  cycle  with  its  internodee 
suppressed.  (See  fig.  300,  and  §  266.)  The  Triquetrous,  con- 
sisting of  three  leaves  in  each  set,  one  of  which  is  outside,  one 
inside,  and  the  third  partly  both,  as  in  Tulip,  Erythronium, 
agreeing  w^ith  the  two-thirds,  or  Alder  Cycle  (§  265).  The  Con- 
volute, when  each  leaf  wholly  involves  all  that  are  within  it,  as 

8 


114 


STRUCTUEAL  BOTANY. 


do  the  petals  of  Magnolia ;  and  lastly,  the  Vexillary,  when  one 
piece  larger  than  the  rest  is  folded  over  them,  as  in  Pea  (425). 

340.  Plicate  or  folded  aestivation  occurs  in  tubular  or  mono- 
petalous  flowers,  and  has  many  varieties,  of  which  the  most  re- 
markable is  the  super  volute^  where  the  projecting  folds  all  turn 
obliquely  in  the  same  direction,  as  in  the  Morning-glory,  Thorn- 
apple  (Datura). 


IHnqramn  of  flowers  (as  seen  hi/  cross-sections). — i26,  .leffersonia  diphylla — n,  ovary;  j»,  stamens;  <l,  inner 
row  of  petals,  fcstivation  triquetrous;  b,  outer  row  of  petals,  ajstivation  contorted;  c.  sepals,  jestivation 
quincuucial.    427,  Lily.    428,  Strawberry.    429,  Mustard.    The  pupil  will  designate  modes  of  {estivation. 

It  will  be  seen  by  the  cuts  that  different  modes  of  aestivation 
may  occur  in  the  different  whorls  of  the  same  flower. 

Review.— ^^.  What  is  the  meaning  of  Metamorphosis  ?  Is  the  Flower  a  neiv  principle  ? 
Wheiice  is  it  ?  331.  Two  sources  of  proof.  332.  What  is  said  of  the  Poppy?  3-3:3.  State 
the  first  argument.  What  is  proved  by  this?  Prove  that  the  petals  are  leaves.  Argu- 
ment from  the  Water-lily— From  the  Tulip-tree.  .334.  Define  Teratolosry.  State  once 
more  the  point  to  be  proved.  What  are  monstrous  flowers  ?  How  does  tlie  Rose  become 
double  ?  Change  in  the  Double  Cherry  ?— In  Buttercups  ?— In  fig.  417  ?  3.35.  Meaning  of 
^Estivation  ?  Why  is  the  subject  important  ?  Meaning  of  Vernation  ?  How  to  observe 
them  ?  3.36.  Four  general  modes  of  ^^stivation.  1337.  Define  the  Valvate— Its  two  va- 
rieties. 3:38.  Define  the  Contorted.  3:39.  Define  the  Imbricated— The  Quincnncial- Tri- 
rjuetrous— Convolute.    How  is  it  in  the  Pea?    Describe  the  aestivation  of  Convolvulus. 


CHAPTER    XXV. 


INFLORESCENCE. 


341.  Inflorescence  is  a  term  denoting  the  arrangement  of  the 
flowers  and  their  position  upon  the  plant. 

All  the  buds  of  a  plant  are  supposed  to  be  origin<iUy  of  one  and  the  same  nature,  look- 
ing to  the  production  of  vegetative  organs  onlj'.  But  at  a  certain  period,  a  portion  of  the 
buds  of  the  living  plant,  by  an  unerring  instinct  little  understood,  are  converted  from 
their  ordinary  intention  into  Jlower-huds,  as  stated  and  illustrated  in  the  foregoing  Chap- 
ter. The  flower-bud  is  incapal)le  of  extension.  While  the  leaf-bud  may  unfold  leaf  after 
leaf,  and  node  after  node,  to  an  indefinite  extent,  the  flower-bud  blooms,  dies,  and  arrests 
forever  the  extension  of  the  axis  which  bore  it. 

342.  In  position  and  arrangement,  flower-buds  cannot  differ 
from  leaf-buds,  and  both  are  settled  by  the  same  unerring  law 


INFLORESCENCE. 


im 


which  determines  the  arrangement  of  the  leaves.  Accordingly, 
the  flower-bud  is  always  found  either  terminal  or  axillary.  In 
either  case,  a  single  bud  may  develop  either  a  compound  inflo- 
rescence, consisting  of  several  flowers  with  their  stalks  and  bracts, 
or  a  solitary  inflorescence,  consisting  of  a  single  flower. 

343.  The  Pedimcle  is  the  flower-stalk.  It  bears  no  leaves,  or 
at  least  only  such  as  are  reduced  in  size  and  changed  in  form, 
called  bracts.  If  the  peduncle  is  wanting,  the  flower  is  said  to 
be  sessile.  The  simple  peduncle  bears  a  single  flower ;  but  if 
the  peduncle  be  divided  into  branches,  it  bears  several  flowers, 
and  the  final  divisions,  bearing  each  a  single  flower,  are  called 
pedicels.  The  main  stem  or  axis  of  a  compound  peduncle  is 
called  the  rachis. 

344.  The  Scape  is  a  flower-stalk  which  springs  from  a  subter- 
ranean stem,  in  such  plants  as  are  called  stemless  or  acaulescent ; 
as  the  Primrose,  Tulip,  Bloodroot.  Like  the  peduncle,  it  is  leaf- 
less or  with  bracts  only,  and  may  be  either  simple  or  branched. 
The  flower-stalk,  whether  peduncle,  scape,  or  pedicel,  always 
terminates  in  the  torus  (§57). 


Brarts  (h,  h,  W— 430,  Cornus  Canadensis,  with  an  involucre  of  4  colored  bracts.    431,  Hepatica  triloba, 
with  im  involucre  ol'S  gieen  bracts.    432,  Calla  palustris,  with  a  colored  spathe  of  one  bract. 


345.  Bracts.  The  branches  of  the  inflorescence  arise  from 
the  axils  of  reduced  leaves,  called  bracts.  Those  leaves,  still 
smaller,  growing  upon  the  pedicels,  are  called  bractlets.  Bracts 
are  usually  simple  in  outline  and  smaller  than  the  leaf,  often 
gradually  diminishing  to  mere  points,  as  in  Aster,  or  even  totally 


116 


STRUCTURAL  BOTANF. 


suppressed,  as  in  the  Crucifersa.  Often  they  are  colored,  some- 
times  brilliantly,  as  in  Painted-cup.  Sometimes  they  are  scahv 
like,  and  again  they  are  evanescent  membranes. 

346.  The  Spathe  is  a  large  bract  formed  in  some  of  the  Mono- 
cotyledons, enveloping  the  inflorescence,  and  often  colored,  as  in 
Arum,  Calla ;  or  membranous,  as  in  Onion  and  Daffodil. 

347.  Bracts  also  constitute  an  Involucre  when  they  are  col- 
lected into  a  whorl  or  spiral  group.  In  the  Phlox,  Dodecatheon, 
and  generally,  the  involucre  is  green,  but  sometimes  colored  and 
petaloid,  as  in  Dogwood  and  Euphorbia.  Situated  at  the  base 
of  a  compound  umbel,  it  is  called  a  general  involucre ;  at  the 
base  of  a  partial  umbel  it  is  a  partial  involucre  or  involucel^ 
both  of  which  are  seen  in  the  Umbelliferse. 


433,  Ileliuuthus  grosse-serratus — ?,  involucre;  r,  rays,  or  ligulate  flowers.  434,  One  of  the  disk-flowers 
with  its  cliaff-scale  (hract).  43.5,  Acorn  of  Moss-cup  Oak  (Q.  macropliylla).  436,  Poa  pratensis^',  spike- 
let  entire;  g,  glumes  separated;  c,  a  flower  separated,  displaying  the  two  pales,  3  stamens  and  2  styles. 

348.  In  the  Compositae,  where  the  flowers  are  crowded  upon  a 
common  torus,  forming  what  is  called  a  compound  flower^  an  in- 
volucre composed  of  many  imbricated  scales  (bracts)  surrounds 
them  as  a  calyx  surrounds  a  simple  flower.  The  chaff  also  upon 
the  torus  are  bracts  to  which  each  floret  is  axillary  (434). 

349.  In  the  Grasses,  the  bracts  subsist  under  the  general  name 
of  chaff.  At  the  base  of  each  spikelet  (436)  of  flowers  we  And 
two  bracts — the  Glumes.  At  the  base  of  each  separate  flower 
in  the  spikelet  are  also  two  bractlets — the  Pales — en ve- oping  as 
a  calyx  the  three  stamens  and  two  styles  (c). 

350.  The  cup  of  the  Acorn  is  another  example  of  involucre, 


SPECIAL  FORMS   OF  INFLORESCENCE.  117 

composed   of  many  scale-like  bractlets.     So,  also,  perhaps  the 
burr  of  the  Chestnut,  etc. 

351.  The  forms  of  inflorescence  are  exceedingly  various,  but 
may  all  be  referred  to  two  classes,  as  already  indicated — the 
axillary^  in  which  all  the  flowers  arise  from  axillary  buds ;  the 
terminal^  in  which  all  the  flower-buds  are  terminal. 

352.  Axillary  infloresceiice  is  called  indefinite^  because  the 
axis,  being  terminated  by  a  leaf-bud,  continues  to  grow  on  in- 
definitely, developing  bracts  with  their  axillary  flowers  as  it 
grows.  It  is  also  called  centripetal^  because  in  the  order  of  time 
the  blossoming  commences  with  the  circumference  (or  base)  of 
the  inflorescence,  and  proceeds  toward  the  central  or  terminal 
bud,  as  in  Hawthorn  or  Mustard. 

353.  Terminal  inflorescence^  on  the  other  hand,  is  definite^  im- 
plying that  the  growth  of  the  axis  as  well  as  of  each  branch  is 
definitely  arrested  and  cut  short  by  a  flower.  It  is  also  centrif- 
vgal,  because  the  blossoming  commences  with  the  central 
flower  and  proceeds  in  order  to  the  circumference,  as  in  the 
Svveet-William,  Elder,  Hydrangea. 

354,  Both  kinds  of  inflorescence  are  occasionally  combined  in  the  same  plant,  where 
the  general  system  may  be  distinguished  from  the  partial  clusters  which  compose  it. 
Thus  in  the  Compositae,  while  the  florets  of  each  head  open  centripetally,  the  general 
inflorescence  is  centrifugal,  that  is,  the  terminal  head  is  developed  before  the  lateral 
ones.  But  in  the  Labiatje  the  partial  clusters  (verticillasters)  open  ceutrifugally,  while  tho 
general  inflorescence  is  indefinite,  proceeding  ft*om  the  base  upward. 

Review.— Z\\.  Define  inflorescence.  Metamorphosis  of  buds.  342.  Position  of  buds. 
What  may  a  sin^rle  bud  develop  ?  34:3.  What  is  a  peduncle  ?  May  it  bear  leaves  ?  What 
the  pedicels  ?—Rachis ?  When  is  a  flower  sessile?  344.  How  does  a  scape  difl'er  from 
peduncle  ?  Where  is  the  torus  ?  Mo.  What  are  bracts  '—Bractlets  ?  How  are  the  bracts 
inCruclfers?  What  of  color?  34G.  Define  spathe.  Illustrate.  347.  Define  in  vol  ncro— 
Involucel.  348.  Describe  a  (so-called)  compound  flower.  What  is  the  chafl"?  349.  Ii? 
Grasses,  what  are  the  glumes  ?— The  pales  ?  350.  What  is  the  nature  of  the  cup  in  Oak  ? 
Why  is  axillary  infl.  called  indefinite  ?  — Why  centripetal  ?  Why  is  terminal  infl.  definite  ? 
— N\  hy  centrifugal  ?    How  are  both  combined  in  Compositae  ? 


CHAPTER    XXVI. 

SPECIAL   FORMS    OF    INFLORESCENCE. 

855.  Of  centripetal  or  axillary  inflorescence  the  prin- 
cipal  varieties  are  the  spike,  spadix,  catkin,  raceme,  corymb, 
umbel,  panicle,  thyrso,  head.     The  sjnke  is  a  long  rachis  with 


118 


STRUCTURAL  BOTANY. 


sessile  flowers  either  scattered,  clustered,  or  crowded  upon  it, 
as   Plantain,  Mullein,  Vervain.     The    so-called    spikes  of  the 


435,  Spiranthes  cernua — flowers  in  a  twisted  spike.    436.  Orontiurn  aquaticura— flowers  on  a  naked 
spadix.    437,  Betula  lenta— flowers  in  aments. 

Grasses,  as  Wheat,  Timothy,  are  in  fact  compound  spikes,  bear 
ing  little  spikes  or  spikelets  in  place  of  single  flowers  (440). 


442        440 


4.'^,  Andromeda  racemosa — flowers  in  a  secund  raceme.  439,  Vtrbascum  Blattaria— raceme.  440 
Loliuni  perenne— a  compound  spike  or  a  spike  of  spikelets.  441  Diiisiicus  sylvestris— lieud  with  an  in 
volucre  l!  leaves.    442.  Osniorliiza  lontristylis— a  compound  umbel.     443.  Its  fruit. 


SrECIAL  FORMS   OF   INFLORESCENCE. 


119 


356.  The  spadlx  is  a  thick,  fleshy  rachis,  with  flowers  closely- 
sessile  or  imbedded  on  it,  and  usually  with  a  spathe,  as  in 
Calla  (432),  or  without  it,  as  in  Golden-club  (436). 

357.  The  catkin  or  ament  is  a  slender,  jjendent  spike  with 
scaly  bracts  subtending  the  naked,  sessile  flowers,  all  caducous 
(falling)  together,  as  in  Birch,  Beech,  Oak,  Willow. 

358.  The  raceme  is  a  rachis  bearing  its  flowers  on  distinct, 
simple  pedicels.  It  may  be  erect,  as  in  Hyacinth,  Pyrola  ;  or 
pendulous,  as  in  Currant,  Blackberry.  The  corymb  diflers  from 
the  raceme  in  having  the  lower  pedicels  lengthened  so  as  to 
elevate  all  the  flowers  to  about  the  same  level.  The  corymb 
often  becomes  compound  by  the  branching  of  its  lower  pedicels, 
as  in  Yarrow. 


444  445 

444,  Staphjlea  trifolia— <a  pendulous,  paniculate  cyme.    445,  Catalpa— a  panicle. 

359.  An  umbel  consists  of  several  pedicels  of  about  equal 
1«  ngth  radiating  from  the  same  point — the  top  of  the  common 
peduncle,  as  Milk-weed,  Ginseng,  Onion.  When  the  pedicels  of 
an  umbel  become  themselves  umbels,  as  in  Caraway  and  most 
of  the  IImbellifera3,  a  compound  umbel  is  produced.  Such  sec- 
ondary umbels  are  called  umbellets,  and  the  primary  pedicels, 
rays. 

360.  The  panicle  is  a  ccmpound  inflorescence  formed  by  the 
irregular  branching  c  f  the  pedicels  of  the  raceme  as  in  Oats, 


120 


STRUCTURAL  BOTANY. 


Spcar-grass,  Catalpa.     A  thyrse  is  a  sort  of  compact,  oblong,  oi 
pyramidal  panicle,  as  in  Lilac,  Grape. 

361.  A  liead  or  capitulum  is  a  sort  of  reduced  umbel,  having 
the  flowers  all  sessile  upon 
the  top  of  the  peduncle,  as  in 
the  Button-snake-root,  Button- 
bush,  Clover.  But  the  more 
common  examples  of  the  ca- 
pitulum are  seen  in  the  Com- 
posita?,  where  the  summit  of 
the  peduncle,  that  is,  tlie  re- 
ceptacle, is  dilated,  bearing  the 
sessile  flowers  above,  and  scale- 
like bracts  around,  as  an  in- 
volucre. 

362.  The  capitulum  of  the 
Compositse   is   often   called  a 

r»nmr»nnnfl    flnwov    -fiT»i-n     ite    vn  **^'  Vernonia   fusciculata— flowers    in    a  discoid 

COmpOUna    nO^\ei     IlOm    its    le-     head  with  an  imbricated  involucre.     447,   A  single 

-1  T  .-I  .  -1  flower  remaining  on   the  receptacle.    448,   A   fruit 

SemOianCe,     the     involucre     an-     crowned  with  the  pappus.     449,  Mulgedlum-a head 

4r>U,  A  single  flower  remaining  on  the   receptacle. 

swering  to  a  calyx,  the  rays  to   ^»i'  ^  iruit  with  pappus. 
the  corolla.     The  flowers  are  called  florets — those  of  the  outer 
circle,y?o?-e^8  0/ Me  r«y,  generally  differing  in  form  from  those 
of  the  central  portions,  the  Jforets  of  the  disk. 

363.  Of  terminal  inflorescence  the  following  varieties  are 
described:  cyme,  fascicle  (verticillaster),  and  glomerule. 


Dlngrare  (452)  of  cyme;  flowers  numbered  in  the  order  of  their  development. — 153,  Cyme  fastigiate. 
454,  Cyme  half  developed — a  scorpoid  raceme. 

364.  Cyme  is  a  general  term  denoting  any  inflorescence  with 
centrifugal  evolutions,  but  is  properly  applied  to  that  level- 
topped  or  fastigiate  form  which  resembles  the  corymb,  as  in  the 


SPECIAL  FORMS  OF  INFLORESCENCE. 


121 


Elder.  If  it  is  loosely  spreading,  not  fastigiate,  it  is  called  a 
cymous  panicle^  as  in  the  Chickweed,  Spergula,  etc.  If  it  be 
rounded,  as  in  the  Snowball,  it  is  a  globous  cyme. 


455  456 

455,  Myosotis  palustris — scorpoid  racemes.    466,  Stellaria  media — a  regular  cyme. 

365.  A  scorpoid  cyme^  as  seen  in  the  Sundew,  Sedum,  and 
Borrage  family,  is  a  kind  of  coiled  raceme,  unrolling  as  it  blos- 
soms. It  is  understood  to  be  a  half-developed  cyme,  as  illus- 
trated in  the  cut  (454).  The  fascicle  is  a  modification  of  the 
cyme,  with  crowded  and  nearly  sessile  flowers,  as  in  Sweet- 
William  (Dianthus). 

366.  Glomerule,  an  axillary  tufted  cluster,  with  a  centrifugal 
evolution,  frequent  in  the  Labiatas,  etc.  When  such  occur  in 
the  axils  of  opposite  leaves  and  meet  around  the  stem,  each  pair 
constitutes  a  verticillaster  or  verticil,  as  in  Catmint,  Hoarhound. 


3(i7.  Tlie  above  diagrams  show  the  mutual  relations  of  the  several  forms  of  centripetal 
inflovescence— how  they  are  graduated  from  the  spike  (457)  to  the  head  (464).  Thus  the 
spike  (457)  +  the  pedicels  =  raceme  (458) ;  the  raceme  with  the  lower  pedicels  length- 


122 


STRUCTURAL  BOTANY. 


ened  =-  corjTtnb  (459) ;  the  corymb  —  the  rachis  =  umbel  (460) ;  the  umbel  —  pedicels  = ; 
head  (464),  etc. 

(For  the  phenomena  of  Flowering,  Coloring,  the  Floral  Calendar,  the  Floral  Clock,  sec 
the  Class  Book  of  Botar/,  pp.  75-77.) 

Feview.—^5.  Name  the  varieties  of  axillary  inflorescence.  What  is  the  Spike  ?  356. 
What  is  the  Spadix?  357.  Compare  the  Amen t  and  Spike.  358.  Give  examples  of  Ra- 
cemes. Compare  the  Raceme  and  Corymb.  How  does  the  Corymb  become  compound  ? 
;35().  llow  change  Corymb  to  Umbel  ?  What  is  the  Compound  Umbel  ?  360.  Describe 
tiie  Panicle— The  Thyrse.  361.  What  is  the  Head  ?  362.  Describe  the  Capitulum  of  Com- 
posita;.  What  its  involucre  ?— Its  outer  floAvers?— Its  inner  flowers?  363.  Name  the 
varieties  of  Terminal  Inflorescence.  364.  Describe  the  Cyme.  Show  by  fi^.  456  how  it  is 
developed.  365.  Nature  of  the  scorpoid  cyme.  366.  What  is  the  glomerufe?  367.  Show 
the  relations  of  Spike  to  Raceme— Of  Raceme  to  Corymb,  etc.  (457-464.) 


:»*#  Hitherto  we  have  treated  of  the  organisms  of  the  Phtenogamia,  or  Flowering 
I'lants,  the  higher  of  the  two  Subkingdoms  of  the  vegetable  world.  The  other  Subking- 
dom,  called  the  Cryptogaraia,  or  Flowerless  Plants,  includes  the  lower  tribes  of  vegeta- 
tion, such  as  the  Ferns,  Mosses,  Lichens,  etc.,  never  adorned  with  flowers,  and  producing 
siwres  instead  of  seeds.  For  the  Morphology  of  these  tribes,  see  the  Class  Book  of  Bot- 
any, pp.  124-129.  Or  study  carefully  the  descriptions  at  the  head  of  the  several  Crypto 
^amic  Orders  in  the  present  volume. 


Vig.  460  big,  A  Fern  ;  Polypodiura  vulgare.  461  bis,  Chib-moss  ;  Lycopodium  deudroideura.  462  bU 
Kquisetum  (Scouring  Rush).  463  &i«,  a  Liverwort  Moss  ;  Jungerniaunia.  464  bis,  a  Fungus  or  Mueh 
room  •  Agaricus,  in  three  stages  of  growth. 


PART  SECOND. 

PHYSIOLOGICAL  BOTANY, 


CHAPTER  I, 


OF   TUB    VEGETABLE    CELL. 


368.  At  the  head  of  this  chapter  we  place  a  sketch  represent- 
ins:  a  thin  cuttinsc  from  the  rhizome  of  Bloodroot,  as  seen  under 
the  microscope,  magnified  100  diameters.  It  is  all  made  up  of 
cells,  of  various  forms  and 
colors,  some  green  and  red 
translucent,  and  others 
purely  transparent.  The 
microscope  reveals  a  sim- 
ilar structure  in  all  plants. 
In  the  pith  of  Elder,  pulp 
of  Snowberry,  and  espe- 
cially in  the  pulp  of 
Orange,  we  can  discern 
the  cells  with  the  naked 
eye.     Therefore — 

369.  The  cell  is  the  el- 
ementary organism  which 
by  its  repetitions  makes  ^'^^ 

^,  _£»     n  .  465.  Section  of  the  rliizome  of  Bloodroot;  a,  a,  a  bundle  of 

up  tne  mass  OI  all  VeSfeta-    wood-cells.    The  shaded  cells  contain  the  color— (t,  green, 
.  -r       •         T     n         T  ^•'^«<^ 

tion.     it  IS  aeiined  as  a 

closed  sac  composed  of  membrane  containing  a  fluid. 

370.  The  primary  form  of  the  cell  is  spheroidal.     In  some 
cases  it  retains  this  form  during  its  existence,  but  generally,  in 


124  PHYSIOLOGICAL  BOYAIs^Y. 

groAving,  it  takes  new  and  various  forms,  wh:<ili,  on  account  of 
the  two  causes  that  control  them,  may  be  classed  as  inhererii 
and  casual.  The  inherent  forms  of  the  cell,  or  those  depending 
on  its  own  laws  of  growth,  may  be  referred  to  three  general 
types — (1)  spheroidal,  like  Pollen  grains,  the  red  Snow-plant, 
the  cells  of  leaf-tissue,  etc.,  varying  to  oblong,  or  lobed,  or  siel- 
lutc  ;  (2)  cylindrical,  or  tube-form,  as  most  wood-cells  are ;  (3) 
iahalar  or  flattened,  as  the  cells  of  the  epidermis. 

371.  The  casual  forms  result  from  external  pressure — as  of 
cells  crowding  against  cells,  in  stems  or  pith.  In  this  way 
spheroidal  cells  may  become  cubical,  8-sided,  12-sided,  etc.,  tubi- 
form  cells,  prismatic,  and  tabular  cells  4-angled,  hexagonal,  etc. 

372.  In  magnitude  the  plant-cell  varies  from  y^  to  -g-J-g-  of  an 
inch  in  diameter.  The  cells  of  Elder  pith  measure  about  -^\^ 
inch  ;  cells  of  parenchyma  (leaf-tissue)  about  j^  ;  consequently, 
64,000,000  of  tliem  would  occupy  only  one  cubic  inch.  The 
cells  of  cork  are  computed  to  be  yoVjt  ^^^^  ^^  diameter — 1000 
millions  to  a  cubic  inch.  But  the  length  of  some  cells  is  more 
considerable.  Wood-cells  measure  -5^  inch ;  bark-cells,  as  Flax, 
Hemp,  nearly  \  inch  ;  the  cells  of  some  plant  hairs,  an  inch  or 
more. 

373.  The  wall  of  the  new  cell  consists  of  two  layers;  the 
outer  one  a  firm,  colorless  membrane,  made  of  cellulose,  the  in- 
ner a  plastic,  gelatinous  layer  applied  to  the  outer,  and  chiefly 
concerned  in  cell-life  and  multiplication.  This  is  called  the 
'primordial  titricle.  It  is  best  seen  when  treated  with  a  weak 
solution  of  nitric  acid,  iodine,  or  alcohol.  It  thus  becomes  col- 
ored, contracts,  and  lies  loose  in  the  cell  (472). 

374.  The  cell- wall  is  easily  permeated  by  fluids  flowing  in 
and  out.  It  must,  therefore,  be  regarded  as  porous ;  althougli 
it  appears  perfectly  entire  even  under  the  highest  magnifier. 

375.  A  secondary  layer  is  subsequently  added  to  the  outer 
layer,  between  it  and  the  primordial  utricle,  as  if  to  strengthen 
it.  This  new  layer  is  seldom  entire,  but  perforated  and  cleft 
in  a  great  variety  of  patterns,  leaving  certain  points  or  parts 
of  the  cell-wall  still  bare  and  discernible  by  their  transparency. 
Hence  the  following  varieties  : 

376.  Wood-cells,  which  are  finally  filled  up  by  the  repetitions 


THE  VEGETABLE  CELL. 


125 


of  the  secondary  layers,  leaving  only  minute  points  of  tlie  origi- 
nal cell-wall  bare  and  transparent.  A  remarkable  vai-iety  of 
the  wood-cell  is  seen  in  the  Pine  and  Coniferce  in  general,  where 
the  points  are  large,  transparent,  and  surrounded  by  two  or 
three  rino^s.     These  we  call  Fitted  cells. 


46(.>,  Polyhedral  cells  of  parenchyma  in  pith  of  Elder.    467,  Stellate  cells  in  pith  of  Rush.    468,  Spherical 
ceils  in  Ilouseleek.    469.  Wood-cells  of  the  Flax  fibre.    470.  Cellular  tissue  of  a  young  rootlet. 

377.  Spiral  cells.,  where  the  secondary  layer  consists  of  spiral 
fibres  or  bands.  There  may  be  a  single  fibre,  or  several  (2  to 
20)  united  into  a  band.  It  is  usually  elastic,  and  may  be  drawn 
out  and  uncoiled.  These  beautiful  cells  may  be  well  seen  in  a 
shoot  of  Elder,  in  the  petiole  of  Rhubarb,  Geranium,  Strawberry. 
In  the  two  latter,  if  gently  pulled  asunder,  the  coiled  fibres  a])- 
pear  to  the  naked  eye. 

378.  Annular  cells.,  when  there  are  numerous  rings  within, 
instead  of  a  spiral  coil,  as  in  the  stems  of  Balsam  and  some 
Cryptogamia.  Scalar  if orm  cells.,  when  the  rings  seem  conjoined 
by  bars  crossing  between  them,  giving  an  appearance  compared 
to  a  ladder  {scala),  as  in  the  Vine  and  Ferns.  Porous  cells,  with 
the  secondary  layers  full  of  perforations ;  reticulated  cells,  as  if  a 
net-work  ;  and  many  other  forms. 

379.  Cellulose,  the  material  of  which  the  outer  cell-walls  and 
other  secondary  layers  are  made,  is  proved  by  chemical  analy- 
sis to  consist  of  three  simple  elements,  carbon,  hydrogen,  oxy- 
gen, in  the  proportions  of  C,^  II^^  O^,, — carbon  and  the  exact 
elements  of  Avater.  In  the  material  of  the  primordial  utricle 
nitrogen  is  added.  Out  of  these  four  simple  elements  (C  II  O  N ), 
with  slight  additions  of  lime,  silex,  and  a  few  other  earthy  mat- 


126 


PHYSIOLOGICAL  BOTANY. 


ters,  the  Great  Creator  is  able  to  produce  all  the  countless  va- 
rieties of  plants  which  clothe  and  beautify  the  earth. 

380.  Contents  of  the  cell.  Some  cells  contain  air  only. 
Others  are  filled  with  solid  matter ;  but  the  greater  part  contain 
both  fluids  and  solids.  There  is  the  cytoblast,  a  globular  atom, 
earnest  of  new  cells;  and  protoplasm^  the  nourishing  semi-fluid, 
both  of  the  same  material  as  the  primordial  utricle,  and  with  it, 
and  the  fluid  cell-sap,  ever  flowing,  acting,  combining,  and  pro- 
ducing either  new  cells  or  products  like  the  following ; 

480  479 


471,  Cells — a,  of  the  pulp  of  Snow-berry,  showing  the  nuclens;  h,  of  the  parenchyma  of  the  leaf  'f 
I'ink,  showing  the  granules  of  Chlorophylle.  472,  Cell  of  a  Cactiis,  soaked  in  Alcoiiol,  the  primordial 
utricle  separated  and  contracted.  473,  Cell  of  pleurenchynia  of  Pine,  dotted.  474,  Sketch  to  illustrate 
tlie  nature  of  those  dots — a,  dot  seen  in  front;  h,  a  side  view  of  the  same.  475,  Traciienchyma.  a  spiral 
cell  from  the  sporange  of  Equisetum.  476,  Spiral  vessel  of  the  Melon,  single  tliread;  477,  of  the  Elder, 
4  threads.  478,  Annular  duct,  distended  by  rings  instead  of  a  coil.  479,  Scalariform  vessels,  from  f)s- 
munda  (Fern).  480,  A  dotted  duct  from  Gymnocladus  (Coffee-tree).  481,  Spiral  vessels  apparently 
branched.     482,  Branching  spirals  in  the  Gourd. 

381.  Chlorophyll,  the  green  colorhig  matter  of  leaves,  con- 
sists of  green  corpuscles  floating  in  the  colorless  sap  or  attached 
to  the  colorless  w^all.  In  the  Indigo  plant  these  corpuscles  are 
blue,  and  constitute  that  poisonous  drug.  But  the  coloring  mat- 
ter which  gives  to  fruits  and  flowers  their  bright  and  varying 
tints  of  yellow,  red,  and  blue,  is  generally  dissolved  in  the  cell- 
sap,  which  is  otherwise  colorless. 

382.  Starch  also  originates  here,  in  the  form  of  little  striated 
granules  of  the  same  composition  as  cellulose  (C^^  \l^^  O^^.  Some 
twenty  such  granules  appear  in  the  same  cell,  either  loosely  or 


THE   TISSUES. 


127 


compactly  filling  it.     Starch  is  nutritive  matter,  sealed  up  for 
preservation  and  future  use. 

333.  Gum,  sugar,  salts,  acids,  alkalies,  poisons,  medicines,  whatever  is  peculiar  in  the 
properties  of  each  vegetable  substance,  may  also  be  held  in  solution  in  the  cell-sap,  and 
invisible,  unless  forming  Raphides,  little  bundles  of  crystals,  needle-shaped,  or  of  some 
other  form,  seen  in  the  cells  of  Rhubarb,  Cactus,  Hyacinth. 


Contents  of  cellM.—^Z.  Cells  of  Potato  containing  starch-grains.  4S4,  Starch-grains  rrom  the  Potato. 
IS5,  from  the  E.  Indian  Arrowroot.  486,  Rajihides,  acicular  crystals,  in  a  cell  of  I'olyanthes  tuberosa. 
187,  Crystals  in  a  cell  of  C^actiis.  488,  Cells  from  the  pulp  of  Pear,  coated  internally;  a  longitudinal  sec- 
tion ;  489,  Transverse  section.    490,  Starch  granules  from  W.  Indian  Arrowroot. 

384.  The  growth  of  tJie  plant,  then,  consists  of  the  development  of  new  cells.  This  ie 
accomplished  within  the  pre-existing  cells,  and  by  the  agency  of  their  contents.  The 
primordial  utricle  divides  itself  into  two  or  more  utricles,  by  new  walls  growing  from  its 
sides  until  they  meet.  These  then  acquire  the  cellulose  layer  outside,  the  cytoblast  in 
sid'^,  at  the  expense  of  the  old  cell,  which  shortly  gives  place  to  its  new  progeny.  Thus 
cells  multiply,  and  by  millions  on  millions  build  up  the  fabric  of  the  plant. 

Review.— ^')S.  What  composes  all  vegetable  structures  ?  369.  How  is  the  cell  defined  ? 
370.  What  its  primary  form  ?  Mention  three  varieties.  371.  Whence  the  casual  forms? 
What  are  they  ?  372.  What  of  size  ?  How  many  in  a  cubic  inch  ?  What  of  Flax  cells  ? 
373.  Describe  the  cell-wall.  How  bring  the  primordial  utricle  to  view  (as  in  472)  ?  Is  the 
wall  porous?  375.  What  appearance  of  the  third  layer?  376.  What  fills  up  the  wood- 
cells  ?  How  do  pitted  cells  appear  ?  377.  Describe  the  wonderful  structure  of  spiral  cells. 
Show  them  (475).  378.  Show  annular  cells  in  478,  and  where  else  ?— Scalariform  ?  379. 
What  the  material  of  the  outer  wall  ?  Its  elements  ?  Elements  of  the  inner  wall  ?  What 
within  the  cell?  381.  What  the  chlorophyl  ?  Condition  of  the  coloring  matter ?  382. 
Describe  the  starch  granules.    383.  The  raphides.    384.  How  do  plants  grow  ? 


CHAPTER    II. 

THE    TISSUES. 


•385.  One-celled  plants.  The  cell,  as  heretofore  described, 
is  endowed  with  a  life  within  itself  It  can  imbibe  fluids,  nour- 
ish itself,  and  reproduce  others  like  itself.  It  may,  therefore, 
and  actually  does  in  some  cases,  exist  alone  as  a  plant !  Many 
species  of  the  Confervoids  and  Diatomes  are  plants  consisting 


128 


PHYSIOLOGICAL  BOTANY. 


of  a  single  cell — the  simplest  possible  form  of  vegetation  (see 
fig.  519). 

386.  With  a  few  such  exceptions,  vegetation  consists  of  a 
combination  of  cells  united  in  a  definite  manner  and  form.  Such 
combinations  are  called  tissues,  which  we  may  describe  under 
four  general  names  or  types  : 

I.  Cellular  tissue  (Parenchyma)  : 
II.  Fibrous  tissue  (Pleurenchyma)  : 

III.  Vascular  tissue  (Trachenchyma)  : 

IV.  Laticiferous  tissue  (Cienchyma). 

387.  Parenchyma,  composed  of  spheroidal  cells,  is  the  most 
common  form  of  tissue,  no  plant  being  without  it,  and  many, 
especially  of  the  lower  orders,  being  entirely  composed  of  it. 
Numerous  varieties  occur  according  to  the  forms  of  the  cells  and 
their  closeness  of  contact,  intermediate  between  the  following : — 

1,  when  there  are  copious  intercellular  spaces,  the  cells  slightly 
touching,  and  being  (a)  rounded,  or  (b)  lobed,  or  (c)  stellate  ; 

2,  when  the  cells  are  crowded,  leaving  no  intercellular  space,  and 
being  {d)  prismatic,  or  (e)  polyhedral,  or  {/)  irregular. 

38.8.  Examples  of  these  tissues  are  found 
(a)  in  the  pulp  of  fruits,  in  newly-formed 
pith,  and  in  all  young  growths  ;  (6)  in  the 
lower  stratum  of  leaf-tissfue  ;  (c)  in  the  pith 
of  rushes  and  other  aquatic  plants  ;  (d)  in 
the  herbaceous  stems  of  Monocotyledons; 
(e)  everywhere,  but  well  observed  in  full- 
formed  pith;  (/)  abundant  in  all  the  soft, 
fleshy  parts  of  plants. 


389.  Pleurenchyma  is 
composed  of  elongated  cells  co- 
hering by  their  sides  in  such  a 
way  that  end  overreaches  end, 
forming  a  continuous  fibre. 
Two  varieties  are  noticed — (a) 
wood-fibre,  with  cells  of  moder- 
ate length,  remarkable  for  its  Medullary  rays 
firmness,  the  main  constituent  of  the  stems  and  trunks  of  the 
higher  plants ;  (b)  liber,  with  very  long  attenuated  cells,  the  sub- 
stance of  the  inner  layers  of  bark,  remarkable  for  its  tenacity, 
especially  in  Flax,  TIcmp,  Linden. 


491,  Longitudinal  section  of  Thuja  (Red  Cedar)- 


THE   TISSUES. 


129 


390.  The  pitted  cells  (§  37G)  constitute  a  singuhir  variety 
of  wood-fibre,  common  in  Pines,  Firs,  etc.  That  mysterious 
double  ring  which  encircles  each  pit,  is  projected,  the  inner  by 
the  pit  itself,  which  is  an  aperture  in  the  secondary  layer,  the 
outer  by  a  lens-shaped  intercellular  cavity  opposite,  outside  (474). 

391.  Trachenchyma  is  a  tissue  of  vessels  or  tubes  rather 
than  cells.  The  vessels  are  extended  lengthwise,  and  composed 
each  of  a  row  of  cells  joined  end  to  end,  and  fused  into  one  by 
the  absorption  of  the  contiguous  walls.  This  tissue  varies  ac- 
cording to  the  character  of  the  constituent  cells,  which  are  {a) 
spiral,  or  {b)  annular,  or  (c)  scalariform,  or  {d)  reticulated. 

392.  Such  cells,  with  their  tapering  ends,  form  vessels  with  oblique  joints.  When 
porous  cells  with  their  truncated  ends  unite,  they  form  right-jointed  vessels  resembling 
strings  of  beads,  called  dotted  or  vascular  ducts.  These  are  usually  quite  large,  and  char- 
acteristic of  the  woody  layers  of  all  Exogenous  plants.  The  different  varieties  of  trachen- 
chyma are  assigned  to  different  regions  and  offices— (a)  to  the  earliest  formed  part  of  tha 
wood,  the  petioles  and  veins  of  leaves,  petals  of 
flowers,  etc. ;  (6)  to  similar  parts,  but  later 
formed,  most  abundant  in  Ferns  and  Equiseta- 
ceae  ;  (c)  in  the  woody  bundles  of  the  Endugens, 
and  in  the  succulent  parts  of  plants  in  general ; 
(il)  most  abundant  in  Ferns,  Club-mosses. 

393.  Cienchyma  is  a  system 
jf  milk-vessels — vessels  secreting 
che  latex  or  peculiar  juice  of  the 
plant,  white,  yellow,  red,  turbid, 
containing  opium,  gamboge,  caout- 
chouc, resin,  etc.  It  occurs  in  the 
petioles  and  veins ;  in  the  paren- 
chyma of  roots,  in  the  Liber  espe- 
cially ;  sometimes  simple,  generally 
branched  and  netted  in  a  compli- 
cated manner,  as  well  seen  in  the  Poppy,  Celandine,  Bloodroot, 
Gum-elastic  tree,  etc. 

394.  These  vessels  are  probably  mere  open  spaces  between 
the  cells  at  first,  subsequently  acquiring  a  lining  membrane 
which  never  exhibits  pores  or  spiral  markings.  But  there  are 
also  true  Intercellidar passages  filled  with  air,  and  admitting  its 
free  circulation  in  all  directions  through  the  parenchyma.  These 
are  necessarily  very  irregular,  and  they  communicate  with  the 
external  air  through  the  storaata  (§  397). 

9 


Vessels  of  (Senehyma — 492,  from  Dandelic 
493,  from  the  Celandine. 


130 


PHYSIOLOGICAL  BOTANY. 


395.  Thus  the  cell  appears  to  be  the  type  of  every  form  of 
tissue,  the  material  of  which  the  vegetable  fabric  is  built,  and 
the  laboratory  where  the  work  is  perfoi-med. 

lieview.—dS^.  What  is  the  simplest  form  of  vc^^etation  ?  What  constitutes  a  Tissue  ? 
Name  the  four  tissues.  387.  What  tlie  form  of  the  cells  of  Parenchyma  ?  Classify  them. 
881).  What  the  form  of  the  cells  of  Pleurenchyma ?  Two  varieties?  390.  In  what  trees 
do  we  ftnd  pitted  cells?  Show  them.  Explain  fig.  474.  391.  What  is  Trachenchyma ? 
How  are  these  tubes  made  ?  Show  the  structure  of  dotted  ducts  (480).  393.  Oflice  of 
Cienchyraa  ?  394.  Nature  of  these  tubes  ?  What  of  intercellular  passages  ?  395.  Give, 
liually,  the  import  of  the  cell. 


CHAPTER    III. 


THE    EPIDERMAL    SYSTEM 


Includes  the  external  covering  of  all  herbaceous  growths—- 
viz.,  the  epidermis,  stomata,  hah's,  glands,  cuticle,  etc.,  organs 
whicli  in  older  stems  give  place  to  bark. 


495 


194,  Cells  of  epidermis  with  a  stoma  from  leaf  of  Helleborus  fcetidus.    495,  Vertical  section  of  a  stoma  of 
Narcissus— o,  cuticle.    496,  Epidermis  cells  with  stomata  of  Tradescantia  Virgialca. 

396.  The  epidermis  (skin)  consists  of  a  layer  of  united,  empty 
cells,  mosi'iy  tabular,  forming  a  superficial  membrane.  It  in- 
vests all  plants  higher  than  Mosses,  and  all  parts  save  the  ex- 
tremities, the  stigma,  and  rootlets.  Its  office  is  to  check  evapo- 
ration. That  delicate  membrane  which  may  be  easily  stripped 
off  from  the  leaf  of  the  Houscleek  or  the  garden  Iris  is  the  epi- 


THE   EPIDERMAL  SYSTEM. 


131 


dermis.     It  is  transparent,  colorless,  and  under  the  microscope 
reveals  its  cellular  structure. 

397.  Stomata.  The  epidermis  does  not  entirely  exclude  the 
tissues  beneath  it  from  the  external  air,  but  is  cleft  here  and 
there  by  little  chinks  called  stomata  (mouths).  Each  stoma  is 
guarded  by  a  pair  of  reniform  cells,  of  such  mechanism  (not  well 
understood)  as  to  open  in  a  moist  atmosphere  and  close  in  a  dry. 

398.  The  stomata  are  always  piaced  over  and  commnnicate  with  the  intercellular  pas- 
paj?es.  They  are  found  only  on  the  green  surfaces  of  parts  exposed  to  the  air,  most 
abundant  on  the  under  surface  of  the  leaves.  Their  numbers  are  immense.  On  the  leaf 
of  garden  Khubarb  5,000  were  counted  in  the  space  of  a  square  inch  ;  in  the  garden  Iris, 
12,000  ;  in  the  Pink,  36,000 ;  in  Hydrangea,  160,000. 

399.  The  surface  of  the  epidermis  at  length  becomes  itself  coated  with  a  delicate,  trans- 
parent pellicle,  not  cellular,  called  the  cuticle.  It  varies  in  consistency,  being  thicker 
and  stronger  in  evergreen  and  succulent  plants.  It  seems  to  be  merely  the  outer  cell- 
wall  of  the  epidermis  thickened  and  separated  from  the  newly-formed  wall  beneath  it. 


497  498 

497,  Cells  and  stomata  of  the  epidermis  of  Oxalis  violacea;  and  498,  of  ('<)nv(i.'lMri:i  riicenioso. 

400.  The  hairs  which  clothe  the  epidermis  are  mere  expan 
sions  of  its  tissue.  They  may  each  consist  of  a  single  elongated 
cell,  or  of  a  row  of  c-ells.  They  may  also  be  simple,  or  branched, 
or  stellate,  or  otherwise  diversified. 

401.  Glands  are  cellular  structures  serving  to  elaborate  and 
contain  the  peculiar  secretions  of  the  plant,  such  as  aromatic 
oils,  resins,  honey,  poisons,  etc.  A  gland  may  be  merely  an  ex- 
panded cell  at  the  summit  of  a  hair,  or  at  its  base,  and  hence 


132 


PHYSIOLOGICAL  BOTANY. 


called  a  glandular  hair  (Labiataj).  Or  it  may  be  a  pecuHar  cell 
under  the  epidermis,  giving  to  the  organ  a  punctate  appearance 
(leaf  of  Lemon).  Other  glands  are  compound,  and  either  external 
(Sundew)  or  internal  reservoirs  of  secretion  (rind  of  Orange). 

402.  Stings  are  stiff-pointed,  1-celled  hairs  expanded  at  base 
into  a  gland  containing  poisonous  secretion.  An  elastic  ring  of 
epidermal  cells  presses  upon  the  gland  so  as  to  inject  the  poisop 
into  the  wound  made  by  its  broken  point  (Nettle). 

606 


499,  Rootlet  of  Madder,  showing  cells  expanded  into  fibrillae.  500,  Glandular  hair  of  Fraxinella,  sec- 
tion. 501,  Hair  of  Bryonia,  of  several  cells.  502,  Hair  of  severwl  cells,  surmounted  by  a  gland,  of  An- 
tirrhinum majus.  503,  Sting  of  Urtica  dioica.  604,  Jointed  hair  of  the  stamens  of  Tradescantia.  505, 
Stellate  hair  from  the  petiole  of  Nuphar  advena  (magnified  200  diameters— Hen frey).  506,  Branched 
hair,  one  cell,  of  Arabia. 

403.  Prickles  are  hardened  hairs  connected  with  the  epider- 
mis alone,  thus  differing  from  spines,  which  have  a  deeper  origin. 
Examples  in  the  Rose. 

ffmew.— What  does  the  Epidermal  System  include?  39(5.  What  is  the  office  of  the 
epidermis?  What  its  cells?  397.  What  are  the  stomata?  When  are  they  open,  and 
when  closed  ?  What  of  their  numbers  ?  Show  them  in  the  fii?ures.  400.  What  the  struc- 
ture of  hairs?  401.  What  the  office  of  glands?  What  varieties?  402.  Describe  the 
mechanism  of  the  stiii>,'  (503).    403.  Distinguish  prickles  from  spines.    Explain  the  cuts. 


CHAPTER   lY. 

THE    LIGNEOUS    SYSTEJkl 


Includes  the  firm  structures  of  roots,  stems,  and  their  append- 
nges,  summarily  called  the  wood, 

404.  There  are  four  general  mode?  of  growth  and  structure, 


THE  LIGNEOUS  SYSTEM. 


133 


whereby  the  vegetable  kingdom  is  distinguished  into  as  many 

great  classes,  viz.  : 

The  outside-groweks  (Exogexs), 
The  inside-groweks  (Endogens), 
The  point-growers  (Acrogexs), 
The  mass-growers  (Thallogexs). 
405.  The  exogenous  structure.     A  cross-section  of  the 

Btem  or  branch  of  any  dicotyledonous  plant  (Mustard,  Maple) 

exhibits  zones  of  different  structures,  whicl^  are  distinguished  an 

pith,  medullary  sheath,  wood,  and  bark. 


507  508 

6D7,  Exogens — Oak,  Fir,  etc.  508,  Endogens — Palm,  Agave,  etc. 

406.  The  Pith  occupies  the  central  part  of  the  stem.  It  con- 
sists of  parenchyma,  is  chiefly  abundant  in  herbaceous  plants 
and  all  young  stems.  When  new,  it  is  filled  with  fluids  for  the 
nourishment  of  the  buds  until  they  can  make  food  for  them- 
selves. As  the  plant  advances  in  age,  the  pith  loses  its  vitality, 
IB  filled  with  air  only,  is  often  torn  into  cavities,  or  disappears. 


134 


PHYSIOLOGICAL  BOTANY. 


407.  The  Medullary  sheath  immediately  surrounds  the  pith. 
It  is  a  thin,  delicate  tissue,  consisting  of  spiral  vessels.  It  com- 
municates with  every  bud,  and  sends  off  detachments  of  its  ves- 
sels to  the  petioles  and  veins  of  every  leaf.  Its  tubes  secrete 
oxygen  from  carbonic  acid  or  water,  and  convey  it  to  the  leaves. 

408.  The  wood  consists  of  pleurenchyma  and  ducts  (§  392), 
arranged  more  or  less  distinctly  in  concentric  zones  or  layvers. 
The  first,  or  inner  layer,  together  with  the  medullary  sheath  and 
pith,  is  the  product  of  the  first  year.  One  new  layer  is  formed 
each  successive  year,  during  the  life  of  the  plant. 

409.  There  are  doubtless  some  exceptions  to  this  rule.  In  tropical  countries,  where 
there  is  no  distinction  of  seasons,  there  may  be  several  zones  deposited  annually  ;  or,  on 
the  other  hand,  several  or  all  the  annual  layers  may  be  so  blended  by  the  uniform  mixture 
of  the  ducts  with  the  wood-tissue  as  to  be  undistinguishable.  The  layers  of  the  beet-root 
are  certainly  not  annual.    They  seem  to  correspond  with  the  number  of  leaf-cycles  (§  2G3), 


509 

509,  Ooss-sections  of  an  exogenous  stem  (Elm)  of  two  years'  growth— 1,  pith;  2,  3,  annual  layers  m 
v;ood,  next  the  civuibium;  4,  bark; — 510,  au  Endogenous  stem  (Sorghum,  or  Millet)  where  there  is  no 
distinction  of  layers. 


410.  The  Alhurnu7n  and  Duramen — the  sap-wood  and  heart- 
wood — are  well-known  distinctions  in  the  wood.  The  former, 
named  from  alhus^  white,  is  usually  of  a  light  color  and  softer 
structure.  It  is  the  living  part  of  the  wood,  through  whose  ves- 
sels mainly  the  sap  ascends.  The  interior  layers  of  the  albur- 
num gradually  harden  by  the  deposition  of  solid  matter  in  their 
vessels,  and  the  thickening  of  the  cell-walls,  until  fluids  can  no 
longer  pass  through  them.  Thus  the  duramen  {duriis^  hard)  is 
formed  of  a  firm  and  durable  texture — -.the  only  part  valued  as 
timber.  Its  varying  colors  in  Cherry,  Walnut,  Rosewood,  are 
well  known.  It  is  of  no  account  in  vegetation,  and  may  be  con- 
sidered as  dead.  Hence  it  often  decays,  leaving  the  trunk  hollow, 
and  the  tree  at  the  same  time  as  flourishingr  as  ever. 


THE   LIGNEOUS   SYSTEM. 


135 


411.  The  bark  succeeds  and  replaces  the  epidermis,  cover- 
ing and  protecting  the  wood.  It  is  readily  distinguished  into 
three  parts,  viz. : 

The  inner,  white  bark  (liber) ; 
The  middle,  green  bark  (cellular) ; 
The  outer,  brown  bark  (cortical). 
The  substance  of  all  these  is  parenchyma ;  and  arranged,  like 
the  wood,  in  layers. 

412.  The  liber ^  or  white  bark,  contains  scattered  bundles  of 
pleurenchyma  and  cienchyma  with  its  cellular  tissue.  It^  wood- 
cells  are  very  long  (§  389),  called  bast-cells,  and  are  strength- 
ened with  secondary  deposits  until  quite  filled  up.  Hence  the 
strength  and  toughness  of  flax  and  hemp.  The  strong  material 
of  "  Russian  matting"  is  from  the  liber  of  the  Linden-tree,  and 
the  "  lace"  of  the  South  Seas,  from  the  Lace-bark  tree.  The 
liber  of  other  trees  is  not  remarkable  for  strength. 

413.  The  cellular^  or  gree7i  hark^  succeeds  to  the  liber.  Its 
tissue  resembles  that  of  the  leaf — being  filled  with  sap  and 
chlorophyl.  It  grows  laterally,  to  accommodate  itself  to  the 
enlarging  circumference  of  the  tree,  but 
does  not  increase  in  thickness  after  the 
first  few  years. 

414.  The  cortical^  or  brown  bark.  Its 
color  is  not  always  brown,  being  rarely 
white  (Canoe  Birch),  or  straw-color  (Yel- 
low Birch),  or  greenish  (Striped  Maple), 
or  grayish  (Beech,  Magnolia).  Its  sub- 
stance is  always  cellular  tissue,  but  dif- 
fering widely  in  consistency  in  different 
species.  Its  new  layers  come  from  with- 
in, formed  from  the  green  bark,  while 
its  older  are  sooner  or  later  cast  ofl". 

4.15  The  cortical  layers  sometimes  accumulate  to  a  511;  ^„„^  ^f  Oak-section  longi 
Considerable  thickness  (Maple,  Hickory,  Oak),  hut  are  tiidinal,  showing,  «,  medullary  rays; 
Anally  rent  and  furrowed  by  the  expanding  wood.  In  '''  ^^"^^-cells;  c,  porous  ducts. 
the  Cork  Oak  (Quercus  suber)  they  attain  an  excessive  growth,  furnishing  that  useful 
substance,  cori.  In  Birch  (Betula  papyracea)  these  layers  resemble  paper,  long  abiding 
h'j  their  elasticity  the  expansion  of  the  trunk. 

-tie.  The  medullary  rays  {medulla,  pith)  are  those  fine 


13G 


THYSIOLOGICAL  BOTANY. 


lines  wliicli  appear  in  a  cross-section,  passing  like  radii  from  the 
pith  to  the  bark,  intersecting  the  wood  and  dividing  it  into 
wedge-shaped  bundles  or  sectors.  They  consist  of  firm  plates 
of  parenchyma  (muriform  tissue,  the  cell  resembling  brick-work) 
belonging  to  the  same  system  with  the  pith. 

417.  The  medullary  rays  are  no  less  frequent  in  the  outer  layer  of  wood  than  in  the 
ii-ner.  Honce,  their  number  must  increase  j^early,  and  a  new  eot  commence  with  each 
sio^cssive  layer,  extending  with  those  already  formed  through  the  subsequent  layers  to 
tlie  bark,  as  shown  in  the  diagram  (SOO)-  In  a  radial  t^ection  (511,  512)  the  medullary  rays 
are  more  conspicuous  as  shining  plates  of  a  satin-like  texture,  called  the  silver-grain., 
quite  showy  in  Oak,  Maple.  A  tangential  section  shows  their  ends  in  the  form  of  thin 
ellipses.  They  serve  as  bonds  to  combine  into  one  Arm  body  the  successive  wood-layers, 
and  as  channels  of  communication  to  and  from  the  bark  and  heart-wood.  They  also  gen- 
erate, at  their  outer  extremities,  the  adventitious  buds. 

418.  The  cambium  layer.  Between  the  liber  and  the 
wood  there  is  formed  in  the  Spring,  at  the  time  of  the  opening 
of  the  buds,  a  mucilaginous,  half- 
organized  layer  of  matter.  Its 
presence  loosens  the  bark,  and 
renders  it  easily  peeled  from  the 
wood.  The  cambium  is  a  sap 
solution  of  the  starchy  deposits 
of  the  preceding  year,  now  being 
rapidly  organized  into  cells. 

419.  This  is  the  gerxrative  layer,  whence 
spring  all  the  growths  of  the  ligneous  sys- 
tem. From  this,  during  each  growing  season, 
two  layers  are  developed,  one  of  liber  and  one 
of  wood,  both  at  first  a  cellular  mass,  but  the 
cells  with  wonderful  precision  transforming, 
some  into  the  slender  bast-cells  of  the  liber, 
some  into  the  dotted  ducts  and  fusiform  cells 
of  the  wood,  some  into  the  muriform  tissue  of  512,  Wood  of  Maple— a,  meckillary  rivy^;  A,  ducts, 
the  medullary  rays.    Through  these   latter  c,  wood-cells, 

the  quickening  influence  of  the  cambium  pervades  both  wood  and  bark. 

420.  Unlimited  growth  is  therefore  a  characteristic  of  the  exo- 
genous stem  ;  for  the  yearly  increments  are  added  to  the  out- 
side of  the  wood,  and  the  bark  is  capable  of  expansion  by  latera' 
growth  to  any  extent. 

7?€^■^e^{;.— What  does  the  "Ligneous  System"  include?  404.  Name  the  four  grand 
divisions  of  plants.  405.  Describe  a  cross-section  of  Exogen.  40<).  The  pith— its  compo- 
sition and  contents.  40T.  The  medullary  sheath — its  composition,  connections,  office. 
408.  Of  what  does  the  wood  consist?  Ho'w  much  grew  the  first  year?— Each  successive 
year?  The  rule  ?  409.  Exceptions  ?  410.  What  is  the  alburnum  ?  How  does  it  beconio 
duramen  ?  Which  is  valuable  as  timber?  What  has  perished  in  a  hollow  tree  ?  411. 
Name  the  three  layers  of  the  bark.    412.  Tissues  of  liber  ?    Why  so  tough  ?    413.  Tissue 


THE   LIGNEOUS   SYSTEM. 


137 


of  the  green  bark  ?  414.  Tissue  of  the  brown  bark  ?  Its  varying  colors  ?  415.  How  is  it 
in  Cork  Oak  ?  416.  What  the  medullary  rays  ?— Their  structure  ?— Tissue  ?  Show  the 
*'  silver-orraln"  in  fig.  509.  What  their  service  ?  418.  Where  the  cambium  layer  ?  What 
is  it  ?  4i9.  Why  called  the  generative  layer  ?  420.  Why  is  the  growth  of  Exogens  un- 
limited ? 


CHAPTER    Y. 


THE    LIGXEOUS    SYSTEM CONTINUED. 

421.  The  endogenous  structure.  In  the  cross-section  ot 
a  monocotyledonous  stem  (Corn,  Palm)  there  is  no  visible  dis- 
tinction of  bai-k,  wood,  pith,  or  of  annual  layers  of  any  kind. 
It  is  composed  of  tissues  quite  similar  to  those  of  the  exogenous 
stem,  but  very  difterently  arranged. 


5IS,  Various  kinds  of  vessels  in  a  wo(, '  'ibre  of  Bamboo  or  Rattan— a,  Cells  of  parenchyma:  b,  annnlat 
cells;  r,  spiral  vessels:  d,  porous  duct:  f>,  wood-cells.  5U,  Section  of  an  Acrogenous  stem  of  Tree-Fem 
(Cyathea),  showing  the  vascular  bundles  imbedded  near  the  circumference  of  the  cellular  mass. 

422.  The  body  of  the  ino7iocotyledonous  stem  consists  of  pa- 
renchyma, within  which  tissue  numerous  threadlike  bundles  of 
woody  matter  are  imbedded.  Each  bundle  consists  of  one  or 
more  dotted  ducts  accompanied  by  spiral  vessels,  pleurenchyma, 
and  often  cienchyma,  variously  arranged  in  different  species. 

42.3.  The  formation  of  tliese  bundles  is  dependent  upon  the  leaves,  from  which  they  may 
severally  be  traced  downward,  first  tending  toward  the  interior  of  the  stem.  Further 
on  they  recurve  outward  again,  and  finally  terminate  near  the  surface,  there  interlaciiu, 
and  combining  with  their  fellows,  and  forming  an  excessively  hard  but  inseparable  rind 
(false  bark).  From  this  entanglement  of  the  fibres  the  cleavage  of  endogenous  stems  is 
diilicult  or  impossible.  In  jointed  stems  (culms)  this  entanglement  occurs  only  at  the 
nodes  (Cane,  Grasses). 

424.  The  growth  of  monocotyledonous  stems  thus  takes  place 
by  the  addition  of  the  new  wood  bundles  to  the  interior,  and 
hence  such  plants  arc  called  Inside-growers  or  Endogens. 


138 


PHYSIOLOGICAL  BOTANY. 


515 


The  cauaex  of  Endogens  often  takes  peculiar  forms.  The  rind  is  capable  of  only  a 
limited  expansion.  This  limit  is  soonest  attained  at  the  base  of  the  stem,  long  before 
the  upper  parts  cease  to  enlarge.  Consequently  such  trunks  are  often  seen  of  equal  or 
^•reater  diameter  at  the  summit  than  at  the  base :  so  the  Palmetto,  Corn,  Bamboo. 

425.  The  acrogenous  structure  is  found  in  Mosses,  Ferns, 
and  the  other  higher  tribes  of  the  Cryptogamia.  The  stems  ad- 
vance, beneath  or  above  the  ground,  full-formed,  growing  only 
at  the  end,  hence  called  Acrogens. 

A  cross-section  of  a  Fern  stem  shows  a  body  of  parenchyma  strengthened  by  an  outer 
zone  of  fibro-vascular  bundles,  the  whole  invested  with  a  sort  of  bark.  The  bundles  are 
precisely  similar  to  those  found  in  the  petioles,  showing  that  the  stem  is  the  aggregate  ol 
the  unaltered  leat-bases  (514). 

426.  Tliallogens  are  the  lowest  in  the  scale  of  rank,  having  no  true  axis  and  no 
other  tissue  than  parenchyma,  which  grows  in  threads  or  in  mass  in  all  directions.  The 
apparent  stems  (the  stipes),  if  there  be  any,  support  the  fructification  only.  Such  are 
Sea-weeds,  Lichens,  Mushrooms,  Pufi'-balls,  Frog  spittle,  and  Mildew. 

427.  The  structure  of  roots  presents  few  deviations  from  that  of  the  stems  tc 
which  they  severally  belong,  being  exogenous  in  Exogeus,  endogenous  in  Endogcns,  etc. 
In  the  former  class  the  central  pith  disap- 
pears, its  place  being  occupied  mainly  by 
vascular  ducts ;  and  the  liber,  if  any,  has  no 
bast-cells. 

428.  The  FiBiiiLLiE  and  pileorhiza  should, 
however,  be  mentioned  as  peculiar  in  the 
structure  of  the  root.  The  former  are  pro- 
duced by  millions,  clothing  the  delicate  epi- 
dermis of  the  young  rootlets  as  with  a  cottony 
down,  especially  in  light  soils.  They  usually 
consist  of  a  single  cell  of  the  epidermis  ex- 
tended, as  seen  in  figure  515.  They  are  the 
true  absorbents,  the  moutlis  of  the  growing 
plant. 

429.  The  microscope  shows  that  the  ex- 
treme, advancing  point  of  the  delicate,  grow- 
ing fibres  is  not  thnist  naked  against  the 
opposing  soil,  but  is  covered  with  a  cap 
called  PILEORHIZA  (pUeus,  a  cap,  rhiza,  root), 
which  consists  of  older,  hardened  cells,  be- 
hind which  are  formed  the  new  cells.  In 
the  Duckmeat,  the  pileorhiza  is  lengthened 
into  a  sheath. 

430.  The  manner  of  growth  in  the  root  is  not  like  that  of  stems,  by  the  extension  of 
l)arts  already  formed,  but  simply  by  the  addition  of  new  matter  at  the  advancing  point. 
This  accounts  for  the  wonderful  facility  with  which  it  penetrates  the  soil  and  finds  ila 
way  uninjured  into  the  hardest  earth. 

431.  Structure  of  Leaves.  The  leaf  may  be  regarded  aa 
an  expansion  of  the  two  outer  integuments  of  the  bark,  or  of  the 
green  bark  and  the  epidermis,  expanded  into  a  broad,  thin  sur- 
face by  a  Avoody  framework  proceeding  from  the  medullary 
sheath  and  the  liber.     The  framework  of  veins  is  therefore  fibro 


51.5,  Extremity  of  the  rootlet  of  Maple,  with 
fibrillte  and  (.v)  pileorhiza.  516,  Two  plants  of 
Lemna  minor  (Duckmeat) — s,  their  pileorhiza. 


THE   LIGNEOUS   SYSTEM. 


139 


vascular,  abounding  in   spiral  vessels,  and   strengthened  with 
liber. 

432.  The  parenchyma  exists  in  two  strata,  more  or  less  dis- 
tinct. In  all  those  leaves  which  are  ordinarily  horizontal  in 
position,  one  surface  being  upward  and  the  other  downward, 
these  two  layers  are  dissimilar;  but  in  leaves  with  a  vertical 
lamina  (Iris),  and  in  Phyllodia  (§  321),  the  two  layers  are  similar. 

517 

a 


517,  Section  of  a  stem  at  the  origin  of  a  leaf— t),  cellular,  or  pith;  a,  vaBculur,  the  medullary  shenth 
sending  off  a  bundle  into  the  leaf-stalk;  (/,  the  swelling  (pulvinus)  just  below  the  articulation  of  the  leaf- 
stalk (I);  /;,  the  axillary  bud.  518,  Minute  portion  of  a  leaf  of  Viola  tricolor,  viewed  in  perspective, 
showing,  tj,  cells  of  epidermis  above;  6,  compact  parenchyma  of  the  upper  portion  of  the  leaf:  c,  loose 
parenchyma;  d,  epidermal-cells  of  the  lower  surface  with  stomata,  one  cut  and  opening  into  the  inter- 
cellular passages.     (Magnified  100  diameters.) 

433.  Our  cut  (518)  displays  a  superficial  layer  of  the  empty 
tabular  cells  {a)  of  the  epidermis.  Next  beneath,  in  the  surface 
on  which  the  sun  shines,  are  one  or  two  layers  of  oblong  cells 
(//)  placed  perpendicularly  to  that  surface,  and  more  compact 
than  the  cells  beneath  them  (c),  which  are  pervaded  by  intercel- 
lular passages  and  by  the  veins. 

434.  The  stomata  as  a  rule  belong  to  the  shaded  side  of  the 
leaf,  avoiding  the  sun's  direct  rays.  On  the  sunny  side  there 
are  few,  comparatively,  or  none.  In  the  submerged  leaves  of 
water-plants,  the  epidermal  layer  is  hardly  distinguishable,  and 
is  wholly  destitute  of  stomata.  In  such  leaves  as  float  upon  water 
(\Yater  Lilies)  stomata  are  found  in  the  upper  surface  alone. 

435.  Within  all  the  vesicles  of  the  parenchyma  are  seen  ad- 
hering to  the  walls  tlie  green  globules  of  chlorophyll  which 
give  color  to  the  leaf — dark  green  above,  where  it  is  more  com- 
pact ;  paler  beneath,  where  the  cells  are  more  loose  and  separate 


140  PHYSIOLOGICAL  BOTANY. 

Vessels  of  cienchyma  pervade  the  under-layer  of  parenchyma, 
returning  the  elaborated  juices  through  the  petiole  into  the 
cambium  layer. 

Review.— A^l.  Note  a  cross-section  of  Endogen.  Its  structure.  422.  Constituents  of  a 
wood-bundle— (explain  511V  42:3.  Trace  its  coarse.  Has  the  Endogena  true  bark?  Why 
BO  difficult  to  split?  424.  Show  the  significance  of  the  term  Endogen.  Also  of  the  term 
Exogen.  Why  the  caudex  is  smallest  at  base.  42.").  What  tribes  are  ^(;r'0.'7en«  ?  Signin- 
cance  of  the  terra.  Carefully  describe  a  cross-section  (514).  42(5.  What  is  the  rank  of  the 
Thallogens  f—^vyn\fLC».nce  of  the  term?— Their  only  tissue?  What  semblance  of  stems 
have  they?  428.  FibrillfE  of  the  Root.  Show  them.  429.  Pileorhiza.  Show  it.  430.  How 
the  root  g:rows  and  penetrates  the  soil.  431.  Origin  of  the  leaf.  Substance  of  the  veins, 
432.  The  parenchyma.  When  are  its  two  strata  alike?  434.  Place  of  the  stomata?  Ex- 
ceptionB.    435.  Condition  of  the  chlorophyl.    The  cienchyma,  where  and  why  ? 


CHAPTER   VI. 

VEGETATIOX,    OR   THE   PHYSIOLOGY    OF    PLANT   LIFE. 

436.  We  have  now  briefly  surveyed  the  mechanism  of  the 
plant — both  its  outward  forms  and  internal  structure.  We  next 
inquire  into  the  uses  of  all  this  wonderful  apparatus ;  what  the 
specilic  ofl^ce  which  each  part  performs  in  the  economy  of  the 
plant ;  and  how  all  parts  co-operate  in  tlie  work  of  living  and 
growing. 

437.  What  is  life?  This  inquiry  meets  us  at  the  beginning — 
a  problem  never  solved.  The  spontaneous  action  of  the  plant, 
the  self-determined  shapes  which  it  assumes,  we  at  once  refer  to 
this  principle — its  vitality ;  but  of  the  nature  of  this  principle 
itself,  we  can  only  say — Is  it  not  a  direct  emanation  from  the 
Supreme  Will,  the  Fountain  of  all  life  ? 

438.  Vegetation  is  doubtless  the  lower  form  of  life.  It 
springs  directly  from  inorganic  or  mineral  matter,  and  is  thf» 
first  step  in  the  organization  of  mineral  matter.  Its  material  is, 
therefore,  mineral  matter  rendered  organic  through  the  vital 
force.  The  subordination  of  the  vegetable  to  the  animal  king 
dom  is  thus  manifest  in  its  being  fed  and  nourished  on  inorganic 
matter.  It  is  interposed  between  these  two  incompatible  ex- 
tremes, and  is  ordained  to  transform  the  innutritions  mineral 
into  the  proper  and  indispensable  food  of  the  animal  kingdom. 

439.  71ie  process  of  vegetation  consists  of  imbibing  the  crude 
matters  of  the  earth  and  air,  transforming  into  sap,  assimilating 


VEGETATION.  141 

to  pJant-juice  (latex),  and  ororanizinf^  into  its  own  structure  ac- 
cordino-  to  its  own  plan.  The  vital  phenomena  on  whi(*h  these 
transformations  depend  are  called  absorption,  circulation,  exhala- 
tion, assimilation,  secretion,  all  of  which  processes  take  place  in 
the  individual  cell.  Cell-life,  therefore,  is  an  epitome  of  the  life 
of  the  whole  plant.  The  cell  is  never  a  spontaneous  production ; 
it  is  the  otlspring  of  a  p^e-existing  cell.  So  with  the  plant ;  it  is 
always  the  offspring  of  a  pre-existing  embryo  or  cell.  Nothing 
but  a  cell  can  produce  or  nourish  a  cell. 

440.  Two  kinds  of  organic  matter  make  up  the  cell.  The  first, 
protoplasm,  or  protein  (C^^  H31  Oj,  N5),  the  material  of  the  pri- 
mordial utricle  (§  373),  etc.,  containing  nitrogen;  2d,  cellulose 
(Ojj  Hjo  Ojo).  the  material  of  the  outer  wall  or  crust,  etc.,  con- 
taining no  nitrogen.  The  former  more  nearly  resembles  animal 
matter,  and  is  the  seat  of  the  ^^ 
vital  force  and  chemical  action.  (^^    ^^ 

441.  Through   the  invisible   ^  Q^ 
])ores  of  its  -vplls  the  cell   im-    ^h   ^^ 
bibes  the  fluid  in  which  its  food  ^^ 
is  dissolved,  viz.,  sugar  or   dex-           519  520 
trine,  ammonia  or  some  other    519,  Protocqccusviridis-the  Green  snow-pUnt. 

'  520,  Penicillum  glaucum— the  Yeast-plant 

nitrogenous  substance.    Such  a 

lluid  may  be  the  flowing  sap  of  the  plant,  or  any  similar  artificial 
mixture  in  which  the  cell  is  bathed,  as  (in  the  case  of  the  Yeast- 
plant)  a  syrup  with  mucilage. 

442.  The  sugar  is  thus  brought  into  contact  with  the  proto- 
plasm in  the  cell,  through  whose  action  it  is  decomposed,  and 
its  elements  transformed  into  cellulose  and  water.  Thus  each 
atom  of  (grape)  sugar  or  dextrine  becomes 

One  atom  of  cellulose,      0^2  H^q  0^^ 
and  two  atoms  of  water,         H  3  0 , 

C12  H12  0,,  =  grape  sugar. 

The  water  is  exhaled  with  the  rest;  the  cellulose  is  retained  to 
incrust  a  new  cell  as  soon  as  the  primordial  utricle  shall  next 
divide  itself  to  form  one.  Or  it  may  be  deposited  as  starch 
granules  for  future  use. 

443.  In  the  cells  of  green  plants  the  globules  of  chlorophyl 


142  PHYSIOLOGICAL   BOTANY. 

act  an  imj^ortant  part.  Their  formation  depends  upon  the  de- 
composition of  carbonic  acid  (CO J,  the  retention  of  the  carbon, 
and  the  exhalation  of  the  oxygen  under  the  stimulus  of  the  light. 
If  the  formation  of  cellulose  continue  beyond  the  present  need 
for  cell  formation,  the  excess  is  deposited  in  the  form  of  starch 
granules  enclosed  within  the  globules  of  chlorophyl,  one  in  each. 

444.  When  the  starch  granules  are  redissolved,  they  go  to  incrust  the  next  new  cell,  or 
to  form  a  secondary  layer  in  the  old  cell ;  or  in  Autumn  they  go  out  into  the  general  cir- 
culation, and  are  at  length  stored  up  in  the  buds,  the  cambium,  the  roots,  ready  "or  iJX 
early  use  the  following  Spring, 

445.  The  increase  f^f  the  protoplasm  from  the  decomposition  of  the  ammonia  or  other 
nitrogenous  compounds  present,  is  a  more  intricate  process,  but  no  less  evident;  and 
when  in  excess,  this  also  is  deposited  in  minute  globules  of  gluten,  mucus,  legumine, 
chiefly  in  seeds  (Wheat,  Beans,  Rice),  in  aid  of  germination. 

44(3.  The  starch  and  gluten  deposits  of  the  Wheat-kernel  are  about  sixty-eight  and 
seventeen  per  cent.  The  former  is  found  in  the  interior  cells,  the  latter  in  the  exterior, 
adjoining  the  pericarp  or  bran.  In  "flouring,''  some  of  the  gluten  adheres  to  th«  bran, 
and  some  constit-utes  the  coarser  meal,  all  of  which  is  separated  by  the  "bolt."  Extra 
flour  must,  therefore,  necessarily  be  deficient  in  gluten,  the  only  element  of  the  Wheat 
wiiich  adapts  it  to  the  formation  of  muscle— a  great  error. 

Pevieto. — 436.  What  inquiries  next  arise?  437.  A  problem  unsolved.  What  the  plie- 
nomena  of  plant  life?  438.  Wiiat  the  lowest  form  of  life  ?  Whence  does  it  spring  ?  Why 
subordinate?  4:^.  The  process  of  vei^etation.  The  five  vital  phenomena.  440.  Two 
kinds  of  orranic  matter.  Write  out  tlieir  symbols.  Which  resembles  animal  matter? 
411.  What  the  cell  imbibes.  From  what  fluid?  442.  The  chemical  decomposition— Ex- 
press it.  What  becomes  of  the  cellulose  thus  formed?  443.  Chlorophyl  how  formed? 
Whai  globule  within  a  globule  ?  445.  What  becomes  of  the  excess  of  protoplasm  ?  446. 
Why.t  per  cent,  of  starch  and  gluten  in  Wheat  ?    Why  is  extra  Jiour  deficient  in  gluten  ? 


CHAPTER    VII. 

FERTILIZATIOX. 

447.  Such  being  the  vital  enf^rgy  of  the  cell,  it  is  easy  to  admit 
the  possibility  of  either  its  solitary  existence  as  a  })lant  (Proto- 
coccus,  etc.),  or  of  its  associated  existence,  as  in  the  living  tissue 
of  most  plants.  Now  all  plants,  without  exception,  do  actually 
commence  existence  in  the  state  of  a  simple  cell.  But  while  in 
the  lower  plants  (Cryptogamia)  this  simple  cell,  the  plant  rudi- 
ment, is  at  once  discharged,  free  and  independent,  to  float  or 
grow,  in  the  PhenogamiaVt  is  yet  a  while  protected  and  nour- 
ished by  other  cells — the  cells  of  the  ovule. 

448.  This  primitive  cell-plant,  after  acquiring  the  requisite 
means,  swells  and  divides  itself  into  two  or  more  new  cells.     If 


FEKTIUZATION. 


143 


these  new  cells  cohere  into  a  tissue  assuming  a  definite  form,  as 
in  the  higher  plants,  the  process  is  called  growth;  but  if  they 
separate,  each  one  still  abiding  separate,  it  is  reproduction. 

449.  The  embryonic  vesicle  is  the  expressive  name  of  the 
embryonic  cell  of  the  Flowering 
Plants.  It  has  its  birth  in  that 
large  cell  of  the  nucleus  of  the 
ovule  (§  142)  called  the  embryo 
sac,  and  is  in  some  way  developed 
from  the  cytoblast  (§  380).  In 
appearance  it  may  be  like  other 
new  cells ;  but  in  the  impulse  or 
instinct  Avith  which  it  is  endowed, 
it  is  immeasurably  different.  It 
looks  not  to  the  mere  continuation 
of  an  old  series,  but  is  the  projector 
and  pioneer  of  a  new.  But  before 
it  can  enter  upon  its  course  of  de- 
velopment so  different  from  the 
destination  of  common  cells,  it 
must  somehow  be  quickened  and 
energized  with  an  impulse  in  this 
new  direction.  In  other  words, 
it  must  be  fertilized — a  process 
dependent  on  the  pollen-grains 
(§,121). 

450.  The  annexed  cut  indicates  all  that  is  cer- 
tainly known  of  this  recondite  process.  The 
pollen-grain  falls  upon  the  stigma,  imbibes  the 
saccharine  moisture  there,  and  its  inner  coat 
of  protoplasm  expands  and  protrudes  through 
the  aperture  (one  or  more)  of  the  outer  crusta- 
ceous  coat,  in  the  form  of  an  attenuated  tube. 
This,  like  a  radicle,  sinks  into  the  soft  tissue.* 
of  the  stigma  and  stjie,  reaches  the  ovary,  enters  the  raicrop3de  of  the  oviile,  makes  its 
way  to  the  nucleus,  and  penetrates  to  the  embryo  sac.  Here  its  growth  ceases,  and  its 
contents  pass  by  absorption  into  the  sac. 

451.  This  is  the  view  of  Mohl,  Ilenfrey,  and  of  botanists  generally.  But  Schleiden 
maintains  that  the  end  of  the  pollen-tube  actually  penetrates  the  sac,  and  itself  becomes 
the  embryonic  cell.  The  pollen-grain  is  in  this  view  the  primitive  cell,  and  is  itself  quick- 
ened into  development  by  the  contents  of  the  embryo  sac  (522). 

452.  However  this  may  be,  the  embryonic  globule,  thus  some- 


ff2\.  Section  of  the  ovary  of  Polygomim  Pcnn 
sylvaiiiciim,  in  process  of  fertilization.  (Matr- 
nified  20  diameters.)  r,  Natural  size;  n,  one  of 
the  stamens,  Imving  di.schartred  its  pollen;  t,  a 
Krain  of  pollen  and  its  tube;  .%  styles  and  stij?- 
nias-  n,  ovary,  ovule,  embryo  sac  containing  the 
embryonic  globule.  The  extremity  of  a  pollen- 
tiibe  is  seen  in  contact  with  the  embryo  sac. 


144 


PHYSIOLOGICAL  BOTANY. 


how  endowed  with  a  new  instinct,  immediately  becomes  a  new 
centre  of  growth.  First  it  expands  to  a  proper  ceil,  attached  to 
the  wall  of  the  sac  near  the  micropyle.  It  then,  by  division  and 
subdivision,  multiplies  itself,  and  begins  to 
take  form  according  to  the  species,  showing 
cotyledon,  plumule,  etc.,  until  fully  devel- 
c>j)ed  into  the  embryo  (523). 

453.  In  the  case  of  the  Conifers  (Pines,  Cedars,  Firs), 
M  here  no  styles  or  stigmas  exist,  the  pollen  falls  directly  into 
the  micropj'le   of   the    naked 
ovule,  and  its  tubes  settle  into 
the  tissue  of  the  nucleus. 

451.  Germina- 
tion. The  ovule  ma- 
tures with  the  comple- 
tion of  the  embryo, 
and  passes  into  the 
fixed  state  of  the  seed 
in  which  the  embryo 
sleeps.  A  store  of  nu- 
tritive matter,  starch, 
gluten,  etc.,  is  thought- 
fully provided  in  the 
seed  for  the  use  of  the 
young  plant  in  germination,  until  its  root  has  gained  fast  hold 
of  the  soil. 

455.  The  changes  which  occur  in  the  seed  at  the  recommence- 
ment of  growth,  are  simply  such  as  are  requisite  to  reduce  its 
dry  insoluble  deposits  to  a  solution  which  shall  contain  the 
proper  materials  for  cell-formation  or  growth.  Gluten  and  other 
nitrogenous  matters,  oil,  starch,  etc.,  are  to  be  changed  to  dlas- 
tase^  the  same  as  yeast ;  and  dextrine,  the  same  as  gum  and  grape 
sugar. 

450.  To  this  end  water  and  oxygen  are  absorbed;  the  gluten 
begins  decomposition,  forming  yeast ;  fermentation  ensues ;  heat 
is  produced  by  the  slow  combustion  of  the  carbon  with  oxygen, 
forming  and  evolving  carbonic  acid,  by  which  process  some  of 
the  oil  and  starch  is  destroyed,  while  another  portion  gains  water 
and  turns  to  su^ar; — ail  this  within  the  cells  of  the  seed. 


522 

522,  Ov^^le  of  Viola  tricolor,  showing  the  process  of  fertilization 
according  to  the  views  of  Schleiden— p,  pollen;  t,  tube;  r,  rapjie; 
r,  chala:;a;  h,  primine;  a.  secnndine;  7i,  nucleus;  n,  sac,  wlilch 
the  tube  appears  to  have  penetrated.  523,  Growth  of  the  embryo 
in  Hippuris  vulgaris.  The  fertilized  cell  has  divided  itself  into 
several,  of  which  c,  b  constitute  the  suspensor  attached  to  the 
apex  of  the  sac;  a,  embryo  dividing  into  2,  then  into  4  cells. 


POLLEN  I ZATION.    CROSS-FERTILIZATION,    ETC.  145 

457.  Ripening  of  Fruits.  After  the  fruit  has  attained  its  full  growth  the  process 
of  ripening  coraraences,  during  which  the  pulp  becomes  gradually  sweetened  and  softened, 
chiefly  by  the  change  of  the  starch  into  more  or  less  of  soluble  sugar.  Thus  ripening  is 
to  the  pericarp  what  germination  is  to  the  seed.  In  its  earliest  stage  the  pericarp  con- 
sists of  structure  similar  to  that  of  green  leaves,  composed  of  cellular,  vascular,  and 
woody  tissues,  and  epidermis  with  stomata.  Its  distended  growth  afterward  results  from 
the  accumulation  of  the  flowing  sap,  which  here  finds  an  axis  incapable  of  extension. 
Thus  arrested  in  its  progress  it  gorges  the  pistil  and  adjacent  parts,  is  condensed  by  ex- 
halation, assimilated  by  their  green  tissues,  which  still  perform  the  office  of  leaves.  Cell- 
formation  goes  on  rapidly  within,  and  the  excess  of  cellulose  is  deposited  in  the  cellsas 
starch.    Oxygen  is  usually  absorbed  in  excess,  acidifying  the  juices. 

45 S.  In  the  same  way  we  account  for  the  production  oi  honey 
in  the  flower.  Copious  deposits  of  starch  are  provided  in  the 
receptacle  and  disk  (§  85).  At  the  opening  of  the  flower,  this 
is  changed  to  sugar,  to  aid  in  the  rapid  development  of  those 
delicate  organs  which  have  no  chlorophyl  wherewith  to  assim- 
ilate their  own  food.  The  excess  of  sugar  flows  over  in  the  form 
of  honey.  The  wise  economy  of  the  honey  is  seen  in  fertiliza- 
tion. For,  attracted  by  it,  the  insect  enters  the  flower,  rudely 
brushes  the  pollen  from  the  now  open  anthers,  and  inevitably 
lodges  some  of  its  thousand  grains  upon  the  stigma ! 

469.  Experiment  has  proved  that  in  all  these  cases  of  the  formation  of  sugar  from  starch 
oxygen  is  absorbed  and  carbonic  acid  evolved— a  process  which  we  might  expect,  since 
etarch  (Ci,  Hjo  0,o)  contains  proportionably  more  carbon  than  sugar  (C,,  H,,  O,,)  coil' 
tains.    It  is  probable  that  these  two  phenomena  in  vegetation  are  always  co-existent. 

Review. — 447.  May  a  plant  consist  of  a  single  cell  ?  An  example.  Two  modes  of  devel- 
opment. 448.  How  is  growth  distinguished  from  reproduction  f  449.  What  is  the  embry- 
onic vesicle  ?— Its  origin  '—Its  destination  ?  Whence  this  new  impulse  ?  450.  Trace  the 
growth  of  the  pollen-grain.  Trace  the  course  of  its  tube.  451.  Different  views  of  this. 
Show  by  the  figures.  452.  Development  after  fertilization.  453.  Course  of  the  pollen  in 
the  Conifers.  45^1.  Slate  of  the  embryo  in  the  seed.  Provision  for  its  nourishment. 
455.  What  chemical  changes  ensue ?  Whence  the  yeast?— The  sugar?— The  heat?  ^^ 
What  is  formed  in  ripening  fruits  ?    458.  Whence  is  honey  ?— Its  economy  t 


CHAPTEK  VIII. 

POLLENTIZATION^,  CROSS-FERTILIZATION,  ETC. 

45 9«.  In  §  111  (also  in  §  449)  it  is  stated  that  pollen  is  essen- 
tial to  tlie  fertilization  of  the  flower.  We  may  here  add  that  m 
order  to  fertility,  pollen  must  not  only  be  produced,  but  must 
also  in  some  way  be  conveyed  to  the  stigma,  and  lodged  on  its 
surface.     Another  requisite  is  that  the  pollen  and  pistil  shall 

10 


145  a  PHYSIOLOGICAL  BOTANY. 

either  be,  1st,  parts  of  the  same  flower  ;  or,  2d,  of  other  flowers 
of  the  same  plant ;  or,  3d,  of  the  same  species  ;  or,  4th,  oJ 
closely  related  species.  In  the  first  and  second  cases  the  process 
may  be  called  self-fertilization  ;  in  the  third  case,  cross-fertili- 
zation ;  in  the  fourth  case,  hyhridization. 

459^.  Now  whether  the  first,  second,  or  third  process  shall  pre- 
vail in  any  given  species  will  depend  on  the  structure,  number, 
arrangement,  of  the  floral  organs.  In  the  few  flowers  whict 
never  open, — the  Cleistogenes,  such  as  the  late  apetalous  flowers 
of  the  Blue  Violet,  and  also  probably  those  of  Gentiana  An- 
drewsii,  only  self-fertilization  is  possible.  But  in  the  multitude 
of  open  flowers  with  both  stamens  and  pistils  exposed,  as  in  th( 
Lily,  Eosc,  Morning  Glory,  either  self-  or  cross-fertilization  'n 
possible  unless  determined  by  some  other  special  circumstance. 
The  stigma  may  receive  pollen  directly  from  its  own  stamens,  oi 
indirectly  from  other  flowers  near  or  remote,  through  the  agenc} 
of  winged  insects,  humming-birds,  or  of  the  wind.  Again  then 
are  flow^ers  in  which  the  organs  are  so  situated  that  self-fertili- 
zation is  very  difficult,  or  even  impossible.  Of  this  class  are  the 
Asclepiads  and  Orchids,  Avhose  pollen,  cohering  in  masses  (pol- 
linia)  is  inclosed  in  cavities,  and  only  dragged  forth  by  insects 
to  be  carried  to  other  flowers.  So  in  Iris,  where  the  extrorse 
anthers  and  petaloid  stigmas  are  averted  from  each  other,  the 
former  beneath,  and  shedding  its  pollen  downward. 

459c.  Dichogamous  Plants.  In  some  species  the  stamens 
and  pistils  are  not  cotemporary  in  the  same  plant,  but  the  sta- 
mens of  one  plant  mature  at  the  same  time  with  the  pistils  oi 
another  plant,  and  vice  versa.  This  necessitates  cross-fertiliza- 
tion, and  the  agency  of  the  wind  or  of  insects.  We  have  exam- 
ples in  the  Grasses,  the  common  Plantain,  in  Scrophularia,  etc. 

45  9c?.  Dimorphous  Plants  are  such  as  the  Mints  (Men- 
tha), the  Yellow  Jessamine  (Gelsemium),  Houstonia  coerulea, 
etc.  In  these  the  flowers  assume  two  forms,  with  the  stamens 
and  pistils  cotemporary  in  both.  In  some  the  stamens  are  ex- 
serted  and  pistil  included,  while  in  others  the  stamens  are  in- 
cluded and  style  exserted.  This  arrangement  also  favors  cross- 
fertilization  through  insect  agency. 


POLLENIZATION,   CEOSS-FERTILIZATION,  ETC.  145  6 

45 9e.  The  service  thus  performed  by  insects  in  behalf  of  veg- 
etation is  very  important.  Numerous  species  are  wholly  depend- 
ent on  bees,  moths,  flies,  for  the  dissemination  of  their  pollen, 
and  consequently  for  their  very  existence.  Many  other  species, 
although  capable  of  self-fertilization,  are  still  gi-eatly  benefited 
by  the  intercrossings  of  pollen  which  the  visits  of  insects  occa- 
sion. Of  course  the  bees  have  no  idea  of  these  benefactions. 
They  visit  the  flowers  solely  for  their  own  good.  The  nectar 
which  they  seek  is  always  so  situated  as  to  oblige  them  to  dis- 
turb the  pollen  or  pollinia  as  they  pass  and  repass,  get  besprink- 
led with  it,  and  so  encounter  the  stigmas  from  flower  to  flower. 

459/.  It  would  seem  important  that  the  bee  or  moth  should 
confine  its  visits  during  any  one  excursion  to  plants  of  the  same 
species.  And  this  it  actually  does,  as  shown  by  observation, 
avoiding  the  mingling  of  its  nectars  as  well  as  the  confusion  of 
its  pollens.  In  accomplishing  this,  the  insect  may  be  led  by 
habit,  becoming  accustomed,  for  the  hour,  to  one  form  of  nec- 
tary ;  or  it  may  be  dra\v ..  by  uniform  odor  of  the  flowers,  or  by 
their  gay  and  special  colors.  For  we  observe  that  the  flowers  of 
grasses  and  of  forest  trees  whose  pollen  is  wafted  by  the  wind, 
requiring  no  aid  from  insects,  are  destitute  both  of  bright  colors 
and  of  fragrance,  and  of  honey. 

459^.  From  these  observations  and  a  thousand  others  of  simi- 
lar import,  it  is  inferred  that  Nature  insists  on  the  fertilization 
of  the  stigma  in  every  plant  hy  all  means,  at  least  when  growing 
in  its  native  home  ;  also,  that  of  the  two  general  modes,  self  or 
cross,  she  greatly  prefers  the  latter. 

459^.  What  are  the  reasons  for  this  preference  ?  The  solu- 
tion of  this  inquiry  has  engaged  the  attention  of  many  skillful 
investigators,*  until  it  seems  to  be  proved  that  the  offspring  of 
cross-fertilization  are  as  a  rule  decidedly  superior  in  size,  vigor, 
and  variety. 

Eevieiv. —Y'lrst  requisite  concerning  the  pollen.  The  2d.  The  3d.  Define  self- fertili- 
zation. Cro^s-fertilization.  Hybridization.  Deflne  C/ei*tog'6ne  flowers.  F lower sfavoririij: 
both  kinds  of  fertilization.  Crossing  only.  How  in  Iris  ?  Dichosatnoiis  Plants.  Bi- 
morphoiis  Plants.  The  servici-s  of  insects  essenti'il ;— beneficial.  Motivi^  of  the  bee.  His 
visits— how  limited.  Why  no  bright  colors  or  honey  in  Graspes  ?  Nature's  preference. 
Wherefore  ? 

*  Sprengel,  Hildebrand,  Miiller,  Darwin,  etc. 


146  PHYSIOLOGICAL  BOTANY. 

CHAPTER  IX. 

ABSORPTIOJ^. 

460.  OfBce  of  the  root.  The  absorption  of  liquids,  con 
taining  in  solution  the  food  of  the  plant,  is  the  peculiar  and 
indispensable  office  of  the  root. 

Take  a  small  f?rowing  plant  from  the  earth  and  immerse  it  by  its  roots,  which  should 
be  nearly  or  quite  entire,  in  a  cup  containing  a  definite  quantity  of  water.  Place  near  it 
anotliercup  with  a  like  quantity  of  water  to  indicate  the  amount  of  evaporation.  The 
difference  of  the  diminution  in  the  two  cups  will  be  the  amount  of  absorption.  A  plant 
of  Spearmint  has  thus  been  found  to  absorb  more  than  twice  its  own  weight  per  day. 
Every  one  is  familiar  with  the  rapid  disappearance  of  water  from  the  roots  of  potted 
plants,  as  Hydrangea,  Oleander. 

461.  An  impervious  epidermis  destitute  of  storaata  every- 
where clothes  the  roots,  excepting  its  fihrillm  and  the  tender 
extremities  of  the  rootlets.  No  part,  therefore,  is  capable  of 
absorption  except  the  latter.  But  these,  by  their  multiplied 
numbers,  present  to  the  soil  an  adequate  absorbing  surface. 
Hence,  in  transplanting  a  tree,  almost  the  only  danger  to  its  life 
arises  from  the  difficulty  of  preserving  a  sufficient  number  of 
these  rootlets. 

462.  The  force  with  which  plants  absorb  fluids  by  their  roots  is  surprisingly  great.  If 
the  stem  of  a  Grapevine  be  cut  off  when  the  sap  is  ascending,  and  a  bladder  be  tied  to 
the  end  of  the  standing  part,  it  will  in  a  few  days  become  distended  with  sap  «ven  to 
bursting.  Dr.  Hales  contrived  to  fix  a  mercurial  gauge  to  a  vine  thus  severed,  and  found 
the  upward  pressure  of  the  sap  equal  to  twenty-six  inches  of  mercury,  or  thirteen  pounds 
to  the  square  inch. 

463.  But  what  causes  this  absorption  of  fluids  in  a  direction 
contrary  to  gravitation?  In  explanation  of  this  phenomenon 
reference  has  been  made  to  two  well-known  principles  in  physics 
— viz.,  to  capillary  attraction  by  the  tubular  vessels,  and  to  en- 
dosmose  by  the  closed  cells,  which  are  far  more  numerous. 

464.  The  effects  of  capillary  attraction  are  seen  in  experiments  like  the  following.  In- 
sert the  end  of  several  open  thermometer  tubes  in  a  colored  liquid.  It  will  be  seen  rising 
in  the  tubes  above  its  level  to  various  heights— highest  in  the  smallest  calibre.  Or  sus- 
pend a  napkin  in  such  fashion  that  its  lowest  corner  shall  dip  into  a  cup  of  water.  In  a 
few  hours  the  water  will  have  ascended  into  the  napkin. 

4(>5.  £udosinose  is  thus  illustrated:  Throw  dried  prunes,  currants,  or  raisins  into 
water.  After  a  while  they  will  have  become  swollen  and  distended  with  fluid.  Now  place 
them  in  strong  syrup— they  will  again  shrink.  T\iQ  flowing  in,  as  in  the  first  case,  is  called 
endosmose ;  ilw.  flowing  out,  as  in  the  second  case,  is  called  exosmose.  (See  Class  Book  of 
Botany,  §  T81-78:i.)    Another  explanation  of  absorption  i!<  given  in  §  4T1. 


CIRCULATION.  147 

406.  Other  means  of  absorption.  The  office  of  absorp- 
tion is  not  performed  by  the  root  alone.  Every  green  part,  but 
especially  the  leaf,  is  capable  of  absorbing  gases  and  watery  vapor. 

Every  one  knows  how  greatly  plants,  when  parched  and  withered  by  drought,  are  re- 
vived by  a  shower  which  sprinkles  their  leaves  without  reaching  their  roots.  Air-plants, 
01  epiphytes  (§  208),  such  as  the  Long-moss  and  Epidendrura,  must  rely  on  this  source 
chiefly  for  the  supply  of  their  food ;  and  when  the  dissevered  stems  of  such  plants  at  the 
Houseleek  grow  without  roots,  suspended  by  a  thread  in  air,  it  is  evident  that  all  their 
nourishment  comes  through  their  leaves. 

467.  The  use  of  absorption  in  the  vegetable  economy  is  not 
merely  the  introduction  of  so  much  water  into  the  plant,  but  to 
obtain  for  its  growth  the  elements  of  its  food  held  in  solution, 
whether  gaseous  or  earthy.  In  attaining  this  object,  the  roots 
seem  to  be  endowed  witli  a  certain  power  of  selection  or  choice, 
which  we  cannot  explain.  Thus,  if  wheat  be  grown  in  the  same 
Boil  with  the  pea,  the  former  will  select  the  silica  along  with  the 
water  which  it  absorbs,  in  preference  to  the  lime ;  the  pea  selects 
the  lime  in  preference  to  the  silica.  Buckwheat  will  take  chiefly 
magnesia/  cabbage  and  beans,  potash.  This  fact  shows  the 
importance  of  the  rotation  of  cro2)s  in  agriculture. 

Revieio. — 460.  Principal  office  of  the  Root.  Illustrate  by  a  youn";  plant  of  Spearmint— 
By  Hydrangea.  461.  What  special  organs  are  the  absorbents?  What  care  in  transplant- 
ing trees  ?  462.  How  prove  the  great  force  of  absorption  ?  463.  Causes  of  the  ascent  of 
the  sap.  Illustrate  capillary  attraction.  465.  Illustrate  Eudosmose.  What  other  explana- 
tion in  §  471,  and  480  ?  46(5.  What  other  organs  may  absorb  ?  Several  illustrations.  How 
are  Tree-mosses  nourished  ?  467.  Uses  of  absorption  to  vegetation.  Have  the  roots  tiie 
power  of  choice  ?    Give  examples. 


CHAPTER  X. 

CIECULATION. 

468.  The  fluids  which  are  thus  taken  into  the  system  by  ab- 
sorption cannot  remain  inactive  and  stagnant.  As  their  inward 
flow  is  regular  and  constant  in  its  season,  so  must  be  their  up- 
ward and  outward  flow,  in  a  course  more  or  less  direct,  toward 
the  parts  where  they  find  an  outlet  or  a  permanent  fixture. 

469.  In  those  Cryptogams  which  are  composed  of  cellular 
tissue  alone,  the  circulation  of  the  sap  consists  only  of  a  uniform 
diff'usion  from  cell  to  cell  throughout  the  mass,  as  through  a 
sponge.     In  the  higher  plants,  the  difterent  tissues  perform  ap- 


14.8  PHYSIOLOGICAL   BOTANY. 

propriate  offices  in  the  circulation;  some  conductiiAg  upward, 
some  downward,  some  conveying  the  crude  sap,  some  latex,  and 
some  air. 

470.  Spiral  vessels  and  others  of  the  trachenchyma  are  gen 
orally  filled  with  air,  and  take  no  part  in  the  circulation  of  fluids, 
except  in  the  Spring,  w^hen  the  whole  system  is  gorged  with  sap. 
The  interceUular  passages,  also,  generally  circulate  air  alone. 

471.  From  the  roots  the  newly  absorbed  fluid  flows  upward 
through  the  stems  and  branches,  toward  the  buds,  leaves,  and 
flowers,  being  probably  drawn  thither  into  them  by  the  exhala- 
tion and  consequent  exhaustion  there  going  on.  That  tissue  of 
the  stem  and  branches  through  which  the  ascending  sap  loves 
chiefly  to  travel,  is  the  pleurenchyma — those  long  cells  of  the 
wood  fibre,  whether  arranged  in  broad  layers,  as  in  the  Exogens, 
or  scattered  in  slender  bundles,  as  in  the  Endogens.  And  when 
the  stem  grows  old  the  sap  ceases  to  traverse  the  inner  layers, 
the  duramen,  where  its  passage  becomes  obstructed  by  thickened 
cell  walls ;  and  frequents  only  the  outer  newer  layers,  the  alhur- 
nmn,  next  adjoining  tlie  liber. 

472.  The  Crude  Sap.  The  fluid  which  thus  flows  upward 
seeking  the  leaves,  consists  largely  of  water,  is  colorless,  and  is 
called  the  Crude  Sap.  It  contains  in  solution  minute  quantities 
of  gases  and  mineral  salts,  imbibed  by  the  roots,  together  with 
dextrine  and  sugar  (no  starch),  which  it  dissolved  out  of  the  cells 
on  its  way.  This  is  the  fluid  which  flow^s  so  abundantly  from 
.ncisions  made  in  trees  in  early  Spring. 

473.  The  overflow  of  the  sap  depends  upon  the  excess  of  absorption  over  exhalation. 
After  tlie  decay  of  the  leaves  in  Autumn,  and  the  consequent  cessation  of  exhalation,  the 
rootlets,  bein;?  deep  in  the  ground,  below  the  influence  of  frost,  continue  their  action  for 
a  time,  and  an  accumulation  of  sap  in  the  system,  even  in  the  air-vessels  and  spaces,  takcH 
place.  Also  in  early  Spring,  before  the  leaves  are  developed,  this  action  recommences; 
and  the  plant  becomes  gorged  with  sap,  which  will  burst  forth  from  incisions,  as  in  the 
^uirar  JIaple,  or  sometimes  spontaneously,  as  in  the  Grape.  As  soon  as  the  buds  expand 
into  leaves  and  flowers,  the  overflow  ceases. 

474.  The  True  Sap.  Throughout  its  w^hole  course  to  the 
leaves,  the  sap  gains  in  density  by  solution.  There  arrived,  it 
loses  by  exhalation  a  large  part  of  its  water,  gains  additional 
carbon,  and  undergoes  other  important  chemical  changes  (here- 
after to  be  noticed),  and  becomes  the  True  Sap,  dense  and  rich, 
both  in  nutritive  matter  for  the  immediate  growth,  and  in  special 
products  for  th.Q  future  nourishment  of  the  plant. 


CIRGULATION.  149 

4*75.  Returninri^  the  true  sap  distributes  its  treasur(}s  in  due 
and  exact  proportion  as  needed  to  every  organ.  Its  course  lies 
in  the  tissues  of  the  bark,  celhdar  and  Avoody,  first  distributed 
over  the  under  sui'face  of  the  leaves,  thence  by  the  leaf-stalks 
into  the  liber,  and  so  pervading  all,  down  to  the  extremities  of 
the  roots. 

476.  On  its  passage  it  makes  deposits  of  food,  first  in  the  cells, 
of  the  pith  at  the  base  of  every  incipient  bud ;  then  in  the  cam- 
bium regiou  a  copious  store;  next  in  the  medullary  rays  a  due 
portion,  some  carried  outward  for  the  supply  of  the  cortical 
layer,  and  some  inward  for  solidifying  the  wood ;  and  lastly,  the 
residue,  often  the  richest  legacy  of  all,  falls  to  the  root,  and  fills 
every  branch  and  fibre,  however  vast  its  extent.  This  last  de- 
posit is  that  which  is  first  met  and  dissolved  by  the  rising  tide 
of  fluid  in  the  following  Spring. 

477.  Growth  progresses  downvrard.  Since  the  flowing 
of  the  true  elaborated  sap  is  downward,  it  scarce  admits  of  a 
doubt  that  the  progress  of  the  growth  is  also  downward,  from 
the  leaves  to  the  roots.  And  on  no  other  supposition  can  we 
account  for  such  facts  as  the  following. 

478.  Girdle  an  crceronous  tree  by  removing  an  entire  ring  of  its  bark.  It  will  flourish 
still  duviiij,' one  growiiig  season,  and  form  a  new  layer  of  wood  and  bark  everywhere 
above  tne  wound,  as.  before,  but  not  at  all  below.  The  next  season  the  tree  will  die 
Why?  LVcause  tho  txae  eap  returning  cannot  descend  to  nourish  the  roots.  But  in  a 
few  cases  trees  are  saf  J  to  have  survived  this  process.  In  such  cases  the  medullary  rays 
may  have  completed  tUc  broken  currents.  On  arriving  at  the  ring,  the  descending  sap 
flows  inwardly  by  the  Medullary  rays,  making  a  detour,  and  appears  again  in  the  bark 
below  the  interruption.    (See  Class  Book,  p.  155,  for  a  further  illustration  of  this  subject.) 

Bevietv. — 468.  Direction  of  the  flowing  sap.  469.  How  it  advances  in  the  tissue  of  a 
Cryptogam.  How  in  th  .  iiigher  plants.  470.  Vessels  for  air  only.  471.  Tendency  of  the 
flow.  By  wb at  tissues?  By  which  layers,  and  why  ?  472.  The  crude  sap.  473.  Account 
for  the  overflow— For  itb  copsation.  474.  The  change  to  true  sap.  Trace  its  return  from 
the  leaves.  476.  Specify  ihv  places  of  deposit.  477.  Does  grow  ih  progress  upward  or 
downward?    47b.  AprooL 


loO  PHYSIOLOGICAL  BOTANY. 

CHAPTER  XL 

TBA^fiPIRATION   AND   RESPIRATION. 

479.  Tr&nspiraiion  relates  to  that  important  office  per- 
formed  by  the  leaves  and  other  green  organs,  whereby  pure 
water  is  separated  from  the  crude  sap  and  given  oiF  into  the  air. 
It  takes  i3lace  chiefly  through  the  stomata,  and  is  greatest  by 
day,  and  in  a  warm,  dry  atmosphere. 

480.  Upon  the  activity  of  transpiration  depends  also  the 
amount  of  absorptiim.  It  not  only  makes  room  for  the  fluids 
from  below  to  enter,  but  by  disturbing  their  equilibrium  it 
creates  an  upward  tendency,  as  the  flame  of  a  lamp  draws  the 
fluid  up  the  wick.  All  the  mineral  and  organic  constituents  of 
the  sap  are  of  course  left  behind,  in  the  plant. 

481.  The  quantity  of  imre  water  trangipired  by  plants  is  immense.  A  forest  makes  . 
damp  atmosphere  for  miles  around.  Dr.  Hales,  in  a  series  of  instructive  experiments  In 
transpiration,  ascertained  tnat  a  Isunflower  three  and  a  half  feet  high,  with  a  surface  of 
5,616  square  inches,  transpired  from  20  to  30  oz.  in  twelve  hours ;  a  Cabbage  15  to  25  oz. 
in  the  same  time— equal  to  the  transpiration  of  a  dozen  laboring  men. 

482.  Respiration  in  plants  refers  to  their  relations  to  the 
atmosphere.  So  in  animals.  These  relations  are  in  either  case 
vitally  important,  as  may  be  shown  by  placing  a  small,  healthy 
potted  plant  (sc.  Geranium,  Mimosa)  under  the  receiver  of  an 
air-pump,  and  thoroughly  exhausting  the  air.  At  once  every 
vital  process  ceases — no  absorption,  no  assimilation,  no  irrita- 
bility, but  speedily  decay  ensues.  A  vacuum  would  be  no  more 
f'ltal  to  a  sparrow.  Air  is  quite  as  necessary  to  the  one  as  to 
the  other. 

483.  Respiration  in  plants,  or  aeration  (as  sometimes  called), 
consists  of  all  those  operations  by  which  the  sap  is  brought  into 
contact  with  the  air  or  subjected  to  its  influence.  It  occurs  in 
the  intercellular  passages,  in  the  spiral  vessels  everywhere,  but 
especially  in  the  leaves  and  all  other  organs  which  have  chloro- 
phyl  and  stomata.  Its  vital  importance  is  manifested  in  the  vast 
extent  of  the  respiratory  apparatus,  consisting  of  millions  of 
leaves  and  billions  of  breathing  pores  (stomata)  and  tracheaa 
(vessels)  I 


TRANSPIKATION  AND   RESPIRATION.  151 

484.  The  facts  connected  with  respiration,  which  seem  to  have 
been  well  established  by  the  experiments  of  Saussure,  Garreau, 
Moue,  Draper,  etc.,  are  these:  1.  Carbonic  acid  (C  OJ  is  ab- 
sorbed by  the  leaves  and  all  green  tissues,  under  the  direct  solar 
light. 

2.  Oxygen  (O)  is  absorbed  by  the  leaves  and  all  green  tissues 
in  the  absence  of  direct  solar  light,  and  by  the  roots,  flowers, 
fruits,  and  germinating  seeds  at  all  times. 

3.  The  oxygen  thus  absorbed  unites  with  some  of  the  free 
(or  nascent)  carbon  already  in  the  tissues,  and  forms  carbonic 
acid. 

4.  By  a  process  of  assimilation  (§  439),  carbonic  aci^  within 
the  green  tissues,  from  whatever  source  derived,  is  decomposed 
under  the  direct  sunshine,  and  its  carbon  is  retained ;  but, 

5.  Its  oxygen  is  set  free  and  exhaled. 

6.  Carbonic  acid  is  exhaled  by  the  leaves  and  all  the  green 
tissues  in  the  absence  of  the  sunshine,  and  by  all  other  parts 
(root,  flowers,  fruit,  and  germinating  seeds)  at  all  times. 

485.  Hence  it  appears  that  there  are  tioojyhases  of  aerial  action 
constantly  performed  and  seemingly  opposed  to  each  other.  One 
dependent  wholly  upon  the  clear  sunshine,  in  which,  by  the 
leaves,  etc.,  C  O^  is  absorbed,  decomposed,  and  O  returned  to  the 
atmosphere ;  the  other,  in  which  O  is  absorbed,  and  C  O,  ex- 
lialed,  by  the  leaves  in  the  absence  of  sunshine,  and  by  all  other 
parts  (roots,  flowers,  etc.)  at  all  times.  Both  are  equally  and 
vitally  important. 

486.  The  former  process  becomes  visible  to  the  eye  by  the  raj  id  development  of  chloro- 
phyl  accompanying  it— the  latter  by  its  gradual  loss.  Hence,  during  a  protracted  season 
of  cloudy  weather,  vegetation  grows  sensibly  paler ;  but  a  few  hours  of  sunshine  restoiea 
the  green  to  its  wonted  depth  and  richness.  Hence,  also,  plants  growing  in  darkness  or 
shade,  as  potatoes  in  the  cellar,  are  very  pale,  and  manifest  their  affinity  for  light  by 
stretching  themselves  with  famishing  eagerness  toward  the  slender  sunbeam  which  gains 
admittance.    Analysis  shows  structures  thus  grown  to  be  deficient  in  carbon. 

487.  We  may  easily  repeat  the  experiments  of  Saussure  and  Priestley.  Place  a  quantity 
of  freshly  gathered  leafy  stems  under  a  bell-glass  inverted  and  full  of  rain-water,  and  thn? 
expose  them  to  the  sunlight.  Soon  bubbles  of  pure  oxygen  gas  arise  and  slowly  collect 
above.  Now  repeat  the  experiment  with  boiled  or  distilled  water,  and  no  oxygen  will 
appear.  Rain-water  contains  00,  in  solution;  boiled  water  does  not.  The  O  must 
therefore  have  come  from  the  COa  as  would  appear. 

488.  If  we  enclose,  air-tight,  in  a  glass  globe  the  end  of  a  leafy  branch,  without  severing 
it  from  the  tree,  it  will  be  found  by  careful  analysis,  after  a  day  of  sunshine,  that  the  pro- 
portion of  O  has  increased  at  the  expense  of  COj  within  the  globe ;  and  rtcv  verm  by 
night  or  in  the  shade. 


15'2  PHYSIOLOGICAL   BOTANY. 

489.  The  results  of  both  transpiration  and  respiration,  as  con- 
cerns the  plant,  tend  to  concentrate  the  diUited  sap  by  the  elim- 
ination of  the  water,  which  served  merely  for  its  conveyance,  and 
to  assimilate  it  into  food  capable  of  being  orsranized  into  cells 
and  their  various  contents.  And  it  is  proper  in  this  place  also 
to  notice  the  effects  of  this  vast  machinery  upon  the  constitution 
of  the  atmosphere  and  its  relation  to  the  animal  kingdom. 

490.  Carbonic  acid  gas  is  dissolved  in  the  atmosphere  and 
somewhat  uniformly  difiused  throughout  its  whole  extent,  in  the 
proportion  of  about  4  parts  in  10,000,  or  -g-^o-  ^^^^^  gas  flows, 
and  is  ever  flowing  into  the  air  from  decaying  animal  and  vege- 
table substances,  from  combustion,  and  from  the  breath  of  all 
living  animals.  The  quantity  thus  added  to  the  atmosphere  an* 
nuallyis  estimated  at  100  billions  lbs.,  or  nearly  one-tenth  of  the 
whole  amount  of  carbon,  and  yet  it  does  not  accumulate.  Now 
if  we  were  able  to  com])ute  in  pounds  the  annual  growth  of  the 
entire  plant  world,  and  the  proportion  of  solid  cai'bon  which 
enters  into  that  amount,  we  should  doubtless  find  that  the  grand 
total  of  the  demand  equals  this  grand  total  supply. 

491.  And  further:  not  only  are  the  necessities  of  the  plant 
met  by  this  wonderful  circulation,  but  the  necessities  of  animal 
existence  also.  Carbonic  acid  is  poisonous;  and  should  it  be  left 
to  accumulate  unchecked,  it  would  gradually  corrupt  the  air,  and 
within  a  few  centuries  extinguish  all  animal  life.  Thus  are  the 
two  kingdoms  of  the  organic  world  mutually,  through  the  inor- 
ganic, dependent  upon  each  other.  The  plant  furnishes  the 
oxygen  which  the  animal  consumes,  the  animal  the  carbonic  acid 
which  the  plant  consumes,  while  each  would  perish  in  an  atmos- 
phere of  its  own  production.  "  Great  and  marvellous  are  thy 
works,  O  Lord  of  Hosts !  in  wisdom  hast  thou  made  them  all." 

J?evieiv. — 4T9.  What  is  transpii-ation  ?  It  occur?  where  and  when  ?  480.  Why  is  absorp- 
tion dependent  upon  it?  What  only  does  it  expel?  481.  How  much  water  did  a  Suii- 
rtower  transpire  in  a  day? — A  Cabbage?  Eft'ect  of  a  forest  on  the  Atmosphere  ?  483.  Ini- 
l)(>rt  of  Aeration.  Vastness  of  the  Apparatus.  484.  Six  fact":  in  Respiration.  48.5.  The 
two  opposite  phases  of  respiration.  486.  When  does  the  former  phase  become  visible? 
When  the  latter?  Blanched  plants.  487.  Saussure's  Experiments.  Why  no  oxygen  witii 
b«>iled  water  ?  489.  The  results  of  transpiration  and  respiration.  490.  What  proportion 
of  CO,  in  the  Air?  Whence  is  it?  How  much  added  yearly?  Does  it  accumulate? 
Why  not?  491.  How  might  the  air  become  poison  ?  The' mutual  dependence  of  Plants 
&nd  Ammale. 


PART  THIRD. 

SYSTEMATIC    BOTANY. 


CHAPTER    I. 

GENERAL   PRINCIPLES    OF   CLASSIFICATION. 

492.  Systematic  Botany  relates  to  the  arrangement  of  Plants 
into  Groups  and  Families  according  to  their  characters,  for  the 
purpose  of  facilitating  the  study  of  their  names,  affinities,  habits, 
history,  properties,  and. uses.  In  this  department  the  principles 
of  Organic  and  Physiological  Botany  are  applied  and  brought 
into  practical  use. 

493.  But  there  is  another  and  higher  import  in  the  study  of 
Systematic  Botany.  It  shows  us  Plants  as  related  to  each  other 
and  constituting  one  magnificent  system.  It  reveals  the  Al- 
mighty Creator  at  once  employed  in  the  minutest  details  and 
upon  the  boundless  whole ;  equally  attentive  to  the  perfection 
of  the  individual  in  itself,  and  to  the  completeness  of  the  Grand 
System  of  which  it  forms  a  necessary  part. 

494.  The  necessity  for  such  an  arrangement  of  the  Species  will  appear  when  we  con- 
Bider  their  immense  numbers.  They  meet  us  in  ever-varying  forms  at  every  step,  cloth- 
ing the  hills,  mountains,  valleys,  and  plains.  They  spring  up  in  hedges  and  by  the  way- 
side. They  border  the  streams  and  lakes,  and  sprinkle  over  their  surface.  They  stand 
assembled  in  forests,  and  cover  with  verdure  even  the  depths  of  the  Ocean.  Not  less  than 
100,000  kinds  are  already  distinguished,  and  the  catalogue  is  still  increasing. 

405  Into  this  vast  kingdom  of  Nature  the  student  is  introduced,  and  proposes  to  ac- 
quaint himself  with  eacli  and  every  object.  How  shall  he  begin?  Evidently  he  must 
deffir,.  with  the  individual— a  single  individual  plant.  But  (thanks  to  Him  who  created 
both  the  plant  and  the  mind—the  object  and  the  subject),  we  are  not  left  to  continue  the 
study  in  a  method  so  endless  and  so  hopeless.  As  if  in  special  regard  to  the  measure  of 
the  human  intellect  and  the  means  of  its  culture,  the  Great  Author  of  Nature  ha?  grouped 
these  myriads  of  individuals  into 


154  SYSIEMATIO  BOTANY. 

496.  Species  (§  27).  When  He  called  plants  into  existence 
in  their  own  specific  forms,  He  endowed  each  with  the  power  of 
perpetuating  its  own  kind  and  no  other  y'  so  that  they  have 
descended  to  us  distinguished  by  the  same  characters  and  prop- 
erties as  at  the  beginning.  When,  therefore,  the  student  has 
formed  acquaintance  with  any  one  individual  plant,  he  is  also  ac- 
quainted with  all  other  individuals  belo7iging  to  the  same  species. 

497.  For  example:  a  single  plant  of  White  Clover  is  a  true  representative  of  all  the  rail- 
lione  of  its  kind  that  grow  on  our  hills  and  meadows.  Likewise,  a  single  description  ol 
the  White  Pine  will  answer  in  all  essential  points  for  every  Individual  tree  of  that  noble 
species  in  all  its  places  and  times.  Thus  all  the  individual  plants  of  the  globe  are  grouped 
into  species  by  descent  and  resemblance. 

498.  Genera  (§  29).  Although  the  species  are  separated 
from  each  other  by  clear  and  definite  distinctions,  still  they  are 
found  td  exhibit,  also,  constant  afiinities  whereby  they  stand 
associated  into  larger  groups  called  genera.  Thus  the  White 
Clover  and  the  Red  Clover  (Trifolium  repens  and  T.  pratense) 
are  universally  recognized  as  different  species,  but  of  the  same 
kind  or  genus ;  and  a  proper  generic  description  of  one  plant  of 
the  genus  Trifolium  will  convey  intelligence  to  a  certain  extent 
concerning  every  other  plant  belonging  to  its  150  species. 

490.  Ordern.  But  natural  affinities  do  not  end  here.  The  genera  are  yet  too  nnraerous 
for  the  ready  and  systematic  study  of  the  naturalist.  He,  therefore,  would  generalize  still 
further,  and  reduce  the  genera  to  still  fewer  and  broader  groups.  On  comparing  the  gen- 
era with  each  other,  he  finds  that  they. also  possess  in  common  certain  important  charac- 
ters which  are  of  a  more  general  nature  than  those  which  distinguish  them  from  each 
other.    By  these  general  characters  the  genera  are  associated  into  Orders. 

50().  For  example:  comparing  such  genera  as  the  Mustard,  Radish,  Cabbage,  Cress, 
Wallflower,  etc.,  it  is  seen  that,  while  they  differ  sufficiently  in  their  generic  characters, 
yet  they  all  have  certain  marked  resemblances  in  their  didynamous  stamens,  siliquons 
fruit,  whereby  they  arc  obviously  associated  into  the  same  Order— the  Cruciferss.  So, 
also,  the  Pines,  the  Spruces,  the  Cedars,  the  Larches,  and  the  Cypress,  while  as  genera 
they  are  obviously  distinct,  yet  all  bear  cones  of  some  form,  with  naked  seeds ;  hence 
they  are  naturally  grouped  into  one  Order— the  Coniferae. 

501.  Classes.  In  like  manner  the  Orders,  by  traits  of  resemblance  still  more  general, 
are  associated  into  a  few  groups,  each  of  great  extent,  called  Classes. 

502.  Intermediate  Groups,  formed  on  the  same  principles,  are  recognized  as 
Subgenera,  Suborders  or  Tribes,  and  Subclasses  or  Cohorts,  which  will  be  particularly 
noticed  in  another  place.  Of  the  same  nature,  also,  are  Varieties,  which  are  groups  sub- 
ordinate to  species,  already  described  in  §  28. 

503.  Systems.  Two  independent  and  widely  different  meth 
ods  of  classifying  the  genera  have  been  generally  approved — the 
Artificial  Method  of  Linnaeus,  and  the  Natural  System  of  Jussieu. 
The  former  is  founded  solely  on  characters  relating  to  the  organs 


THE  NATURAL  SYSTEM.  155 

of  fructification,  leaving  all  other  natural  affinities  out  of  view. 
It  is  simply  an  arrangement  devised  by  Linnaeus  for  convenience 
in  the  analysis  of  plants — as  words  in  a  dictionary,  for  con- 
venience of  reference,  are  arranged  alphabetically^  without  re- 
gard to  their  nature.     It  is  now  generally  superseded  by — 

504.  The  Natural  System.  This  system  of  classification, 
on  the  contrary,  takes  for  its  basis  all  those  natural  affinities  and 
resemblances  of  plants  whereby  Nature  herself  has  distinguished 
them  into  groups  and  families.  It  seizes  upon  every  character 
wherein  plants  agree  or  disagree,  and  forms  her  associations  only 
upon  the  principle  of  natural  affinity.  Hence,  each  member  of 
any  natural  group  resembles  the  other  members ;  and  a  fair  de- 
scription of  one  will  serve,  to  a  certain  extent,  for  all  the  rest. 

505.  The  species  and  genera  are  formed  on  this  principle  of 
classification,  as  above  stated,  and  are  truly  natural  associations. 
Individuals  altogether  similar — cast,  as  it  were,  in  the  same 
mould — constitute  a  species.  Species  agreeing  in  nearly  all  re- 
pects,  and  differing  but  in  few,  constitute  a  genus.  Thence  the 
genera,  associated  by  their  remaining  affinities  into  groups  of 
few  or  many,  by  this  same  method  are  organized  into  Natural 
Orders  and  other  departments  of  the  System. 

Review.— A9%  Object  and  nse  of  Systematic  Botany.  493.  A  still  higher  import.  494. 
Show  the  subject  to  be  vast.  495.  A  wrong  way  to  study  it.  49tt.  How  the  species  are 
limited.  A  short  road  to  knowledge.  497.  Give  examples.  Define  a  Species  in  the 
words  of  I  27.  Define  a  Genus  (§  29).  498.  How  exemplify  a  genus?  495).  Give  the  third 
step  In  classification.  500.  How  is  the  Order  of  Crucifers  made  up?— The  Conifers? 
502.  Name  four  sorts  of  intermediate  groups.  What  is  said  of  the  Variety  in  §  28  ?  503. 
Two  methods  of  classifying  the  genera.  Define  the  Artificial.  Its  author.  504.  Define 
the  Natural  System.    Its  purpose.    505.  Synopsis  of  the  groups. 


CHAPTER    II. 

THE    NATURAL   SYSTEM. 

.506.  There  is  indeed  but  one  truly  Natural  System.  Yet  so*" 
long  as  any  portion  of  that  System  remains  imperfectly  under- 
stood, so  far  authors  may  be  expected  to  hold  different  views, 
and  to  attempt  by  different  methods  to  express  that  true  System. 
15ut  the  discrepancies  observed  in  the  several  "  Natural  Systems'* 
proposed  by  dinercJit  writers,  are  slight  compared  with  the  num- 


156 


SYSTEMATIC  BOTANY. 


ber  and  importance  of  the  principles  now  common  to  them  all, 
and  universally  admitted. 

Let  us  begin  with  the  VEGETABLE  KINGDOM  as  a  whole. 

507.  Sub-kingdoms.  It  is  first  divided  or  separated  into 
two  Sub-kingdoms,  viz.,  the  Phsenogamia,  or  Flowering  Plants, 
and  the  Cryptogamia,  or  Flowerless  Plants.  These  divisions 
were  first  propounded  by  John  Ray,  of  England,  in  1682.  They 
lie  at  the  foundation  of  the  System  of  Linnaeus  as  well  as  that 
of  Jussieu,  and  have  been  adopted  by  every  subsequent  author. 
It  is  a  division  founded  in  Nature — that  is,  marked  by  Nature 
herself;  for. 


(xp'j'JtTu),  to  conceal, 


The  Crtptogabiia 

o,  Are  generally  destitute  of  a  regular  axis 

and  of  true  leaves ; 
ft,  They   possess    mostly   only   a   cellular 

structure ; 

c.  They  do  not  develop  true  flowers ; 

d,  They  produce  spores  havinj?  no  enihrv>. 


The  Ptt^NOGAMiA  ((paivw,  to  appear,  ya- 
fXOcT,  nuptials)— 

a,  Consist  of  a  regular  axis  of  growth  with 
leafy  appendages ; 

i,  They  possess  a  woody  and  spiro-vascular 
structure ; 

C,  They  develop  stamens  and  pistils  consti- 
tuting flowers ; 

tl,  They  produce  seeds  containing  an  em- 
bryo. 

508.  The  above  diagnosis  does  not  mark  the  absolute  limits  between  tlic  two  Sub-kiiii;- 
doms;  for  the  higher  Cryptogams,  as  the  Ferns  and  Mosses,  give  indications  of  approach 
to  the  Phtenogams,  both  in  form  and  structure,  while  the  lower  Phienogaras  can  scarcely 
be  said  to  produce  flowers.  And  universally,  so  gradual  is  the  transition  from  group  to 
group,  that  it  is  diflicult  or  impossible  to  employ  characters  so  definite  as  to  circumscribe 
completely  any  one  group,  while  at  the  same  time  they  exclude  every  member  of  the  sur- 
rounding allied  groups. 

509.  Provinces.  The  Flowering  Plants  are  next  resolved 
into  two  great  Provinces,  indubitably  marked  by  Nature's  own 
hand,  and  employed  in  every  natural  method.  The  following  is 
their  diagnosis.  They  were  also  first  propounded  by  John  Ray, 
under  the  names  of  Dicotyledons  and  Monocotyledons. 

Endoqens  (ivSov,  within,  ysv^tau),  to 
grow,  etc.)  — 

a,  Growing  by  scattered,  internal  wood- 
bundles  ; 

6,  Leaves  parallel-veined; 

c,  Flowers  very  generally  3-parted ; 

d,  Seeds  with  one  cotyledon  ;  and 

e,  The  radicle  never  producing  an  axial  I'oot. 


ExoGENS  (:fw,  outsidc,  yswcfM,  to  gen- 
erate or  grow) — 

a,  Growing  by  layers  external  to  the  wood, 

internal  to  the  bark ; 

b,  Leaves  net-veined ; 

c,  Flowers  very  rarely  3-parted ; 

d,  Seeds  with  two  or  more  cotyledons ; 

e,  The  radicle  producing  au  axial  root. 

510.  Classes.  The  Provinces  are  next  broken  into  Classes, 
groups  of  the  third  rank  in  extent.  Two  are  constituted  of  the 
Exogeiis,  viz. : 


THE   NATURAL  SYSTEM.  157 


ANGiosPEBJii?  (a^yhoc:,  a  vessel,  (firipixct. 

seed),  (Oak,  Rose)— 
a.  Flowers  more  generally  perfect ; 
6,  Pistils  complete,  enclosing  the  ovules; 

c.  Seeds  enclosed  in  a  pericarp; 

d.  Embryo  with  only  two  cotyledons. 


Gttmnosperms  (yufJivoc;,  naked,  (f-TTSpfxaX 

(Pine,  Yew) — 
a.  Flowers  imperfect ;     ' 
6,  Pistils  scale-like,  with  no  stigma ; 
c,   Seods  naked,  not  in  a  pericarp ; 
of,  Embryo   mostly  with   several   whorled 

cotyledons. 

511.  Two  Classes  also  constitute  the  Endogens,  viz. : 


The  I'etalifer^  ('TsraXov,  a  petal, 
(pt'pw,  to  bear)— 

Plants  of  the  endogenous  structure,  hav- 
ing continuous  stems  and  petaloid  flowers ; 
that  is,  flowers  invested  with  a  whorled 
perianth  or  none  (Lily,  Orchis,  Eush). 


Glumifer^  {gluma,  hnsk,/e7'o,  tobear)-- 
Plants  of  the  endogenous  structure,  hav- 
ing jointed  culms  and  glumaceous  flowers ; 
that  is,  invested  with  an  imbricated  per- 
ianth of  green  glumes  (Grasses,  Grains. 
Sedges). 


512.  Cohorts.  The  Classes  are  each  of  great  extent,  both  as 
to  the  number  and  the  diversity  of  their  families,  and  obviously 
require  a  further  subdivision.  To  eftect  this  on  strictly  natural 
principles,  botanists  have  labored  hitherto  in  vain.  The  truth 
is,  the  members  of  these  several  classes  are  united  by  affinities 
so  equable  as  to  render  a  further  subdivision  impossible  except 
by  distinctions  more  or  less  arbitrary.  So  adjacent  territories, 
where  rivers  or  other  natural  boundaries  are  w^anting,  must  be 
separated  by  artificial  lines. 

513.  The  Angiosperms  were  subdivided  by  Endlicher  into 
three  cohorts,  and  nearly  all  modern  botanists  have  adopted  his 
plan  under  various  names. 

1.  DialypetalcB  (SiCtKvCti,  to  dissolve).  Exogenous  plants,  having  both  calyx  and  co- 
rolla, the  latter  composed  of  distinct  petals  (polypetalous),  sometimes  slightly  cohering 
by  the  base  of  the  stamens,  rarely  abortive, 

2.  Gamopetalce  (ya^xog,  union).  Exogenous  plants,  having  both  calyx  and  corolla, 
the  latter  composed  of  petals  more  or  less  united  {monopetalom). 

3.  Apetake  (oc,  privative).  Exogenous  plants  with  flowers  having  a  calyx  only,  or 
neither  calyx  nor  corolla  {achlamydeous). 

514.  The  class  petalifer^  may  be  conveniently  separated 
into  two  cohorts  as  follows : 

1.  SpadiC7flor(B.  Endogenous  plants  with  flowers  having  no  perianth,  era  scaly  one, 
and  borne  on  a  thickened  spadix,  which  is  often  enveloped  in  a  spathe. 

2.  Floridece.  Endogenous  plants  with  the  flowers  usually  perfect  and  complete,  the 
perianth  double,  S-parted,  the  outer  often,  and  sometimes  both,  green. 

515.  The  class  Glumifera?  is  equivalent  to  the  cohort  Grami- 
7ioidece,  including  the  Sedges,  Grains,  and  Grasses — a  truly 
natural  assemblage. 

516.  The  Sub-kingdom  Cryptogamia  is  resolved  into 
groups  which  are  analogous  to  those  of  the  Phaenogamia.     First, 


158 


SYSTEMATIC   BOTANY. 


it  is  naturally  divided  into  two  Provinces,  founded  upon  tbeir 
mode  of  vegetation.  The  Acrogens  include  those  tribes  which 
make  some  approach  toward  the  Phainogams,  while  the  Thallo- 
gens  include  the  lowest  tribes  of  the  vegetable  kingdom.  They 
are  thus  distinsfuished — 


Acrogens  (axpov^  the  summit  or  point, 
jSv'jacjj)— 

Flowerloss  Plants  having  a  regular  stem 
or  axis,  which  grows  by  the  extension  of 
the  apex  only,  generally  with  leaves,  and 
composed  of  cellular  tissue  and  scalariform 
ducts  (Ferns,  Mosses,  Club-mosses,  Horse- 
tails, etc.) 


Thallogens  (^JtXXov,  green  expansion, 

^irVVttW)— 

Flowerless  Plants  producing  in  vegetation 
a  thallus — an  indefinite  expansion  or  mass, 
with  no  distinction  of  stem,  leaf,  or  root, 
composed  of  cellular  tissue  only  (Lichens, 
Fungi,  etc.) 


517.  Classes  of  the  Flowerless  Plants.  For  the  sake  ot 
analogy  and  an  advantageous  comparison  with  the  Phsenogams, 
we  may  also  regard  these  two  provinces  of  the  Cryptogams  in 
the  light  of  Classes  founded  upon  their  different  modes  of  fruit- 
bearing.     Thus  the  Acrogens  constitute  the  class — 

Angiospor^  {oiyysios,  tf-TTo pa),  or  Angiospores : 

Acrogenous  plants,  producing  their  spores  in  sporangia  (vessels)  which  barst 
when  the  spores  are  mature. 

And  the  Thallogens  constitute  the  class — 

Gtmnospor^  (yufxvof,  tfcropcc),  or  Gymnospores : 

Thallogenous  plants  reproduced  by  spores,  which  are  produced  in  parent  cells, 
either  forming  a  part  of  the  vegetating  thallus,  or  growing  upon  the  surface  of  some 
definite  region  of  the  thallus.   . 

518.  The  class  Angiospores  is  divided  into  three  cohorts  (or 
Alliances  according  to  Lindley) : 

Lycopodales.  Acrogens  with  vascular  tissue,  spores  of  two  kinds,  and  spore-cases  axil- 
lary or  radical,  one— many-celled.  Plants  with  well-developed 'leaves.  (Lycopodiacene, 
Marsileacese.) 

Filicales.  Acrogens  with  vascular  tissue,  spores  of  but  one  kind,  spore-cases  borne  on 
the  margin,  back,  or  summit  of  the  frond,  one-celled,  usually  girded  by  an  elastic  ring. 
Plants  leafy  or  sheathed.    (Equisetaceae,  Filices.) 

Muscales.  Acrogenous  plants  mostly  cellular,  with  two  kinds  of  floral  organs  (antheri- 
dia  and  archegonia),  and  spore-cases  (thecas)  either  hooded  or  immersed  in  the  substance 
of  the  frond.    (Mosses,  Hepaticae,  etc.) 

519.  The  class  Gymnospores  also  consists  of  three  cohorts: 

Lichenales.  Thallogens  growing  in  air,  crustaceous,  without  mycelium,  includinsf 
spores  plunged  in  the  thallus  as  well  as  in  shields.    (Lichens.) 

Algales.  Thallogens  living  in  water  or  very  darip  places,  cartilaginous,  brightly  colored, 
without  mycelium,  nourished  through  their  whole  surface.     (Algce,  or  Seaweeds.) 

Fungales.  Thallogens  fructifying  in  the  air,  never  green,  nourished  by  their  own  my- 
celium, which  is  immersed  in,  and  feeds  upon  decaying  substances.    (Fungi.) 


THE  NATURAL  SYSTEM. 


159 


620.  The  following  is  a  condensed  tabular  view  of  the  Natural 
System  as  above  constituted. 

THE  VEGETABLE  KINGDOM. 

The  Sub-kmgdoin  Pelenogamia,  or  Flowering  Plants. 
Province  1st. — Exogens,  or  Dicotyledons. 
Class  I. — Angiosperms. 
Cohort  A. — Dialypetalae,  or  Polypetalous  Exogens  (Roaeworts). 
Cohort  B.— Gamopetalse,  or  Monopetalous  Exogens  (Phlox worts). 
Cohort  C— Apetalse,  or  Apetalous  Exogens  (Pokeworts). 
Class  II. — Gymnosperms. 
Cohort  D.— Conoideae,  or  Cone-bearing  Plants  (Pines). 
Province  2d. — Endogens^  or  Monocotyledons. 
Class  III. — Petalifer?e,  or  Aglumaceae. 
Cohort  E. — Spadiciflorae  (the  Aroids,  etc.) 
Cohort  F. — Florideae  (Lilyworts,  etc.) 
Class  lY. — Glumiferaj,  glumaceous  Endogens. 
Cohort  G. — Graminoideae  (Grasses,  etc.) 
The  Sub-kingdom  Ckyptogamia,  or  Flowerless  Plants. 
Province  3d. — Acrogens,  the  Point-growera. 
Class  V. — Angiospores. 
Cohort  H.— Lj^copodales,  or  Lycopods. 
Cohort  J. — Filicales,  or  Ferns. 
Cohort  K. — Muscules,  or  Mosses. 
Province  Uh.—Thallogens,  the  Mass-growers. 
Class  VI. — Gymnospores. 

Cohort  L. — Lichenales,  the  Lichens. 
Cohort  M. — Algales,  the  Seaweeds. 
Cohort  N. — Fungales,  or  Fungi. 


Fig.  524,  A  Moss  (Bartramia).    525,  Chara  ;  526,  a  portion  magw 
niBed.    527,  Lichens  (Cladonia).    528,  9,  Seaweeds  ;  8,  Vaucheria 
s,   a  spore  just  discharged  ;   9,  Fucus  ;  a,  air-vessel  ;  b,  fruit  ;  ■, 
section  of  one  of  the  fruit-clots  ;  c,  a  spore  with  paraphysea. 


160  BOTANICAL  ANALYSIS. 

6L'l.  Orders  oi  Families  succeed  to  the  Cohorts.  The 
Natural  Order  is  perhaps  the  most  important  of  all  the  associa- 
tions. On  the  accuracy  and  distinctness  of  the  characters  of 
these  groups  botanists  have  bestowed  the  highest  degree  of  at- 
tention, and  the  student's  progress  will  largely  depend  upon  his 
acquaintance  with  them. 

522.  Orders  are  formed  by  associating  together  those  genera 
which  have  the  most  intimate  relations  to  each  other,  or  to  some 
one  genus  previously  assumed  as  the  type.  As  species  form 
genera,  so  genera  form  Orders.  In  regard  to  extent,  they  differ 
widely ;  some  consisting  of  a  single  genus,  as  Platanacese,  while 
others  comprehend  hundreds  of  genera,  as  Compositse.  For 
convenience  in  analysis,  the  larger  Orders  are  broken  up  into 
Sub-orders  or  Tribes. 

523.  The  Natural  System,  then,  with  all  its  divisions,  groups, 
and  subordinations,  may  be  exhibited  at  one  view,  as  follow?  : 

The  Vegetable  Kixgdom  consists  of 

Two  SUB-KIXGDOMS, 

Four  Provinces, 
Six  Classes, 

Thirteen  Cohorts,  with  Alliances, 

300  Orders,  with  Sub-orders  and  Tribes, 
20,000  Genera,  with  Sub-genera, 
100,000  Species,  with  Varieties,  and 
Finally,  of  Individuals. 


CHAPTER    III 


BOTANICAL    ANALYSIS 


l8  the  application  of  the  rules  and  principles  of  botany  to  tht 

study  of  the  natural  plant,  in  order  to  determine  its  place  in  the 
system,  its  names,  history,  uses — all  that  is  on  record  concern- 
ing it. 

524.  In  the  flowering  months  the  learner  will  constantly  meet 
with  new  forms  of  bloom  ;  and  if  he  is  duly  interested  in  the 


BOTANICAL  ANALYSIS.  161 

science,  he  will  not  fail  to  seize  and  analyze  each  new  flower 
while  the  short  hour  of  its  beauty  may  last.  Thus  in  a  few 
seasons,  or  even  in  one,  he  may  become  well  acquainted  with 
ihejlora  of  the  vicinity  where  he  dwells. 

525.  Suppose,  now,  the  pupil  to  be  in  possession  of  an  un- 
known plant  in  flower  and  fruit.  The  first  requisite  is,  its 
Natural  Order,  and  the  first  step  in  analysis  is  an  examination 
of  the  several  organs,  one  by  one,  until  the  general  structure  is 
well  understood.  This  done,  the  experienced  botanist,  who  has 
in  memory  the  characters  of  all  the  Orders,  might  determine  at 
once  to  which  of  them  the  plant  in  question  belongs.  But  the 
heginner  must  be  content  with  a  longer  course  of  inquiry  and 
comparison, — a  course  which  might  be  indefinitely  long  and 
vague  without  the  use  of — 

526.  Analytical  Tables.  These  are  designed  to  shorten 
and  define  to  exactness  the  processes  of  analysis.  Those  which 
appear  in  the  present  work  are  peculiar  in  form,  and  moie  copi- 
ous and  complete  than  the  tables  of  any  other  similar  work. 
These  tables,  with  proper  use  in  connection  with  the  specimen, 
will  very  rarely  fail  to  conduct  the  inquirer  almost  immediately 
to  the  right  Order,  Genus,  and  Species. 

We  subjoin  a  few  examples  of  the  analysis  of  particular 
species  by  the  aid  of  these  tables.  If  the  exercise  be  conducted 
in  the  class-room,  the  successive  steps  in  the  process  (indicated 
by  the  numbers  1,  2,  3,  &c.,  below)  may  be  assigned,  in  order, 
to  each  pupil  in  the  class. 

ANALYSTS    OF   A   P0LTPETAL0U8   HERB. 

527.  To  determine  the  Cohort.  A  good  specimen  of  a  little  yellow-flowered 
herbaceons  plant,  common  in  the  grassy  fields  of  cool  regions,  is  supposed  to  be  now  in 
the  hands  of  each  pupil  of  the  class.  (1.)  The  first  pupil,  reading  (if  necssary)  the  charac- 
teristic of  each  sub-kingdom,  pronounces  the  plant  one  of  the  Phaenogamia,  and  refers 
the  next  pupil  to  the  Provinces,  1  or  2. 

(2.)  The  next  reads  the  characters  of  those  Provinces,  and  comparing  the  specimen 
(which  has  net-veined  leaves  and  b-merous  flowers),  concludes  that  it  is  an  Exogen.  Refer 
next  to  the  Classes,  1  or  2. 

(3.)  "  Stigmas  present.    Seeds  enclosed  in  vessels." 

"  Stigmas  none.  Seeds  naked.  (Pines,  Spruces,  Ac.)"  Our  plant  has  stigmas,  &c., 
and,  moreover,  is  not  a  Pine,  Spruce,  «&c.  It  is,  therefore,  an  Angiosperm.  Refer  next 
to  Cohorts  1,  2,  or  3. 

(4.)  "  Corolla  with  the  petals  distinct."  This  characterizes  our  plant,  and  it  is  pro- 
nounced one  of  the  Polypetalie.    Refer  them  to  A. 


162  BOTANICAL  ANALYSIS. 

628.  To  determine  tlie  Order,  the  (5th)  pupil  reads  the  first  alternative,  or  trip- 
let, noted  by  a  star  (*),  and  comparing  his  plant,  finds  it  to  correspond  with  the  first  line, 
for  it  is  an  "  herb  with  alternate  leaves."    Pass  now  to  (12). 

(6.)  "  Flowers  regular  or  nearly  so.    Fruit  never  a  legume." 

"  Flowers  irregular,"  &c.    The  flower  is  regular.    Pass  to  (14). 

Again,  a  (7th)  pupil  reads,  "  Stamens  3 — 10  times  as  many  as  the  petals."  "  Stamens 
few  and  definite."    The  stamens  are  many.    Pass  to  (15). 

(8).  The  next  pupil  reads,  compares,  and  determines  that  the  stamens  are  "  perigynous 
on  the  base  of  the  calyx,"  and  announces  the  letter  (d)  as  the  reference  to  the  next  alter- 
native. (9.)  Next,  the  pupil  reads  and  compares  his  specimen  with  the  triplet  (rf),  and 
concludes  that  the  sepals  are  5,  and  imbricated  in  the  bud.  Consequently,  it  is  announced 
that  the  plant  in  hand  belongs  to  the  Order  ROSACEA. 

529.  To  determine  tlie  Genus.  After  a  careful  comparison  of  their  specimen 
with  the  diagnosis  of  the  Roseworts  (Order  44),  in  order  to  verify  the  analysis  thus  far, 
the  learner  or  the  class  will  then  consult  the  table  of  the  Genera.  (10.)  A  pupil  reads  the 
couplet  marked  A,  and  determines  that  the  "  Ovary  is  superior,  fruit  not  enclosed,"  &c. 
Pass  to  (a). 

11.  "Carpels  00.  Calyx  persistent,  with  5  bractlets  added,"  characterizes  our  plant. 
Pass  to  (/),  which  is  Tribe  V.  Pass  on  to  (g).  (12.)  The  next  pupil  determines  that  the 
"  style  is  deciduous."  Pass  to  (k).  (13.)  "  Torus  spongy  or  dry,"  is  true  of  our  speci- 
mens. Pass  to  (I).  (14.)  "  Bractlets  5"  reads  the  next,  and  announces  the  plant  to  be  a 
Potentilla.  Now  all  turn  to  Genus  13,  and  together  verify  this  result  by  reading  and  com- 
paring the  stated  character  of  the  genus. 

&30.  To  determine  tlie  Species.  (15.)  As  our  plant  has  "  stamens  00  and  flow- 
ers yellow"  it  must  be  a  ^^'^^  Potentilla.  Pass  to  (a).  (16.)  "  Leaves  palmately  3-foliate" 
suits  our  plant.  It  is,  therefore,  either  species  No.  3,  4,  or  5.  Lastly  (17),  after  a  due 
comparison  of  their  plant  with  each  of  these  three  species,  it  i8  determined  that  it  ia 
P.  Norveglca. 

ANALYSIS    OF   AN    ENDOGEN. 

531.  A  grass-like,  blue-flowered  herb  is  now  supposed  to  have  been  discovered  and  dis- 
tributed to  the  Class  fur  analysis.  Having  (1)  determined  that  it  is  an  Endogen  (for  it  has 
"  parallel-veined  leaves  and  3-parted  flowers"),  they  would  now  (2)  determine  its  Class, 
whether  the  3d  or  the  4ih.    They  read, 

"  Flowers  without  glumes,  and  colored,"  &c. 

"  Flowers  with  green  alternate  glumes,  and  no  perianth."  The  first  line  is  adopted,  and 
Petaliferse  is  its  Class.    Pass  next  to  (t)  Cohorts  5th  or  fiih,  and  read, 

(3.)  "  Cohort  5.    Flowers  on  a  spadix,  apetalous  or  incomplete." 

"  Cohort  6.    Flowers  complete,  with  a  double  perianth"— which  answers  to  the 
specimens  in  hand,  and  it  is  seen  to  belong  to  the  Floridese.    Pass  to  F. 

(4.)  The  next  pupil  having  read  and  compared  the  first  couplet  under  "  F,  Cohort  6, 
Florideae,"  chooses  the  second  line.  Pass  to  No.  2.  (5.)  "  Perianth  tube  adherent  to  the 
ovary"  is  adopted.  Pass  to  (4).  (6)  "  Flowers  perfect."  The  second  line  of  this  couplet 
is  true  of  our  plant.  Next  pass  to  (6).  The  (7)  pupil  reads  "Anthers  3  or  6,"  which  is 
true  of  the  plant.  Pass  to  (c).  (8)  "  Perianth  glabrous  outside"  is  true.  Next  read  (d). 
(9)  "Anthers  3,  opening  lengthwise,  outward,"  is  also  true,  and  our  plant  is  thus  traced 
to  the  order  IbidackiB. 

5.32.  To  determine  the  Genus  and  Species  under  the  IriJ?,  Order  146,  is  the  next  and 
the  last  step.  Having  carefully  compared  their  specimens  with  the  characters  ascribed 
to  the  Irids,  the  pupils  next  apply  to  the  Table  of  the  Genera.  (10.)  "  Flowers  regular 
and  equilateral,"  in  the  first  dilemma,  is  chosen.  Read  the  (*)  couplet  next.  (11.)  "Sep- 
als similar  to  the  petals  in  form,  size,  and  position"  is  true.  Next  to  (a).  (12.)  "  Stamens 
monadelphous.  Flowers  small,  blue.  Plants  grass-like,"  describes  the  plant  truly,  and 
it  must  be  a  Sisyrhinchium.  They  turn  to  Genus  7,  and  verify  by  reading  its  characters. 
Lastly,  the  brief  diagnoses  of  the  twc  species  are  compared,  and  the  plan'  is  found  to  Ikj 
B.  Bermudiana. 


RULES   IN   NOMENCLATURE.  163 


CHAPTER    IV, 


RULES    IN    NOMENCLATURE. 


633.  The  Names  of  the  Orders  are  Latin  adjectives, 
feminine,  plural  (to  agree  vfith  pla7it€e,  plants,  understood),  usu- 
ally derived  from  the  name  of  the  most  prominent,  or  leading 
genus,  by  changing  or  prolonging  the  termination  into  acece,  as 
liosacece^  the  Rose  tribe,  Fapaveracece,  the  Poppy  tribe,  from 
Rosa  and  Papaver.  Earlier  names,  however,  derived  from  some 
leading  character  in  the  Order,  and  with  various  terminations, 
are  still  retained.  Thus,  CompositCB,  with  compound  flowers ; 
Lablatce^  with  labiate  flowers. 

534.  Generic  Names  are  Latin  substantives,  arbitrarily 
formed,  often  from  some  medicinal  virtue,  either  supposed  or 
real,  or  from  some  obvious  character  of  the  genus  ;  sometimes 
from  the  native  country  of  the  plants,  or  from  the  name  of 
some  distinguished  botanist,  or  patron  of  botany,  to  whom  the 
genus  is  thus  said  to  be  dedicated.  Also  the  ancient  classic 
names,  either  Latin  or  Greek,  are  often  retained.  Examples  of 
all  these  modes  of  construction  will  be  hereafter  seen. 

535.  Specific  Names  are  usually  Latin  adjectives,  singu- 
lar, and  agreeing  in  gender  with  the  name  of  the  genus  to  which 
they  belong.  They  are  mostly  founded  upon  some  distinctive 
character  of  the  species ;  as,  Viola  hlanda.  Sweet-scented  Vio- 
let ;  V.  cuaullata,  Hood-leaved  Violet.  Frequently  the  species 
is  named  after  some  other  genus,  which,  in  some  respect,  it  re- 
sembles ;  as  Viola  delphinifolia^  Larkspur  Violet, 

536.  Commemorative  Specific  Names.  Species,  like 
genera,  are  also  sometimes  named  in  commemoration  of  distin- 
guished persons.  The  rules  given  by  Lindley,  for  the  construc- 
tion of  such  names,  are :  1st.  If  the  person  is  the  discoverer,  the 
specific  name  is  a  substantive  in  the  genitive  case,  singular  num- 
ber ;  as,  Viola  Selkirkii^  Selkirk's  Violet ;  Lobelia  Kalmii^ 
Kalm's  Lobelia.  2d.  If  the  name  is  merely  conferred  in  honor 
of  the  person  to  whom  it  is  dedicated,  it  is  an  adjective  ending 
in  mis^  na,  or  mem  (according  to    the   gender  of  the  generic 


164  RULES  IN  NOMENCLATURE. 

name)  ;    as,  Tulipa   Gesneriana^  Gesnerian  Tulip,  or  Gesner'ff 
Tulip  ;  Erica  Liiineana,  Linnaeus'  Heath. 

537.  Rules  for  the  use  of  Capitals.  The  names  of  the 
order,  the  sub-order  or  tribe,  and  of  the  genus,  should  always 
commence  with  a  capital  letter.  The  name  of  the  species  should 
never  commence  with  a  capital  except  in  the  following  cases : 
(1),  when  it  is  derived  from  the  name  of  a  person  or  of  a  coun- 
try, as  Phlox  Driimmondii^  Aquilegia  Canadensis  ;  (2),  when  it 
is  a  substantive,  as  Delphinium  Consolida. 

538.  Synonyms.  Very  frequently,  the  same  species  has  been  described  by  diflFerent 
(or  even  by  the  same)  authors,  under  different  names.  In  such  cases  it  becomes  a  ques- 
tion, often  of  difficult  solution,  which  name  is?  to  be  adop.ed.  Obviously,  i\\e  prior  name, 
tliat  is,  the  original  one,  if  it  can  be  ascertained,  is  entitled  to  the  most  respect;  and  it 
is  a  rule  with  botanists  to  adopt  this  name,  unless  it  has  been  previously  occupied,  or  be 
strongly  objectionable  on  some  other  account.    All  other  names  are  synonyms. 

539.  Authorities.  In  the ^ora  which  accompanies  this  work,  immediately  after  the 
Genus  we  insert  the  abbreviated  name  of  the  author  by  whom  it  was  originally  published, 
with  a  comma  between,  thus:  Trifoliuiu,  Tourn.  After  a  species  the  authority  is  in- 
serted without  a  comma,  as  T.  repens  L.,— that  is  to  say,  Trifolium  repens  (of)  Linnaeus. 
In  changing  the  generic  relations  of  a  species  (as  subsequent  writers  often  deem  neces- 
sary), it  is  a  custom  for  the  author  of  the  change  to  annex  his  own  name,  or  a  blank,  instead 
of  the  original  authority.  The  custom  is  often  unjust,  and  always  liable  to  abuse.  It  ofi'ers 
a  bribe  for  innovations  in  the  Genera,  and  recent  works  abound  in  changes  which  other- 
wise could  scarcely  be  accounted  for.  When  such  changes  become  necessary,  the  just  and 
proper  rule  (actually  adopted  in  Vonchology)  is  the  following.  Let  the  original  specific 
name  and  authority  both  be  retained,  the  latter  in  parenthesis,  thus.  Lychnis  Githago 
(Linn.)— originally  Agrostemma  Githago  Linn.  This  method  is  often  but  not  always  used 
in  the  present  work. 

Authorities  for  our  species  of  exotic  cultivated  plants,  for  want  of  space,  have  all  been 
here  omitted. 


INDEX  AND  GLOSSARY. 


A  {Oiy  privative),  prefixed  to  a  Greek  word^ 

pij^nifies  without;  as  aphyllous,  without 

leaves. 
Afjbreriafions,  page  3,  Part  IV. 
Abor/io/i,  non-development  of  a  part. 
Absorption,  4fi0. 

Acaulescent,  apparently  stemless,  223. 
Acce-fsori/,  something  superadded. 
Accrescent,  growing  after  flowering,  109. 
Accumbent.  lying  against  a  thing,  183. 
Acerose  or  at-erok', "needle-shaped,  299. 
Ac/ienimn.  plural,  achenia,  151. 
Achlamydeom,  without  floral  envelopes. 
Aclcular.  linely  needle-shaped. 
Acofyledonous,  without  cotyledons. 
Acrogeris,  summit-growers,  425. 
Aculeate,  armed  with  prickles. 
Acuminate,  drawn  out  into  a  point,  307. 
Acute,  ending  in  a  sharp  angle,  307. 
Adherent,  growing  to,  82,  94. 
Ailnafe.  growing  fast  to,  114. 
Adventitious,  growing  out  of  the  usual  or 

normal  position,  as  roots,  206. 
Aeration,  same  as  Respiration,  483. 
^■Estimtion,  335. 

Affinity,  resemblance  in  essential  organs. 
Age  of  trees,  47. 

Aggregate,  assembled  close  together. 
Aglurhaceous,  without  glumes,  the  same  as 

■petaliferjB,  514. 
Air-bladders.  323. 
Air-plants,  208. 
Ala.  wing;  Alee,  wings,  101. 
Alate,  winged,  274.  ^ 
Albumen,  179.    Albuminous,  178. 
.Alburnum,  sap-wood,  410. 
Algue-,  seaweeds,  519. 
Alternate,  215,  262. 

Alveolate,  with  pits  like  the  honey-comb. 
Ament,  a  deciduous  spike,  S57. 
Amm'phous.  without  definite  form. 
Amphitropous,  141. 
Amplexicaul.  stem-clasping,  275,  311. 
^/m^ym.  Botanical,  52.3. 
Anaitomosis,  reunion  of  vessels  or  veins. 
Andtropous,  141. 
Ancipital,  two-edged. 
Andnvcium,  110. 
Androgenous,  stamens  and  pistils  on  the 

same  peduncle. 
AngiospermcE,  angiosperms,  510. 
Anqiospores,  517. 
Animal,  15. 

.(4n?a/a/,  yearly  (sc.  plants),  40. 
Annular  cells,  378.  [bract. 

Anterior,  parts  (of  a  flower)  adjacent  to  the 
Anthelmintic,  expelling  or  killing  worms. 
Anther,  111,  113.  [ing. 

Anthesis,  the  opening  of  thq  flower ;  flower- 


Antheridia,  the  staminate  organs  of  Mofi9e9. 

Apetalce,  513.    Apetalous,  without  petals. 

Aphyllous,  without  leaves. 

Apophysis,  a  swelling,  e.  g.,  under  the 
thecte  of  some  Mosses. 

Apparatus.  4. 

Appendicular  organs,  77. 

Appressed,  closely  applied  but  not  adhering 
to  ;  the  same  as  adpressed. 

Apterous,  without  wings. 

Aquatic,  living  in  water. 

Arachnoid,  resembling  cobwebs. 

Arboreous,  arborescent,  tree-like. 

Archegonia,  the  pistillate  organs  of  Mosses. 

Arcuate,  arched  or  curved  like  a  bow. 

Areolate,  having  the  surface  divided  into 
little  spaces  or  areas. 

AriL  an  extra  seed-covering,  175. 

Aristate.  with  an  arista  or  awn  (Barley). 

Armed,  oearing  prickles,  spines,  etc. 

Articulated,  jointed,  as  the  culm  of  Wheat. 

Ascending,  arising  obliquely ;  assurgent. 

Ascidia,  leaves  holding  water,  322. 

Assifnilation,  439. 

Attenuate,  becoming  slender  or  thin. 

Auriculate,  ear-bearing,  291. 

Awn,  the  beard  of  Barley  and  the  like. 

Axial  root,  200. 

Axil  (arm-pit),  the  angle  between  the  petiolo 

■  and  the  branch,  on  the  upper  side. 

Axillary,  growing  out  of  the  axils. 

Axis,  ascending,  211.  212 ;  erect,  procum- 
bent, prostrate,  trailing,  decumbent,  213; 
excurrent,  solvent,  226 ;  descending,  197. 

Baccate,  berry-like ;  covered  with  pulp. 

Banner,  same  as  Vexillura,  101. 

Banyan  tree,  207. 

Bark,  411. 

Basilar,  basal,  attached  to  the  base,  136. 

Bast-cells,  wood-cells  of  bark,  412. 

Beaked,  ending  in  an  extended  tip. 

Bearded,  with  tufts  of  long,  weak  hairu. 

Ben'y,  159. 

Bi,  Bis,  twice  (in  compound  words). 

Bicolor.  two-colored. 

Bicuspidate.  with  two  points  or  cusps. 

Bidentate,  with  two  teeth. 

Biennial,  of  two  years,  41. 

Bijid.  cleft  into  two  parts. 

Bifoliate,  with  two  leaflets. 

Bi/urcate,  twice  forked,  or  merely  forked. 

Bilabiate,  two-lipped. 

Binate.  303. 

Bipinnate.  ;i04. 

Bipinnatijfid,  twice  pinnatifid.    (Fig.  '54S.| 

Biternate,  twice  ternate,  305. 

Bivaived,  two-valved. 

Blade.    (See  Lamina,  271.) 


166 


INDEX  AND  GLOSSARY. 


Blanched  (plants),  whitened  for  the  want 
of  light,  §  48(5  (See  Etiolated.) 

Bloom,  a  fine  white  powder  on  some  plants. 

Border,  91,  92. 

Botany  defined,  18. 

Botany,  Elementary,  20,  368,  etc. 

Botany,  Physiolofjical,  21,  436. 

Botany,  Hystematic,  22,  153. 

Brdclhate,  with  opposite,  spreading  branch- 
es (arms).     (Fig.  275.) 

Bract,  329,  315. 

Bracteate,  having  bracts. 

Bracifoles  or  bractlets,  345. 

Branches.  34,  214. 

Brislles,  stitl",  sharp  hairs. 

Bryology,  the  science  of  Mosses. 

Bud.  :«.    Budding,  2.59. 

Buds,  axillary,  247 ;  accessory,  250. 

Buds,  advenijtious,  251. 

Buds,  suppression  of,  218. 

Bud-scales,  246,  319. 

Bulb,  '■m;  tiinicated,  242;  scaly,  212. 

Bulblets,  260. 

Caducous,  dropping  off  early,  109. 

Vcespitous,  forming  tnfts  or  turf. 

Calceolate,  slipper-shaped. 

Cdlycine,  calyx-like. 

Calyculate.  having  an  outer  calyx  or  calyx- 
like involucre. 

Calyptra.  the  hood  of  the  sporange  (spore- 
case)  of  a  Moss. 

Calyx,  the  outer  floral  envelope,  51 

Cambium.  418. 

Campamilate.  bell-shaped,  102. 

Campy lotropous,  341. 

Canaliculate,  chann elled , 

Canescent,  grayish  white. 

Capillary,  cap'illaceous,  hair-shaped. 

Capitate,  head-shaped,  growing  in  close 
clusters  or  heads. 

Cqpitulum,  a  little  head,  361. 

Ccipreolate,  bearing  tendrils. 

Capsule,  167. 

Carbon,  443.    Carbonic  Acid,  490. 

Carina,  101.  Carinate,  boat-shaped,  having 
a  sharp  ridge  beneath. 

Carpel,  Carpellary,  126. 

Carpophore,  119,  151.    (Fig.  177.) 

Cartilaginous,  firm  and  tough  in  texture, 
like  cartilage. 

Caruncle,  175. 

Caryophyllaceous,  100. 

Caryops-is,  153. 

Catkin,  357.    (See  Ament.) 

Caudex,  227. 

Caulescent,  223.    Caulis,  223. 

Caulinc,  relating  to  the  stem,  262. 

Cellular  tissue,  386.    Cell,  369. 

Cdl-grmvth,  448;  life,  439. 

Cellular  bark,  413. 

Cellulose,  379. 

Centrifugal  inflorescence,  35 

Centripetal  injlorescence,  352. 

Cephalous,  same  as  Capitate. 

Cereal,  relating  to  grains,  com,  etc. 

Cernuous,  nodding  (less  inclined  than  pen- 
dulous). 

Chaff,  chaffy,  349.    (See  Paleaceous.) 

Chalaza,  140. 

Channelled,  hollowed  out  like  a  gutter 

ilhartdceous,  with  the  texture  ofpaper. 

Cfilbi'^yhyl,  381,  435. 


Chorisis.  76. 

Ciliate,  fringed  with  marginal  hairs. 

Cienchyma,  393. 

Cion  or  Scion,  218. 

Cinereous,  ash-^ray,  ash-color. 

Circinate,  rolled  inward  from  the  top,  25R 

Circulation  of  the  sap,  468. 

Circumscissile,  149. 

Cirrhous,  furnished  with  a  tendril. 

Cirrhous  roots.  206. 

Classes,  natural,  501. 

Classification,  artificial,  503, 

Clavate.  club-shaped. 

Codrctate,  contracted,  drawn  together. 

Coccus,  a  berry ;  Cocci  (plural),  the  1-seeded 

carpels  of  separable  fruits. 
CbchLate,  spiral,  like  the  snail-shell. 
Cohesion.  82. 
Cohorts.  512. 

Collateral,  placed  side  by  side. 
Collum,  199. 
Colored,  of  any  color  except  green,  which 

in  botany  is  not  a  coloi-,  while  white  is. 
Column,  the  combined  stamens  and  styles. 
Coma,  173. 
Commissure,  the  joined  faces  of  the  carpcla 

of  the  cremocarp  (151). 
Common,  belonging  alike  to  several. 
Complete  flotver,  60. 
Complicate,  folded  up  upon  itself. 
Corrvpound  leaf.  300. 
Compound  flower,  348. 
Compressed,  flattened  on  the  sides,  274. 
Conduplicate,  folded  on  itself  lengthwise. 
Cone,  169. 

Confluent,  uniting;  same  as  Coherent. 
Conglomerate,  clustered  or  crowded. 
Conjugate,  coupled,  joined  by  pairs. 
Connate.  311. 

Connectile,  connective,  113,  114. 
Conrdvent,  converging,  coming  together. 
Continuous,  the  reverse  of  Jointed. 
Contorted,  twisted,  338. 
Convolute,  256,  339. 
Cordate,  heart-shaped,  291. 
Coriaceous,  leather-like,  315. 
6'orm,  239. 

Corneous,  horn-like  in  texture. 
Corniaxlate,  with  a  small  horn  or  spur. 
Corolla,  52,  etc. 

Cbrolline,  pertaining  to  the  corolla. 
Corona,  crowu,  435,  407. 
Cortical  bark.  414. 
Corymb,  corym-'bous,  3.58. 
Costate,  ribbed,  with  rib-like  ridgea. 
Cotyledons,  180,  320. 
Crassula,  (a  genus  of  plants),  63. 
Crateriform,  of  the  form  of  a  goblet. 
Creeper,  Creeping  stems,  231. 
Cremocarp,  151. 

Crenate,  bordered  with  rounded  teeth. 
Crenulate,  309. 

Crested  or  Cristate,  with  an  elevated  ridge 
Crispate  or  Crisped,  310. 
Crown  of  the  root,  236. 
Cruciform  (corolla),  100. 
Crude  sap,  472. 

Crustaeeous,  hard,  thin,  and  brittle. 
Cryptogamia.  Cryptogams,  507. 
Cucullate,  rolled  up  into  a  hood-shapp. 
Culm,  the  straw  of  Grasses,  224. 
Cuneate.  Cuneiform,  wedge-shaped,  200. 
Cup-shaped,  102. 


INDEX  AND  GLOSSARY. 


167 


iKipule,  a  little  cup  Isc.  acorn),  155. 

Cuspidate,  with  a  sharp,  stiff  point,  307. 

Cuticle,  .399. 

Ci/a/lic,  blue,  or  any  color  except  yellow. 

Cydthifarm,  cup-shaped. 

Cycle  ("in  Pliyllotaxy),  2G.3,  %4.        [cel'i,  380. 

Cyclbsis.  same  as  Rotation,  currents  in  the 

Cyme,  cymous,  3(53. 

Cymbiform,  boat-shaped. 

Cupsela,  151. 

CytoblasU  380. 

Deca  (in  Greek  composition),  t  jn. 

Deciduous,  falling  at  the  end  of  the  season. 

Declinate,  ben*  downward.  [304. 

Decompound,  much  compounded  or  divided. 

Decumbent  212.     (Fig.  249.) 

Decvrrent,  274.  [at  right  angles. 

Decussate  (leaves),  opposite,  and  the  pairs 

Definite,  118. 

Defiexed,  bent  downward. 

Defoliation,  the  casti-.^g  off  of  leaves. 

Dehiscence,  113,  148. 

Deliquescent  (axis),  same  as  Solvent,  226. 

Deltoid,  form  of  the  Greek  letter  A,  288. 

Dendroid,  tree-like  in  form. 

Dendron  (in  Greek  compounds),  a  tree. 

Dentate,  309.    Denticulate,  309. 

Denuded,  become  naked. 

Depauperate,  less  developed  than  usual. 

Dependent,  hanging  down. 

Depressed,  flattened  from  above ;  low. 

Dextrine,  455. 

Dextrorse  (twining),  turning  to  the  right. 

Di  (in  Greek  numerals),  two. 

Diadelphous.  120. 

Diagnosis,  a  brief  statement  of  the  distinc- 
tive character  of  a  plant  or  group. 

Dialypetalous,  Polypetalous,  513. 

Diaphanous,  transparent  or  translucent. 

pinndrmis,  with  two  stamens,  118. 

Diastase,  455. 

DichMomou^,  forked  or  two-forked. 

Diclinous,  67. 

Dicotyledons,  Dicotyledonous,  182,  284. 

Didymous,  double. 

Didynamous,  119. 

IHgttate,  with  several  distinct  leaflets  pai- 
mately  arranged  (as  in  the  leaf  of  the 
Horse-chestnut). 

Diffuse,  much  divided  and  spreading. 

Dimidiate,  (anther),  halved,  114. 

Dioecious  (flowers).  67. 

Dipterous,  having  two  wings. 

Disk,  85,  362.    Discoid,  no  rays.     (Fig.  446.) 

Dissected,  cut  into  deep  lobes. 

Dissepiment,  same  as  partition,  132. 

Distichcms,  arranged  in  two  rows. 

Distinct,  separate,  not  united,  82. 

Divaricate,  wide-spread,  straggling. 

Divergent,  spreading  with  a  less  angle. 

Dorsal,  on  or  relating  to  the  back. 

Double  terms,  301. 

Do'ivny,  clothed  with  short,  weak  hairs. 

i'rwpe,  156.    Drupaceous.    (See  Tryma.) 

Di-ytng-press.  6. 

lyucts.    (Sfie  Trachenchyma,  391.) 

Duplicate,  in  pairs,  double. 

Duramen,  heart-wood,  410. 

Dwarfing.    (Fig.  250,  d.) 

E.  ex  (in  cv^mposition),  without;  as, 
Ebracteate,  without  bracts. 


Echinate,  prickly  with  rigid  hairs. 
Effete,  sterile,  exhausted. 
i^iafers,  spiral,  elastic  threads  accompany- 
ing certain  spores. 
Elliptic,  Elliptical  (leaf),  289. 
Elongated,  lengthened,  extended. 
Emarginate,  307. 

Embryo,  31,  180.    Embryo  sac,  142. 
Embryonic  vesicle,  449. 
Endocarp,  156.  [See  Chlorophyl. 

Endochrome,  the  coloring  matter  of  plants. 
Endogenous  structure,  421. 
Endogens,  509.  180,  424. 
Endopleura,  same  as  Tegmen,  172. 
Endosmose,  465. 
Ensiform,  sword-shaped,  297. 
Entire,  even-edged,  308. 
Ephemeral,  enduring  for  one  day. 
Epi  (in  Greek  composition),  upon;  as 
Epicai'jy,  156. 
Epidermis,  396. 

Enigynous,  upon  the  ovar}',  97, 119. 
Edpetalous,  on  the  petals,  119. 
Epiphytes,  plants  on  other  plants,  20& 
E}nsj)erm,  the  skin  of  the  seed. 
Equifant  (astraddle),  258. 
Erose.  eroded,  as  if  gnawed,  310. 
Efcerio,  158. 

Etiolated,  colorless  for  want  of  light 
Exalbnrninous,  without  albumen,  178. 
Excurrent.  226. 
Exogenae,  Exogens,  182,  509. 
Exogenous  structure,  405. 
Exosmose,  flowing  out,  465. 
Exserted,  projecting  out  of,  or  beyond. 
Exstipulate,  without  stipules,  272. 
Extra  (in  composition),  beyond ;  as. 
Extra-axillary,  same  as  supra-axillary. 
Extra  flour  (of  wheat),  446. 
Extrorse,  turned  outward,  114. 

Falcate,  scythe-shaped,  curved. 

Farinaceous,  flour-like  in  texture. 

Fdrinous,  mealy  on  the  surface. 

Fascicle,  a  bundle,  365. 

FatfCicvlate  (leaves),  262. 

Feather-veined.  285. 

Ferruginous,  of  the  color  of  iron-rust. 

Fertile  (flower),  seed-produciLg,  67. 

Fertilization,  etc.,  447. 

Fibrillce,  fibrils,  199,  428. 

Filament,  the  stalk  of  a  stamen,  111,  112. 

Filiform,  slender  like  a  thread. 

Fimbriate,  fringed,  having  the  edge  bor- 
dered with  slender  processes. 

Fistular,  hollow,  as  the  leaf  of  Onion. 

Flabelliform,  fan-shaped,  298.  [supple. 

Flagelhform,  wiiip-shaped  :  long,  taper,  and 

Fldvescent,  yellowish,  turning  yellow. 

Flexuous,  zig-zag  or  wavy. 

Floccous,  with  hairs  in  soft  fleecy  tufts. 

Flora,  (a)  the  spontaneous  vegetation  of  a 
country ;  {b)  a  written  description  of  the 
same,  23. 

Floral,  relating  to  flowers. 

Floral  envelopes,  50,  87.  [362. 

Florets,  the  flowers  of  a  compouud  flower 

Flower,  49,  etc. ;  origin  of,  37. 

Flower-bud,  244,  335,  etc. 

Foliaceous.  leaf-like  in  texture  or  form 

Foliation,  the  act  of  leafing. 

Follicle.  164. 

Foramen,  same  as  Micropyle'^  140. 


168 


INDEX  AND   GLOSSARY. 


Free^  not  adherent  nor  adnate,  81,  94. 

Fringed.    (See  Fimbriate.) 

Florid,  an  organ  which  is  both  stem  and 

leaf,  as  in  Diickmeat,  Fern. 
Frondescent ,  burslinfj  into  leaf. 
^^ucHJication,  flower  and  frnit  as  a  whole. 
J^'ruit,  38,  143;  ripeuino;  of,  457. 
Friftescent,  shrubbjv  btcoming  shrubby. 
Fulcra  (roots),  20H. 
Fuliginovs,  smoky  brown,  blackish. 
fhilvous,  dull  yellowish  brown. 
Funiculus  (a  little  rope),  140. 
Funnel-form.    (See  Infundibuliform),  102. 
Furcate^  forked.    Fork-veined,  284. 
Furfuracemis,  scurfy.  [wise. 

Furrowed,  marked  with  channels  length- 
Fuscous.  grayish  or  blackish  brown. 
Fvsifoj'm,  spindle-shaped,  203. 

irolea,  galeate.  103. 

Gamoiietalce,  Monopetalie,  513. 

Gamopetalous.  with  the  petals  united,  99. 

Gamophyllous,  of  united  leaves. 

Gammejtalous,  with  the  sepals  united. 

Geminate,  twin,  two  together.  [bud). 

Gemmation,  state  of  buckling  (Latin,  gemma. 

Geniculate,  bent  as  the  knee  (genu). 

Genus,  29.     Genera,  498. 

Germ,  the  ovary.     (The  term  is  obsolete.) 

Germination,  1S8,  454. 

Gibbous,  more  tumid  in  a  certain  place. 

Glabrous,  smooth,  not  hairy,  312. 

Gladiate.  sword-shaped,  ensiform. 

Gland,  glandular,  80,  401. 

Glans,  155. 

Glaucous,  sea-green,  bluish,  usually  with  a 

bloom,  or  whitish  powder. 
Globous.  in  form  nearly  spherical. 
Glomerate,  collected  into  close  heads. 
Glbmerule.  363. 

Glossology,  the  same  as  Terminology. 
Glumes,  108,  349. 
Glumiferce,  511. 
Gluten..  445. 

Granular,  composed  of  grains. 
Grafting.    (Fig.  250,  e.) 
GraminoidecB,  515. 
Grand  Divisions,  65. 
Growth  is  dotvnward,  477. 
•  iymnos  (a  Greek  prefix),  naked ;  as, 
Gymnospermotts.  with  naked  seeds. 
Gymnospermce.  Gym.nopperms,  510. 
Gymnospone,  Gymnospores,  517. 
Gynandrous,  119. 
Gynacium,  123. 
Gynobase,  a  process  of  the  torus  on  and 

around  which  the  carpels  are  suspended 

(sc.  Geranium.  Fig.  172). 
Gynfyphore.  a  produced  torus,  bearing  the 

ovary  on  its  summit.     (Fig.  112.) 
Gyrate,  same  as  Circinate,  255. 
Gyrous,  strongly  bent  to  and  fro. 

ITubit,  the  general  aspect  of  a  plant. 
Uabitat.  the  natural   locality  or  place  of 

growth  of  a  wild  plant. 
Hairs,  400.     Hairy,  hirsute. 
Ilalbert-shaped.  hastate.    (Fio;.  313.) 
Halved,  one-half  apparently  defici  nt. 
Hastate,    with     the     base-lobes     abruptly 

spreadino-.  as  in  a  halbert,  291. 
Heart-shapid,  291.    Heart- wood,  410. 
Beti,  herbaceous,  40,  41. 


Herbacemis.,  green  and  cellular  in  texture. 
Herbayium,  3. 

Hesperidium.  160.  [and  pistils. 

Hermaphrodite  (flower),  with  both  stamens 
Heteroctphal(ms,  heads  of  two  sorts  in  thg 

same  plant,  some  3  and  some  ?  . 
Heterogamous,  two  sorts  of  flo\\(>rs  in  the 

same  head,  some  i  and  some  s  . 
Hexa  (Greek  numeral),  six  ;  as  in, 
Hexagonal.  ()-sided  or  6-angled. 
Hexamerous,  6-parted. 
Hexandrous,  having  6  stamens. 
Hiluni,  the  eye  or  scar  of  the  seed,  177, 
Hirsute,  hairy,  with  rather  long  hairs,  313. 
Hispid,  bristly  with  stifl"  hairs,  313. 
Hoary,  frost-colored,  grayish-white. 
Ho-ntogamous,  head  with   all    the    floweni 

alike,  as  to  the  stamens  and  pistils. 
Honey,  Honev-bee,  458. 
Hood.     (See  Calyptra.  518.) 
Hooded.    (See  Cucullate.) 
Horny,  of  the  texture  of  horn. 
Hortus  siccus,  the  herbarium,  3. 
Humifvse,  spreading  on  the  ground. 
Hyaline,  transparent,  or  nearly  so. 
Hybrid,  a  cross-breed  between  two  species. 
Hypej'borean,  inhabiting  northern  regions. 
Hypo  (in  Greek  compounds),  under;  as, 
Hypocrateriform,  salver-form,  102. 
Hyj)ogean,  growing  under  ground. 
Hypogynous,  95,  119, 

Imbricate,  imbricated,  257,  339. 

Immarginaie,  having  no  rim  or  bordei. 

Immersed.    (See  Submersed.) 

Inaxial  root,  201. 

Incised,  divided  deeply  as  if  cut,  310. 

Included,  enclosed  within,  or  shorter  thau 

as  the  stamens  in  the  corolla. 
Incrassate,  thickened. 
Incumbent  (sc.  embryo),  183. 
Indehiscent,  not  opening,  148. 
Indefinite,  118. 

Indtgenovs,  native  of  a  country. 
Induplicate.,  337. 
Indusium,  the  shield  of  the  fruit-dot  (sorus; 

of  a  Fern. 
Inferior,  lower  in  position. 
Inflorescence.  341,  etc. 
Infundibuliform,  funnel-shaped,  102. 
Innate  (sc.  anther),  114. 
Inserted,  Insertion,  refer  to  the  point  of 

junction  or  apparent  origin. 
Integument,  a  coat  or  covering. 
Inte'rnode.  220. 

Interpe.tiolar,  between  the  petioles. 
Interruptedly  pinnate.  ;3()2.    (Fig.  .3.58.) 
Intrbrse  (anthers),  turned  inward,  114. 
Involucre,  Involucel,  .347. 
Involute,  rolled  inward,  2.56.     (Fig.  287.) 
Irregular  flowed  s,  83, 101. 

Jointed,  having  joints,  separable  pieces. 
Jugum,  a  pair ;  as  bijugcus,  with  two  pairs 
of  leaflets ;  trijugous,  three  pairs. 

Keel,  Keeled.     (See  Carinate.) 
Kidney-shaped.    (See  Rem  form,  295.) 
Kingdoms  of  Nature,  12-14. 

Labellum.  the  odd  pe.al  of  lji  Orchid,  101. 

Labiate,  lip-«haped,  103. 

Laceratt.,  <orn  irregularly  by  deep  incisions 


INDEX  AND   GLOSSARY. 


169 


Zacinlafe,  slashed,  with  deep  incisions. 
Lactescent,  containing  lac,  or  milk. 
Lacunoiis,  with  large  depressions  or  pits. 
Lacustritie,  growing  in  lakes. 
Lamina,  the  blade  of  a  leaf,  271. 
Lanceolate,  lance-shaped.    (Fig.  317.) 
Lanuginous,  woollj',  312. 
Latix,  the  turbid  or  milky  juice  of  plants. 
Laticiferom  tissue.    (See  Cienchyma,  386.) 
Latin  7ia7nes  of  plants,  25,  26. 
Layer.     (See  Stolon,  217.) 
Leaf,  271,  etc. ;  structure  of,  431,  etc. 
Leaf-bud,  244,  etc. 

Leaflet,  the  pieces  of  a  compound  leaf,  301. 
Leaf-stems.  222. 
Legume,  lu5. 

Lens.  7.  [lens. 

L^nticulate,  shaped  like  a  double  convex 
Zififtr,  the  inner  bark,  412. 
Lichens.  519. 
Ligneous  system,  404. 
Ligulate,  strap-shaped,  103. 
Ligule,  the  stipules  of  Grasses,  279. 
Liliaceous  flower,  100. 
Litnb,  the  border,  !)1. 
Linear,  long  and  narrow,  297. 
Livid,  clouded  with  bluish,  brown,  and  gray. 
Lobate.  lobed.  294. 

Loculicidal,  opening  into  the  cell,  148. 
Locu^ta,  a  spikelet  of  the  Grasses. 
Loment,  a  jointed  legume,  165. 
Lorate,  tliong-shaped. 
Lunate,  crescent-sliaped. 
Lyrate,  pinnatifid,   with  the   upper  lobes 
much  larger  thaji  the  lower,  293. 

Macros  (in  Greek  compounds),  long. 
Maculate,  spotted  or  blotched. 
Male  (flowers),  same  as  Staminate. 
Marces'ceni,  withering,  but  persistent,  109. 
Marginal.  bek;nging  to  the  border. 
Mar'ginate,  having  the  border  different. 
MediUla.  pith.    Medullary  rays,  416. 
Medullary  shealh,  407.  [lucid,  315. 

Membranaceous,  membranous,  thin  and  pel- 
Merocarp,  one  of  the  carpels  of  a  cremocarp 

of  an  Umbeilifer.     (Fig^  177.) 
Micropyle,  111 ;  same  as  Foramen. 
Microscope,  8. 

Midrib,  the  central  vein  of  a  leaf,  282. 
Midvein  (used  in  this  work),  283. 
Mineral,  13. 

Mitriform,  formed  like  a  conical  cap. 
Monos  (in  Greek  compounds),  one  only;  as, 
Monadelphous,  120. 
Monandrous,  1-stamened,  118. 
Moniliform  (roots),  204. 
Monocarpic  herbs,  42. 
Monochlamydeous  (flowers),  66. 
Monocotyfledons,  180,  284. 
Monoecious,  67. 

Monbgynous,  with  one  style,  124. 
Monopetalce.    (See  Gamopctalae,  518.) 
Monopetalous,  90,  91. 
Ifon-yphyllous,  1-leaved. 
Monosepalous,  90,  91. 
Monstrous  flowevb',  334. 
Morphology,  19;  of  the  leaf,  271. 
Mucro,  a  sharp,  small,  abrupt  poiul. 
Mucronate,  307. 
Multi  (in  composition),  many. 
Multifid,  cut  half-way  into  many  segments. 
Muricate,  bearing  short,  hard  points. 


Mnriform,  like  a  wall  of  mason-worK. 
Muscology,  a  treatise  on  Mosses. 
Muticmis,  pointless,  not  pointed. 
Mycelium,  the  thallus  of  the  Fungi,  usnallj 
concealed,  519. 

Naked  seeds,  147.     (Fig.  166.) 

Napiform  (root),  203. 

Natant,  swimming;  underwater. 

Naturalized,   growing   spontaneously    bnt 

not  native. 
Natural  Orders,  4.')9. 
Natural  System,  504,  506,  etc. 
Nectar,  honey.    Nectary,  77. 
Nepenthes,  322.     (T^iir.  391.)  [callea. 

Nerve,  the  veins  (282)  are  sometimes  so 
Netted  or  net-veined.  (See  Reticulate.  284.) 
Neutral  flower,  68.  [in  Snowdrop. 

Nodding,  nntant,  the  summit  bent  over,  as 
Node,  a  joint  of  the  stem.  220. 
Nodous,  knotted,  large-jointed. 
NoduUms  (root),  204. 
Nomenclature,  25.  533,  &c. 
Normal,  according  to  rule,  regular. 
Nuciform.  nut-like. 
Nucleus,  kernel  (sc.  ovule),  140, 172. 
Nut.    (See  Glans,  155.) 

Ob  (in  composition),  denotes  inversion;  as, 

Obcompressed.  flattened  liack  and  front. 

Obcordate,  307.     Oblanceolate,  290. 

Oblique,  unequal-sided,  as  the  leaves  of  Elm. 

Oblong.  289.     Obovate,  290.    Obtuse,  307. 

Obvol'ute  (in  asstivation),  258. 

OcArea.  ^sheathing  stipules,  279. 

Ochroleiicous.  cream-color,  pale  yellow. 

Octo  (in  Greek  composition),  eight. 

Octandrous,  having  8  stamens.  - 

Octogynous,  having  8  styles. 

Offset,  a  sliort  lateral  shoot,  218. 

Oligos  (in  Greek  composition),  few ;  as, 

Olig^ndria,  with  few  stamens. 

Olivaceous,  olive-green,  brownish-green. 

Opaque,  dull,  not  shining. 

Opercular,  with  a  lid,  114. 

Opposite,  two  at  a  node,  215,  262. 

Orbicular,  Orbiculate.  circular,  289. 

Orchidaceous,  101. 

Organography,  19. 

Organic  world,  12. 

Orthotropous  (ovule),  erect,  141. 

Osseous,  bony,  as  the  Peach-stone. 

Oval,  289.    Ovate,  288. 

Ovary,  125. 

Ovoid,  egg-shaped,  as  in  fruits. 

Ovule,  the  young  seed,  138. 

Falece  or  Pales,  108,  349. 

Paleaceous,  chaffy,  having  pales. 

Palmi-veined,  285.    Palmate,  295. 

Panduriform,  fiddle-shaped. 

Panicle,  360.    Paniculate,  panicled. 

Papilionaceous,  101. 

Pappus,  the  calyx  of  Composites,  104. 

Parallel-veined,  284. 

Pardphyses.  jointed  threads  around  the  an* 

theridia  of  Mosses. 
Parasites,  209. 
Parenchyma.  387. 
Parietal,  on  the  wall  {paries),  133. 
Parted,  deeply  divided  into  parts. 
Patent,  wide  open.    Patulous,  half  open. 
Pear-shaped,  obovoid,  larger  above. 


170 


INDEX  AND   GLOSSARY. 


Pectinate,  combed,  finely  pinnatifld. 

Pedafe.  shaped  like  a  bird's  foot,  296. 

Pedicel,  Peduncle,  343. 

Peltate,  shield-form,  295. 

Pendent,  Pendulous,  hanginj?,  drooping. 

Penicillnte,  with  a  tuft  of  hairs,  as  if  a 

camers-hair  pencil. 
Pente  (in  Greek  composition),  five ;  as. 
Pentamerous,  .5-parted. 
Pentandrous.  with  5  stamens,  118. 
Pejjo,  a  fruit  like  a  melon,  161. 
Perennial,  living  several  years,  43. 
Perfect  flower,  ( c )  with  both  stamen  and 

pistil. 
Perfoliate,  through  the  leaf,  311. 
Peri  (in  Greek  composition),  around  ;  as, 
Perianth,  53.  87 ;  forms  of,  99. 
Pericarp,  14(5 ;  forms  of,  150. 
Perigynium,  107. 
Perigynous,  96, 119. 
Perl'sperm,  same  as  Albumen,  179. 
Persistent,  remaining  long  in  place,  109. 
Personate,  103. 
Petals,  .52 ;  forms  of,  89. 
Petalifer(E,  511. 
Petalbid.  resembling  petals. 
Petiole,  274.     Petiolate,  271. 
Petiolule,  276. 
Phcenogainia.  507. 
Pkyllodium  (plural  Phyllodia),  .321. 
Pkyllotaxy,  leaf-arrangement,  261. 
Physics,  16. 
Physiology,  436. 

Phytolorjy  (Greek,  jyhytos,  a  plant),  23. 
Pileorhiza,  cap  of  a  rootlet,  428. 
Pileus,  cap  of  some  Fungals. 
Pilous,  with  erect,  thin  hairs,  313. 
Pinnate,  302.    Pinnatifld,  293. 
Pistil,  56,  123. 

Pitchers  (leaves).    (See  Ascidia,  322.) 
Pith,  406.     Pitted  cells,  376,  390. 
Pitted,  wtth  depressions  or  excavations. 
Placenta.  127  ;  free  axile,  135. 
Plant  defined.  14. 
Plan  of  the  Flower,  58. 
Pleurenchyma,  389. 

Plicate,  plaited  lengthwise  as  a  fan,  254, 340. 
Plumous,  leathery. 
Plumule,  a  little  plume,  31, 180. 
Pollen.  Ill,  121.    Pollen-tube.  45C. 
Pollinia,  masses  of  pollen,  122. 
Poly  (in  Greek  compounds),  many ;  as, 
Polyadelphous,  120. 

Poiy'gamous,  with  some  imperfect  flowers. 
Polypetalce.    (See  Dialypetahe,  513.) 
Polypetalous,  Polysepalous,  90. 
Pome,  a  fruit  like  an  apple,  162. 
Posterior,  next  the  axis. 
Potato,  manner  of  its  growth,  238. 
Precocious,  flowering  before  the  leaves. 
PrcEfoliation,  vernation,  252. 
Prembrse,  ending  abruptly,  235, 
Press  for  drying  plants,  6. 
IMckles.  403. 

lYimine,  same  as  Testa,  173 
lYimordial  utricle,  373. 
Pnsmdlic,    prism-shaped,    having    several 

parallel,  longiUidinal  angles. 
ProcmnbeKt  (stein),  212.     (Piir.  248.) 
Produced,  extended  more  than  usual. 
l\oiiferous,  reproducing;    as  cymes  from 

the  midst  of  a  cyme,  flowers  from  the 

midtit  of  a  flower. 


Protein,  440.    Protoplasm,  880. 
Pim^inces,  509. 

Pruinous,  powdered,  as  if  frostec.   314. 
Prunen^s,  causing  an  itchiiFg  sensation. 
Pf^eudo  (in  Greek  composition),  spurious. 
Pubescent,  downy  with  short,  soft  hairs. 
Pubtrulent,  minutely  downy. 
Pumilous  ipuiniius),  dwarfed  in  size. 
Punctate,  seeming  as  if  perforate,  or  marueif 

with  minute  dots. 
Pungent,  piercing,  sharp-pointed. 
Pixtamen,  the  bony  nucleus  of  a  drupe. 
Pyramidal,  form  of  a  cone  or  pyramid. 
Pyriform,  of  the  form  of  a  pear. 
Pyxis,  a  pericarp  with  a  lid,  163. 

ladri  (in  composition),  four;  as, 
yuadrifoliate,  four-leaved. 

ladrangular,  four-angled. 
">vadri.jugate,  with  four  pairs  of  leafletB. 
'Quadrilateral,  four-sided. 
)uinque  (in  composition),  flvo. 
)uinate.  growing  in  fives,  300. 
)uincuncial,  339.     (Fig.  300.) 
Quintuple,  five-fold. 

Race  (Latin,  stirps),  a  permanent  variety, 

as  Red-cabbage. 
Raceme,  358. 

Rachis,  axis  of  the  inflorescence,  301,  343. 
Radiate,  diverging  from  a  common  centre. 
Radiate  (in  the  Composites),  the  outer  row 

of  florets  ligulate.     (Fig.  388.) 
Radiant,  outer  flowers  enlarged  (and  often 

neutral.  Fig.  271) ;  or  (in  the  Composites), 

all  the  florets  ligulate. 
Radical,  from  the  root,  262. 
Radical  (of  the  flower),  65. 
Radicle,  rootlet  (of  the  embryo),  31, 180. 
Rar.tal  (of  a  branch),  262. 
Ranhe  (of  the  ovule  or  seed),  141. 
Raphides,  383. 
Rays,  359,  362. 

Receptaxile,  57.    (See  Torus.) 
Recurved,  bent  (not  rolled)  backward. 
Reflexed,  curved  backward  excessively. 
Refracted,  bent  back  suddenly  as  if  broKeu. 
Regma,  fruit  as  of  Geranium,  168. 
Regular,  like  parts  similar.  60,  b. 
Reniform,  kidney-shaped,  295. 
Repand  (margin).  310. 
Repent,  creeping  (sc.  stems,  232). 
Respiration,  482. 

Resupinate,  reversed,  upside  down. 
Reticulate,  netted.  284. 
Retrbrse,  backward,  downward. 
Retiise  (apex),  307.     (Fig.  367,  c.) 
Rhiolute,  rolled  backward.  256. 
Rhizoma,  Rhizome,  2.30,  233. 
Rhombic,  Rhomboidal,  in  the  figure  of  ■ 

rhomb,  or  approaching  it. 
I  Ribs,  the  chief  veins  of  a  leaf,  ridges. 
1  Ringent  (corolla).  103. 
Root,  197.     Root-stock.  233 
Rosaceous  (corolla),  100. 
Rostrate,  beaked,  with  a  beak. 
Rosulate  (leaves),  arranged  around  the  base 

of  the  stem,  as  the  petals  of  a  Rose,  262. 
Rotate,  wheel-shaped,  102. 
Rotation,  circulation  of  fluids  in  the  cell. 
Rubicund,  blushing,  rosy  red. 
Rudiment,  the  beginning  of  a  thing. 
Rugous,  wrinkled,  315. 


INDEX   AND   GLOSSAllY. 


171 


BwninateU  (albumen),  full  of  chinks,  as  if 

composed  of  numerous  tolds. 
Runcinate.  hooked  backward,  2^)3. 
Runner,  219. 

Sotjittate.  arrow-shaped,  291. 

Salver-shaped.    (See  Hypocrateriform,  lOS.) 

Samara,  154. 

Sap,  tlie  crude,  472;  the  true,  474 

Sarcocarp  (of  the  drupe),  15(5. 

Scabrous,  rouo:h,  312. 

Scaldrifonn  (cells),  ladder-shaped,  378. 

Scales,  319.    S-cale-stems,  79,  2;i0. 

Scandent,  climbing. 

Scape,  344.    Scarious,  315. 

Scattered,  somelnmes  used  for  alternate. 

Scorj)oid  (inflorescence),  3(55. 

Scrobiculate,  pitted,  with  little  depressions. 

Sea-green,  light  bluish  green,  glaucescent. 

Secund,  all  on  one  sine,  or  turned  one  way. 

Secimdine,  same  as  Tegmen,  172. 

Seed,  172.    Seed-coverings,  173. 

Seed,  vitality  of,  185  ;  dispersion  of,  186 

Semi  (in  composition),  half;  as, 

Semicordate,  half  of  cordate. 

Semilunar,  half-moon  shaped. 

Semisagittate.  and  Semiteretc. 

Sepals,  51.    Sepaloid,  sepal-like. 

Septum,  a  partition  between  two  spaces. 

Septicidal  (dehiscence),  148 

Septifragal  (dehiscence),  148. 

Sericeous,  silky,  312. 

Serotinous,  occurring  late  in  the  season. 

Serrate,  Serrulate,  309. 

Sessile,  sitting,  not  stalked.  12.5,  271. 

Setce,  lOti.    Setaceous,  bristle-form. 

Setous,  Setigirous,  bearing  bristles,  313. 

Sheath,  Sheathing,  as  the    leaves   of  the 

Grasses,  275. 
Shrub,  45. 
Silique,  Silicle,  166. 

Siliqvoiis,  bearing  siliques  (as  the  Crucifers) 
Silver-grain  (of  wood),  417. 
Simvle,  of  one  piece,  not  compound. 
Sinistrorse,  twining  from  right  to  left. 
Sinuate,  294.     Slips,  218. 
Solitary,  growing  alone,  or  singly. 
Solvent  axis,  226. 
Sori,  patches  of  fruit  in  ferns. 
Sorosts,  171. 

Spadiciflorce.  513.    Spadix,  356. 
Spathe.  Spathaceous,  346. 
Speculate  (leaf),  290. 
Species,  27,  496.    Specific  name,  26. 
Specimens  (of  plants;  2,  5. 
Spike.  Spicate,  355. 
Spikelet,  a  little  spike,  as  in  a  Grass. 
Spine,  a  woody  thorn,  327. 
Spindle-shaped  (root),  203.    (Fig.  238.) 
Spiral  arrangement  (of  leaves),  263. 
Spiral  cells,  or  vessels,  377. 
Spongelet,  Spongiole,  199. 
Spores,  184. 

Spur,  a  projecting,  slender  appendage,  78. 
Squarrous,  spreading  widely,  as  the  involu- 

cral  scales  of  some  Composites. 
Stages  of  plant  life,  31. 
Stamens.  55, 110.    Staminate  flower,  67. 
Staminodia,  117. 
Starch,  .382. 

Stem,  or  Ascending  Axis,  211. 
Sterile,  not  bearing  seeds,  67. 
Stigma,  Stigmatic,  125,  129. 


Stings,  402. 

Stipe,  the  stalk  of  the  ovary  or  ovarieB; 

also,  the  stem  of  a  Mushroom. 
Sfipels,  Stipellate.  279. 

Stipules,  Stipulate,  272,  277.  [Ions. 

Stolon,  217.    Stoloniferous,  producing  sto- 
Sl07nata.  397.  etc. 

Strap-shaped,  flat,  narrow,  and  straight. 
Strict,  erect  and  very  straight. 
Strigous,  with  sharp,  close,  rigid  hairs. 
StrolMe  (fruit),  169. 
Strdphiolate,   having  an   appendage  (8tr<v 

phiole  or  caruncle)  about  the  hilum. 
Style,  125.    Styloid,  style-like. 
Sub  (in  composition),  317. 
Sube?vtfs,  corky  in  texture. 
Sub-kingdoms,  507. 
Subulate,  awl-shaped.  999. 
Succulent,  verv  juicy  and  cellular,  315. 
Sucker.  216. 

Suffrutescent,  woody  at  the  base  only. 
Sulcate,  furrowed. 
Superior,  97,  98. 

Superior  calyx,  calyx  adherent  to  ovary 
SupeHor  ovary,  calyx  free  from  ovary. 
Supervolute,  340. 

Supra-axillary,  situated  above  the  axii. 
Supradecompound,  very  much  dividea. 
Suspended  (ovule),  139.     (Fig.  1.58.) 
Suiqyensor  (of  the  embryo).    (Fig.  523.) 
Shtural  (dehiscence).  148. 
Sword-shaped,  as  the  vertical  leaves  of  Iria. 
Sycnnns.  fruit,  such  as  the  Fig.,  170. 
S'ymmAry  (of  the  flower),  60,  c,  69. 
Syn  (in  Greek  compounds),  together,  union. 
Syncarinum,  169. 
Syngenesious.  120. 
Synonyms,  538. 
Systematic  Botany,  492,  etc. 


7'aper-pointed.    (See  Acuminate,  .307.) 

Tap-root,  203. 

Tawny,  fulvous,  dull  yellowish  brown. 

Taxonomy,  tiie  science  of  classification. 

Tegmen,  the  inner  seed-coat,  140, 172. 

Tendril,  228,  324. 

Teratology,  3^34. 

Terete,  cylindrical,  or  nearly  so. 

Term  of  plant  life,  39,  etc. 

Terminal,  situated  at  the  end  or  apex. 

Teiminology.    See  Nomenclature,  533. 

Ternate  (leaves),  in  threes,  .303. 

Tessellated,  checkered,  as  a  pavement. 

Testa,  the  outer  seed-coat,  140, 172, 178. 

Tetra  (in  Greek  composition),  four. 

Tetrady'n  amovs,  119. 

Tetragonal,  with  four  corners. 

Tetrdgynous,  with  four  pistils. 

Thall'ogens,  426.  516. 

Thallus.  the  cellular  vegetative  system  of 

the  Thallogeus. 
Theca,  Thecte,  sporangia  or  spore-cases. 
Thm-n,  327. 

Throat,  orifice  of  a  monopetalous  corolla. 
Thyrse,  360.  [318. 

Tomentous,  with  short,  dense,  woolly  hairs, 
Top-shaped,  inversely  conical. 
Torus,  same  as  Receptacle,  57,  84. 
Traxihtnchyma,  .386,  .391. 
Tree.  46.    Transpiration,  479. 
Tri  (in  Greek  compounds),  three  ;  as, 
Triadelphous.  the  stamens  in  three  set*. 
THandrous,  having  three  stamens. 


172 


INDEX  AND   GLOSSARY. 


Trigynom,  Laving  three  style?,  124. 
Tricoccous  (fruit),  with  three  1-seeded  car- 
pels. 
Tricolored  {tricolor),  with  three  colors. 
Triennial,  lasting  three  years. 
Trifid.  split  half- way  into  three  parts. 
Tri/'oliate,  with  three  leaflets,  .303. 
Trilobate,  having  three  lobes,  296. 
7rimerous,  3-parted,  65. 
Tripartible,  separable  into  three  parts. 
THpU-veined.  385.    (Fis:.  319.) 
Triquetrous,  three  angled,  258.  339. 
2'ripinnate,  thrice  pinnate,  304. 
Triternate,  thrice  ternate,  305. 
True  sap,  474. 

Truncate.  307.    (Fi.sr.  367,  d.) 
Trunk  (of  a  tree),  225. 
Tryma,  fruit,  as  the  hickory-nut,  157. 
Tube.,  91.    Tubular  corolla,  102. 
Thiber,  237.    Tubercular,  204. 
Tuh'-.rculate,  covered  with  warts  (tubercles). 
Tumid,  swollen  or  inflated. 
Tunicate,  coated,  as  the  bulb,  242. 
Turion.  voung  shoot,  as  of  asparagus 
T)/pical  'Flower,  60.    (Figs.  8-11.) 

Umbd,  359.    Urabellet,  a  partial  umbel. 

Umbellate,  bearing  umbels. 

Umbilicate,  with  a  sharp  depression  at  end. 

Unarmed,  with  no  stings,  thorns,  etc. 

Undershrub,  a  low  shrub,  45. 

Undulate,  wavy,  310. 

Unequally  pinnate,  303. 

Unguiculate  (petal),  having  a  claw,  88. 

flm  (in  compounds),  one ;  as, 

Unifoliate,  with  one  leaf  or  leaflet. 

Uniform,  of  one  form. 

Unilateral,  1 -sided. 

Unilocular,  l-celled. 

Univalved,  with  but  one  valve. 

tfrceolate,  urn-shaped,  102. 

UtHcle  (fruit),  152. 

Vaginate,  sheathing;  the  flattened  petiole    Zoology,  Vi. 
%ivo]ving  the  stem.  Zoospore.    (Fig.  217.) 


Valvate,  257,  3.37. 

Valves,  Valvular,  114, 14a 

Varieties,  28. 

Vascular  tissue,  386. 

Vaulted,  arched. 

Vegetation,  or  Physiology  of  Plant  Lllte, 
4:?H. 

Veins,  282.    Veinlets,  Veinulets,  283. 

Venation  (of  the  leaf),  282. 

Ventrico^j.s,  swelling  out  on  one  side. 

Vernal,  appearing  in  the  Spring-time 

Vernation  (of  the  leaf-Dud),  252. 

Ventral,  belonging  to  the  front  side,  4.  c, 
the  sid^  toward  the  axis. 

Verrucous,  covered  M'ith  warts  (verruca:). 

Versatile  (anther),  114. 

Vertex,  the  summit,  same  as  Apex. 

Vertical,  in  the  direction  up  and  down,  or 
parallel  with  the  axis. 

Verticillate,  whorled,  215,  262. 

Verticillaster,  366. 

Vespertine,  appearing  in  the  evening. 

Vexillary  (iestivation).    (Fig.  425.) 

Vexillum.  banner,  101.    (Figs.  59,  60.) 

Villo]/s,  with  long,  weak  hairs,  312. 

Vimineous,  with  long  flexible  shoots,  osier- 
like. 

Virgate,  twiggy,  long,  slender. 

Vine.  228. 

Viscid,  Viscous,  sticky  or  glutinous. 

Vitality  ofseedn,  185. 

Vitta,  Vittse,  the  minute  oil-tubes  in  the 
fruit-coat  of  the  Umbellifera?.  fe"^^- 

Volva,  membrane  enclosing  theycung  Fun- 

Wedge-sJiaped,  tapering  to  the  base.    Woody 

plants,  44. 
Whorl,  a  circle  of  similar  organs. 
Witch-grass,  231. 
Wood,  408.    Wood-cells,  376. 

Yeast-plant,  U\.    (Fig.  520.) 


ADDENDA. 


Fasligiate,  358  ;  level-topped,  aa  in  the  in- 
florescence of  the  corymb. 
Faveolate,  honey-combed,  alveolate. 
ihigaccous,  soon  falling  or  perishinf. 
InjUcled,  bent  inward,  inflexed. 


Scion,  or  cion,  218. 
Stipitate,  on  a  stipe,  which  see. 
Tondous,  swollen  at  intervals. 
Turbinate,  shaped  like  a  top  {turbo)» 
Uncinate,  shaped  like  a  hook  (unciw). 


THE 


American  Botanist 


AND 


Floeist. 

PAET  FOUETH, 

DESCRIPTIVE   BOTANY; 

BEING 

A  SIMPLE  ANALYTICAL  FLORA, 


INCLUDING  THE  NATIVE  AND  CULTIVATED  PLANTS 

GROWING  IN  TEE  ATLANTIC  DIVISION 

OF  THE  UNITED  STATES. 


BY 

ALPHONSO  WOOD,  A.  M., 

AUTHOR    OF    TUK    CLASS-IJOOK    OP    BOTANY,    BTO. 


A.    S.    BARNES     &     C  0  M  P'A  N  Y, 

NEW  YORK  AND  CHICAGO. 
H.  B.  NIMS  &  COMPANY.  TROY,  N.  Y. 


ABBREVIATIONS    AND    SIGNS. 


S  BOTANICAL  TERMS   OFTEN  RECURRING  IN  DESCRIPTIONft. 


ach.  achenia. 
cest.  aestivation. 
alter,  alternate. 
amplex.  amplexicaul. 
anth.  anther. 
cm.U.  axillary. 
cal.  calyx. 
caps,  capsule. 
cor.  corolla. 
cyp.  cypsela. 
dedd.  deciduous. 
diam.  diameter. 
ellip.  elliptical. 
emarg.  eniarginate. 
epig.  epigyn»u8. 
/.  ox  ft.  feet. 
fil.  filaments. 
fi.  flower ;  fis.  flowers. 


fr.  fruit. 

gl.  glume ;  gU.  glumes. 

}i.d.  head ;  hds.  heads. 

hyp.  hypogynous. 

imbr.  imbricate. 

inf.  inferior. 

invol.  involucre. 

irreg.  irregular. 

leg.  legume. 

If.  leaf;  Ivs.  leaves. 

Ifts.  leaflets. 

lorn,  loment. 

opp.  opposite. 

ova.  ovary. 

pap.  pappus. 

X)ed.  peduncle. 

2)et.  petals. 

perig.  perigynous. 


perig.  perigyniua. 

pis.  pales. 

pn.  pinnae. 

prd.  pinnulse. 

recep.  receptacle. 

reg.  regular. 

rhiz.  rhizoma. 

rt.  root. 

sc.  scale,  scales. 

sds.  seeds. 

seg.  segment. 

sep.  sepals. 

St.  stem. 

sta.  or  stam.  stamena 

stig.  stigmas. 

sty.  styles. 

var.  variety 


§  TIMES  OF  FLOWEitING,   AND  LOCALITIES. 


1.  Names  of  the  Months  and  Seasons  are  abbreviated  in  the  usual  manner,  a«,  Jan. 
January;  Apr.  April ;  Sirr.  Spring;  Aul.  Autumn;  Svm.  Summer;  «fec. 

2.  The  names  of  States  and  Territories  of  the  U.  S.  are  abbreviated  precisely  aa  in 
other  works,  thus  -.—Ala.  Alabama ;  Ark.  Arkansas  ;  Conn.  Connecticut,  «fec. 

3.  Sections  of  States  are  thus  designated : —iVl,  N.  Y.  Northern  New  York ;    W.   Pa. 
Western  Pennsylvania  ;  E.  Fla.  East  Florida  ;  S.  111.  Southern  Illinois,  &c. 

4.  Names  of  foreign  Countries  '.—Eur.  Earopc ;  Afr.  Africa ;  S.  Afr.  South  Africa ; 
Aust.  Australia  ;  Can.  Canada ;  Mex.  Mexico ;  S.  Am.  South  America,  &c. 

5.  E.  East,  Eastward,  indicates  the  States  of  the  Atlantic  seaboard  from  Maine  to  V  tr- 
giuia  inclusive  ;  N-E.  or  N.  Eng.  denotes  the  New  England  States. 

6.  M.  is  used  to  denote  the  Middle  States :  viz.,  N.  Y.,  Penn.,  N.  J.,  and  Del. 

7.  N.  North,  Northward,  indicates  generally  the  territory  north  of  42°  N.  latitude. 

8.  N-W.  Northwest,  indicates  Wis.,  Minn.,  and  parts  of  111.  and  Mich. 

9.  S.  South,  Southward,  is  used  to  indicate  the  Southern  States  in  general,— all  lyinfj 
south  of  Virginia  and  Kentucky 

10.  S-W.  Southwest,  viz.,  Miss.,  La.,  Ark.,  and  perhaps  Tennessee  and  Texas. 

11.  W.  West,  denotes  the  States  lying  due  north  of  Tennessee  and  Arkansas. 


ABBKEVIATIONS  AND   bIGNS. 


§  SIGNS. 


(T)  h.n  annuAl  Herb. 

(2)  A  biennial  Herb. 

It  A  perennial  Herb. 

^)  An  undershrub,  deciduous. 

^)  An  undershrub,  evergreen. 

^  A  Shrub,  deciduous. 

^  A  Shrub,  evergreen. 

3  A  Tree,  deciduous. 

O  A  Tree,  evergreen. 

J>  An  herbaceous  Vine,  (i)  or  (f). 

^   A  perennial  Vine,  2^. 

"^  Woody  Vine,  deciduous. 


h  Woody  Vine,  evergreen. 
L^,  Trailing  Herb,  ®  or  (5). 
L^  Trailing  Herl),  U . 
.X;?'  An  aquatic  Plant. 
$   Flowers  perfect. 
^   Flowers  staminate. 
?   Flowers  pistillate. 
6"   Monoecious. 
6  ?   Dioecious. 
^  S  ?   Polygamous. 
0  Wanting,  or  none. 
GO  Numerous,  or  indefinite. 


Vat 


the  end  of  the  description. 


§  A  Plant  introduced  and  naturalized ; 

t  Plant  cultivated  for  ornament ; 

t  Plant  cultivated  for  use ; 

0=  Cotyledons  accumbent;   \ 

oD  Cotyledons  incumbent ;      |- used  only  in  the  Cruciferse.    (Page  88.) 

o))  Cotyledons  conduplicate ;  ) 

1  (Note  of  exclamation),  used  technically,  denotes  certainty. 

?  (Note  of  interrogation),  implies  doubt  or  uncertainty. 

f  (with  or  without  a  period),  a  foot \ 

'  (a  single  acute  accent),  an  inch J-after  a  number. 

"  (a  double  accent),  a  line  =1-12  of  an  inch. 


::r 


S  AUTHORS'  NAMES  CITED  IN  THIS  WORK. 


AdOM. 

Adanson. 

DUl. 

Dillenius. 

A.  DC. 

Alphonse  De  CandoUe. 

Desv. 

Desvaux. 

Ait. 

Aiton. 

Dougl. 

Douglas. 

AU. 

Allione. 

Ehrh. 

Ehrhart. 

Anders. 

Andersson. 

Ell. 

Elliott. 

Am. 

Amott. 

EndX. 

Endlicher. 

Aub. 

Aublet. 

Engd. 

Engelmann. 

Bart. 

Barton. 

Fisch. 

Fischer. 

BarU. 

Bartling. 

F.  A  M. 

Fischer  «fc  Meyer. 

Beauv. 

Beau  vols. 

Frcel. 

Froelich. 

Benfh. 

Bentham. 

G<zrt. 

Gtertner. 

Bemh. 

Bernhardt. 

Gmel. 

Gmelin. 

Berl. 

Berlandier. 

Good. 

Goodenough. 

Bois. 

Boissier. 

Gr. 

A.  Gray. 

Bong. 

Bongard. 

Gre^. 

GreviUe. 

rk. 

Borkhausen. 

Griseb. 

Griscbach, 

>r. 

Brown. 

Gron. 

Gronovius. 

Bw. 

Bigelow. 

Hedw. 

Hedwig. 

Cass. 

Casein  i. 

Hoffm. 

Hoffman, 

Cat. 

Cavanillcs. 

Hook. 

Hooker  (W.  J.) 

Cham. 

Chamisso. 

Uook.f.  {JUius) 

Hooker  (J.  D.) 

Darl. 

Darlington. 

Homem. 

Homemann. 

DC 

De  CANDttLLK. 

ffuds. 

Hudson.            [Kunth. 

Desf. 

Desfontaine*. 

H.  B.  K. 

Humboldt,  Boupland  A 

Dtw. 

Dewey. 

Jacq. 

Jacqain. 

ABBREVIATIONS  AND   SIGNS. 


AUTHORS'    NAiMES-(CoNTiNUKU). 


Juts. 

JUSSIEU. 

RichJi. 

Richardson. 

A.  Jusf 

Adrien  Jussieu. 

Rcmi. 

Roemer. 

L.  or  Z«»m. 

LlNN^US. 

Salish. 

Salisbury. 

Lag. 

Lagasca. 

Schk. 

Schkuhr. 

Lean. 

Lamarck. 

Sclirad. 

Schrader. 

Lamb. 

Lambert. 

Schreb. 

Schreber. 

Ledeb. 

Ledebour. 

Schult. 

Schultes. 

Lehm. 

Lehmann. 

8chw. 

Schweinitz. 

Lesq. 

Lesquereux. 

Scop. 

Scopoli. 

Lestib. 

Lestibudois. 

Ser. 

Seringe. 

VEer. 

L'Heritier. 

Soland. 

Solander. 

LincU. 

Lindley. 

Spreng. 

Sprengel.  ' 

Ifart. 

Martins. 

Steud. 

Steudel. 

Mich. 

Micheli. 

Sulliv. 

Snllivant. 

Michx.  or  Mx. 

Michaux. 

Thumb. 

Thunberg. 

Mx.f. 

Michaux  (the  younger). 

Torr. 

Torrey. 

Mia. 

Miller. 

T.&O. 

Torrey  &  Gray. 

MUch. 

Mitchell. 

Tourn. 

Tonniefcrt. 

Muhl. 

Muhlenberg. 

Trautv. 

Trautvetter. 

Nees. 

Nees  von  Esenbeck, 

Trin. 

Trinius. 

Nutt.  ar  if. 

Nuttall. 

Tuckm. 

Tuckerman. 

Pal. 

Pallas. 

VaUl. 

Vailiant. 

Pav. 

Pavon. 

Vent. 

Ventenat. 

Pert. 

Persoon. 

VUl. 

Villars. 

Ph. 

Pursh. 

Wahl. 

Wahlenberj:. 

Pluk. 

Plukenet. 

Walp. 

Walpers. 

Plunk. 

Plumier. 

Walt. 

Walter. 

Poir. 

Poiret. 

Wangk. 

Wangenheim. 

B.Br. 

Robert  Brown. 

WiUd. 

Willdenow. 

Raf. 

Rafinesque. 

With. 

Withering. 

Bdch^xb. 

Reichenbach. 

WW- 

Wnlfen. 

Bich. 

Richard. 

ANALYSIS  OF  THE  NATURAL  ORDERS, 


Founded  on  the  most  obvious  or  artificial  characters :  designed  as  a  key  foi 

the  ready  determination  of  any  plant,  native,  or  naturalized,  or 

cultivated,  growing  within  the  limits  of  this  Flora. 


PROVINCES,  CLASSES,  AND  COHORTS. 

Sab-kingdom  I.    The  Flowering  Plants. .  (See,  next,  Provinces  1,  2). .  .PH^NOGAMIA. 

Bub-kingdom  n.    The  Flowerless  Plants.  .(See  the  Provinces  3,  4) CRYPTOGAMIA. 

Province  1.     Leaves  net-veined.    Floveers  never  completely  3- 

parted  (mostly  ^  and  !^).  Embryo  with  2  or  more  cotyledons. 

Wood  (if  any)  in  annual  circles. .  (See  Classes  1,2) EXOGENS. 

Province  2.    Leaves  parallel-veined  (rarely  netted).    Flowers  3- 

parted.    Bark,  wood,  and  pith  commingled.    Embryo  with  but 

one  cotyledon. . (See  Classes  3,  4) ENDOGENS. 

Province  3.    Stem  and  leaves  distinguishable. .(H) ACEOGENS. 

Province  4.    Stem  and  leaves  undistinguishable . .  (K) THALL  0  GENS. 

Class  1.  Stigmas  present.    Seeds  enclosed  in  vessels ..  (*) ANGIOSPERMS. 

Class  2.  StigmasO.  Seeds  naked  (Pines,  Firs,  Cedar8,&c.)  (**)..  GYMNOSPERMS. 

Class  3.  Flowers  without  glumes.  Perianth  colored  or  green. .  (t) .  .PETALIFER^. 

Class  4.  Flowers  with  green  alternate  glumes.  No  perianth,  .(tt) . .  GLUMIFER^. 

*  Cohortl.  Corolla  with  the  petals  distinct.. (A) Polypetala;. 

*  Cohort  2.  Corolla  with  the  petals  united. .(B) Gamopetalie. 

*  Cohort  3.  Corolla  none.  Calyx  often  none.  .(€) Apetalce. 

**  Cohort  4.  The  cone-bearing  plants  (same  as  Class  2). .  (D) Conoids. 

+  Cohorts.  Fls.  on  a  *padix,  apetalous  or  incomplete..  (E).  ..Spadlciflorae. 

t  Cohort  6.  Flowers  complete,  with  a  true  perianth.. (F) Florldeae. 

+t  Cohort?.  The  Grasses,  Grains,  «fcc.  (same  as  class  4)..(G).  .Oraiuinolds. 


A.    CououT  1.    POLYPETALOUS  EXOGENS. 

Herbs  with  the  leaves  alternate  or  all  radical. .  (12) 
Herbs  with  the  leaves  opposite  on  the  stem.  .(9) 
Shrubs,  trees,  or  undorshrubs..(2) 
3  Flowers  regular  or  nearly  so.  .(3) 
3  Flowers  irregular  (or  the  fruit  a  legume)  (§  1(55).. (r) 

8  Polyaudrous,— stamens  3—10  times  as  many  as  the  petals.. (4) 

8  Oligandroub,— stamens  1—2  times  as  many  as  the  petals  or  fewer.. («) 


b  ANALYSIS  OF  THE  NATURAL.  ORDERS. 

4  Leave?  opposite.. (s) 
4  Leave?  alternate.  (5) 

5  Stamens  on  the  torus  or  the  hypogynous  corolla.  .(Q 
5  Stamens  and  petals  on  the  calyx  tube..(t') 
6  Ovaries  simple,  distinct,  or  one  only.    Vines  or  erect  shrubs. .(«») 
6  Ovary  compound,  and  wholly  adherent  to  the  calyx.. (ar) 
6  Ovary  compound  and  free  from  the  calyx  or  nearly  80..(T) 

7  Stamens  opposite  to  the  petals  and  of  the  same  number. .  (y) 
7  Stamens  alternate  with  the  petals  or  of  a  different  number.  .(8) 
8  Leaves  opposite  on  the  stems.. (2) 
8  Leaves  alternate,  and  compound ..  (j/y) 
8  Leaves  alternate  and  simple. .  (22) 
9  Polyandrous— stamens  3—10  times  as  many  as  the  petals. .  (m) 
9  Oligandrous,— stamens  1—2  times  as  many  as  the  petals  or  fewer.  .(10) 
10  Pistils  separate  and  distinct,  few  or  solitary,  simple.. (n) 
10  Pistils  united  into  a  compound  ovary  free  from  the  calyx.. (11) 
10  Pistils  united  into  a  compound  ovary  adherent  to  the  calyx.. (o) 
11  Stamens  opposite  to  the  petals  and  of  the  same  number. .  {p) 
11  Stamens  alternate  with  the  petals  or  of  a  greater  number,  .(g) 
IS  Flowers  regular  or  nearly  so.    Fruit  never  a  legume. . (14) 
12  Flowers  irregular  (rarely  regular  and  the  fruit  a  legume).  .(13) 

13  Stamens  numerous,  3  or  more  times  as  many  as  the  petals.. (A;) 
13  Sl>r  ens  few  and  definite,  4—1-2. .  (0 

!■»  i^ameus  (or  anthers)  3—10  times  as  many  as  the  petals.. (15) 
14  Stamens  few  and  definite.    Ovary  free  from  the  calyx.  .(17) 
14  Stamens  few  and  definite.    Ovary  adherent  to  the  calyx.. (^ 
15  Stamens  hypogynous— inserted  on  the  torus.  .(16) 
15  Stamens  perigynous— inserted  on  the  corolla  at  the  base..(c) 
15  Stamens  perigynous— inserted  on  the  calyx  at  the  bas«..(c?) 
16  Pistils  few  or  many,  distinct  (at  least  as  to  the  styles) . .  (a) 
16  Pistils  (and  styles  if  any)  completely  united.. (^») 
17  Pistils  one,  or  indefinite  and  distinct,  simple.. (e) 
17  Pistils  definitely—*  2  united,  th»;  short  styles  combined  into  one..{f) 
— *  2,  3  or  4  united,  styles  or  stigmas,  2,  3,  4  or  6.  .(g') 
— *  5.  distinct  or  united,  with  5  distinct  styles, .  (jk) 
— *  5,  united  and  the  styles  also  combined  into  one..{i> 

a  Petals  5  or  more,  deciduous.    Leaves  never  peltate RanuncuI/ICEJs. 

a  Petals  3  or  numerous.    Water  plants  with  peltate  leaves / 

b  Sepals  4—6,  equal.    Petals  OO,  imbricated  in  the  bud. . .  i   :^ymph^ace^. 

b  Sepals  5,  equal.    Petals  5,  imbricate.    Leaves  tubular Sarraceniace^.  8 

6  Sepals  5,  unequal.    Petals  5,  convolute.    Flowers  of  2  sorts Cistace^e.  15 

b  Sepals  2,  with— 66  5  petals  imbricated  in  the  bud Portulaccace/E.  20 

—bb  4  or  8  petals  usually  crumpled  in  bud Papaverace.e.  9 

c  Filaments  nnited  into  a  tube.    Anthers  1-celled Malvace^.  23 

d  Sepals  2,  persistent,  capping  the  lid  of  the  pyxis Portulaccace^.  20 

d  Sepals  3—5,  valvate  in  the  bud.    Pod  long,  2-carpelled Tiliace.e.  25 

d  Sepals  3— 5.— rf(Z  Petals  imbricate  in  bud.    Fruits  simple Kosace^k.  44 

—dd  Petals  convolute  in  bud.    Fruit  compound Loasace^.  55 

t  Stamens  opposite  to  the  petals  and  of  the  same  number.  Pistil  1  only. .  Berberidace j:.  (5 

«  Stamens  alternate  with  the  petals  or  more  numerous Ranunculack^.  1 

/  Stamens  6,  tetradynamous.    Pod  2-ceiled.    Flowers  cruciform Crucifer^.  1. 

f  Stanens  4—32,  not  tetradynamous.    Pod  1-celled Catparidace.*:.  12 

g  Sepals  5,  unequal.    Flowers  perfect,  numerous,  minute Cistace^.  15 

<7  Sepals  5,  equal.    Flowers  monoecious.    Herbs  woolly  or  scurfy  Obder  113 


ANALYSIS  OF  THE  NATURAL  ORDERS.  7 

g  Sepals  5,  or  3.  equal,  and  the  stamens  twice  as  many GERANiACEiE.  30 

g  Sepals  5,  and  the  stamens  (anthers)  of  the  same  number.. (g-g-) 

gg  Sterile  filam.  numerous,  in  several  whorls.  Climbing.. Passiflorace^.  57 
gg  Sterile  filaments  numerous,  in  5  clusters.  Herb  erect.. Saxifragace^.  45 
gg  Sterile  filaments  0..(*) 

*  Flowers  white,  raceraed.    Climbing Order  106 

*  Flowers  yellow.    Plants  erect  Turnerace^.  56 

*  Flowers  cyanic.    Herbs  stemless Droserace.e.  17 

h  Stamens  5,  alternate  with  the  5  petals.    Styles  5  or  3.    Seeds  00 Linages.  28 

h  Stamens  5,  opposite  to  the  5  petals.    Styles  5,  but  the  seed  1 Order  83 

h  Stamens  twice  as  many  as  the  petals.  .(AA) 

hh  Stamens  6.    Leaves  peltate NYMPHiEACE^.  7 

hh  Stamens  6—24,  distinct Crassulace^.  46 

hh  Stamens  10,  united  at  base GERANiACEiE.  30 

t  Ovary  1-celled.    Leaves  all  radical,  spinescent,  irritable Droserace.*.  17 

i  Ovary  3-5-celled.    Leaves  mostly  radical,  not  dotted Order  73 

i  Ovary  3-6-celled.    Leaves  cauline,  pinnate,  dotted Rutace^.  31 

J  Style  1 ,  but  the  carpels  as  many  as  the  petals  (2—6) On agrace^.  54 

j  Styles  3—5,  ovary  3-5-celled,  3-5-seeded,  wholly  adherent Araliaceje.  64 

j  Styles  3-8,  ovary  1-celled,  half-adherent.    Sepals  2 Portulacace^.  20 

j  Styles  2,  carpels  2,  fewer  than  the  (5)  petals.—*  Seeds  several..  .Saxifragace^.  45 

— *  Seeds  2 Umbellifer^.  63 

k  Ovaries  many,  or  few,  rarely  1,  always  simple Ranunculace.^.  1 

k  Ovary  compound,  3-carpelled,  open  before  ripe Resedace^.  13 

I  Sepals  (4  or  5)  produced  into  1  slender  spur  behind,  petals  2  or  5..  ..Geraniace^.  30 

/  Sepals  2  (or  vanished),  petals  4  (2  pairs)  with  1  or  2  blunt  spurs Fumariaceje.  10 

/  Sepals  5,  very  unequal ;  petals  3.    Stamens  6  or  8.    No  spur Poltgalace^.  42 

/  Sepals  and  petals  each  of  the  same  number,  viz...(^) 

II  4,  the  flowers  slightly  irregular.    Stamens  6—32.    No  spur.  .Capparidace^.  12 

//  4,  the  flowers  moderately  irregular.  '  Stamens  8.    A  vine Sapindace^.  37 

U  5,  with  5  stamens,  and  generally  a  blunt  spur VioLACEiK.  14 

U  5,  with  10  or  more  stamens.    No  spur.    Fruit  a  legume LEouJiiNOSiE.  43 

m  Pistils  many,  entirely  distinct,  simple Ranunculace.«.  I 

m  Pistils  3—5,  united  more  or  less  completely Hypericace^.  16 

m  Pistils  5 — 10,  united,  with  sessile  stigmas  and  many  petals  Ficoideje.  61 

n  Pistil  solitary,  simple.    Petals  6—9.    Stamens  12—18 Berberidace^.  6 

n  Pistils  3  or  more,  distinct,  simple.   Flowers  all  symmetrical.. Crassulace^.  46 

n  Pistils  2,  consolidated  with  the  5  stamens.  Juice  milky Order  100 

o  Carpels  as  many  as  the  sepals ..  (nn) 

0  Carpels  fewer  in  number  than  the  sepals. .  (oo) 

nn  Anthers  opening  at  the  top.    Flowers  4-parted Melastomace^.  52 

nn  Anthers  opening  laterally.    Styles  united  into  1 ONAGRAOEiE.  54 

nn  Anthers  opening  laterally.   Styles  or  stigmas  distinct..  Halo  rage^e.  48 

00  Each  carpel  QO-seeded.    Styles  2 Saxipragace^.  45 

00  Each  carpel  1  seeded.    Styles  2  or  3 Araliace^.  64 

00  Each  carpel  1-seeded.    Style  1  (double) Cornace^.  G5  j 

p  Style  3-cleft  at  the  summit.    Flowers  5-parted Portulacace.e.  20  i 

p  Style  and  stigma  1,  undivided.    Flowers  7-parted Order  81 

f  Leaves  pinnate,  with  interpetiolar  stipules ZTGOPHYLLACE.iE.  29 

q  Leaves  simple,  toothed  or  lobed.  Flowers  cruciform.  Stamens  6 Cructfer^.  11 

9  Leaves  simple,  toothed  or  lobed.  Flowers  5-merou8.  Stamens  10..  QERANiACEiE.  30 
q  Leaves  simple,  entire.. (95') 

qq  Petals  and  stamens  on  the  throat  of  the  calyx Ltthbacbjb.  5f. 

gq  Petals  on  the  torus.  .(*) 


ANALYSIS  OF  THE  NATURAL  ORDERS. 

*  Flowers  irregular,  uneymmetrical Polygalacb.b.  48 

*  Flowers  regular,  2-(or  J-^parted  throughout Elatinace^.  18 

*  Flowers  regular,  5-parted.    Leaves  punctate Htpekicace^.  16 

*  Flowers  regular,  5-parted.    Leaves  doiless Cahyophyllace^.  19 

r  Pistil  a  simple  carpel,  becomiug  a  legume.    Stamens  10—100 Legumino3.<e.  43 

r  Pistil  compound,  viz.  .(7t) 

rr  3-carpelled.    Flowers  perfect.    Leaves  digitate Sapindace^.  37 

rr  Scarpelled.    Flowers  monoecious.    Cultivated BEooNiACEyE.  59 

rr  5-caq>elled.— *  Stipules  present.    Cultivated Geraniace^.  30 

— *  Stipules  none.    Native Order  73 

g  Stamens  on  the  receptacle,  in  several  sets.    Leaves  dotted Hypeuicace^.  16 

*  Stamens  on  the  receptacle,  in  1  set.    Lvs.  fleshy.   (S.  Fla) . . .  C/w«ia.  Guttifer^.  (21) 
Stamens  on  the  calyx,  .(ss) 

8S  Sepals,  petals,  and  ovaries  indefinite CALYCANTnACEvE.  3 

ss  Sepals,  &c.,  definite.    Leaves  dotted,  entire M yrtace^.  51 

ss  Sepals,  &c.,  definite.    Leaves  dotless,  entire Lythrace^.  53 

S8  Sepals,  &c..  definite.    Leaves  dotless,  subdentate Saxifragace^e.  45 

t  Filaments  united  into  1  set  (monadelphous).    Petals  con  volute.,  (w) 
t  Filaments  united  into  1  or  several  sets.    Petals  imbricate. .  (uu) 
i  Filaments  distinct,  .(tt) 

tt  Petals  6,  valvate,  lurid.    Erect  shrubs Anonace.*;.  4 

tt  Petals  3—9,  imbricate.    Trees  or  shrubs Maoxoliace^.  2 

tt  Petals  4 — 8,  imbricate.    Climbing  or  trailing MENisPERMACEiE.  5 

U  Petals  4,  imbricated.    Shrubs,  S Capparidace^    12 

u  Anthers  1-celled.    Sepals  valvate  in  the  bud Malvace^.  23 

u  Anthers  2-celled.    Sepals  valvate.    Handsome  tree Sterculiace^.  21 

u  Anthers  2-celled.  Sepals  imbricate.  A  large  tree  in  S.  Fla. .  Canellace^.  (22) 
uu  Leaves  punctate  with  pellucid  dots,  jointed  to  stalk..  Aurantiace^.  32 
uu  Leaves  opaque.. (*) 

*  Sepals  valvate.    Flowei-s  small Tiliaceje.  25 

*  Sepals  imbricate.    Flowers  large Camelliace^.  26 

f>  Style  1,  with  many  stigmas.    Green  fleshy  shrubs Cactace.e.  60 

V  Styles  several  or  1,  each  with  1  stigma.    Woody  trees  or  shrubs..  .Rosacea.  44 

V  Style  1,  with  1  stigma.  Stam.  in  5  sets,  long,  red,  very  showy..  .Myrtace^.  51 
w  Trailing  vines,  with  crimson  fls.  Ovaries  00,  in  a  little  spike..  .Magnoliace.<e.  2 
w  Climbing  vines,  with  white-greenish  fls.    Ova.  2—6,  capitate... Menispermace^.  5 

vt  Erect  shrubs,  with  yellow  flowers,  6-parted.    Pistil  only  1 Berberidace^.  6 

ttf  Erect  shrubs  (S.  Fla.)  with  yellow  fls.  Pistils  5,  2-ovuled,  l-sded.  .Surianace^.  (62) 
wr  Trees,  with  greenish  fls.,—*  and  pinnate  lvs,  Pist.  3-5, 1-ovuled. .  Simarubace^.  34 

— *  and  simple  leaves.  Follicles  3 — 5. .  .SxERCULiACEiE.  21 
X  Flowers  4-parted.  Stamens  8.  (Fls.  red  or  roseate,  drooping).. ONAGRACEiE.  54 
«  Flowers  4-parted.  Sta.  8.  Fls.  light  yellow.  Coasts,  S.  Fla..  Rhizoporace^.  (49) 

X  Flowers  4-parted.    Stamens  4.    Flowers  whitish,  in  cymes Cornace-e.  65 

X  Flowers  5-parted.  .(ica;) 

XX  Ovary  5-carpelled,  5-styled,  5-seeded Araliace^.  64 

XX  Ovary  5-carpelled,  1-styled,  1-seeded.    S.  Fla Combretace^.  50 

sex  Ovary  2-4-carpelled,  OO-seeded S axifragace^.  45 

y  Leaves  opposite.    Stem  climbing  with  tendrils  or  radicles. .  Vitace^.  41 
y  Lvs.  alternate.  St.  erect,  or  climbing  without  tendrils..  Rhamnace.*:.  40 

B  Ijeaves  simple.    Stamens  5.    Carpels  3—5,  style  1,  short Celastrace.*:.  38 

t  Leaves  simple.  Sta.  10.  Carpels  and  sty. 3.   S.  Y\a...Byr80nima.  Malpighiace^.  (39) 

t  Leaves  pinnate,  or  palmately  lobed.   Carpels  and  styles  2  or  3 Sapindace2E.  37 

«  Leaves  pinnate.. (*) 

*  Stamens  10.    Small  tree  with  blue  flowers.    S.  Fla ZYQOPHTLLACE.aB:.  29 

*  Stamens  2.  Carpels  1  or  2.    Style  1 Obdeb  ■•*** 


ANALYSIS  OF  THE  NATURAL  ORDERS.  9 

•  Stamens  8.    Carpel  and  style  1 Burserace.e.  35 

yj  Filaments  10,  united  into  a  tube  or  cup.    Flowers  in  panicle3 Meliace^e.  27 

yy  Filaments  6—10,  distinct.    Flowers  small,  white,  in  racemes Burseuace.e.  33 

yy  Filaments  6— 10,  distinct,    Fls.  small,  white  or  hoary,  paniculate..  Sapindace^.  S7 
yy  Filaments  5,  distinct.. (*) 

*  Leaves  peJlncid-punctate Rutace^.  31 

*  Leaves  opaque.    Ovary  1-celled,  1-seeded Anacardiace^,  36 

zz  Petals  4,  yellow,  strap-shaped,  appearing  in  late  Autumn Hamamelace^.  47 

zz  Petals  4 — 7,  cyanic  (rarely  yellow),  rounded  or  short.. (t) 

t  Style  0.  the  stigmas  1,  4,  or  5,  sessile.    Drupe  4-6-seeded Order  74 

t  Styles  (or  stigmas)  3,  but  the  drupe  only  1-seeded  Anacardiace.«.  30 

t  Styles  3,  capsule  many-sded.   Lvs.  minute  and  s^cale-form.  .Ta.mariscine.e.  24  bis 
t  Style  !,..(*) 

t  Capsule  3-seeded.    Seeds  with  a  scarlet  aril Celastrace^.  38 

$  Caps.  GO-seeded.  Clusters  fragrant.  Lvs.  evergreen.  Cult.  ..Pittospo rack «. 
t  Capsule  with  few  or  many  seeds.    Native  shrubs Orses  73 


B.    Cohort  2.    GAMOPETALOUS  EXOGENS. 

I  Stamens  (6 —  CO)  more  numerous  than  the  lobes  of  the  corolla.. (9) 
§  Stamens  (2—12)  fewer  than  the  corolla  lobes  or  of  the  same  number.. (2) 
2  Ovary  inlerior,=adherent  to  the  tube  of  the  calyx.. (3) 
2  Ovary  superior,  =  free  from  the  tube  of  the  calyx.. (4) 
3  Stamens  cohering  by  their  anthers,  .(c) 
8  Stamens  entirely  distinct.. (d) 

4  Flowers  regular  and  the  stamens  symmetrical ..  (5) 

4  Flowers  regular  and  the  stamens  reduced  to  2  or  4. .(«.) 

4  Flowers  irregular.    Stamens  (except  in  3  or  4  species)  unsyrametrical.  .^ 

5  Stamens  opposite  to  the  lobes  of  the  corolla  (and  distinct).. (c) 

6  Stamens  alternate  with  the  corolla  lobes  (rarely  connate).. (6) 

6  Shrubs,  trees,  with  the  carpels  or  stigmas  3— 6..(/) 
6  Herbs  1-10-carpelled,  or  shrubs  2-carpelled..(7) 
7  Ovary  1,  deeply  4-parted  or  4-partible,  forming  4  achenia.  .(g) 
7  Ovaries  2,  distinct  (often  covered  by  the  stamens) ..  (A) 
7  Ovary  1   compound,—*  one-celled.. (A;; 

— *  two-six-celled.. (w) 
9  Flowers  irrogular  (rarely  regular  and  the  fruit  a  legume).. (o) 
9  Flowers  legular  and  the  fruit  never  a  legume  (§  165).. (6) 

a  Flowers  1-  or  2-sided,  with  1  or  2  blunt  spurs.    Stamens  6,  in  2  8et'4...0BDEB  10 
a  Flowers  1-sided,  no  spur..(*) 

*  Leaves  compound.    Frui  t  a  legume Order  43 

*  Leaves  simple.    Fruit  2-celled,  2-8eeded Order  42 

*  Leaves  simple.    Fruit  5-celled Ericace^.  73 

6  Corolla  lobes  convolute  in  bud.    Stamens  00,  united  into  1  tube Order  23 

b  Corolla  lobes  imbricate  in  bud.    Stamens  00,  in  1  or  several  sets Order  26 

b  Corolla  lobes  imbricate  or  valvate. .  (m) 

u  Stamens  10—24.    Styles  5— 12 Order  46 

«  Stamens  5—10.    Style  1,    Capsule  5-celled Ericaceae,  73 

u  Stamens  8—  GO,    Style  1,    Nut  1-5-seedcd Sttracack^.  76 

w  Stamens  8.    Styles  4.    Berry  8-seeded Ebenace^.  71 

u  Stamens  8.     Style  1,    Drupe  l-seeded OLACACZiE,  80  (p,  iil). 


10  ANALYSIS   OF  THE   NATUILVL   ORDERS. 

C  Flowers  in  a  compact  head  surrounded  by  an  involucre ComposiTvE.  70 

e  Flowers  separate,  irregular,  perfect.    Plants  erect  or  trailing Lobelia cE.r..  71 

e  Flowers  separate,  regular,  imperfect.    Weak  vines Order  58 

d  Leaves  alternate.    Flowers  5-parted,  regular,  separate Campanulace.*:.  72 

d  Leaves  alternate.  Fls.  irregular,  5-parted.  '6.Y\a..ScabVola.  Goodeniace.-e.  (71f' 

d  Leaves  opposite,  with  stipules  between,  or  vcrticillate Rubiace^,  6T 

d  Leaves  opposite.    Stipules  none.. («) 

V  Stamens  5 — 4.    Ovaries  a-5-celled Caprifoliace.i?.  Gfi 

V  Stamens  3— 3.    Ovaries  1-celled Valerianace^.  68 

V  Stamens  4.    Flowers  capitate Dirs acE;E.  69 

e  Herbs.    Ovary  with  5  styles  and  but  1  seed Plusibaginace.e.  83 

e  Herbs.    Ovary  with  1  style  and  many  seeds Primulace^.  81 

<  Trees  or  shrubs.    Appendages  between  the  stamens Sapotace.e.  78 

«  Trees  or  shrubs.    No  appendages  between  the  stam.    S.  Fla.  .Myrsinace^e.  (79) 

/  Leaves  opposite.  Style  1.  Drupe 4-seeded.  Herbs,  shrubs.. Verbenace^.  90 
/  Leaves  alternate.  .(2^) 

w  Drupe  4-6-peeded.    Shrubs,  trees Aquifoliace^.  74 

w  Drupe  1-seeded.    Thorny,    S.  Fla Ximenia.  Olacace^.  (80) 

w  Capsule  2-5-celled,  OO-seeded Ericace^.  73 

g  Herbs,  with  alternate  leaves,  generally  rough-hairy Borraginacejb.  92 

h  Stiemae  connate.    Flower  bud  convolute Apocynace^.  99 

h  Stigmas  connate.    Flower  bud  valvate Asclepiadace^.  100 

h  Stigmas  distinct.    Flowers  minute,  yellow CoNVOLVtn.ACE^.  95 

k  Ovule  solitary.    Corolla  limb  entire Order  103 

k  Ovules  several.    Leaves  cleft  and  lobed Hydrophyllace^.  93 

k  Ovules  several.    Leaves  or  leaflets  entire.. (a;) 

X  Flowers  not  spicate Gentianace^.  97 

X  Flowers  spicate j  ^ 

_.  ,,      ,.     ,     „,  .,     ,        f Plantaginace^.  82 

m  Leaves  all  radical.    Flowers  spiked  . . .  ' 

m  Leaves  opposite.    Ovary  2-celled Loganiace^.  98 

m  Leaves  alternate . .  (y) 

m  Leaves  opposite.    Ovary  3-celled.    Not  twining. .  j      ..Polemoniace^.  94 

y  Ovary  3-cellcd.    Not  twining ) 

y  Ovary  2-4-celled.  Twining Convolvulace^.  95 

y  Ovary  2-4-celled,  4-seeded,    Erect Borraginace.e.  92 

y  Ovary  2-celled,  QO-seeded,  —z  Styles  2 Hydrophyllace^.  93 

—z  Style  1 Solanace^.  96 

n  Stamens  4.    Ova.  4-(rarely  l-or2-)celIed,  withasmany  6d8..VERBENACE^.90 

n  Stamens  2.     Ovary  2-celled,  forming  1  or  2  seeds Oleace^.  101 

9  Ovary  deeply  4-parted,  forming  4  (or  fewer)  achenia.  .(p) 

o  Ovary  entire.  4-ovuled,  4-  or  fewer-seeded.    Leaves  opposite.. Veiiben ace.*:,  9U 

0  Ovary  entire,  QO-ovuled,  00- or  several-seeded ..  (s) 

j9  Leaves  opposite.    Stems  square.    Stamens  2 — 4 Labiate.  91 

p  Leaves  alternate.    Stems  round.    Stamens  5 Eorraginace.e.  92 

«  Trees  or  climbing  shrubs.    Seeds  winged Bignoniace^.  86 

#  Trees,    Seeds  not  winged Scrophul.  88.     Erect  shrubs Ericace^.  73 

Herbs.— ss  Leafless  parasites.    Native.    Ovary  1-celled Orobancuace.e.  85 

— ss  Leafy  at  base  or  in  the  water.    Flowers  spurred.  .Lentibulace^.  84 
—fis  Leafy,    Flowers  large,  spurless.    Ovary  1-celled... Gesneriace^.  87 

— ss  Leafy.    Spurless,    Fruit  4-  or  5-celled §  Bignoniace^.  86 

ss  Leafy.    Fruit  2-celled . .  (jt) 

t  Seeds  on  hooks  or  cups.    Corolla  mostly  convolute Acanthace^.  89 

t  Seeds  without  hooks.    Corolla  imbricated  in  the  bud Scbophulariace^.  88 

1  Seeds  without  hooks.    Corolla  mostly  plicate Solanace^s.  90 


ANALYSIS  OF  THE  NATUKAL  ORDERS.  11 


C.  Cohort  3.  APETALOUS  EXOGENS. 

1  Plauts  herbaceous,  the  flowei-s  not  ia  aments  (except  Hamulus,  115).. (2) 
1  Plant?  woody ,~i?hrub:5  or  trees.  .(8) 

2  Flowers  with  a  rejjular  calyx  (or  a  calyx-like  involucre).. (3) 
2  Flowers  aohlamydeous,— neither  calyx  nor  corolla.. (^) 

3  Calyx  tube  adherent  to  the  ovary,  limb  lobed,  toothed,  or  entire    (1) 
3  Calyx  free  from  the  ovary,  sometimes  enclosing  it.. (4) 
4  Ovaries  several,  entirely  distinct,  each  l-styled,  l-ovuled..(g') 
4  Ovary  1  only,  simple  or  compound.. (5) 
5  Style  or  stigma  1  only . .  (6) 
5  Styles  or  stigmas  2—12. .  (7) 

G  Ovary  1-ovuled,  bearing  but  1  seed,  .(c) 
6  Ovary  many-ovuled,  bearing  many  seeds.. (d) 
7  Ovary  1-3-ovuled,  1-3-seeded.  .(e) 
7  Ovary  4-  GO-ovuled,  4-  GO-seeded . .  (A) 
8  Flowers  not  in  aments,  with  the  leaves  opposite.. (n) 
8  Flowers  noi  in  aments,  with  the  leaves  alternate.. (10) 

8  Flowers  imperfect,  the  sterile  only  in  aments.. (?;) 

9  Flowers  imperfect,  both  the  fertile  and  sterile  in  aments.. (ar) 

9  Stamens  1—12,  as  many  or  twice  as  many  as  the  stigmas.. (a) 
9  Stamens  2—10,  not  symmetri ial  with  the  1  or  2  stigmas.. (6) 

10  Style  or  stigma  1.    Fruit  1-seeded. . (11) 
10  Styles  or  stigmas  2..(s) 

10  Styles  or  stigmas  3— 9. .  (t) 

11  Calyx  free  from  the  ovary.. (p) 
11  Calyx  adherent  to  the  ovary,  .(r) 

a  Stigmas  and  cells  of  the  ovary  1 — 4.    Stamens  1—8 Okdees  4S,  or  54 

a  Stigmas  and  cells  of  the  ovary  6.    Stamens  6  or  12. .  .AristolOchiace^.  102 

b  Styles  2.    Ovary  many-seeded.    Stamens  8—10 Order  45 

6  Style  1.    Ovary  1-  or  2-seeded.    Stamens  5 Santalace^.  119 

e  Flowers  perfect.    Calyx  4-lobed.    Stamens  1 — 4 Order  44 

c  Flowers  perfect.   Calyx  entire,  funnel-shaped,  colored.. Nyctaqinace^.  lOl 

e  Flowers  diclinous.    Calyx  4-5-parted,  green IjRTiCAOEiE.  115 

d  Stamens  4,  opposite  to  the  4  sepals.    Leaves  numerous Order  53 

d  Stamens  4,  opposite  to  the  4  sepals.    Leaves  about  6 Order  145 

d  Stamens  5,  alternate  with  the  5  sepals Order  81 

d  Stamens  GO.    Leaves  large  and  showy.    Cultivated Order  9 

€  Fruit  3-(rarely  6-)seeded,  with  3  (often  cleft)  styles Euphorbiace^.  113 

e  Fruit  1-seeded.    Stipules  sheathing  the  stems Polygonace^e.  104 

€  Fruit  1-celled,  mostly  1-seeded.    Stipules  none. .  (/) 

/  Calyx  with  scarious  bractlets  outside Amarantace^.  107 

/  Calyx  naked  (double  in  1  genus).    Lvs.  alternate.. Chenopodiace.e.  106 

/  Calyx  naked.    Leaves  opposite Order  19 

g  Stamens  hypogynous— on  the  torus Order  1 

g  Stamens  perigynous— on  the  calyx Order  44 

h  Leaves  opposite.    Fruit  circumscissile,  a  pyxis Order  61 

A  Leaves  opposite.    Fruit  4-5- valved,  a  capsule Order  19 

h  Leaves  alternate  .(i) 

i  Fruit  5-horned,  5-celled,  a  capsule Order  46 

i  Fruit  a  fleshy  4-10-6eeded  berry Phytolaccace^.  105 

i  Fruit  circumscissile,  a  utricle Amarantace^.  107 

t  Flowers  on  a  spadix  with  a  spathe.    Monocotyledons Order  130 

k  Flowers  in  a  long  naked  spike.    Stamens  6  or  7 Saurubackjb.  116 

k  Flowers  solitary,  axillary,  minute.    Aquatic  plants ..  (77i) 


12  ANALYSIS  OF  THE  NATURAL  ORDERS. 


m  Stamen  1,  stylei*  2.    Leaves  opposite Callitri:!uace/E   116 

m  Stamens  2,  styles  2.  Leaves  alternate,  dissected.. Podostemiaceve.  in 
m  Sta.  12-24,  style  1.  Lvs.  verticillate,  dissected.. Ceratophyllace^.  118 

n  Fruit  a  double  samara  (2-wiuged) Ordek  3"/ 

n  Fruit  a  single  samara  (l-winged),  or  a  drupe.    Stamens  2 Order  101 

n  Fruit  uot  winged,— o  3-seeded.    Stamens  4 Eufhorbiace^.  113 

—o  1-seeded.     Stamens  4  or  8 Eleagnace^e.  112 

— 0  1-seeded.   Stamens  3.    Parasites.. Loranthace^.  109 

p  Anthers  opening  by  valves.    Calyx  colored Laurace^.  108 

p  Anthers  opening  by  slits.— $'  Calyx  colored.    Stam.  8 Thvmelace^.  Ill 

— q  Calyx  greenish  ;  raccmed Order  37 

—q  Cal.  green  ;  spiked.  S.  Fla..COMBRETACE^.  (50) 

r  Ovary  and  seed  only  1,  in  the  juicy  drupe.    Trees Order  65 

r  Ovaries  2—4,  seed  1.    Fruit  a  drupe  or  nut.    Shrubs. .  .Santalace^.  110 

»  Stamens  numerous Order  47 

»  Stamens  as  many  as  the  calyx  lobes §  1.    Urticace.^.  114 

t  Leaves  pinnate.    Pistils  5,  scarcely  united Order  31 

t  Leaves  simple,  linear,  evergreen.   Shrubs  heath-like.  .EMPETRACEiE.  119 
t  Leaves  simple,  expanded.  Fls.  3-parted.  Fruit  dry..  Euphorbiace^.  113 

t  Leaves  simple,  expanded.   Fls.  4-  or  5-parted.  Fruit  fleshy Order  40 

'tJ  Nut  drupaceous,  naked.     Leaves  pinnate Juglandace.«.  121 

V  Nut  or  nuts  in  a  cup  or  involucre.    Leaves  simple Cupulifer.e.  122 

«  Fruit  fleshy,  aggregated  (sorosis).    Juice  (or  sap)  milky... §  2.    Urticace^.  114 
m  Fruit  dry.    Plants  with  a  watery  juice  or  sap. .  (y) 

y  Aments  globular,  racemed.    Nutlets  2-celled,  woolly Order  65 

y  Aments  globular,  solitary.    Nutlets  1-celled,  l-seeded Platanace^.  120 

y  Aments  cylindrical  or  oblong.. (2) 

2  Ovary  2-celled,  2-ovuled,  l-seeded.  Fruit  oft  en  winged..  Betulace^.  123 

2  Ovary  1-celled,  l-seeded.    Fruit  often  fleshy Myricace^.  124 

t  Ovary  many-ovuled,  many-seeded.    Seeds  comous Sal,icace..e.  125 


B.    Cohort  4.    THE  CONOIDS. 

•  Leaves  pinnate.    Stem  simple,  palm-like.    Sterile  flowers  in  cones Cycadace^.  126 

•  Leaves  simple.    Stem  branching.    Fertile  flowers  in  cones Conifer:/E.  127 

•  Leaves  simple.    Stem  branching.    Fertile  flowers  solitary Taxace.*.  128 


E.    Cohort  5.    THE  SPADICEOUS  ENDOGENS. 

^  Trees  or  shmbs  \s',\h  "palmi-cleft  leaves  all  from  one  terminal  bud,  I      Palmace^  199 

and  a  branching  *■•  spadix"  from  a  spathe ' 

5  Herbs  with  simple,  rarely  ternate  leaves.    Spadix  simple.  .(2) 

2  Plants  frond-like,  minute,  floating  loose  on  the  water Lemnaoe^.  131 

S  Plants  with  stem  and  leaves,  rooting  and  fixed.. (3) 

3  Spadix  evident,  in  a  spathe  or  on  a  scape Arace^e.  130 

3  Spadix  obscure  or  spike-like.    Stems  leafy.. (4) 

4  Flowers  with  no  perianth,  densely  spicate  or  capitate Ttphace.*;.  132 

4  Flowers  with  a  perianth  or  not.    Plants  submersed Naiadace-e.  133 


ANALYSIS   OF  THE   NATURAL   ORDERS.  13 


F.    Cohort  6.    FLORIDE^,  or  FLOWERING  ENDOGENS. 

1  Flowers  (not  on  a  spadix)  in  a  small,  denec,  involucrate  head..(o) 
^  Flowers  (not  on  a  f?padix)  solitary,  raccmed,  spicate,  &c..(2) 

2  Perianth  tube  adherent  to  the  ovary  wholly  or  partly,. (4) 

3  Perianth  free  from  the  ovary.  (3) 

3  Petals  and  sepals  dittereutly  colored  (except  in  Medeola,  147).. («) 
3  Petals  and  sepals  similarly  colored.  .(5) 
4  Flowers  imperfect  (^  ?   or   i  s  ?)..(a) 
4  Flowers  perfect.. (6) 

5  Leaves  net-veined,  broad.. (^) 
5  Leaves  parallel-veined.. (6) 

6  Styles  and  often  the  stigmas  also  united  into  one.  .(m) 
6  Styles  and  stigmas  3,  distinct.. (n) 

a  Low  aquatic  herbs HYDROCHARroACE^.  135 

a  Climbing  shrubby  vines DioscoraACEjE.  143 

b  Anthers  1  or  2,  on  the  pistil  (gynandrous) ORCHiDACKiE.  137 

b  Anthers  1  or  5,  free  from  the  pistil.    Leaves  ample Scitamineje.  138 

b  Anthers  3  or  6..(c) 

c  Perianth  woolly  or  mealy  outside.    Ovary  half  free HiEMADORACE.aE.  141 

c  Perianth  glabrous  outside.  .((^ 

d  Anthers  3,  opening  crosswise,  inward Burmanniace.e.  130 

c;?  Anthers  3,  opening  lengthwise,  outward Iridace^.  142 

d  Anthers  6,  opening  inward Amarylledacej?.  139 

«  Pistils  3—  00,  distinct,  forming  achenia  in  fruit Alismace^.  134 

Pistils  3  only,  more  or  less  united,  .{g) 

g  Leaves  verticillate,  in  1  or  2  whorls.    Stigmas  3 TrilliacEjE.  1 46 

g  Leaves  alternate. .  Qi) 

h  Stigmas  3.    Plants  with  dry  leaves,  often  epiphytes BKOjrELiACE^.  140 

h  Stigmas  united  into  1 Commelynace^   151 

k  Flowers  perfect,  4-parted RoxBURGHiACEiE.  145 

k  Flowers  dioecious,  6-parted Smilace^.  144 

m  Flowers  colored,  regular.    Stamens  6  (4  in  one  species) Liliace.e.  147 

m  Flowers  colored,  irregular  or  else  triandrous Pontederiace^.  149 

m  Flowers  greenish,  glume-like  or  scarious JtmcACE^.  150 

n  Leaves  rush-like.    Ovary  of  3  1-seeded  carpels |  .  .melanthace^.  148 

n  Leaves  linear,  lanceolate,  &c.    Ovary  6-  00 -seeded...  ) 

0  Petals  yellow,  small  but  showy.    Plant  acaulescent XxRiDACEiE.  152 

0  Petals  white,  minute,  fringed.    Plant  acaulescent Eriocauloxace^.  154 


G.    Cohort  7.    GRAMINOIDEiE,  or  GRASS-LIKE  ENDOGENS. 

^  Flowen  with  6  bracts  in  2  whorls  (sepals  and  petals).    Culms  solid Ordkr  150 

<f  Flower  with  a  single  bract  felnme).    Culm  solid,  sheaths  entire Cyperace^.  15  J 

\  Flower  with  several  bracts  (glumes  and  pales).    Culm  hollow  }  Gramine^   'VJ 

Sheaths  split  on  one  side.    Ovary  1-seeded.    Styles  2 ' 


H.    Province,  ACROGENS. 


I  Plants  witb  well-developed  foliage.. (If) 

1  Leaves  few,  mostly  ample  and  from  subterranean  rhizome*,. («) 


14  ANALYSIS  OF  THE  NATURAL  ORDERS. 

a  Fruit  borne  on  the  leaves  which  are  often  more  or  lues  contracted. .  .Filices.  159 
a  Fruit  borne  at  the  base  of  the  radical,  entire  or  lobed  leaves.  .Marsileace^.  156 
^  Leaves  numerous,  small,  mostly  spirally  imbricated  on  the  Btem..(&; 

b  Fruit  axillary,  sessile,  opening  by  a  slit LYCoroDiACEiE.  157 

b  Fruit  mostly  terminal  and  usually  stalked,  opening  by  a  lid Musci.* 

T  Leaves  numerous,  small,  imbricated  on  the  stem  in  2  rows.  I  Hepatic^  ♦ 

$  Plants  with  the  leaves  and  stem  confounded,  thallus-like ) 

I  Plants  with  verticillate  branches  instead  of  leaves,  .(c) 

c  Fruit  in  terminal  spikes,  and  of  one  kind  only EQinsETACEiE.  158 

€  Fruit  lateral,  scattered  on  the  branches,  and  of  two  kinds Charack^.* 


Provincb,  THALLOGENS 


Plants  aquatic,  with  a  colored  thallua.    Fruit  immersed  in  the  frond Ai.g^.* 

Plants  on  dry  rocks,  logs,  or  bark  of  trees,  thalloid  or  granular Lichens.* 

Plants  growing  on  decaying  organisms.    Thallus  cotton-like,  the  fruit  very  }        Fungi  ♦ 
different,  all  without  chlorophyll  or  starch ) 


*  ThcM  Ord«n,  the  lower  Cryptogams,  are  omitted  in  thla  work 


PART  FOURTH. 

DESCEIPTIVE    BOTANY,    OK    PHYTOLOGY, 

COMPRISING  A   TABULAR  FLORA   OB 

THE  MITED  STATES  AND  CANADA 

(within   the   limits   stated   in   the   preface). 


Sub-Kingdom,  PH^NOGAMIA,  the  Flowering  Plants,  hav- 
ing stamens  and  pistils,  producing  seeds  with  an  embryo.  (For 
sub-kingdom  Cryptogamia,  see  page  360.) 

Province,    EXOGENJE,   the    Dicotyledonous  Plants.     Stems 
composed   of  bark,  wood,    and   pith,  exogenous   (§   405)   in 
growth.     Leaves  mostly  net-veined.     Flowers  5-parted  or  4- 
parted,   rarely   in    3s.      Embryo   with    2    or   more    opposite 
cotyledons.     (Province  Endogenge,  p.  316.) 
Class  I,  ANGIOSPERM^.     Pistils  complete,  with  stigma 
and  ovary,  the  latter  enclosing  the  ovules,  and  in  fruit  en- 
closing the  seeds.      Cotyledons  Only  2.      (Class  II,  Gym- 
nospermae,  p.  311.) 

Cohort  1,  DIALYPETAL^,  the  Polypetalous  Exogens. 
Flow^ers  having  a  double  perianth,  both  calyx  and  corolla;, 
the  latter  composed  of  distinct  petals.    (Cohort  2,  p.  144.)' 

Order  I.    RANUNCULACE^.    Crowfoots. 

Herbs  (or  woody  climbers)  with  a  colorless,  acrid  juice.  Leaves  mostly 
divided,  exstipulate,  with  half-clasping  petioles.  Sepals  3-15,  green  or  petd- 
loid.  Petals  3-15,  distinct,  sometimes  irregular  or  none.  Stamens  hypogy- 
nous,  indefinite.    Omries  many  or  few,  distinct,  1  —  x-ovuled.    Fniit  eithet 


16 


Order  1.— RANUNCULACE^. 


dry  aclienia,  or  follicles,  or  baccate,  1  —  oo-seeded.    Seeds  anatropoui,  em- 
bryo straight  in  horny  albumen. — Abounding  in  cool  regions, 
illustrated  in  figs.  33,  39,  83,  84,  109,  127,  132,  159,  155,  156,  212,  234,  etc 


TRIBES    AXD    GENERA. 

Sepals  valvate  in  the  bud.    Achenia  tailed.     (Tribe  I.) 
Sepals  imbricated  iu  the  bud. — a  Ovaries  1-seeded,  acheniate.    (2) 
—n  Ovaries  2— OD  -seeded      (3) 
2  Corolla  0,  or  undistinguishable  from  the  colored  calyx.    (Tribe  II.,  6,* 
2  Corolla  and  calyx  distinct  either  in  color  or  form.    (Tribe  III.,  c) 
3  Sepals  as  permanent  as  the  stamens.     Fruit  follicular.     (Tribe  IV.,  d) 
3  Sepals  caducous  sooner  than  the  stamens.     (Tril)e  V.,  g) 
3  Sepals  persistent  with  the  follicular  fruit.     (Tribe  VI.) 
I.  CLEMATIDE.iE.— Petals  0,  or  stamen-lilce.     Leaves  all  opposite.  Clematis.  1 

II.  ANEMONE.iE.    h  Sepals  deciduous  with  the  stamens.     Stem-leaves  opposite.      Anemonk.  2 

h  Sepals  deciduous  with  the  stamens.     Leaves  all  radical.  Hkpatica.  3 

h  Sepals  caducous.— Leaves  ternately  compound.  Thalictrum.        4 

—Leaves  palmate,  simple.     Flowers  5  .  Trautvetteria.  5 

III.  RANUXCULE.<E.    c  Sepals  not  appendaged.     Petals  red  or  yellow,  no  scale.       Adom.s.  6 

c  Sepals  not  appendaged.     Petals  xanthic,  a  scale  at  base.     Ranunculus.       7 
c  Sepals  appendaged.     Plant     small.     Leaves  radical.  MyosuRUS.  8 

IV.  HELLEBORE^.— d  Perianth  regular,  (e) 

e  Petals  0.     Sepals  white.  Isoptrum.  9 

e  Petals  0.     Sepals  6-9,  yellow.  Caltha.  10 

e  Petals  slender,  tubular  at  apex.     Roots  yellow.  Coptis.  11 

e  Petals  minute,  tubular  at  base,  1-lipped.  Trollius.  12 

e  Petals  small,  tub-.rfar,  2-lipped.     Sepals  persistent.  Helleboru?  13 

e  Petals  small,  concave,  2-lobed.    Fls.  racemed.  Rt.  yel  Zanthorhiza.  14 

e  Petals  larger  than  the  colored  sepals,  3-lohed.  Nigella.  15 

e  Petals  larger  than  the  colored  sepals,  spur-like,  equal.  Aquilegia.  16 
— d  Perianth  irregular.  (/) 

/Upper  sepal  spurred,  containing  two  spurred  petals.  Delphiniu.m.  17 

/  Upper  sepal  hooded,  covering  two  deformed  petals.  Aconitum.  18 

V.  CIMICIFUGEvE.    .9  Flowers  numerous,  in  long,  spicate  racemes.  Cimicifuga.  19 

g  Flowers  many,  in  short  racemes.     Fruit  baccate.  Act.ea.  20 

//  Flower  1  only.     Plant  2-leaved.     Berry  compound.  Hydrastis.         21 

VI.  P.(EONI^. — Petals  plane,  large,  showy.     Disk  sheathing  the  follicles.  P.eonia.  ^2 

1.  CLEMATIS,  L.  virgin's  bower.  Calyx  ot  4  (4 — 9  in  the  exotics) 
colored  sepals,  in  aestivation  valvate-induplicate.  Petals  0,  or  if  present, 
more  like  sterile  filaments.  Stamens  shorter  than  the  sepals,  the  outer  or 
all  sometimes  sterile.  Ovaries  00  in  a  head.  Achenia  caudate  with  the 
lengthened  plumous  or.  pubescent  styles  U.  "^  Somewhat  woody,  climb- 
ing by  the  clasping  petioles.     Leaves  opposite.     Fig.  359. 

SUBCiE.VERA    AND    SPECIES. 
I  Atragene.    Outer  s^tamens  petal-like.    Lvs.  verticillate.    Fls.  solitary.     Vine... No.  1 
\  Olt.^\t\% proper.    Petals  none.    Leaves  opposite... (*) 

*  Erect  herbs.    Lvs.  simple.    Fls.  solitary,  large,  terminal,  nodding.    May.  .Nos.  9-11 

♦  Climbing.— a  Fls.  panicled,  white,  often  diclinous,  s.-pals  thin Nos.  2-4 

—a  Fls.  solitary,  nodding,— 6  bell-shaped,  pale  bluish  purple..  .Nos.  5.  6 

~b  ovoid,  dark  purple Nos.  7.  8 

SacUie.—*  Flowers  in  clusters,  white.     Leaves  pinnate Nos.  lij,  13 

♦  Fiowcrs  single,  large.— a;  Leaves  simple.    Sepals  4 Nos.  14.  15 

— a:  Leaves  compound.     Sepals  4,  open Nos.  IG,  17 

— ^a;  Leaves  compound.;    Sepals  ti — 9,  open..  .Nob.  18,  19 


Order  1.— RANUNCULACE^.  17 

1  C.  verticlllarls  DC.    Lvp.  in  whorls  of  4,  each  teruate,  and  2  large  purple  Ab.  at 

each  node.    Highland  woods,  Me.  to  Ga.,  W.  to  llky.  Mts.    15f.    May,  June.    Rare. 

2  C.  Virginlana  L.   Glabrous  ;  Ivs.  ternate,  Ifts.  lobed  and  cat-dentate  ;  achenia  long, 

plumed,  in  feathery  tufts.    Thickets,  Can.  to  Ga.,  W.  to  Mo.    15f.    Aug.    t 

3  C.  Catesbyana  Ph.    "Pubescent ;  Ivs.  Internate,  Ifts.  ovate,  mostly  3-lobed,  lobes  en- 

tire; ach.  short-plumed  ;  sep.  small,  linear-oblong.    Coast,  S.  Car.  to  Fla.    12f.   July 

4  C.  holosericea  Ph.    Silky-pubescent ;  Ivs.  teruate,  Ifts.  lance-oblong,  entire  ;  fls.  in 

small  corymbous  clusters  ;  eep.  linear ;  ach.  long-plumed.    Carolina.    Dioecious. 
6  C.  crlspa  L.    Lvs.  teraate,  pinnate,  or  decompound,  Ifts.  varying  from  ovate  to  lan- 
ceolate, and  linear,  acute,  thin,  smooth  ;  ach.  tails  short,  pubescent.    Va.  to  Ga.  and 
La.    Lfts.  3—15.    Fls.  elegant,  15"  long.    (C.  Walteri  Ph.,  C.  cylindrica  Sims.  &c.) 

6  C.  reticulata  Walt.    Lvs.  ternate  or  pinnate,  lfts.  3—7,  obtuse  at  each  end,  at  length 

rigid  and  prominently  veined,  often  lobcd  ;  tails  silky.    Fla.    Sep.  1-2—15"  loug. 

7  C.  Vioriia  L.    Leather-flower.    Lvs.  pinnate,  lfts.  ovate,  acute,  smooth  ;  sep.  lanco- 

ovate,  the  cuspidate  points  reflexed;  ach.  tails  long,  plumous.    Woods,  O.  to  Ga, 
10— 15f.    Peduncles  with  a  pair  of  simple  leaves.    Summer.    Rare. 

5  C.  Pitclieri  T.  «fe  G.    Leaves  pinnate,  leaflets  coriaceous,  roughened  with  the  Lt  t- 

ted  veins;  sepals  lance-ovate  ;  ach.  tails  short,  glabrous.     III.,  Iowa,  to  Ark. 

9  C.  ocliroleiica  Ait.  Lvs.  silky-pubescent  beneath,  ovate,  entire;  sep.  silky,  yel- 
lowish within  ;  ach.  plumes  long,  straw-color,     u  Woods,  L.  I.  to  Ga.    Rare.    If. 

IOC  ovata  Ph.  Leaves  glabrous,  glaucous  beneath,  broad-ovate  ;  flower  on  a  short 
peduncle,  purple  ;  sepals  ovate,  pointed.     U  N.  Car.  to  Fla.     1— 2f.    Leaves  entire. 

lie.  Baldvrinii  T.  &  G.  Lvs.  oblong  to  lance-linear,  the  lower  3-lobed  or  cleft; 
flower  on  a  long  peduncle,  purplish.     2i  Fla.    1— 2f.    Plumous  tails  2' long. 

12CERECTA.    Stem  3f,  weak,  inclining :  lfts.  lance-ovate,     y  Europe,    August. 

13  C.  Flammul.\.  Climbing  12— 20f ;  leaflets  oval  to  oblong-linear,  often  lobed,  acute, 
smooth  ;  clusters  terminal,  fragrant.    From  France.    August,  September. 

14  €.  INTEGBIFOUA.  Upright ;  Ivs.  lancc,,  entire,  smooth  ;  fls.  nodding,  blue.  Eur.  2f. 
1  5  C.  ciRRHOSA.  Climbing;  lvs.  ovate,  subcordate,  toothed  ;  fls.  fragrant,  white.  Eur. 
1  6  C.  ViTii-^^LLA.  Lfts.  3—15,  ovate  or  oval,  entire;  sep.  obovate,  purp.,  15".  Eur.  Sum. 
IT  C,  GRAvfeoLENS.  Lfts.  3— 5,  lauceolatc,  acute ;  scp.  oblauccolate,  yl w.,  9".  Thibet. 
ISC.  rL6BiDA.    LvB.  ternate  \nd.  bitern. ;  sep.  ovatu,  pointed,  wh.  or  purplish.    Japan. 

/3.  SiEBOLDTii.    Fls.  4'  b'oad,  creamy-white  and  purple,  double.    Splendid. 
19  C,  ccERui.BA.    Lvs.  temstft,  hairy  ;  fls.  very  large ;  sep.  lance-ovate,  blue,  &c.  Japan, 
^.  AZUREA-GBANDiFLORA.    Flowcrs  5 — 7'  broad,  azure,  or  lilac-bine.    July. 

2.  ANEMONE,  L.  Woid-flower.  Involucre  remote  from  the 
flower,  of  8  divided  leaves,  calyx  regular,  of  3 — 15  colored  sepals.  Corolla 
0.  Ovaries  oo,  free,  coUocted  into  a  roundish  or  oblong  head.  Achenia 
with  a  short,  rarely  a  lengthened  beak.  Seeds  suspended.  11  Lvs.  radi- 
cal. Stem  leaves  3  or  o,  opposite,  forming  the  involucre.  Figs.  116,  176. 
H  Pulsatilla.  Carpel?,  irany  (50—75),  with  long  plumous  tails.  One  large  flower .  .No.  J 
%  Anemonanthea.    Ct.I/cIs  hairy,  but  neither  tailed  nor  grooved.,  .(a) 

a  Pistils  many  (50— 7U)  in  a  head,  densely  matted  with  wool  in  fru't..  .(ft) 

a  Pistils  fev/or  (IS  -20)  in  a  head,  merely  pubescent  in  fruit Nop.  8,  3 

b  Stem  leaves  (involucre)  sessile,  with  a  single  flower ...Nos.  4—6 

b  Stem  lea  re-?  (involucre)  petiolate,  with  2  or  3  flowers Nos.  7—9 

I  Syndesmon.    Carpels  few,  not  caudate,  glabrous  and  grooved No.  10 

Exotic,  cultivated  species Nos.  11—13 

1  A.  patenA  L.    p.  jyuttaltlann.    Pasque-flower.    Clothed  with  long  silky  hairs; 
lvs.  many-cleft,  with  linear  segments,  developed  after  the  large  spreading  pale-purple 
flower.    Dry  hills.  111.,  Wise,  to  Dak.  (Matthews).     1'— If.    Sepals  5  or  fi,  V.    April. 
%  A.  n^Vfiorosa  L.    Smooth,  1-flowered  ;  leaves  of  the  invol.  8.  petiolate,  C-S-pai^w!. 
■egm.  cleft  and  lobed.    Copses,  com.,  6 — 9'.    Fl.  white,  purple  oa^'fid'^     ^prll,  Majr. 


18  Order  1.— RANUNCULACE^. 

3  A.  Peunsylvanlca  L.    Hairy,  1-,  finr^Iiyl-  or  3-flowered  ;  leaves  of  the  invol.  Be»- 

pile,  large,  veiny,  3-parted,  acuminate-Iobed  and  toothed.    Prairies,  Can.  to  Penn., 
W.  to  the  Miss.    12—20'.    Flovpers  pure  white.    June— August. 

4  A.  Carollniana  Walt.    Lvs.  3-parted  into  cuneate-linear,  twice  trifid  segm. ;  In 

volucre  similarly  cleft  half-way ;  sepals  obtuse,  15—20 ;  carpels  in  an  oblong  head. 
Car.  to  111.,  and  Nebr.    6—10'.    Flower  whit<!-pnrple,  pretty,  fragrant.    April,  May. 
6  A ,  lieteropliylla  Nntt.   Lvs.  of  roundish-oval,  crenate  segments,  invol.  linear-clefl 
to  the  base  ;  sepals  acute,  5—13 ;  carpels  ki  s  cylindrical  head.    Ga.  to  La.  and  Ark. 
8—1(5'.    Flower  white-green,  scentless.    March,  April.— Varies  toward  No.  4. 

6  A,  parviflora  Mx.    Leaves  of  involucre  2,  3-cieft,  segments  cuneiform,  S-cleft,  cro- 

iiatc-lobed  ;  sepals  5  or  6 ;  carpels  in  a  globular  head.   L.  Sup.,  and  N.   3—12'.  White. 

7  A.  multifida  DC.    Red  Anemone.    Involucre  short-petioled  ;  lateral  peduncles  in- 

volucellate  ;  head  of  carpels  oval.    N.  Vt.  to  L.  f^up.    Rare.    Red- white.    If.    June. 

8  A.  Vlrgiiiiana,  L.    Invol.  long-petioled  ;  lateral  ped.  involucellate  ;  head  of  carp. 

oblong.    Can.  to  Car.    2— 3f.    Fls.  white-green,  on  long  stalks.    Sepals  5.    Jn.— Aug. 

9  A.  cyliiidrica  Gray.     Invol.  long-petioled;  peduncles  all  naked,  long;  head  of 

carpels  cylindrical.   N.  H.,  Mass.,  to  Iowa.    Silky  pubescent.   2f.   White-green.   May. 

10  A.  tliallctroides  L.  Rue  Anemone.  Glabrous,  slender;  invol.  of  2  sessile  bi- 
ternate  (apparently  of  6-petioled  ternate)  lvs.,  Ifts.  3-lobed  ;  fls.  umbelled  ;  sep.  5—10. 
Woods,  Can.  to  Ga.,W.  to  Iowa.  6-10'.  Root  tuberous.  Fls.  white-purp.,  1'.  Apr.,  May. 

11  A,  coRONAKiA.    i.vs.  multifld,  segm.  linear;  sep.  6,  roundish,  close.    Levant.    May. 

12  A,  noRTENSis.  Lvs.  3-parted,  with  cuneate  cut-dentate  lobes;  invol.  sessile;  sep. 
10—12,  oblong.    Italy.    Varieties  are  double,  semidouble,  red,  white,  blue,  &c.  May. 

13  A.  Japonica.  I<vs.  of  the  involucre  and  involucels  broadly  3-5-lobed ;  fls,  many,  18" 
broad,  white  and  red  ;  sepals  in  2  rows,  roundish,  widely  spreading.    Autumn. 

3.  HEPATIOA,  Dill.  Liverleaf.  Liverwort.  Invol.  of  3  entire, 
ovate,  obtuse  bracts,  resembling  a  calyx,  situated  a  little  below  the  flower. 
Calyx  of  5 — 0  petaloid  sepals,  disposed  in  2  or  3  rows.  Cor.  0.  Achenia 
awnless.  if  Lvs.  aH  radical,  cordate,  3-lobed,  thick,  evergreen.  Flowers 
single,  on  hairy  scapes,  appearing  in  early  Spring  before  the  new  leaves 
Figs.  332,  431.     Cultivated  as  a  border  flower. 

1  H.  triloba  Chais.    Round-lobed  L.    Lvs.  with  3  round-obtuse  lobes  ;  bracts  of  the 

invol.  obtuse.    Woods,  N.  Eng.    Scapes  and  leaf-stalks  3—4'.    Fls.  blue,  varying  to 
white,  neat  and  elegant,  becoming  double  in  cultivation. 

2  H.  acutiloba  DC.    Acute-leaved  L.    Lvs.  with  3  acute  lobes,  bracts  of  the  invol. 

acute.    Borders  of  woods,  Vt.  to  Wis.    4—5'.     Flowers  violet-blue  to  rose-purple. 

'  4.  THALICTRUM,  Tourn.  Meadow  Rue.  Calyx  colored,  of  4—5 
concave,  caducous  sepals.  Petals  0.  Filam.  dilated  upward,  longer  than 
the  sepals.  Ov.  4 — 15.  Ach.  stiped  or  sessile,  ribbed  or  inflated,  short- 
beaked  If  Lvs.  ternately  compounded,  with  stalked  leaflets.  Lfts.  3-7- 
lobed.     Flowers  paniculate,  often  diclinous,  of  no  beauty. 

*  Flowers  dioecious,  in  loose  panicles.    Styles  slender.    Achenia  sessile  or  nearly  so, 

ovoid,  conspicuously  angled  and  grooved Nos.  1—3 

*  Fls.  perfect,  few  in  the  corymbed  Clusters.   Sty.  short.   Ach.  long-stipitate No.  4 

1  T.  dioicum  L.    Slender,  glaucous,  glabrous  (1— 2f ) ;  leaves  all  petiolate  (with  the 

general  petiole) ;  fls.  in  slender  panicles,  purplish  or  greenish  ;  fil.  capillary,  droop- 
ing, achenia  about  8.    Hilly  woods:  common.    Leaflets  thin,  5-7-lobed.    April,  May. 
%  T.  coriiiitl  L.    Stouter,  tall  (3— 4f),  smooihish;  stem  leaves  sessile  (no  commor 
petiole) ;  llts.  thickish,  veiny,  with  acutish  lobes  ;  anthers  on  white  erect  filamentf* 
achenia  about  12,  substipitate.    Meadows.    Leaflets  3-lobed.    July,  August. 


ORDjr.ii  1.— RANUNCULACExE.  19 

3  T.  purpurasccns  L.    Stem  tall  (3— 6f!),  purple;  stem  leaves  sessile,  or  nearly  po, 

Ifts.  thick  and  firm,  witli  rolled  edges,  pale  and  often  glandular-downy  beneath  ;  anth. 
linear,  drooping;  achenia  sessile,  as  long  as  their  stigmas.   Hilly  woods.  June,  July. 

4  T,  clavatuni  DC.    Slender  (l—2f) ;  Ivs.  -^etiolate,  bitemate,  Ifts.  obtusely  lobed ; 

ach.  curved,  5 — 10,  short-pointed,  long-stipev      Mts.,  N.  Car.  to  Ala.    White.    July. 

5.  TRAUTVETTERIA,  Fisch.  &  Me>  er.  Sep.  4  or  5,  colored,  cadu 
COU3.  Pet.  0.  Filam.  petaloid.  Ach.  15 — 20  in  a  liead,  membranous,  in- 
flated, angular,  tipped  with  the  short  hooked  style.  If  Leaves  palmately 
lobed,  alternate.     Flowers  corymbous,  white. 

T.  paltnata  F.  &  M.— Prairies  and  woods.    Can.  to  Va.,  W.  to  the  Cascade  Mts.  I 
3— 5f.    Radical  Ivs.  large,  5-9-lobed;  stem  Ivs.  few  ;  corymb  terminal.    July,  August. 

6.  ADONIS,  L.  Pheasant' s-E YE.  Sepals  5.  Petals  5 — 15,  the  claw 
naked  (no  scale).  Achenia  spiked  on  the  torus,  ovate,  pointed  with  the 
persistent  style.    Herbs  with  dissected  leaves,  and  bright,  showy  flowers. 

1  A.  VERNALis.    Fls.  cup-shaped,  yellow,  of  10— 12  oblong  petals.    2t  Eur.    6—10'.   May. 

2  A.  AUTUMNALis.    Fls.  globular,  red,  of  5 — 8  concave  petals.    ®Eur.    If.    Aug.,  Sept. 

7.  RANUNOUIjUS,  L.  Crowfoot.  Buttercups.  Sepals  5,  ovate. 
Pet.  5 — 10,  roundish,  shining,  each  with  a  honey-scale  (Fig.  39)  or  pore  at 
the  base  inside.  Ach.  flattened,  pointed,  crowded  in  a  head.  U  ®  Leaves 
alternate.  Flowers  generally  yellow.  Figs.  39,  88,  84, 109,  118,  159,  212, 
234,  415,  416. 

5  Batrachium.   Petals  white,  with  a  yellow,  naked  honey-pore  on  the  claw.  Seeds  (ache- 

nia) transversely  wrinkled.    Leaves  multifld,  in  water No.  1 

f  RANtrNccLus.    Petals  (yellow)  with  a  honey-scale  on  the  claw  of  each. .  .(*) 

*  Achenia  rough  with  points  or  prickles.    Leaves  palmate-parted.  (T) Nos.  18, 19 

•  Achenia  smooth,— a*  numerous,  in  an  oblong  head.    Wet  places Nos.  7— y 

—X  many,  in  a  rounded  head. ..(o) 

a  Leaves  many-cleft,  in  thread-like  segments,  under  water No.  2 

a  Leaves  all  undivided,  entire  or  toothed.    In  wet  places Nos.  3—8 

a  Lvs.,  at  least  the  lowest  ones,  undivvied,  merely  lobed  or  crenate...Nos.  10—12 
a  Leaves  all  deeply  divided,  the  ;ower— j/  pinnately  with  stalked  Ifts.. Nos.  13—15 

— y  palmately  with  sessile  Ifts... Nos.  16,  17 
Exotic,  cultivated Nos.  20,  21 

1  R.  aquatilis  L.  /3.  trichophyllua  Chaix.     White  Water- C.    Leaves  all  filiformly 

dissected  and  submersed,    u  In  slow  streams.    July,  Aug.    (R.  divaricatus  Schrank.) 
y.  heteroph^Uug  DC.    Upper  leaves  floating,  3-5-lobcd.    Near  Boston  (Bigelow, 
now  lost).    In  Idaho  (Walker).    Submersed  leaves  as  in  /3. 

2  R.  multifldus  Ph.     Yellow  Water-C.    Floating  or  creeping;  some  of  the  leaves 

emersed,  reniform,  3-5-parted,  and  cleft.    Sepals  reflexed ;  carpels  with  a  straight 
beak,  heads  globous.    Ponds  and  muddy  shores,  1— 2— 3f.    Petals  5—8.    May,  June. 

3  R.  Flaiumula  L.    Spearwort.    Stem  erect  from  an  ascending  base  ;  lvs.  all  lance- 

shaped,  on  sheathing  petioles ;  ach.  roundish,  twice  longer  than  its  beak.    Can.  to 
Car.,  W.  to  Oreg.    8—16'.     Lvs.  3—6'.    Fls.  showy.    Sum.     (R.  alismaefolius  Geyer.) 

4  R.  reptans  L.    Stem  creeping,  geniculate,  rooting,  liliform  ;  nodes  1-flowered  ;  lvs. 

linear  or  oblong ;  pet.  5—10,  bright.    N.  Eug.  to  Oreg.    Delicate.    Fls.  4".  Lvs.  1'.  Jl. 

5  R.  pusillus  Poir.    Erect;  lvs.  all  petiolate,  lower  ovate,  upper  lance-linear;  pet. 

3  (1—5)  short ;  stam.  8—10  ;  carp,  scarcely  pointed.  N.  Y.  to  Ga..  and  La.  6— 12'.  May 

6  R.  oblongifollus  Ell.    Erect,  diffuse  ;  lvs.  lancc-ovate  and  lanceolate,  all  stalked 

pet.  5,  stam.  20 ;  carp,  pointless.    111.  to  Tex.    June     2f.    (R.  Texenais  Eng.) 


20  Order  1.— RANUNCULACE^. 

T  R.  Cymbalaria  Ph.  St.  filiform,  creeping,  rooting ;  Ive.  reniforni-cordate,  cronatcv 
dentate  above ;  scapes  1-5-flowered  (2—6') ;  petals  .5—8.  oval ;  carpels  striate,  beak 
short,  uncinate.    Brackish  shores,  N.  J.  to  Dak.  (Matthews).    June. 

8  R.  sceleratus  Ph.    Erect,  smooth  :  root  Ivs.  3-lobed,  lower  stem  Ivs.  3-parted  and 

cut-crenate  ;  fl:?.  small-;  carp,  poiur'  ss.    Wet.    Can.  to  Ga.    If.    Head  3".   Jn.— Ang. 

9  R.Pennsylvanicus  L.    Very    .rsute  ;  leaves  temate,  Ifts.  snbpetiolate,  deeply  3- 

lobed  and  cut;  sep.  reflexed,  longer  than  the  5  pet. ;  carp,  beaked.  Wet.  2f.  Jn.-Aug. 

10  R.  abortivus  L.  Very  smooth;  root  Ivs.  roundish  cordate,  crcnate,  petiolate ; 
upper  leaves  in  3  linear  segments  ;  sepals  reflexed,  longer  than  the  very  short  jjctals. 
Woods :  common.    8—16'.    Flowers  very  small.    Pretty.    May,  June. 

11  R.  recnrvatus  Poir.  Hirsute  with  thin  spreading  hairs  ;  leaves  all  similarly  3- 
parted,  lobes  incised  ;  sepals  recurved,  longer  than  the  petals  ;  carpels  with  a  hooked 
beak.    Woods.    If.    Pale  green.    Flowers  small.    May— July. 

12  R.  rhombo ideas  Goldie.  Hairy,  much  branched  ;  root  Ivs.  rhomboid-ovate,  ere- 
nate-denrate,  long-stalked  ;  sep.  spreading,  shorter  than  the  petals  ;  achenia  smooth, 
with  a  very  short  beak.    Prairies,  HI.,  Mich.,  Wis.,  Can.    6—10'.    May. 

13  R.  fascicularis  Muhl.  Early  0.  Erect;  root  a  fascicle  of  fleshy  fibres ;  root 
leaves  appearing  pinnate  ;  peduncles  terete ;  carpels  scarcely  margined,  beak  slender. 
Rocky  hills.    5—10'.    Hairs  silky.    Flowers  1'  broad.    April,  May. 

14  R.  repens  L.  Root  fibrous;  later  stems  creeping,  long;  root  leaves  temate,  with 
stalked  leaflets ;  pedicels  furrowed ;  carpels  broadly  margined  and  stout-beaked. 
Moist  shades.    1 — 3f.    Flowers  showy.    Hairy  or  smooth.    Very  variable. 

1 5  R.  bulbosus  L.  Hairy  ;  stem  erect,  bulbous  at  the  base  ;  root  leaves  ternate.  see- 
ments  petiolate,  incised  ;  ped.  furrowed  ;  sepals  reflexed.  Fields,  N.  Eng.,  to  Pa.  If. 
May,  Jn.   The  cup-shaped  flower,  golden-yellow,  is  larger  and  handsomer  than  No.  IT. 

1 6  R.  palmatus  Ell.  Erect ;  leaves  3-5-cleft,  with  the  sinus  at  the  base  closed,  seg- 
ments all  sessile,  cut-dentate,  or  lobed ;  carpels  margined  and  straight-beaked.  Pine 
woods.  Car.  to  Fla.    If— 18'.    Pubescent.    Flowers  small  (7'0.    April.  May. 

1 7  R.  acris  L.  Buttercups.  Erect ;  leaves  deeply  trifid,  the  base  segments  divari- 
cate, all  laciniate  and  sessile  ;  pedicels  terete ;  carpels  with  a  short  recurved  beak. 
Common  in  N.  Eng.  and  Can.    Hairy.    2f.    Flowers  large,  1'  broad.    June— Sept. 

IS  R.  mnrlcatus  L.  Glabrous;  carpels  aculeate,  strongly  margined,  ending  in  a 
stout  recurved  beak.    Va.  to  La.,  also  in  Cal.    If.    Leaves  lobed  and  toothed. 

19  R.  parvillorus  L.  Villous;  carpels  rounded,  granulated,  tipped  with  a  very 
short  beak.    Va.  to  La.    6—12'.    Flowers  small.    March,  April. 

20  R.  AsiATicus.  Garden  Banunculm.  Erect;  leaves  temate  or  bitemate,  segments 
incised  or  lobed  ;  head  of  carpejs  cylindric.  Levant.  If.  Flowers  variegated  end- 
lessly, of  every  form  and  hue.    Not  hai'dy. 

21  R.  ACONiTiFOLius.  Branching  and  many-flowered  ;  leaves  palmately  3-7-parted  and 
cut-toothed,  the  upper  sessile,  with  lance-linear  lobes ;  calyx  appressed  ;  petals  pure 
white    From  Europe.    A  fine  old  border  flower,  deep  green,  the  flowers  often  doulile. 

8,  MYOSURU3,  Dill.  Mouse-tail.  Sep.  5,  produced  downward  .-it 
base  below  their  insertion.  Petals  5,  with  slender,  tubular  claws.  Sla- 
inens  5 — 20.  Achenia  spicate  on  the  spindle-shaped  torus,  (i)  Leaves 
linear,  entire,  radical.     Scapes  1-flowered.    Fig.  133. 

W.  itiiiiimns  L.  Low  grounds.  111.  to  La.,  W.  to  Oreg.  1  A  curious  little  plant,  re- 
marlcable  for  its  tall  torus,  covered  with  numerous  blunt  carpels.    Pet.  yellow.    Apr. 

9.  ISOPYRUM,  L.  False  Rue  Anemone.  Sep.  4,  petaloid,  decidu- 
ous. Pet.  5,  small,  tubular,  sometimes  0.  Follicles  3  or  more,  subsessile, 
pointed  with  the  style,  with  2  or  more  seeds.  Delicate  herbs.  Leaves  ter- 
nately  compound,  lft.s.  3-3-lobed.    Flowers  pedunculate,  white.    Fia:.  33. 


Order  1.— RANUNCULACE.E.  21 

I.  blternatnm  T.  &  G.  Glahroas,  erect;  stems  clustered;  pet.  0;  follicles  3— «, 
strongly  veined,  2-geeded.    u  Damp  shades,  O.  to  Ark.    4—10'.    May.    Very  pretty. 

10.  OALTHA,  L.  Cowslip.  Marsh  Marigold.  Sepals  5—9,  peta- 
loid.  Petals  0.  Follicles  5 — 10,  oblong,  pointless,  spreading,  oo-seeded. 
71  Very  glabrous,  aquatic. 

C.  palustris  L.  Stem  hollow,  thick;  leares  thickish,  large,  orbicular  or  reniform, 
crenate  or  entire  ;  flowers  yellow.    Wet  meadows.    If.    Flowers  18''  broad.    May, 

11.  COPTIS,  Salisb.  Gold-thread.  Sepals  5—7,  oblong,  concave, 
colored,  deciduous.  Petals  5 — 7,  clavate,  tubular  at  apex.  Follicles  5 — 10, 
stipitate,  rostrate,  divergent,  4-6-seeded.  U  Low,  smooth,  with  radical 
leaves  and  flowers  on  a  scape. 

C,  trifolia  Salisb.  Leaves  8-foliate,  leaflets  sessile ;  scapes  1-flowered ;  pet.  small  and 
stamen-like  ;  rhizome  thread-like,  of  a  golden  yellow.  Penn.  to  Can.  3— 4'.  Flow- 
ers white,  the  small  yellow  petals  inconspicuous.    Root  bitter,  tonic. 

12.  TROLLIUS,  L.  Globe-flower.  Sep.  5 — 15,  petaloid.  Pet.  5—25, 
small  and  inconspicuous,  linear,  tubular  at  base.  Stam.  and  pistils  oo  ; 
follicles  oc-seeded.     U  Smooth,  with  palmately-parted  leaves. 

1  T.  laxus  Salisb.    Sepals  5,  rounded,  spreading ;  petals  shorter  than  the  stamens, 

orange-colored.    Swamps,  Can.  to  Penn.  and  Del.    Rare.    If.    Flowers  18"  broad ; 
sepals  yellow,  greenish  outside.    Pods  about  10.    June. 

2  T.  EuROP^us.    Sepals  15,  incurved,  concave ;  petals  5—10,  as  long  as  the  stamens. 

From  Europe.    2f.    Yellow.    June,  July.    Hardy,  and  very  ornamental. 

3  T.  AsiATicus.    Sepals  10,  partly  open ;  petals  10,  longer  than  the  stamens.    From 

Asia.    2f,  with  ample  foliage  and  orange-red  flowers,  varying  to  yellow.    June,  July. 
r 

13.  HELLEBORUS,  L.  Hellebore.  Sepals  5,  mostly  greenish, 
persistent.  Petals  8 — 10,  very  short,  tubular,  2-lipped.  Stigmas  3 — 10, 
orbicular.  Follicles  co-seeded.  if  Leaves  coriaceous,  palmately  or 
pedately  divided.    Flowers  large,  nodding.     Fig.  494. 

1  H.  viridls  L.    Glabrous ;  rt.  Ivs.  pedate,  cauline  palmate,  sessile ;  fls.  often  in  pairs  ; 

sepals  round-ovate,  acute,  pale  yellowish-green,  spreading  1'.    From  Eur.    If.    5  Apr. 

2  H.  NIGER.    Christmas  Rose.    Root  Ivs.  pedate ;  scape  naked,  bracted,  1-  or  ?  flowered  ; 

fifl.  2'  broad,  white,  pink,  and  finally  green.    In  England,  it  fl'^-H'ers  -.bout  Christmas. 
If.    Leaves  thick,  evergreen,  and  shining.    March,  April. 

14.  ZANTHORHIZA,  L.  Yellow -root.  Sep.  5.  Pet.  5,  of  2  round- 
ish lobes  raised  on  a  claw.  Stam.  and  pistils  5 — 10.  Ova.  2-  or  3-ovuled, 
follicles  mostly  1-seeded,  seed  suspended.  5  Roots  and  bark  yellow  and 
bitter.    Leaves  pinnate.    Racemes  axillary.    Flowers  dark  purple. 

Z.  apllfolia  L'Her.— River  banks,  N.  Y.  to  Ga.  Lvs.  clustered  at  top  of  the  short, 
thick  stem  ;  leaflets  5,  sessile,  incised  ;  racemes  compound.    Fls.  3"  broad.    Apr. 

b.  NIGELIiA,  L,    Fennel-flower.    Sep.  5,  petaloid.    Pet.  5, 3-cleft. 

Pistils  5,  becoming  as  many  follicles  which  are  distinct  or  united.     @  Lvs. 
l-2-innnately  divided  into  Unear-subulate  segments.     Fig.  343. 

1  N.  Damascena.    Ragged  Lady.    Flowers  in  a  leafy  involucre  ;  carpels  united  into  a 

roundish,  tnuiid  capsule.    From  Spain.    2f.    Flowers  light  blue.    June— Aug. 

2  N.  SATivA.    Nutmeg -Jlou'cr.    Hairy ;  flowers  not  involucrate  ;  carpels  distinct.    Egrypt 


22  Order  1.— RANUNCULACE^. 

16.  AQUILEIGIA,  L.  Columbine.  Sepals  5,  equal,  ovate,  spreading, 
colored.  Petals  5,  all  alike,  horn-shaped,  attached  by  the  margin  of  the 
dilated  month,  produced  to  a  honey  spur  behind.  Pistils  5,  follicles  5, 
many-seeded.  2^  Leaves  bi-triternate,  leaflets  lobed.  Flowers  large  and 
handsome,  nodding.    April — June.    Figs.  127, 155,  156. 

*  Flowers  scarlet,  red,  and  orange-colored.    Spurs  of  the  petals  straight Nos.  1—3 

*  Flowers  blue  and  white.    Spurs  straight  in  No.  4, . . .  .incurved  in Nos.  5—1 

1  A.  Canadensis  L.   Very  smooth,  l—2f;  Ifts.  3— 9,  round-wedge-form  ;  fls.  nodding, 

yellow  within  ;  stamens  and  styles  yellow,  exserted.    Rocky  woods,  and  cultivated. 

2  A.  SKfNNERi.    Like  No.  1,  but  with  larger  lis.,  the  spurs  and  sep.  greenish.    Mexico. 

3  A.  FORMOSA.    Sepals  and  spurs  much  longer  than  the  petals  ;  sta.  included.    Kamt. 

4  A,  cosRULEA.    Like  No.  3,  but  the  fls.  all  larger,  blue  and  white,  2J'  long.    R.  Mts. 

5  A.  VULGARIS.    Common  C.    Spurs  little  longer  than  the  limb ;  stam.  scarcely  exserted. 

Europe.— Varies  to  purple,  and  white  ;  also  with  double  flowers,— spur  within  spur. 

6  A.  SiBiRicA,    Stem  smooth,  nearly  naked,  few-flwd.,  Hf;  spur  some  longer  than  the 

white-tipped  limb ;  sepals  very  obtuse,  violet.    Very  fine  and  choice  like  the  next. 

7  A.  GLANDULosA.    Glaudular-hairy  above ;  stems  bracted,  1-2-flwd.,  If;  spurs  half  as 

long  as  the  snow-white  limb  ;  sepals  sky-blue,  acute,  1'  long.    From  Siberia. 

17.  DELPHINIUM,  L.  Larkspur.  Flowers  irregular.  Sepals  5, 
colored,  the  upper  one  spuiTed  behind.  Petals  4,  very  unequal,  the  two 
upper  spurred  and  enclosed  in  the  spurred  sepal.  Styles  and  follicles  1 — 5. 
Handsome  herbs,  with  palmately-divided  leaves.  Flowere  of  the  cyanic 
series,  never  yellow.    Figs.  26,  87,  88, 126. 

§  Con86lida.    Petals  united  into  one  piece.    Style  and  follicle  1.    (T) Nos.  4,  5 

§  Delphinastbum.  Pet.  4,  distinct.  Pistils  and  follicles  2—5,  mostly  3.   if ...  (a) 

a  Species  indigenous,  Penn.,  South  and  West,  often  cultivated Nos.  1 — 3 

a  Species  exotic,  cultivated,  natives  of  Siberia  and  California Nos.  6—9 

1  D.  tricorne  Mx.    Low  (6—12');   leaf-lobes  linear;  raceme  few-flwd.,  loose;  spur 

ascending,  straight ;  pods  recurved.    Uplands.    Fls.  6—12,  blue,  white.    April,  May. 

2  D.  azureum  Mx.    Erect  (l—2f) ;  leaf-lobes  all  narrow-linear  ;  raceme  strict;  spur 

ascending;  pods  erect.    Wis.  to  Ark.    Flowers  00,  azure,  or  light  blue.    May,  June. 

3  D.  exaltatum  L.    Tall  (2— 4f);  leaf-lobes  wedge-lanceolate ;  rac.  strict,  QO-flow- 

ered ;  spur  straight ;  pods  erect.    Mich,  to  Car.    Rac.  panicled ;  fls.  purp.-blue.    July. 

4  I>.  Consollda  L.    Field  L.    Branching ;  Ivs.  finely  cut ;  fls.  loosely  racemed,  scat- 

tered ;  pod  smooth.    Fields,  gardens.    3— 4f.    Fls.  blue,  variable.  Aug.,  Sept.    §  Eur. 

5  D,  Ajacis.    Bocket  L.    Subsimple  ;  leaves  finely  cut ;  flowers  many,  in  crowded  ra- 

cemes ;  pod  pubescent.    Alps.    1— 2f.    Flowers  pink,  rose,  white,  often  double. 

6  I>.  ELATUM.    Bee  L.    Pubescent,  tall  (5— 6f ) ;  leaf-segments  5,  cuneate,  cut-trifid  ;  rac. 

long;  spur  curved  downward  ;  petals  hairy,  resembling  a  bee  inside  the  flower.  Blue. 
t  D.  GRANDiFLORtJM.    Lvs.  5-7-parted,  segm.  3-cleft,  linear,  distant ;  petals  shorter  than 
the  calyx.    Stem  2f.    Flowers  large,  dark  or  purplish  blue,  often  double. 

8  1>.  CHiLANTHUM.    Lcaf-lobes  3  or  5,  oblong,  acuminate  ;  pods  pubescent;  sep.  shorter 

than  the  calyx ;  spur  decurved.    Siberia.    2f.    Dark  blue.— Var.  formosum  is  very 
beautiful,  b'.ooming  from  July  to  Nov.,  the  large  flowers  light  blue,  white  at  centre. 

9  I>.  CARDiNALE.    Glabrous  ;  lvs.  3-parted,  segm.  cleft  into  long  acute  lobes  ;  fls.  scarlet, 

large  ;  spur  longer  than  the  sepals.    California.    1— 2f.    Splendid,  but  not  hardy. 

18.  ACONITUM,  Toura.  Wolfbane.  Monk's-hood.  Sep.  5,  in-eg- 
ular,  colored,  upper  one  (helmet)  vaulted.  Petals  2  (the  3  lower  minute  or 
0),  spurred  at  apex,  on  long  claws,  concealed  beneath  the  helmet.  Sty.  and 
pods  3—5.    V,  Lvs.  palmate.  Fls.  racemed  or  panicled.  Poisonous.   Fig.  29. 


Order  1.— RANUNCULACE.^.  ^ 

1  A.  iincinatuiu  L.  Erect,  weak  (2f) ;  leaf-divisions  rhomb-lanceolate,  cut-deutate: 
helmet  obtusely  conical,  erect,  short-beaked  in  front ;  flowers  blue.  Mts.,  N.Y.  to  Ga. 
Leaves  thick,  4—5'  wide.    Branches  divergent.    Panicle  loot^e.    June,  July. 

'I  A.  reclinatum  Gray.  Trailing  (3— 7f,! ;  leaf-divisions  wedge-shaped,  cut  or  lobed  ; 
helmet  elongated-conical,  witii  a  straight  beak;  flowers  white.    Mountains,  Va. 

3  A,  Napellus.  Common  Monk'' s-hood,ov  Aconite.  Smooth  and  rigidly  erect,  3f;  Ivs. 
5-parted,  and  cut  into  broad-linear  segm.  channelled  above ;  fls.  densely  racemed,  dark 
blue  (or  white  in  /3.  album),  the  hood  broader  tiian  high.    From  Europe.    Summer. 

I  A.  Anthora.  Erect  (1— 2f) ;  Ivs.  multifid  with  narrowly  linear  segm.  ;  fls.  panicled, 
large  (as  in  the  others),  purple  with  yellow  ;  hood  rather  high-crowned.    Europe, 

5  A,  Japonicusi.    Smoothish,  veiny,  3— 5f ;  fls.  deep  blue,  in  paniclud  spikes  ;  hood  or 

helmet  very  high-crowned  and  inflated,  with  a  thickened  inflexed  spur.    Japan. 

6  A.  variegatum.    Erect  (3 — 4f),  very  smooth  ;  leaves  with  rhomb-ovate  divisions  ;  fls. 

loosely  panicled,  blue,  edged  with  white ;  helmet  crown  high,  curved  forward.    Ju.  -f- 

19.  CIMIOIFUGA,  L.  Bugbane.  Sepals  4  or  5,  caducous.  Petals 
Btamen-like,  1—8,  clawed,  2-liorned  at  apex  ;  follicles  1—8,  dry,  dehiscent. 
Leaves  ternately  decompound.    Flowers  white,  in  long  racemes. 

§  Macr6tis.    Pistil  1,  with  a  broad  stigma  and  seeds  in  two  rows No.  1 

§  CiMiciFUGA.    Pistils  3—8,  with  a  minute  stigma,  seeds  in  one  row Nos.  2,  3 

1  C.  racemosa  Ell.    Black  Snakeroot.    Tall  (5— 8f ) ;  rac.  very  long  (1— 3f ),  plume-like 

with  its  innumerable  white  stamens.    Woods,  Can.  to  Ga.    Fetid.    July. 

2  C.  Americana  Mx.    Leaves  triternate,  thin;  racemes  slender,  panicled;  ovaries 

mostly  5,  pods  obovate.  stiped.    Mountains,  Penn.  to  N.  Car.    3 — If.    Aug.,  Sept. 

3  C.  corditolia  Ph.    Leaves  biternate,  thick ;  racemes  panicled,  slender ;  ovaries  2 

or  3 ;  pods  oblong,  sessile.    Mountains,  N.  Car.    3 — If.    Sept. 

20.  ACTiEA,  L.  Baneberry.  Sep.  4  or  5,  caducous.  Pet.  4 — 8,  spatu- 
late,  long-clawed.  Fil.  slender.  Ov.  1,  with  a  sessile,  2-lobed  stigma.  Berry 
globous,  with  a  lateral  furrow,  1-celled,  oo-seeded.  U  Lvs.  ternately  divi- 
ded, lifts,  ovate,  cut-lobed  and  toothed.  Fls.  white,  in  a  short  raceme. 
A.  8picata  L.  /3.  rubra  Mx.  Raceme  hemispherical ;  petals  acute ;  pedicels  slen- 
der; berries  red,  ovoid-oblong.  Woods,  Can.  to  Penn.,  and  W.  1^ — 2f.  Lvs.  ample. 
Raceme  as  broad  as  long.    May.    ThesQ  plants  are  often  described  as  species. 

y.  alba  Mx.  Raceme  oblong ;  petals  truncate  ;  berries  white,  on  thick  stalks.  Can, 
to  Ga.  Common,  White  berries  sometimes  occur  with  slender  pedicels,  and 
vice  versa.    Foliage  exactly  as  in  p.    Var.  a.  is  European. 

21.  HYDRASTIS,  L.  Tdrmeric-root.  Sepals  3,  petaloid,  caducous. 
Pet.  0.  Ovaries  12  or  more,  becoming  a  baccate  fruit,  resembling  a  rasp- 
berry ;  acines  1-  or  2-seeded,  Roots  yellow,  a  tangled  mass,  sending  up  a 
single  radical  leaf  and  a  stem  which  is  2-leaved  and  1-flowered.  Fig.  101. 
H.  Canadensis  L.— In  damp  woods.  Can.  to  Car.  and  Ky.    If.    Leaves  palmately 

3-5-lobed,    Flower  terminal,  reddish-white.    Fruit  crimson.    June. 

22.  PiEONIA,  L.  P^ONY.  Sepals  5,  unequal,  leaf}',  persistent.  Petals 
5.  Ovaries  3 — 5,  surrounded  by  an  annular  disk.  Follicles  oo-seeded. 
If  Root  fasciculate.  Leaves  ternately  or  pinnately  compound.  Flowers 
large,  terminal,  solitary.    Figs.  36,  241. 

§  Stems  shrubby,  perennial.    Ovaries  and  pods  5.    China Noa.  1,  2 

§  Stems  herbaceous,  annual,— a;  Leaflets  entire  or  cut-lobed.  Ovaries  2  or  3.  .Nos,  3,  4 

—X  Leaflets  many-cleft.   Ovaries  5 Nob.  5,  6 

1  P.  MouTAK.  Tree  Pceony.  Ovaries  distinct,  half  enveloped  in  the  disk.  3- 4f,  widely 
branching.    Flowers  large,  double,  purple  varying  to  white.    June. 


ai  OiiDEtt  2.— MAGNOLIACExE. 

S  P»  PAPAVEKACKA.    Ovarfes  closely  united  into  a  j^lobous  capsnlc.    3f,    Fls.  white, 
with  a  purple  centre,  8 — W  broad,  single  or  double,  varying  to  rose.    May,  June. 

3  P.  OFFICINALIS.     Common  Bed  P.    Lfts.  lance-ovate,  inclined :   carpels  2,  pubescent, 

suberect.    Alps.    Fls.  double,  red,  rose,  pink,  flesh-colored,  and  white.    June. 

4  P.  ALBiFLORA.   Chinese  P.  Lfts.  lance-eUiptic,  entire  ;  carpels  2  or  3,  recurved,  smooth  ; 

calyx  bracteate.    Tartary.    Fls.  smaller,  white,  rose,  carmine,  &c, 

5  P.  ANOMALA.    Leaf-segments  lance-linear ;    carp,  depressed,    smooth ;    cal.    bracted. 

Siberia.    Fls.  concave,  rose-colored,  pink,  &c.    May,  June. 

6  P.  TENuiFOLiA.    Fennel  P.    Segments  many  linear  lobes,  very  smooth  ;  carjiels  don-ny, 

spreading.    Siberia.    2— 3f.    Fls.  red,  concave,  open  the  first  of  May. 

Okdeji  II.    MAGNOLIACEiE.    Magnoliads. 

.rrees  or  ahrubs,  often  aromatic,  witli  alteruate,  imdivided  leaves,  and 
regular,  polygynous,  hypogynous,  trimerous,  imbricated  llowers.  Sfpals 
and  petals  in  several  circles,  often  similar.  ^l;i^^/?ra  adnate.  Omrus  im- 
bricated or  verticillate  on  the  enlarged  torus,  1  or  3-ovuled.  Fruif  diy  or 
bacur.te,  distinct  or  coherent  into  a  cone-like  head  (sorosis)  Embi'yo 
miuuw;,  at  the  base  of  fleshy  albumen.    Illust.  figs.  274,  278,  381. 

WINTERED.    StipuIesO.     Fls.  5.    Carpels  arranged  in  a  circle Ii-licium.  1 

MAGNOLIE^.     Stipules  caducous.     Fls.   5.    Carpels  imbricated.     00-rowed.     (a) 

rt  Anilers  introrse.     Leaves  folded  lengthwise  in  bud Magnolia.  2 

a  Antbors  extrorse.     Leaves  fiilded  crosswise  in  the  bud LiRioriK.vnKON.  ."? 

t  SCHIZAXURE^.     Stip.  0.     Fls.   ^  5  .     Carpels  in  many  rows,  baccate Schizandra.  4 

1.  ILLIOIUM,  L.  Star  Anise.  (Lat.  iUicio,  to  attract ;  alluding  to 
its  fragrance.)  Sep.  3—6,  colored.  Pet.  6—30.  Carpels  capsular,  dry,  ar- 
ranged circularly,  each  with  1  smooth,  shining  seed.  5  The  smooth  Ivs., 
when  bruisea,  exhale  the  odor  of  Anise.    In  wet  grounds.    May. 

1  I.Flo ridknum  Ellis.    Lvs.  acuminate  :  petals  21— 30,  purple.    Pla.  to  La.    4— 8f. 

2  I.  parvifio.uoi  Mx.    Lvs.  acute ;  petals  6— 12,  yellow.    Ga.  Fla.    Fls.  smaller. 

2.  MAGNOIIA,  L.  (Named  for  Prof.  Magnol,  a  French  botanist  of 
the  17th  century.)  Sep.  3.  Pet.  6—9.  Anth.  longer  than  the  filaments, 
introrse.  Ov.  imDricated,  1-celled,  2-ovuled,  becoming  in  fruit  a  fleshy, 
cone-like  sorosis.  Seeds  berry-like,  suspended  from  the  opening  follicles 
by  a  slender  funiculus.  ^  '^^^  t)>  with  large  fragrant  flowers.  Lvs.  con- 
ihiplicate  in  bud,  wrtn  membranous  deciduous  stipules.    Fig.  331. 

*  Leaves  cordate  or  ft;iriculate  at  the  base.    Trees Nos.  5,  fi,  7 

*  Leaves  acute  at  the  wase,— rusty  or  glaucous  beneath,  coriaceous Nos.  1,  2 

—green  (not  shining)  both  sides,  thin Nos.  3,  4 

Exotic  species,  cultivated Nos.  8-10 

1  M.  grandiflora  L.     Big  Laurel.    Trees ;   lvs.  evergreen,  rusty-downy  beneath  ; 

pet.  obovate,  white.    Swampy  woods,  S.  States.    80f.    Fls.  9' broad,  lvs.  7x4'.  May. 

2  m.  glauca  L.     White  3ay.    Shrub  or  small  tree ;  lvs.  obtuse,  glaucous-white  be- 

neath ;  pet.  ovate-ioun^lish,  erect.    Coast,  Ms.  to  La.    5— 20f.    Fls.  %'.  cup-shaped, 
strongly  fragrant,  with  white  concave  petals.  Lvs.  nearly  evergreen.  South.  May-July. 

3  I?I.  acuiniimta  L.     Cucumber  Tree.     Lvs.  oval,  acuminate,  scattered ;  fls.  small 

(3— 4^  broad),  petals  obovate.    S.  States,  rare  in  N.  Y.    70f.    The  cones  of  fniit  beai 
»ome  resemblance  to  a  small  cucumber.    May. 


Order  3.— CALYCANTHACE^.  25 

4  3f .  nmbrdlla  Lam.     Umbrella  Tree.    Lvs.  cuneate-lanceolate,  whorled  at  the  ends 

of  the  branches  (like  an  umbrella) ;   sep.  retlexed  ;  pet.  lanceolate,  acute.    S.  Slates, 
rare  in  N.  Y.  and  O.    25f.    Lvs.  and  fls.  very  large.    White.    May. 

5  M.  cordata  Mx.    Lvs.  broadly  ovate,  subcordate.  pubescent  beneath;  petals  6—9, 

oblong,  yellow,  with  reddish  lines.    Ga.  Car.    4flf.     Lvs.  downy  beneath. 

6  iH.  Frakseri  Walt.    Lvs.  obovate-spatulate,  aiiricled  at  the  narrow  base  ;  pet.  6,  pure 

white.    Va.  Ky.  to  Fla.    .30f.    Fls.  6'.    Lvs.  If     A  slender  tree. 

7  M.  iiiacrophylla  Mx.     Lvs.  obovate-spatulate,  cordate ;    pet.  6,  rhomb-ovate, 

white,  with  a  purple  base  inside.    S.  States.    20-.3f>f.    A  small  tree,  with  immense 
lvs.  (2— .3f )  and  fls.  (petals  8'  long).    June. 

8  jn.  coNSPirt'A.     Yvlati.    Sep.  0  or  very  small ;  pet.  6 — 9.  erect,  of  a  creamy  white, 

appearing  before  the  leaves  in  early  Spring.    Lvs.  acuminate.    15f. 

9  JW.  PtTHPLREA.    Sep.  3;  pet.  fi,  erect,  lilac-purple  outside,  preceding  the  obovate  lvs., 

whit  h  are  pointed  at  both  ends.    China.    10— 15f. 

3.  LIRIOLENDRON,  L.  Tulip  Tree.  Whitewood.  {Aeipiov,  a 
Lily,  SEv^fjoVj  a  tree.)  Sep.  3.  Pet.  6,  in  3  rows,  erect.  Antli.  opening  out- 
ward. Carpels  1  or  2-seeded,  imbricated  into  a  cone,  indehiscent,  sepa- 
rating from  each  other  at  maturity.  5  Large,  with  showy,  bell-shaped, 
upright  flowers.  Lvs.  4-lobed,  retuse-truncate  at  apex,  induplicate  in  bud, 
with  large,  caducous  stipules.    Figs.  274,  278. 

E>.  tulipif'era  L.— A  noble  tree,  beautiful  in  foliage  and  flovFcrs  ;  trunk  5— 8f  diameter; 
10()f  or  more  high  ;  lvs.  very  smooth  ;  fls.  greenish-yellow,  orange  within,  abounding 
in  honey.    May,  June. 

4.  SOHIZANDRA,  Mx.  (2;tzC(»,  to  cut,  avdpay  stamens.)  Sep.  and 
pet.  9 — 12,  gradually  larger  inward.  S  Stam.  5 — 15,  monadelphous,  anth. 
cells  distinct.  $  Carp,  oo,  at  first  imbricated  in  a  head,  in  fruit  baccate, 
and  loosely  spicate  on  the  lengthened  torus.  ^  Lvs.  pellucid-punctate, 
deciduous.     Fls.  solitary. 

S.  coccinea  Mx.  Lvs.  ovate  or  oval,  pointed;  fls.  on  slender  peduncles,  small,  red; 
stam.  5,  in  the  upper  fls.  chiefly.    Berries  and  torus  red.    Vine  12f.    South 

Order  III.    CALYCANTHACE^.    Calycanths. 

Shrubs  with  opposite,  simple,  exstipulate  leaves,  and  axillary,  solitary, 
often  aromatic  flowers.  Sepals  and  petals  oo-rowed,  imbricated  on  a  tubu- 
lar torus,  the  outer  bract-like.  Filaments  go,  inserted  on  the  top  of  the 
torus,  short.  Anthers  adnate,  extrorse.  Carjjels  cxi,  1 -seeded,  distinct,  in» 
eluded  in  the  green  fleshy  torus.    Seed  erect,  without  albumen. 

CALYCANTHUS,  L.  Sweet-scented  Shrub.  {KdXvq,  calyx,  av^o?, 
flower.)  Sep.  and  pet.  oblong,  undistinguishable,  the  inner  gradually 
shorter.  Stam.  apiculate,  the  outer  longer,  inner  sterile.  Fruit,  the  en- 
larged green  torus  loosely  enclosing  few  or  many  achenia.  5  Fls.  lurid 
purple,  with  the  fragrance  of  strawberries. 
1  C.  Ilorldus  L.     Lvs.  oval  or  elliptical,  acute  or  acuminate,  scabrous,  downy  he- 

neath  ;  fls.  on  vnry  short  axillary  branches  ;  sep.  and  pet.  about  20,  near  1'  in  length. 

S.  States:  common  iu  gardens.    Lvs.  "— T)'.    Shrub  1-Sf.    Apr.  May. 


26  Order  5.— MENISPER:\IACE^. 

2  C  Ijevigatus  Willd.    Lvs.  thin,  oval,  obtuse  or  merely  acute,  nearly  glabrous  botii 

sides;  fls.  smaller,  sometimes  inodorous    Pa.,  &  S.  to  Fla.    Mar.  Apr. 

3  C.  glaiiciis  Willd.    Lvs.  ovate,  acuminate,  large  (i—T).  glaucous  beneath  :  sep.  and 

pet.  lance-oblong,  V  in  length.    Mt.  woods,  Ga.  to  N.  Car.    C — 8f.    May,  June,  t 

Order  IV.    ANONACE^.    Anonads. 

Trees  or  shrubs  with  naked  buds,  entire,  alternate  lvs.  destitute  of  sli- 
pules.  Flowers  usually  green  or  brown,  axillaiy,  hypogynous,  valvate  iw 
sestivation.  Sepals  3.  Petals  6,  in  two  circles,  sometimes  coherent  Sia- 
mens  oo,  with  an  enlarged  connectile,  short  filament,  on  a  large  torus. 
Ovaries  several  or  oo,  separate  or  coherent,  fleshy  or  not,  in  fruit.  Bm- 
hryo  minute  in  the  end  of  the  ruminated  albumen.     Illust.  fig.  314. 

ASIMINA,  Adans.  Pap  aw.  Sep.  3.  Pet.  6,  the  outer  row  larger  than 
the  inner,  Stam.  densely  packed  in  a  spherical  mass.  Pistils  several,  dis- 
tinct, ripening  but  few,  which  become  large,  oblong,  pulpy  fruits,  with 
man}'  flat  seeds.  Shrubs  or  small  trees,  with  brownish,  axillary,  solitary, 
flowers. 

*  Flowers  appearing  before  the  leaves.    Petals  purple Nos.  1,  9 

*  Flowers  appearing  with  the  leaves.    Outer  petals  yellowish Nos.  3,  4 

1  A.  triloba  Dunal.    Lvs.  obovate-oblong,  acuminate;  pet.  dark  purple,  the  outer 

orbicular,  3  or  4  times  as  long  as  the  sepals ;  fruit  ovoid-oblong.  N.  Y.,  S.  and  W. 
15— 20f.    Lvs.  10',  smooth.    Fls.  1',  Mar.  Apr.    Fr.  3',  eatable  in  Oct. 

2  A.  parviflora  Dunal.     Lvs.  obovate-oval ;    pet.  oval,  green-purple,  twice  longer 

than  sep.    Woods,  coastward,  Car.  to  Fla.    2— 3f.    Lvs.  5'.    Fls.  «".    Fr.  1',  roundish. 

3  A.  g;randifl<yra  Dunal.    Lvs.  obov.-obl.  obtuse,  grayish-tomentous  ;  outer  pet.  very 

large  (2'  long),  yellowish  white.    Ga.  Fla.    2— 3f.    Fr.  small,  obovate.    Mar.  Apr. 

4  A,  pygmsba  Dunal.    Lvs.  coriaceous,  evergreen,  narrowly  oblong  or  oblanceolate, 

smooth  ;  pet.  obov.-obl.,  yellowish  and  brownish.    Ga.  Fla.    6—12'.    Carp.  1'.    May. 

Order  V.    MENISPERMACE^.    Menispermads. 

Shrubs  twining  or  climbing,  with  alteniate,  palmate-veined,  exstipulato 
leaves.  Flowers  dioecious,  rarely  §  or  ?  §  ^  ,  hypogynous,  3-C-gynous.  Se- 
pals and  petals  similar,  in  3  or  more  circles,  imbricated  in  the  bud.  Sta- 
mens equal  in  number  to  the  petals,  and  opposite  t®  them,  or  3  or  4  times 
as  many.  Fruit  a  1-seeded  drupe,  with  a  large  or  long  curved  embiyo 
in  scanty  albumen.    Illust.  347. 

f    Stamens  12— 20.     Sep.  4—8,  :iut  moon-sl  aped.    Lvs.  peltate -Mkmspkkmum.       I 

f    Stamens  6.     Sep.  6,  nut  mc  jn-shaped.     Lvs.  sinuate,  3-lobed CoccuLus.  2 

j   Stamens  6.    Sep.  6,  nut  c"  ?-sbApod.    Lvs.  deeply  5-lobed Calycocarpum.    5 

1.  MENI9PERMUM,  L.  Moon-seed.  {Mtjvt/,  the  moon^  dTcepjit a, 
seed  ;  from  the  crescent  form  of  the  seed.)  Fls.  ?  S  .  Sep.  4 — 8.  Pet.  4 — 8, 
minute,  retuse,  S  Anth.  12 — 20,  4-celled.  ?  Ovaries  and  styles  2 — 4. 
■^  Drapes  1-3-seeded.  Seeds  lunate  and  compressed.  Fls.  white,  in  axil- 
lary clusters.    Fig.  347 


Order  6.— BEllBEllIDACE.E.  2? 

WL  Canadeiise  L.  St.  climbing;  Ivs.  5-7-angled  or  lobecl,  peltate,  the  petiole  in 
serted  near  the  base;  rac.  compound;  petals  6—7,  small.  ^  Thickets:  common 
8— 12f.   Drapes  black,  resembling  grapes,  ripe  in  Sept.    Fie.  in  July. 

2.  COCCULUS,  DC.  (Diminutive,  from  Lat.  coccum,  a  berrj\)  Fls, 
$  $  .    Sep.,  pet.,  and  stam.  6.    Antli.  4-celled.     ?  Ov.  3  to  6.    Drape  glo 

bular-compressed,  nut  curved  as  in  Menispcrmum.      "^  Fls.  in  axillary 
panicles,  small,  greenish. 

C.  Carolintanus  DC— S.  El.  to  Fla.  10— 15f.  Lvs.  ovate  or  cordate,  entire  or  lobcd, 
Diapea  red,  1—3  together,  as  large  as  a  pea.    June,  July. 

3.  OALYOOOARPUM,  Nutt.  Cup-seed.  {KaXv^,  a  cup,  uapTto^, 
frait.)  Sep.  6.  Pet.  0.  5  Stam.  13.  Anth.  ^-celled.  $  Stam.  6,  abor- 
tive. Ov.  3.  Stig.  fimbriate-radiate.  Drupe  oval,  with  the  putamen 
deeply  excavated  in  front  and  cup-shaped.  "^  Fls.  greenish-white,  in  long 
axillary  panicles. 

C.  liyoni  Natt.— Ga.  to  Ky.  Vine  20— 30f.  Lvs.  6— S'  diam.,  lobes  acuminate  ;  drape 
1',  oval,  greenish.    Fls,  small,  2'^  diameter.    June. 

Order  VI.    BERBERIDACE^.    Berberids. 

Herbs  or  shrubs  with  alternate  leaves  and  with  perfect,  hypogynous, 
regular  flowers.  Sepals  and  petaU  imbricated  in  bud,  each  in  one  or  sever 
ral  rows.  Stamens  as  many  as  the  petals,  and  opposite  to  them,  rarely 
more.  AntJiers  opening  mostly  by  valves,  hinged  at  top.  Pistil  1.  Style 
short  or  none.  Fruit  a  berry  or  capsule.  Seeds  several,  albuminous, 
Illust.  49,  91,  92, 189,  364,  403,  426. 

g  Shrubs,  with  bristly-serrate  leaves,  yellow  flowers  and  acid  berries Berberis.  1 

§  Herbs.— *  Anthers  opening  by  2  valves  hinged  at  the  top.,  .(a) 

o  Stamens  6.     Fruit  2,  dnipe-like,  soon-naked  seeds Caulophyllum.  2 

o  Stamens  6.     Berry  1-i-seeded.    Petals  white,  larger  than  sep Diphylleia.  3 

a  Stamens  8.    Pod  opening  by  a  lid.    Petals  8 Jeffersonia.  4 

—*  Anthers  opening  by  slits.   Stamens  9—18 PODOPHYLnm.  5 

1.  BERBERIS,  L.  Berberry.  (Name  from  the  Arabic.)  Calyx  of 
6  obovate,  spreading,  colored  sepals,  with  the  3  outer  ones  smaller.  Co- 
rolla of  6  suborbicular  petals,  with  2  glands  at  the  base  of  each.  Fil.  6, 
flattened.  Anth.  opening  by  uplifted  valves.  Style  0.  Berry  oblong,  1- 
celled.    Seeds  2  or  3.    +)  with  yellow  wood  and  yellow  fls.  Figs.  91, 92, 403. 

1  B.  vulgaris  L.    Spines  (reduced  lvs.)  3-forked ;  lvs.  simple,  serratures  terminated 

by  soft  bristles  ;  raceme  pendulous,  many-flowered ;  pet.  entire  ;  berries  oblong.    N. 
States.    6— 9f.    Rac.  12-flowered.    Berries  red,  very  tart.    May,  June. 

2  R.  Canadensis  Ph.     Lvs.  repandly- toothed,  teeth  with  short,  soft  bristles ;  rac. 

few  (6-8)-flowered ;  pet.  notched  ;  berries  oval.    Mts.  Va.  to  Ga.   2— 3f.    May,  June. 

3  B.  Aquifolium  Ph.     Lvs.    pinnate ;    Ifts.    7—11,    coriaceous,    polished,    evergreen, 

epinulous-toothed ;  clusters  erect,  crowded.  Oregon.    3— 5f.   Berries  globular.    April. 

2.  OAULOPHYLLUM,  Mx.  Cohosh.  (/TnruAd?,  stem,  <pt5A.lof,  leaf ; 
the  stem  appearing  as  the  stalk  of  the  compound  leaf)    Cal.  of  6  grcfvn 


sepals,  S-bracted  at  base.  Cor.  of  G  short,  gland-like  thickened  petals, 
opposite  the  sepals.  Stam.  6.  Ov,  2-ovuled,  becoming  u  thin  pericarp,  which 
seen  breaks  away  after  flowering,  and  the  2  round  drape-like  seeds  ripen 
naked.  U  Glabrous  and  glaucous,  arising  frt)ra  a  knotted  rhizome.  Lvs. 
2  only,  2  and  3-ternate. 

C.  tbalictroidcs  Mx.  Pappoose  Hoot.— Van.  to  Car.  aud  Ky.  1— S^f.  Lfta.  lobed. 
2—3'.  Fls.  greenish,  in  a  simple  terminal  panicle.  Seeds  on  thick  et'pes,  blue,  aa 
large  aa  peas.    May. 

3.  DIPHYLLSIA,  Mx.  Umbiiella-leaf.  {Si?,  twice,  (pvXXoj-y 
leaf.)  Calyx  of  5  sepals,  caducous.  Cor.  of  6  oval  petals  larger  than  the 
sepals.  Stam.  6.  Ov.  eccentric.  Stigma  subsessile.  Berry  few-seeded, 
seeds  attached  laterally  below  the  middle,  if  Glabrous,  arising  from  a 
thick,  horizontal  root-stock.    Lvs.  simple,  peltate,  1  or  2  only. 

D.  cymosa  Ms.— Mts.  Va.  to  Ga.  aud  Tenu.  1— 2f.  Leaf  centrally  peltate,  or  if  2, 
alternately  reniform-peltate,  ample,  lobed.    Fls.  white.   June.    Berries  blue. 

4.  JEFFERSONIA,  Bart.  Twin-t-eaf.  (In  honor  of  President  Jef- 
fersoUy  a  patron  of  science.)  Sep.  4.  Pet.  8,  spreading.  Auth.  8,  linear. 
Stig.  peltate.  Caps,  obliquely  obovate,  stiped,  circumscissile,  opening  by  a 
lid.  li  Rhizome  and  matted  fibres  blackish.  Scape  bearing  a  single  flower, 
as  tall  as  the  2-parted  or  binate  leaves.    Figs.  49, 189,  tJ04,  426. 

J,  dipb^^IIa  Bart.— N.  Y.,  W.  and  S.  If.  Fl.  handsome,  white.  April.  A  singular 
plant,  called  Rheumatism  Root.    Tho  pod  has  a  persistent  lid. 

5.  PODOPHYLIiUM,  L.  May  Apple.  {Hovi,  ito^di^XooX,  cpvXXov, 
leaf.)  Sep.  3,  concave,  caducous.  Pet.  0 — 9,  obovate,  concave.  Anth. 
9 — 18,  Imear.  Berry  large,  ovoid,  1-celled,  crowned  with  the  solitary 
stigma.  IX  Barren  stems  with  1  centrally  peltate  leaf,  flowering  stems 
with  2  equal,  opposite  broad  cordate-peltate  leaves,  and  a  large  white 
flower  between. 

P.  peltatum  L.— In  rich  bhady  soils.  If.  Fl.  nodding,  2^  May.  Fruit  the  size  of  a 
plum,  with  flavor  of  strawberry.    July.    Lvs.  and  roots  poisonous. 

Okder  VII.    KYMPH^ACE^.    Kympiiiads. 

Herhs  perennial,  aquatic  (in  deep  water),  with  rhizomes  submersed, 
scapes  one-flowered  (rarely  a  leafy  stem),  and  leaves  peltate  or  deep-cor- 
tlate.  Flowem  regular,  showy,  hypogynous  (rarely  epigynous),  with  im- 
bricated petals  and  sepals.  Carpels  3 —  oo,  distinct  or  united.  Ovules 
parietal,  never  on  the  ventral  suture.  Seeds  with  the  embryo  enclosed  in 
a  sac  at  the  end  of  copious  albumen,  or  (in  Nelumbium)  exalbuminous, 
Illust.  202,  407-414,  505,  &c. 

S  CABOMBE.-E.    Sepals  3.    Petals  3.  Carpels  di.stiuct,  few-ovuled.   Flowers  small.    («) 

a  Stam.  6.    Carpels  3.    Submersed  leaves  dissected Cabomba.         I 

o  Stam.  6— 18.    Carpels  6— Co.    Leaves  all  peltate Bkaskhia.        'i 

%  NELUMBONEjE.    Sep.  4  or  5.   Pet.  and  stam.  00.    Carp,  inmiersed  in  the  torus,  di»- 

tinor.,  exall'umiuous.    Fls.  very  large Nklumbiuh.    J 


Order 


-XYMPH.^ACE^.  29 


i  XTMniEyE.     Sep.  4—6.     Pet.  and  stam.  CO.     Carp,  united.     Hs.  large,  showy.    (M 

ft  Pet.  (stamen-like)  and  stam.  hypogynnus.     Fls.  yellow Nuphar.  4 

/»  Pet.  petaloid.     Stamens  epigynous  (on  the  torus  raised  into  a  disk) Nymphka.  S 

b  Pet.  (petaloid),  sep.  and  stamons  epigynoua.    Lvs.  peltate Victoria.  i 

1.  BRASENIA,  Sclireb.  Water  Target.  Sep.  8  or  4,  colore(i  with- 
in, persistent.  Stam.  12—24.  Pet.  3  or  4.  Carp.  6—18,  oblong,  2  (or  by 
a1)ortion  l)-f5eeded.  U  Tlie  stems  and  under  surface  of  the  leaves  are 
covered  with  a  viscid  jelly.    Lvs.  all  floating,  entire,  elliptical. 

II.  peltata  Ph.  Pools  and  muddy  shores.  The  slender  ped.  and  petioles  long  at  the 
depth  of  the  water.    Lvs.  2|x  1'.    Fls.  purple,  (r"  broad.    July. 

2.  CABOMBA,  Aublet.  Sep.  3,  petaloid.  Pet.  3.  Stam.  C^  Pistils  3 
(rarely  2  or  4),  nearly  the  length  of  stamens,  and  half  as  long  as  the  petals 
and  sepals.  Carp,  few-seeded.  U  Lvs.  opposite,  mostly  submersed  and 
liliformly  dissected.    Fls.  in  the  axils  of  the  floating  lvs. 

C.  Carollnlana  Gray.  Floating  lvs.  few  and  small  (f/'xl'O,  immersed  lvs.  many. 
Stems  branched.    Fls.  white,  f/\  strictly  trimerous.    July,  Aug. 

3.  NELUMBIUM,  Juss.  {Kelumbo  is  the  name  of  the  species  in 
Ceylon.)  Pet.  and  stam.  cz),  hypogynous,  in  many  rows.  Carp.  Qo,  sepa- 
rate, becoming  1-seeded  nuts,  imbedded  in  as  many  cavities  on  the  large, 
obconic,  fleshy  torus.  Seed  with  large  cotyledons,  very  short  radicle  and 
no  albumen.  Rhizome  horizontal.  Lvs.  peltate,  emersed.  Scape  1-flow- 
ered.     Tliere  are  only  2  species,  N.  speciosum  of  E.  India,  and 

N.  liiteiim  L.  Petals  yellowish  :  anth.  lengthened  beyond  the  cell?  to  a  clavate  appen- 
dage. A  magnificent  aquatic,  frequent  S.  and  W.  In  Sodus  Bay.  N.  Y.  (Hankenson), 
Lyme,  Ct.,  near  Philadelphia  (Parish).  Lvs.  erect,  round,  centrally  peltate.  10—18'. 
Fls.  several  times  larger  than  those  of  Nymphaea  odorata,  fragrant.  Nuts  as  large  as 
acorns.    Jmie— Aug. 

4.  NUPHAR,  Smith.  Yellow  Pond-Lily.  {Nevfar  is  the  Arabic 
name.)  Sep.  5  or  6,  concave.  Pet.  go,  small,  linear,  inserted  with  the  oo 
stamens  on  the  torus.    Stig.  discoid,  with  prominent  rays.    Caps.  GO-celled, 

00  -seeded.    U  Lvs.  sagittate-cordate  at  the  base,  entire  at  tlie  margin,  on 
Btout  stalks. 

1  N.  adveita  Ait.     Lvs.  floating  or  erect,  oval ;  lobes  rounded,  petioles  half  terete ; 

btig.  l-2-'24-rayed :  pep.  6.  unequal.    Slow  streams  and  muddy  pools.    Lvs.  thick  and 
'.urge.     Fls.  deep  yellow  (save  the  3  outer  sep.).  2'  diam.,  globular.    June,  July. 

2  N.  Kalmiana  Ait.    Lvs.  floating  and  submersed,  the  latter  membranous,  reuiform- 

cordate  ;  stig.  8-14-rayed,  crenate  ;  sepalij  5,  equal.    Plant  small  and  delicate.     Float 
ing  leaves  oval,  \—'V  long,  the  lobes  nearly  meeting.     Flowers  about  1'  diam.     Sum. 

3  N.  sagittil'olia  Ph.     Leaves  oblong,  sagittate-cordate,  obtuse  ;  sep.  6  ;  pet.  0 ;  anth. 

subsessile.     Slow  waters,  N.  Car.  to  Ga.     Lvs.  10 — 15'.    Fls.  2',  globular.    June,  July. 

5.  NYMPHiEA,  L.  Water-lily.  Sepals  4  or  5.  Pet.  go,  gradually 
passing  into  stamens,  adherent  to  the  ovary.  Stamens  (»,  the  outer  with 
broad  filaments.  Stigma  surrounded  with  rays.  Seeds  go,  arillate.  U  ^ 
Flowers  white,  roseate,  ur  blue,  very  lovely.    Figs.  202,  407-414. 

1  N,  ccEr.t'i.K.\.   Lvs.  crenate,  lobes  partly  united,  becoming  peltate;  pet.  sky-blue.  Egypl 


30  }nDER  8.-SARRA  jENIACE^ 

2  N.  odorata  L.    Lvg.  orbicular,  fi-vJre.  clc«"t  at  base  to  the  insertion  of  tiie  petiole 

fls.  very  fraj^rant,  jpen  from  6  A.  M.  to  3  p.  m.  upon  the  water's  surface,  whi'c,  vary- 
ing  to  rose-color:  seed?  oblong.    June— Aug. 

3  N.  tubercsa  Paine.    Lvs.  reniform-orbicular.  cordate-cleft,  If  wide  ;  rhizome  bear- 

ing  tubers,  which  separate  spontaneously ;  fls.  nearly  scentless  ;  seeds  globular.  N.  Y. 
(Oneida  Lake  ;  Sodus  Bay  rHankenson).  and  westward.    Aug. 

V 

6.  VICTORIA,  Lindl.  (Name  in  honor  of  Queen  Victoria.)  Cai-p. 
immersed  in  the  cup-form  torus,  united.  Sep.  4.  Pet.  go,  graduated  hit«i 
stamens,  as  in  Nymphaea.    Lvs.  spiny,  floating,  strongly  veined. 

T.  REGiA  is  the  only  species,  native  of  the  rivers  of  Trop.  Am. ;  rarely  cultivated.    Tb« 
lvs.  are  several  feet  in  diam.    Fls.  like  immense  Water  Lilies. 


Order  VIII.    SARRACENIACEJE.    Water  Pitchers. 

Herbs,  aquatic,  in  bogs,  with  fibrous  roots,  perennial,  and  with  the  leaven 
all  radical,  um-sliaped,  or  trumpet-shaped,  and  large  flowers  on  scapes. 
Floral  envelopes  4 — 10,  imbricated,  the  outer  greenish,  sepaloid.  Stamem 
00,  hypogynous.  Carpels  united  into  a  several-celled  capsule.  A  cui-ious 
family,  remarkable  for  its  leaves,  which  are  of  that  class  called  ascidia 
(§  322),  holding  water.    Figs.  392,  393,  394. 

1.  SARRACENIA,  Toum.  Pitcher  Plant.  (In  honor  of  Dr.  Sar- 
razen,  of  Quebec.)  Sep.  5,  colored,  persistent,  subtended  by  3  bractlets. 
Pet.  5,  incurved,  deciduous.  Stig.  5,  united  into  a  large  peltate,  persistent 
membrane,  covering  the  ovary  and  stamens.  Caps.  5-celled,  5-valved. 
Seeds  very  numerous.  If  Lvs.  all  radical,  urn-shaped  or  trumpet-shaped, 
wiUi  a  wing  on  the  front  side  and  a  hood  (the  lamina)  at  top.  Fl.  large, 
nodding. 

§  Lamina  infiected  over  the  throat  of  the  tube Nos.  1,  2 

§  Lamina  erect  or  nearly  so,  the  throat  open.  (*) 

*  Leaf-tube  pitcher-shaped,  with  a  broad  wing No.  .3 

*  Leaf-tube  trumpet-shaped,  with  a  narrow  wing No.  4 

1  S.  psittacina  Mx.    Lvs.  short,  reclined,  with  a  broad  semi-ovate  wing;  fls.  deep 

purple.    Bogs,  Fla.  Ga.  La.    If.    Tube  nearly  closed.    The  leaf  resembles  a  jxxrroi  in 
fi)rm,  hence  the  specific  name.    March. 

2  S.  variola, rls  Mx.    Lvs.  elongated,  subei-cct,  mottled  with  white  on  the  back  ;  fls, 

yellow.    Bogs,  S.  Car.  to  Fla.    Lvs.  12—18',  scape  shorter. 
5?  S.  purpurea  L.    Side-saadle  Flower.    Lvs.  short,  recumbent,  inflates!  most  near 
the  middle;  lamina  broad-cui date.    Bogs:  common.    Scapes  14—20',  each  bearing 
large  handsome  deep-pui-ple  flower,  in  June. 

/3.  lieterophffUa  Torr.    Fls.  greenish  yellow.    No  purple  veins  in  the  lvs.    Ms. 
y.  alata,    Fls.  large,  yellow.    Lvs.  slender,  erect,  wing  but  6"  broad.   La.    1— 2f. 
4  S.  Gronovil  Wood.     Tmmpei-leaf.    Lvs.  tall,  erect,  tube  gradually  enlarged  to  the 
open  throat,  wing  narrowly  finear,  lamina  roundish,  contracted  at  base.    Swampy 
pine-woods,  S.  States.    2— 3f.    Fls.  very  large,  4—5'  broad. 

a.  flava.    Foliage  yellowish  green,  fls.  yellow.    Plant  large. 
p.  rubra.    Foliage  with  purple  veins,  fls.  red-purple.    Plant  smaller. 
i.  Itrummdndti,    Lvs.  mottled  above,  yiih  purple  ^eins  and  white  diaphanous 
interstices.    Plant  verj-  large.    Fla. 


Order  9.-PAPAVERACE^.  31 


Order  IX.    PAPAVERACE.E.    Poppy-worts. 

Herbs  with  alteraate,  exstipulate  leaves,  and  generally  a  milky  or  colored 
juice.  Floroers  solitaiy,  on  long  peduncles,  never  blue,  hypogynous,  regu- 
lar, ^  or  v'.  SejKds  2,  rarely  3,  caducous,  and  jpetaU  4,  rarely  6,  all  imbri- 
cated. Stamens  indefinite,  but  some  multiple  of  4.  AntJwrs  2-celled, 
innate.  Ovaries  compound.  Style  short  or  0.  Stigmas  2,  or  if  more,  stel* 
late  upon  the  flat  apex  of  ovary.  Wuit  either  pod-shaped,  with  2  parietal 
placentae,  or  capsular,  with  several.  Seeds  Qo,  minute.  Embryo  minute, 
at  the  base  of  oily  albumen.     Illust.  148,  344,  404,  405,  406,  463,  493. 

t  Plants  with  a  white  juice.    Petals  1,  crumpled  in  bnd Papavkr.  6 

T  Plants  with  a  watery  juice.    Calyx  a  mitre,  falling  off  wliole Eschscholtzia.  7 

1  Plants  with  a  red  juice.     Petals  8,  plane  in  the  bud Sauguinaria.       1 

T  Plants  with  a  yellow  juice.     Petals  crumpled  in  the  bud.   (*) 

•  Stigmas  and  placentas  2  only.     Capstile  long,  pod-shaped.  («) 

•  Stigmas  and  placentae  3,  4,  or  6.    ('apsule  ovoid.  (6) 

a  Pod  1-celled,  smooth.    Lvs.  pinnate Chklidomum.  2 

a  Pod  2-celled,  rough.     Lvs.  palmate GlauCicm.  3 

h  style  distinct,  but  short Mkconopbis.  4 

h  Style  none,  stigma  sessile ABGXiioirK.  fi 

t  Nopetals.    Juice  reddish. Boccomia.  8 

1 .  SANGUINARIA,  L.  Blood-root.  (Latin  sanguu,  blood  ;  all  its 
parts  abound  in  a  red  juice.)  Sep.  2,  caducous.  Pet.  8 — 12,  in  2  or  3  rows, 
the  outer  longer.  Stain,  about  24.  Stig.  sessile,  1  or  2-lobed.  Capsule 
silique-foi-m,  oblong,  1-celled,  2-valved,  acute  at  each  end,  many-seeded. 
U  A  low,  acaulescent  plant,  with  a  white  flower,  and  a  glaucous,  palmate- 
veined  leaf.    Fig.  463. 

8.  Canadensis  L.  An  interesting  flower,  appearing  in  early  Spring:  common  in  tb<» 
woods.  6'.  From  each  bud  of  the  root-stallc  there  springs  a  single  large,  glancons 
leaf,  and  a  scape  with  a  single  flower.  Leaf  kidney-shaped,  with  roundish  lobes 
separated  by  rounded  sinuses.  Fl.  of  a  quadrangular  outline,  white,  scentless,  and  ol 
Bhort  duration.    The  juice  is  emetic  and  purgative. 

/3,  Leaf  not  lobed,  margin  undulate.    Bainbridge,  Ga.,  and  elsewhere. 

2.  OHELIDONIUM,  L.  Celandine.  {XeXiSoov,  the  swallow,  being 
supposed  to  flower  with  the  arrival  of  that  bird,  and  to  perish  with  its  de- 
parture.) Sep.  2.  Pet.  4,  roundish,  contracted  at  base.  Stam.  24 — 32, 
gliorter  tlian  the  petals.  Stig.  small,  sessile,  bifid.  Capsule  silique-form, 
linear,  2-valved,  1-celled.  Seeds  crested,  if  Fragile,  pale  green,  with  saf- 
tr'.)n-yellow  juice.    Figs.  344,  493. 

<r,  majns  L,  Lvs.  pinnate;  Ifts.  lobed, segments  rounded ;  fls.  in  umbels.  By  fences, 
roadsides,  «S:c.    1— 2f.    Fls.  in  loose  umbels,  yellow,  very  ftigacious.    May— Oct. 

3.  GLAUCIUM,  Toum.  Horn  Poppy.  {rXavHov,  glaucous,  the 
hue  of  the  foliage.)  Sep.  2.  Pet.  4.  Style  none.  Stig.  2-lobed.  Pod  2- 
celled,  linear,  veiy  long,  rough.  (D  or  (2)  sea-green  herbs,  with  clasping 
leaves,  yellow  juice,  and  solitary,  yellow  flowers. 

©.  luteum  Scop.  Sparxpgly  naturalized  near  the  coast,  from  the  Potomac  soutiiwtrd 
2f     Lvp.  5-7-lobed.     Fls,  2',  6f  short  duration.    Pods  6— »'.    .Tune— An;}. 


t>2  OnDER  9.— PAPAVERACEJS. 

4.  MECONOPSIS,  Viguier.  Yellow  Poppy.  {MpKoav,  a  poppy, 
6ipi5,  resemblance.)  Sep.  2,  hirsute.  Pet.  4.  Style  conspicuous.  Stig. 
4—6,  radiating,  convex,  free.  Capsule  ovoid,  1-celled,  opening  by  4  valves. 
U  Herbs  with  a  yellow  juice,  pinnately-divided  leaves,  and  stems  2-leaved, 
bearing  an  umbel. 

Itt.  diphyila  DC.  Lvs.  einuately  5-7-lobecl,  the  cauline  but  2,  opposite  ;  fls.  few.  large 
(20,  yellow ;  pod  bristly,  oval.  Woods,  W.  States.  12— 18^  Pet.  orbicular ;  style 
surpassing  the  stamens ;  pod  3'.    May. 

5.  ARGEMONH,  L.  Prickly  Poppy.  {"Afjyeiuos,  a  disease  of  the 
C3ye,  which  this  plant  was  supposed  to  cure.)  Sep.  2  or  3,  caducous 
smaller  than  the  4  or  6  roundish  petals.  Stig.  sessile,  cajDitate,  4  or  O-rayed. 
Capsule  ovoid,  prickly,  opening  at  the  top  by  valves,  (i)  Herbs  with 
yellow  juice,  spinous-pinnatifid  leaves,  and  showy  flowers. 

A,  Iflexlcana  L.  Calyx  prickly ;  caps,  prickly,  6-valved ;  fls.  axillary  and  termina'. 
2—3'  diam.,  yellow,  varying  to  white.    Waste  grounds.  South. 

6.  PAP  AVER,  L.  Poppy.  (Celtic,  papa,  pap,  a  soporific  food  for 
children,  composed  of  poppy  seeds,  &c.)  Sep.  2,  caducous.  Pet.  4.  Caps. 
1-celled,  opening  by  pores  under  the  broad,  persistent  4-20-rayed  stigma. 
Exotic  herbs,  with  white  juice,  abounding  in  opium.  Fl.  buds  nodding, 
erect  in  flower  and  fruit.    Figs.  148,  404-6. 

1  P.  somniferum  L.     Opium  Poppy.    Glabrous  and  glaucous;  lvs.  clasping,  cut- 

dentate  ;  caps,  globous.   ®  with  large  white  or  purplish  flowers,  often  double.    1^— 3f. 
Extensively  cultivated  for  opium.    June,  July.    §. 

2  P.  DdBiUM  L.    St.  hispid  with  spreading  hairs  ;  lvs.  pinnately-parted  :  segm.  incised: 

sep.  hairy ;    caps,  club-shaped.    (1)  Fields.    2f.    Slender.    Fls.  light  red  or  scarlet. 
June,  July.    §. 

3  P.  RH.EAS  L.    St.  many-flowered,  hairy ;   lvs.  incisely  pinnatifid ;  caps,  globous.    (£ 

Fls.  very  largo,  deep  scarlet,  more  or  less  double.    June,  July. 

4  P.  ORiENTALE  L.  St.  1-flowered,  rough ;  lvs.  scabrous,  pinnate,  serrate ;  caps,  smooth. 

%  Levant.  3f.  Fls.  very  large,  scarlet,  too  brilliant  to  be  looked  upon  in  the  sun.  June. 

7.  ESOHSOHOLTZIA,  Cham.  (Named  for  Eschscholtz,  a  German 
botanist  well  known  for  his  researches  in  California.)  Sep.  2,  cohering, 
caducous.  Pet.  4.  Stam.  00,  adhering  to  the  claws  of  the  petals.  Stig. 
sessile.  Caps,  pod-shaped,  cylindric,  10-striate,  many-seeded,  (i)  Lvs. 
finely  pinnatifid,  glaucous.  The  juice,  which  is  colorless,  exhales  the  odor 
of  hydrochloric  acid. 

1  E.  DouGLAsii  Hook.    St.  branching,  leafy;   torus  obconic;   cal.  ovoid,  with  a  very 

short,  abrupt  acumination  ;  pet.  bright  yellow,  with  an  orange  spot  at  base.  Cal.  Oreg. 
Foliage  smooth,  abundant,  and  rich.    Fls.  2'— 3'  broad. 

2  E.  Californica  Hook.    St.  branching,  leafy ;  torus  funnel-form,  with  a  much-dilated 

limb:  cal.  conic,  with  a  long  acumination  ;  flowers  orangc-yeUow.    Cal. 

8.  BOOOONIA,  Plum.  Sep.  2,  colored.  Pet.  0.  Sty.  bifid.  Caps.  2- 
valved,  l--3-seeded.   U  Cult,  for  the  handsome  glaucous  lvs.  Fls.  in  panicles. 

1  B.  CORDATA.    Lvs.  roundish,  cordate,  maiiy-lobed,  veiny ;  flowers  white  or  yellowish, 

numerous  in  the  ample  pyramidal  panicle,  in  Summer.    From  China.    Hardy. 

2  B.  FRUTEscENs.    Lvs.  obloiig,  Uirije,  sinuatc-lobed,  splendid;  fls.  iu  Spr.  uh.  \V  ^i  * 


Order  10.— FUMARIACE^.  33 

Ord-ir  X.    FUMARIACE^.    Fumeworts. 

nerbs  smooth  and  delicate,  with  a  watery  juice.  Leaves  exstipulate,  alter- 
nate, many-cleft.  Flowers  irregular.  Sepals  2,  very  small.  Petals  4,  par- 
allel, one  or  both  of  the  outer  saccate,  2  inner  cohering  at  apex.  Stamens 
tJ,  diadelphous.  Anthers,  2  outer  1-celled,  middle  2-celled.  Ovaries  supe- 
rioi',  1-ceiled.  Frmt  a  nut  1-2-seeded,  or  a  capsule  oo-seeded.  Seedt 
shining,  arilled.     Albuynenfieshy.    Illust.  61,  253-4. 

*  Corolla  equally  2  spr  red  or  2-saccate  at  base,     (a) 

•  Coiolla  unequal,  only  1  of  the  petals  spurred.     (6) 

a  Petals  slightly  united  or  distinct,  mostly  deciduous.    Not  cliuibing Dicentra.  1 

a  i'etals  firmly  unued,  persistent.     Plants  climbing Adlumia.  2 

h  Ovary  with  several  seeds,  forminj;  a  slender  pod Corydalis.  3 

h  Ovary  with  '  seed,  forming  a  globular  nut Fumaria.  4 

1.  DIOENTRA,  Borkh.  Ear-drop.  Sep.  2,  veiy  small,  sometimes 
disappearing.  The  2  outer  petals  alike,  saccate  at  base,  with  spreading 
tips ;  the  2  inner  alike,  spoon-shaped,  crested,  meeting  face  to  face  over 
the  stam.  and  pistil.  Fil.  flat,  in  2  sets,  united  at  top.  Stig.  2-crested.  Pod 
many-seeded,  if  I  vs.  temately  divided  or  cleft.  Fls.  racemed,  nodding. 
Delicate  and  beautiful  plants.    Figs.  61,  252-4. 

*  Herb?  native,  acaulc^ent,  the  sepals  small  but  manifest No8.  1,  2,  3 

*  Herbs  exotic,  caulescent,  the  sepals  obsolete  or  wanting No.  4 

1  D.  ciicullaria  DC.     Whiie  Ear-drop.    Root  bulb-like ;  spurs  of  the  fls.  divergent, 

acute,  straight ;  flower  nearly  as  broad  as  long.  Woods,  Can.  to  Ky.  6—10'.  Lvs.  all 
radical  of  numerous  oblong  linear  segm.  The  bulb  consists  of  reddish,  scale-like 
tubers.  Apr.  May. 
*Z  D.  Canadensis  DC.  Squirrel-corn.  Root  bearing  yellow  tubers  as  large  as  peas  ; 
rac.  simple  ;  fls.  wLite,  cordate-ovate  ;  spurs  rounded,  incurved.  Rocky  woods.  Can. 
to  Ky.    6— 8^    Lvs.  as  in  No.  1.    Fls.  fragrant.    May,  June. 

3  D.  eximla  DC.     Vurple  E.    Rhizome  scaly ;   rac.  paniculate ;  fls.  cordate-oblong, 

rose-purple,  spurs  blunt,  incurved  ;  sep.  ovate,  acute ;  lvs.  triteruate,  segm.  cut  into 
oblong,  acute  lobes     N.  Y.  to  Oreg.  !    10—15'.    Fls.  all  summer,  t 

4  D,  spECTABiLia.    Bleeding  Heart.    Stems  recurved,  branched ;  lvs.  bitemate,  segm. 

2  or  3-lobed  ;  fls.  in  spreading  racemes,  bright  purple  ;  cor.  broad,  heart-shaped  ;  sep. 
obsolete.    China.     v'"ery  fine  and  showy. 

2.  ADLUMIA,  Raf.    Mountain  Fringe.    Sepals  2,  minute.   Petals  4, 

united  into  a  cellular,  monopetalous  corolla,  persistent,  bi-gibbous  at  base, 
4-lobed  at  apex.   St^tm.  united  in  2  equal  sets.   Pod  2-valved,  many-seedeil. 
@  ^  Delicate,  with  tripinnate  leaves,  and  ample  pendulous  cymes. 
A»  cirrliosa  Raf.— Kocky  hills,  Can.  to  N.  Car.   20f.    The  leaf-stalks  serve  for  tendrils. 
Leaflets  3-lobed.    Flowers  pinkish  white.    June— Aug. 

3.  CORYDALIS,  DC.  Sepals  2,  small.  Petals  4.  C«r«lla  with  a 
single  spur  at  base  i-n  the  upper  side.  Capsule  silique-form,  many-seeded. 
Seeds  crested  or  arilled.  Herbs  caulescent,  with  multifid  leaves.  Racemes 
bracted,  with  ebracteolate  pedicels. 

1  C.  elauca  Ph.  Glaucous,  erect ;  fls.  red,  yellow  at  the  tip  ;  pods  erect;  lobes  of  the 
leaflets  obtuse,  bracts  minute.  @  Rocky  woods,  Can.  to  N.  Car.  1 — 4f.  Raceme  ter» 
minal.    Flowers  horizontal,  spur  short,  blunt.    May,  June. 


34  Order  Il.-CRUCIFEILE. 

2  C.  aurea  Willd.    Low,  diffuse,  finally  ascending ;  leaf-lobes  acute  ;  rac.  opposite  the 

Ivs.  and  terminal ;  fls.  secund,  bright  yellow,  spur  deflected ;  pods  pendulous,  toru- 
loup ;  seeds  turgid,  polished.  (T)  Rocky  shades.  8—12'.  Cor.  6".  Bracts  lance- 
ovate.    Apr.— July. 

/3.  macrantha,  Fls.  10^',  spur  nearly  as  long  as  limb  ;  bracts  and  leaf-lobes  linear. 
Dakota ;  sent  by  Dr.  W.  Matthews. 

y.  fldvuta,    Fls.  3 — 4",  pale  yellow,  spur  very  short,  petals  pointed.    Common. 

3  C,  montana  Engelm.  ?    Ascending ;  rac.  terminal ;  leaf-lobes  obtuse,  bracts  lance- 

oiat/i ;  (;or.  yellow,  spur  ascending,  nearly  as  long  as  linb,  lower  petal  at  length  i>*"u- 
dent ;  pods  erect ;  seeds  lenticular.    La.  Tex.  I 

4.  FUmArIA,  L.  FuiHTORY.  (Lat.  fumus,  smoke ;  from  its  disa- 
greeable odor.)  Sep.  2,  caducous.  Pet.  4,  unequal,  1  of  them  spurred  at 
the  base.  Nut  ovoid  or  globous,  1-seeded,  and  indehiscent.  Lvs.  cau- 
line,  finely  dissected. 

F.  officinalis  L.  Diffusely  branched,  erect ;  lvs.  bipinnate ;  rac.  loose ;  fls.  minute, 
purple  at  the  tip ;  calyx  serrated ;  ped.  erect,  twice  longer  than  In-act ;  nut  round- 
retuse.    (D  Waste  grounds,  §.    If.    July,  Aug. 


Order  XI.    CRUCIFER^.    Crucifers. 

Herbs  with  a  pungent,  wateiy  juice,  and  alternate,  exstipulate  leaves, 
with  flowers  cruc-iform,  tetradynamous,  generally  in  racemes,  and  bractless. 
Sepals  4,  deciduous.  Petals  4,  hypogynous,  with  long  claws  and  spreading 
limbs.  Stamens  6,  the  2  outer  opposite  ones  shorter  than  the  4  interior. 
Ovary  2-carpelled,  2-celled  by  a  false  partition,  with  parietal  placentae. 
Fimit  a  silique,  or  silicle,  usually  2-celled.  Stigmas  2,  sessile.  Seeds  2-rowed 
in  each  cell,  but  often  so  intercalated  as  to  form  but  1  row.  Embryo  with 
the  2  cotyledons  variously  folded  on  the  rp,dicle.  Albumen  0.  Illust.  55, 
104,  192,  193,  239,  336,  429,  506. 

1  2  3        A  large  and  important  Order,  difficult  ot 

gT^      ^/j«^^*N»_  analysis.      The  Genera  cannot  be  well 

%^l  r^^^^^'^7  (<^^^  distinguished  by  their  flowers,  so  nearly 
\/        V^___;;i^f^         ^te/     alike  are  they  in  all.     Their  characters 

||o  =-o  ((o       are  taken  from  the  fruit  and  seeds.  Hence 

it  is  indispensable  that  specimens  for  analysis  should  be  in  fruit  as  w^ell  as 
in  flower.  DeCandolle  arranged  the  Genera  into  Tribes  according  to  the 
folding  of  the  cotyledons  upon  the  radicle.  Tliis  occurs  in  three  dilFerenl 
modes,  as  follows : 

Cotyledons  incumbent,  when  they  are  so  oent  or  folded  as  to  apply  the 
back  of  one  of  them  to  the  radicle,  as  m  ine  seed  of  Capsella,  fig.  1. 

Cotyledons  accumbent  when  they  are  so  turned  as  to  apply  their  edges 
to  the  radicle,  as  seen  11  ;he  seed  of  Arabis  Canadensis,  fig.  2. 

Cotyledons  conduplicate,  when  thev  are  not  only  ineiombent,  as  in  the 
first  case,  but  also  folded  on  and  partly  embracing  the  radicle,  as  in  Mus- 
tard, fio:.  a 


Order  11.— CRUCIFER^.  8C 

111  tlic  f<jllowing  table  we  endeavor  to  combine  with  the  systemat*-, 
arrangement  of  DeCandolle  a  more  practical  artificial  method  : 

*  Crucifers  native,  or  cultivated  for  food.    (§) 

•  Crucifers  exotic,  cultivated  for  ornament  or  art.    (§  §) 
§  Fruit  a  long  pod,  silique  (§  166),  opening  by  2  valves,    (a) 

§  Fnjit  a  short  pod,  silicle  (§  166),  opening  by  2  valves,     (e) 

§  Fruit  a  jointed  pod,  loment,  partitioned  across Nos.  28,  2{i 

a  Flowers  cyanic. — b  Seeds  arranged  in  a  double  row  in  each  cell Nos.  1,2 

— h  Seeds  in  1  row. — e  Pods  sessile  on  the  torus Nos.  3,  4,  5 

— n  Pods  on  a  slender  stipe No.  12 

a  Flowers  yellow. — d  Seeds  flat,  wing-margined No.  6 

—d  Seeds  ovate  or  oblong Nos.  9,  10,  11 

— d  Seeds  globular No.  15 

e  P'lowers  bright  yellow.     Silicle  turgid,  or  slightly  flattened Nos.  1,  20,  21 

e  Flowers  cyanic.—/  Silicle  turgid,  with  a  broad  partition Nos.  19,  22 

— /  Silicle  flattened  parallel  with  abroad  partition Nos.  16,  18 

— f'  Silicle  flattened  contrary  to  the  narrow  partition Nos.  24,  26 

§  §  Fruit  a  silique  or  long  pod,  opening  by  2  valves Nos.  7,  8,  13,  14 

S  §  Fruit  a  silicle— <7  with  1  seed  only,  and  indehiscent No.  27 

—<f  with  2  or  more  seeds.— »;  Petals  all  equal Nos.  16,  17 

— h  Petals  unequal No.  29 

Tribe  I.    ARABIDE^.— Pods  mostly  elongated.    Seed  oval  or  orbicular,  more  ar  less  flattened.    Co- 
tyledons accumbent  (=e). 

1  Seeds  small,  turgid,  in  a  turgid,  oblong  or  oval  pod Nasturtium. 

2  Seeds  flattened,  in  a  long,  linear  pod.     Plants  very  erect Turritis. 

3  Silique  linear,  seeds  in  1  row,  not  bordered.     Purple Iodanthus. 

4  Silique  linear,  each  valve  with  1  central  vein,  not  opening  elastically Arabis. 

6  Silique  linear  or  lanceolate,  valves  veinless,  opening  elastically Cardamine. 

6  Silique  oblong,  flattened,  seeds  wing-margined.    Leaves  radical Leavenworthia 

7  Silique  long,  OO-seeded.    Stigmas  distinct,  2-horned Matthiola. 

8  Silique  long,  OO-seeded.    Stigmas  capitate.    Leaves  entire.    Flowers  yellow.. Cheiranthus. 

9  Silique  4-angled,  2-edged,  rigid.    Leaves  lyrate-pinnatifid Barbarea. 

Tribe  II.     SISYMBRIE^.— Pod  elongated.     Seeds  oblong.    Cotyledons  incumbent  (lo),  oblong. 

10  Calyx  erect.     Pods  4-sided,  valves  strongly  1-veined      Leaves  lanceolate .Erysimum. 

11  Calyx  half  spreading.    Pods  subterete.    Leaves  dissected  or  incised Sisymbrium. 

12  Very  smooth  herbs,  with  the  white  flowers  in  corymbs.     South  Warea." 

13  Stigma  of  2  converging  lobes.    Petals  entire,  oblique.     Leaves  lanceolate Hesperis. 

14  Stigma  lobes  connate.     Petals  pinnatifid,  involute  in  aestivation Schizopetalow 

Tribk  III.     BRASSICEiE.— Pods  elongated.    Seeds  globular,  ((o. 

15  Pod  terete  or  4-sided BrassiCA. 

Tribe  IV.    ALYSSINE.E.— Fruit  short,  septum  broad.    Seeds  in  2  rows.    Cotyledons  —  o , 

16  Silicle  mostly  orbicular,  flattened.    Cells  1-4  seeded Alyssum. 

17  Silicle  very  large,  orbicular-oval,  very  flat,  stipitate.     Cultivated Lunaria. 

18  Silicle  oblong  or  elliptical.     Seeds  OO,  not  margined.     Pet.  entire  or  2-cleft Draba. 

19  Silicle  globular  or  ellipsoid.    Seeds  few.     Flowers  white Armoracia. 

30  Silicle  globular,  inflated,  thin,  veinless.    Flowers  yellow Vbsicaria. 

Trjibe  V.    CAMELINEiE. — Pods  mostly  short.     Septum  broad.     Cotyledons  J  o. 

21  Silicle  obovoid,  with  ventricous  valves,  many  seeds.     Flowers  yellow C  imelina. 

32  Silicle  oval,  turgid,  few-seeded.    Leaves  linear,  radical.     Flowers  white Subularia. 

Tribk  VI.  THLASPIDE^E.—Pous  snort,  septum  narrow  Cotyledons  accumbent.  (23).. Iberis. 
Ikibe  VII.    LEPIDINEjE.— Pods  short,  septum  narrow.    Cotyledons  incumbent. 

24  Silicle  triangular,  many-seeded.     Flowers  white Capsrlla. 

25  Silicle  oval-orbicular,  2-seeded.     Flowers  white,  often  incomplete Lepidium. 

26  Silicle  didymous,  each  half  1-seeded.     Flowers  minute Senebiera. 

Tribe  VIII.     ISATIDE^.— Silicle  short,  1-celled,  1-seeded,  indehiscent.  (27)  Cult...   Isatu. 
Tribe  IX.   CAKALINE^.— Pod  2-)ointed.  Cotyls.  —  o,  (28)  Fleshy  sea-side  herbs... Cakilr. 
Tkibk  X.     RAPHANE.1?.— Pod  moniliforni.   Cotyledons  ((o.   (29)    Leaves  lyrate Raphanus. 


36  OuuEK  11.  -CRUCIFER^. 

1.  NASTIJrTIUM,  R.  Br.  Water-ckess.  (Lat.  na.vis  tortus,  uose 
(oituied ;  alluding  to  the  pungent  qualities.)  Sep.  spreading.  Siliquea 
subterete,  turgid,  generally  curved  upward,  often  shortened  to  a  silicic, 
valves  veinlcss.  Seeds  small,  oo,  turgid,  generally  arranged  in  a  double 
row  in  each  cell  (==  o ).     ^  with  pinnate  or  pinnatifid  leaves. 

*  Petals  white.    Siliques  rather  long  (10— 12'0 No.  1 

*  Petals  j'ellow,  minute.  Siliques  shortened  (4 — S'O,  but  longer  than  the  pedicels,  (a) 

*  Petals  yellow.    Siliques  or  silicles  (1— 6'0i  shorter  than  the  pedicels.   (&) 

'h  Leaves  pinnate  or  piunatifld.    Diffusely  branched Nos.  2,  3 

a  Leaves  lyrate,  or  merely  toothed.    Stems  erect Nos.  4,  5 

b  Petals  not  longer  than  the  calyx,  obscure Nos.  6,  7 

b  Petals  longer  than  the  calyx,  bright  yelow,  the  flowers  showy Nos.  8,  9 

1  N,  ofiiclii«,Ic  R.  Br.    English  W.    Lvg.  pinnate,  Ifts.  ovate,  subcordate,  repand ; 

•rials  white,  longer  than  the  calyx.    7i  Springs,  &c.    May,  June.    %X 

2  S,  tanacetifoliunt  Hook.    Upper  leaf-segm.  confluent,  lower  distinct,  oblong,  or 

roundish,  sinuate- toothed,  teeth  obtuse ;    pods  4 — b ',  ped.  i  a-s  long.     (2)   South. 
/3.  obtuHum,    Lfts.  mostly  distinct,  obtuse,  oval.    Pods  shorter  (.3— .5'0-  Miss.  R. 

3  N,  Walter!  Wood.    Segments  of  the  leaves  all  distinct,  narrow,  with  a  few  linear, 

acute  lobes  or  teeth  ;  pods  linear  (5'0,  ped.  2—3".    %  South.    3— 5^    March.  April. 

4  N,  lIinoi>$utn  N.    Lvs.  lanceolate,  toothed,  the  lower  lyrate ;  pods  elliptic-obloiig, 

:^— 4",  ped.  much  shorter.    (2)  Rivers,  La.    10—15'.    Fls.  minute.    Too  near  the  next. 

5  1\.  sessilifloruni  N.     Lvs.  wedge-obovate,  repandly-toothed  or  subentire ;    pods 

linear-oblong,  5—6",  subsessile.  (2)  Miss.  Riv.   Stem  erect.  Fls.  minute.  Apr.— June. 

6  N,  palustre  DC.   Marsh  Cress.  Glabrous;  lvs.  pinnately  lobed,  amplexicaul,  lobes 

confluent,  dentate  ;  rt.  fusifonn  ;  pet.  as  long  as  the  sepals  ;  silicle  spreading,  turgid, 
twice  longer  than  wide,    n  Wet  places.    1— 2f.    Pod  W.    June— Aug. 

7  N.  liispidum  DC.    Villous:  lvs.  runciuate-piunatifid,  lobes  obtusely  dentate ;  sili- 

cles tumid,  ovoid,  or  globular,  the  pedicels  longer,  ascending;  pet.  scarcely  as  long  as 
the  calyx.    (2)  Streams,    1— 3f.    Pod  V.    Ped.  2—3".    June— Aug. 

8  N.  sylvestre  R.  Br.    Wood  Cress.    Lvs.  pinnately  divided,  segm.  serrate  or  incised  ; 

pods  linear,  style  very  short.     U  Meadows,  Ms.  to  Pa.    Rare.    June,  July.    § 

9  N.  sinuaitum   Nutt.    Lvs.    pinnatifid,    segm.  lance-oblong,  nearly  entire;    pods 

oblong,  acute,  with  a  slender  style,    u  Rivers,  St.  Louis  to  Oreg.    June. 

2.  TURRITIS,  Dill.  Tower  Mustard.  (Lat.  iurris,  a  tower;  from 
the  strict  form  of  the  plants.)  Sep.  erect,  converging.  Seeds  flattened, 
minute,  in  2  rows  in  each  cell  of  the  long,  narrowly-linear  2-edged  silique ; 
valves  plane,  1-veined.  Embryo  =  c .  Glabrous  and  strictly  erect,  stem- 
leaves  sagittate-clasping.    (Runs  into  Arabis.) 

1  T.  glabra  L.    Fls    cream-white,  erect;  silique  long  (.30,  strictly  erect;  stem  lvs. 

ovate-lanceolate.    (1)  Can.,  to  Pa. (Porter.)    2— 3f.    Glaucous.    Lvs.  entire.    July. 

2  T.  stricta  Graham.    Fls.  rose-white,  erect;  silique  long  (30,  erect,  finally  ascending 

or  spreaduig ;  stem  lvs.  linear-lanceolate.    (2)  Rocks,  N.  Y.  (rare)  to  Oreg.  1— 2f.  May. 
/3.  bracliycdrpa,    Fls.  and  siliques  spreading,  the  latter  shorter  (10-  Westward. 

3.  lODANTHUS,  T.  &  G.  False  Rocket.  {loodrj^,  violet^colored, 
a^So?,  flower.)  Calyx  closed,  shorter  than  the  claws  of  the  petals.  Si- 
lique linear,  terete,  veiuless.  Seeds  arranged  in  a  single  row  in  each  cell 
(=  c ).  U  Glabrous,  with  violet-purple  flowers  in  panicled  racemes. 
Leaves  lanceolate. 

I.  liesperioides  Torr  &  Gr.    Penn.  to  HI.  and  Ark.    2— 3f.    Lvs.  serrate  or  the  lowei 
pinnatifid-lyrate.    Pods  15— 20",  spreading.    May,  June.    (Arabis,  Gr.) 


Order  ll.-CRUCIFER.E.  37 

4.  ARABIS,  L.  Rock-cress.  Sepals  mostly  erect ;  silique  linear,  com- 
pressed ;  valves  plane,  each  with  1  or  3  longitudinal  veins,  seeds  in  a  sin- 
gle row  in  each  cell,  mostly  margined,  cotyledons  accumbent  or  oblique. 
Flowers  white.    Figs.  336,  506. 

♦  Loaves  (all  or  at  least  the  radical)  pinnatifld.    Stems  clustered No3.  J ,  2,  3 

*  Leave"*  all  undivided,  toothed  or  entire,  often  clasping.. (a)    {Exotic.    No.  10.) 

a  Siliques  short  (6— 12")  and  straij^ht.    Sds.  not  winged.    Stems  clustered.  .Nob.  4,  t 
a  Siliques  longer  (1—2').  straight  or  curved.   Sds.  not  winged.   St.  simple.. Nos.  6.  7 

a  Siliques  .ong  ,3'),  curved,  pendent.    Seeds  winged Nog  8,  9 

I  A.  liUdovlciana  Mej'er.  All  the  leaves  pinnatifld  or  pinnate,  emoothish ;  stems 
branched  at  base  ;  siliques  ascending  ;  seeds  bordered,    (i)  South.    6 — 10'.    March. 

3  A.  lyrata  L.   Upper  leaves  smooth,  linear,  entire ;  radicalleaves  lyrately  pinnatifld. 

often  pilous  ;  st.  branched  at  base  ;  pedicels  spreading ;  siliques  erect,  peeds  not  bor- 
dered, obliquely  ■=  o .  (2)  Hills,  Can.  to  Va.  6—12'.  Pods  1^—2'.  Pet.  3"  long.  Apr.,  May. 
8  A.  petrsea  Lam.  Upper  leaves  linear,  entire,  minute,  radical  pinnatifld,  very  small ; 
stems  clustered  ;  pods  ascending  (1— U') :  seeds  bordered,  —  o .  -ii  Rocks  (Green- 
wich), Ct.,  Vt.,  O.,  Mich.    G— 12'.     Flowers  white  or  roseate.    June. 

4  A.  Thallaiia  L.    St.  clustered,  erect ;  Ivs.  pilous,  oblong,  nearly  entire  ;  pet.  twice 

longer  than  calyx  ;  pcds  erect,  squarish  (9") ;  seeds  obliquely  i  o .  (2)  Fields,  V't.  to  111. 
and  Car.  (Wayne  Co.,  N.  Y.  Ilankenson.)  4-12'.  Fls.  small.  May.  (Sisymbrium,  Gay.)  § 

5  A.  deiitata  T.  &  G.    Stems  clustered,  diff"use  ;  Ivs.  oblong,  sharply  toothed  ;  petals 

hardly  longer  than  the  calyx  ;  pods  spreading.    (1)  N.  Y.  to  Mo.   If.    Fls.  small.  May. 

6  A.  patens  SuU.     Erect,  pubescent ;  cauline  leaves  coarsely  toothed  ;  siliques  spread- 

ing and  curved  upward,  beaked  with  a  distinct  style,    (a)  O.  to  Tenn.    1— 2f.    May. 

7  A.  hirsuta  Scop.    Erect,  hirsute ;  radical  leaves  oblong-ovate,  cauline  lanceolate, 

sagittate-clasping,  entire  or  toothed  ;  siliques  straight,  erect ;  style  none.    (2)  Can.  to 
Va.,  and  W.    1— 2f.    June. 

8  A.  laevigata  DC.    Tall,  glaucous,  smooth  ;  stem  leaves  linear-lanceoiate  and  linear, 

sagittate-clasping,  the  upper  entire :  siliques  very  long,  linear,  at  length  spreading 
and  pendulous.    (2)  Can.  to  Tenn.,  and  W.    2f.    Pod  3'.    May. 
/3.  minor  (Porter).   Plant  smaller,  10—15',  with  the  Ivs.  sessile— not  clasping.  Penn. 

9  A.  Canadensis  L.    Sickle-pod.    Tall,  pubescent;  stem  leaves  lanceolate,  pointed 

both  ways,  sessile ;  silique  subfalcate,  veined,  pendulous.    (2)  Rocky  hills.    2 — 3f. 
Petals  small,  but  twice  longer  than  sepals.     Pods  3'.    May,  June. 

10  A.  ALPiNA.  Erect,  8— >2',  hoary  with  stellate  hairs  ;  Ivs.  oblong,  with  slender  teeth, 
clasping :  fls.  showy,  pure  wh.,  in  many  little  long-stalked  corymbs.  Alps.  Mar.— May. 

5.  CARDAMINE,  L.  Bitter  Cress,  Calyx  a  little  spreading.  Sil- 
ique linear  or  lanceolate,  with  flat.,  veinless  valves  narrower  than  the  dis- 
sepiment, and  often  opening  elastically  from  the  base.  Stigma  entire. 
Seeds  not  margined,  =  o .    Flowers  w4iite  or  pui-ple. 

%  Dent-Iria.  Pod  lance-linear.  Rhizome  thickish,  knotted.  Stem  with  2  or  3  palmated 
leaves  near  the  middle.    Flowers  large,  corymbed. .  .(*) 

*  Leaves  of  the  stem  subopposite  or  subverticillate Nos.  1,  2.  3 

*  Leaves  of  the  stem  alternate Nos.  4,  5 

I  Cardamine.    Pod  linear.    Root  tuberous  or  flbrous.    Leaves  alternate.,. ^+) 

t  Leaves  pinnate,  with  many  leaflets Nos.  6,  T 

t  Leaves  simple  or  partly  ternate. . .  (a) 

a  Siliques  pointed  with  a  slender  style.     In  low,  wet  grounds Nos.  8,  9 

a  Siliques  tipped  with  the  sessile  stigma.     In  high  mountains Nos.  10,  1 1 

1  C  dlpliylla.  Stem  2-leaved  ;  leaflets  subovate  ;  rhizome  continuous,  toothed. 
■U  Damp  wood?.  Can.  to  Car.  If.  Leaves  3-parted,  nearly  opposite.  Root-stock 
pungent,  aromatic.     May. 


38  Order  11.— CRUCIFER.E. 

2  C.  laciiii&ta.    Cauline  Ivs.  3,  3-parted,  the  divisicKis  lanceolate  or  linear-oblong 

obtuse,  lobed,  toothed  or  entire  ;  rhizome  moniliform.    u  Woods.    If.    Apr.  May. 

3  C.  multifida.    Cauline  Ivs.  mostly  3.  and  verticillate,  rarely  2,  multifid  with  na- 

merous  linear  lobes  ;  rhizome  tuberous,    u  Woods,  N.  Car.  to  Ala.    Rare.    9'. 

4  C.  maxima.    Stem  about  3-leaved  (2  to  7) ;  Ifts.  3,  ovate,  toothed  or  cleft ;  rhizome 

moniliform,  the  tubers  toothed.     U  N.  Y.  and  Penn.     Rare.     1— 2f.    May. 

5  C.  lieteropli^lla.    Stem  about  2-leaved  (2  or  3),  leaflets  3.  lanceolate  and  nearly 

entire ;  root-lvs.  of  3  ovate-oblong,  toothed,  and  cut-lobed  leaflets  ;  rhizome  monili- 
form, scarcely  toothed.    U  Penn.  Va.  Ky.    6'.    Flowers  purple.    June. 
C  i\  lilrstita  L.    Stem  (hirsute  in  Europe)  glabrous,  erect;  leaves  pinnately  5-11- 
foliate,  terminal  leaflet  largest ;  flowers  (white)  small,  silique  erect,  linear  or  filiform ; 
stigma  minute,  sessile.    (2)  Wet.    Variable.    Stem  3— 12',  slender  or  thick.    Leaflets 
obtuse.    Pod  V.    March— June. 
/3.  aylvatica.     Slender  and  delicate ;  leaflets  1  or  2-toothed ;    pods  filiform,  in- 
curved.   Grows  in  dryer  places.    6'.    (C.  Virginica  Mx.) 

7  C.  prat^nsis  L.     Cuclcoo  Flower.    Stem  ascending,  simple  ;  leaves  pinnately  7-15- 

foliate  ;  leaflets  petlolate,  subentire,  lower  ones  suborbicular,  upper  linear-lanceolate  : 
style  distinct.     U  Swamps,  N.  Y.  to  Arc.  Am.    10— 16^    Flowers  large.    Apr.  May. 

8  C.  rliomboidea  DC.    Stems  simple,  erect  or  ascending,  tuberiferous  at  base; 

siliques  linear-lanceolate  ;  rt.  Ivs.  roundish,  entire,  st.  Ivs.  rhomboidal.  "U  May.  8— 14^ 
/3.  purpurea.    Slender,  erect,  few-leaved  and  purple-flowered.     N.  Y.,  O.,  Wise. 

9  C  rotundifolta  Mx.    Stems  decumbent,  branching,  finally  stoloniferous ;  leaves 

all  petiolate :  pod  linear-subulate ;  rt.  fibrous.  11  Cool  springs.  Pa.  to  Car.  1— 2f.  May,  Jo. 

IOC  belHdifolia  L.  Leaves  smooth,  orbicular-ovate,  nearly  entire,  petiolate  ;  cau- 
line entire  or  3-lobed ;  siliques  erect,    n  White  Mts.  &c.    U— 3^    July, 

lie.  spatiilata  Mx.  Lvs.  hirsute,  the  radical  spatulate,  petiolate  ;  cauline  sessile, 
siliques  spreading.    (1)  Mts.  of  Car.  and  Ga.    Trailing.    6—8'.    April. 

6.  LEAVENWORTHIA,  Torr.  (Named  for  Dr.  Leavenworth,  the 
discoverer.)  Petals  cuneate,  retuse,  or  truncate.  Silique  flat,  oblong, 
valves  indistinctly  veined.  Seeds  in  a  single  row,  flattened,  wing-mar- 
gined. Embryo  nearly  straight,  curving  toward  an  accumbent  form.  (2) 
Low,  smooth  herbs  with  lyrate-pinnatifid  leaves.     Pet.  yellow  at  base. 

li.  MIcliauxll  (and  aurea)  Torr. —Rocks,Ky.toTex.  2—6'.  Lvs.  mostly  radical.  Fla.l-  4. 

7.  MATTHIOIiA,  R.  Br.  Stock.  (In  honor  of  P.  A.  MatthioU,  phy 
sician  to  Ferdinand  of  Austria,  and  botanic  author.)  Calyx  closed,  2  of 
the  sepals  gibbous  at  base.  Siliques  terete  ;  stigmas  connivant,  thickened 
or  cornute  at  the  back.  Herbaceous  or  shrubb}^  oriental  plants,  clothed 
with  a  hoaiy,  stellate  pubescence, 

1  M.  INCANA.     Common  Stock.    Brompton  S.    July-flower.    Erect,  branching  from  the 

woody  base  ;  lvs.  lanceolate,  entire,   (2)  it  Eur.    2f.    Fls.  often  double,  white,  purple. 

2  M.  ANNUA.     Ten-weeks  Stock.    Erect,  branched ;  lvs.  lanceolate,  obtuse,  toothed.    (I) 

S.  Eur.    2f.    Flowers  infinitely  various,  mostly  double.    June— Nov, 

8.  OHEIRANTHUS,  L.  Wall-flower.  {Xeip,  the  hand,  av^oiy 
flower.)  Calyx  closed,  2  of  the  sepals  gibbous  at  base.  Silique  terete  or 
compressed.  Stigma  2-lobed  or  capitate.  Seeds  flat,  in  a  single  series, 
often  margined.  (=  o ).  Garden  perennials,  mostly  European.  Leaves  un- 
divided.   Fig,  55, 

C.  Cheiri.    St.  somewhat  shrubby  and  decumbent  at  bage ;  lvs.  lanceolate,  glabrous 
pet.  obovate.  long-clawed,  yellow ;  stig.  capitate.     11  S.  Eur.    2f.    June. 


Ordeu  11.— CKUCIFER.E.  o9 

9.  BARbArEA,  E.  Br.  Winter-cress.  (Dedicated  to  Sta.  Barbara) 
Bepals  erect.  Siliques  columnar,  2  or  4-angled,  valves  carinate  with  a  mid- 
vein.    Seeds  in  a  single  row  (==■  o ).    Leaves  lyrate-pinnatifid.    Fls.  yellow. 

1  B.  -vulgaris  R.  Br.    Upper  Ivs.  toothed  or  pinnatifid  at  base ;  siliqnes  obtnsely  4- 

angled,  pointed  with  the  style.    @  Brooksides ;   common.    1— 2f.    Racemes  dense, 
Fhowy-panicled.    Pod  O'-'.    May,  June. 

2  B.  precox  R.  Br.    Scurvy-grass.    U^pper  Ivs.  pinnatifid,  with  the  lobes  all  linear 

oblong  :  silique  2-edged.    %  %  t  South.    Pod  2—3'.    May,  June. 

10.  ERYSIMUM,  L.  False  Wall-flower.  {'Epvoo,  to  cure  ;  from 
its  salutary  medicinal  properties.)  Calyx  closed.  Siliques  columnar,  4- 
sided,  valves  with  a  strong  mid-vein.  Stigma  capitate.  Seeds  in  a  single 
series.     Cotyledons  oblong,  ||  o .    Lvs.  narrow,  undivided.    Fls.  yellow. 

1  E.  clieirantlioides  L.    Pubescence  minute,  appressed,   branched :  lvs.  lanceo- 

late, denticulate,  or  entire :  fls.  small ;  siliques  short  (8— KKOi  on  slender,  spreading 
pedicels  ;  stig.  small,  nearly  sessile.    (T)  Wet  grounds.    1— 2f.    Rac.  long.    July. 

2  E.  Arkaiisanum  N.     Yellow  Phlox.     Simple,  scabrous ;    lvs.  linear-laiiceolate, 

remotely  dentate;    rac.  corymbed  at  top;  pod  long  (30,  erect;  stig.  capitate,    (g) 
Bluffs,  O.  to  Ark.    2— 3f.    Flowers  large,  orange-yellow.    June,  July. 

3  E.  orlentale  R.  Br.    Glabrous  and  glaucous ;   radical  lvs.  obovate,  stem  lvs.  cor- 

date-clasping, obtuse,  entire ;  fls.  white.    (T)  Near  Phila  (A.  H.  Smith).    §  Enr. 

11.  SISYMBRIUM,  Allioni.  (An  ancient  Greek  name.)  Calyx  half- 
spreading,  equal  at  base.  Petals  unguiculate,  entire.  Silique  subterete, 
valves  concave,  marked  lengthwise  with  1 — 3  veins.  Style  veiy  short 
Seeds  in  a  single  series,  ovoid,  |  o .    Flowere  small,  yellow. 

1  S.  officinale  Scop.    Hedge  Mustard.    Leaves  nmcinate ;  racemes  slender,  virgato ; 

siliques  subulate,  erect,  closely  appressed  to  the  rachis.    (T)  A  common  weed,  with 
branches  at  right  angles.    1— 3f.    June— Sept.    § 

2  S.  Sophia  L.    Flixweed.    Lvs.  bipinnatifld,  lobes  linear-oblong,  acnte  ;  sep.  longer 

than  pet. ;  pod  Ihiear,  erect,  longer  than  the  spreading  pedicel.    (J)  N.  Y.  Can.  § 

3  S.  canesceiis  Nutt.     Tansey  Mustard.    Lvs.  bipinnatifld,  canescent,  lobes  oblong, 

subdentate,  obtuse ;  pet.  about  equalling  the  calyx ;  pod  oblong-linear,  3—6",  ascend- 
ing, shorter  (or  never  longer)  than  the  spreading  pedicel.    ®  U.  S.  1— 2f.  Mar.— Juno. 

12.  WAREA,  N.  (Named  for  Mr.  Ware,  the  discoverer.)  Sep.  colored, 
ligulate.  Pet.  with  very  slender  claws.  Silique  flattened,  long  and  slen- 
der, raised  on  a  slender  stipe.  Cotyledons  oblong,  ||o.  (i)  Glabrous, 
entire-leaved.  Flowers  white  or  purple,  in  short  racemes.  Siliques 
curved  and  decliuate. 

1  W.  cunelfolla  N.    Lvs.  oblong,  obtuse,  cuncate  at  base,  and  subsesslle.     Ga.  F1&. 

1— 2f.    Pet.  obovate,  white.    September. 

2  W,  amplexlfolla  N.    Lvs.  oblong  ovate,  partly  clasping.    Sand  hills,  Fla     1— 2f. 

Pet.  oval,  purple.    September. 

13.  HESPERIS,  L.    Rocket.    {''EdTtspa,  evening,  when  the  flower 
is  most  fragrant.)    Calyx  closed,  shorter  than  the  claws  of  the  petals.    Pet. 
bent  obliquely,  linear  or  obovate.     Silique  subterete.     Seeds  not  margined. 
Stig.  forked,  with  the  apices  converging  (|j  o ).     Flowers  white  or  purple. 
H.  matronalis  L.    Simple,  erect:  lvs.  lance-ovate,  denticulate;  pet.  obovate;  pod 

torulous,  elongated  (3').  erect.    (1^  Shores  of  L.  Erie  (Ilankeiison)  and  Huron.    §  t 


40  Order  11.— CKUCIFERzE. 

14.  SCHIZOPETALON,  Sims,  {^x^^a),  to  cut,  as  the  petals  appear 
to  be.)  Sep.  erect.  Pet.  pinna tely  lobecl,  involute  in  the  bud.  Silique 
linear,  compressed.  Stig.  lobes  erect,  cofanate.  Seeds  oblong  or  globular, 
cotyl.  twisted  (||  c).    (i)  Lvs.  sinuate-pinnatifid.     Fls.  white  or  purple. 

S.  Walkkri.    Stem  slender,  erect,  branching,  2f.    Lvs.  canescent.    Fls.  racemed.    Chili. 
Raised  from  seed.    Flowers  large,  curious,  soon  perishing. 

15.  BRASSICA  (and  Sinapis)  L.  Cabbage,  Mustard,  &c.  (The 
ancient  names.)  Silique  long,  terete,  or  4-sided,  pointed  with  a  stout  style 
or  an  ensiform  1-seeded  beak.  Valves  1-3-veined.  Seeds  in  1  row,  globu- 
lar, ((o.  Root  lvs.  pinnatifid.  Rac.  elongated.  Fls.  yellow.  Figs.  239, 192, 429. 

§  SiNAns.    Sep,  spreading.    Pet.  ovate.    Pod  with  an  acute  beak Nos.  1,  S,  8 

§  Brassica.    Sep.  erect.  Pet.  obovate.  Pod  squarish,  with  a  blunt  style. .  .Nos.  4,  5,  6 

1  B.  nigra  L.    Black  Mustard.    Smooth;    pod  1',  smooth,   somewhat  4-anglcd,  ap- 

pressed  to  the  rachis,  and  beaked  with  a  slender,  4-sided  style.    ®  3— 6f.    § 

2  B.  arvensis  (L.)  Field  Mustard.    St.  and  lvs.  hairy  ;  pod  li^  smooth,  many-angled, 

torulouH,  spreading,  thrice  longer  than  the  slender  ancipital  style,    (i)  §  June,  July. 

3  B.  alba  (L.)  White  Mustard.    Lvs.  smoothish  ;  siliques  hispid,  toralous.  shorter  than 

the  ensiform  beak  ;  seeds  large,  pale  yellow.    @  Eur.    3— 5f.    Pod  4-8eeded. 

4  B.  campestrls  (L.)  Cole.    Lvs.  somewhat  fleshy  and  glaucous,  the  lower  lyrate- 

dentate,  subciliate,  upper  cordate-amplexicaul,  acuminate.    (T)  Fields.    2f.    July.    § 
p.  Rutahag-at  Swedish  Turnip.  Root  tumid,  napiform,  subglobous,  yellowish.  % 

5  B.Rapa  L.    Radical  lvs.  lyrate,  rough,  not  glaucous,  cauUne  ones  incised,  upper 

BHtire,  smooth. 
/3.  PEPREssA.     Common  Turnip.   Root  depressed,  globous  or  napiform,  contracted 
below  into  a  slender  radicle,    (2)  Long  cultivated  for  its  root.    % 

6  B.  OLERACEA  L.     Cobbage.    Lvs.  very  smooth  and  glaucous,  fleshy,  repand-toothed 

or  lobed.    (2)  Europe,  on  rocky  shores,  forming  no  head. 
/S.  BULLATA.    Savoy  Cabbaga.    Lvs.  curled,  subcapitate,  finally  expanding.    % 
y.  BoTRYTis-CAULiFLORA.     CttuHJlower.    Stem  low ;  heads  thick,  compact,  term* 

nal ;  flowers  abortive,  on  short,  fleshy  peduncles.    X 
i.  BoTBYTie  ASPARAGOiDES.    BroccoH.    Stem  taller ;   heads  subramous  ;   branchen 

fleshy  at  the  summit,  consisting  of  clusters  of  abortive  flower-buds.    J 
£.  CAPiTATA.     Head  Cabbage.     Stem  short ;   leaves  concave,  packed  in  a  dense 

head  before  flowering ;  raceme  paniculate,    t 

16.  ALYSSUM,  L.  M\dwort.  (Gr.  a,  privative,  Xvdda,  rage;  sup- 
posed by  the  ancients  to  allay  anger.)  Calyx  equal  at  base.  Pet,  entire  : 
some  of  the  stamens  with  teeth.  Silicle  orbicular  or  oval,  with  valves  flat, 
or  convex  in  the  centre.  Seeds  1 — 4  in  each  cell  (=  c  ).  Showy  European 
herbs,  half  shrubby  at  base, 

1  A,  niaritlmum  Lam.    Sweet  A.    Lvs.  lance-linear,  acute,   entire,  some  hoary; 

pods  oval,  smooth,  2-soeded;  fls,  white,  small,  sweet.    2^  If.  Escaped  from  gardens.  § 

2  A.  calyciiium  L.    Calyx  persistent ;  lvs.  linear-spatniate.  canescent ;  pods  orbicu- 

lar, lens-shaped,  with  a  thin  border,  4-seeded ;  fls.  yellowish.    (J)  If.    Fields:  rare. 
Mass.  N.  Y.  (Wayne  Co.,  Hankenson).  § 

3  A.  SAXATiLE.  Rock  A.  Lvs.  lanceolate,  entire,  downy ;  pods  round-obovate,  2-eeeded : 

flowers  yellow,  corymbed,  abundant  and  brilliant,    U  Cnndia.    9'.    April. 

17.  LUNARIA,  L.  Honesty.  (T^at.  hina,  the  moon  ;  from  the  broad, 
lound  silicles.)  Sep.  somewhat  blsaccate  at  base.  Pet,  nearly  entire. 
Btam,  without  teeth.     Silicle  pedicellate,  ellij)tical,  or  lanceolate,  with  flat 


OiiDEu  11.— CRUCIFEH.E.  41 

valves  ;  funiculus  adhering  to  the  clisscpimcut  (=  o  ).     Euiopean.     Leaves 
cordate.    Flowei-s  lilac. 

1  Ij,  REDivivA  L.    Perennial  Safin-Jlmcer.    Lvg.  ovate,  petiolate,  mucronately  serrate; 

silicles  lanceolate,  narrowed  at  each  end.    n  2— 3f.    June. 

2  li.  BIENNIS  DC.    Honesty.    Lvs.  with  obtuse  teeth ;  eUicles  oval,  obtuse  at  both  ends. 

@  Flowers  large,  purple.    May,  June. 

18.  DRABA,  L.  Whitlow  Grass.  [J  pa /J?; ,  acrid,  biting ;  from  the 
taste  of  the  plant.)  Calyx  equal  at  base.  Pet.  equal.  Fil.  without  teeth. 
Silicle  oyal  or  oblong,  entire,  the  valves  flat  or  slightly  convex,  veined. 
Seeds  not  margined,  2-rowed  in  each  cell  (=  c ).  Flowers  white,  rarely 
yellow.    Plants  small. 

§  Ekophila.   Petals  2-parted No.  1 

§  Dr.Iba  proper.    Petals  entire  or  only  emarginate.    (a) 

a  Stj-le  distinct,  long  or  short.    Pods  twisted  when  ripe.   Pcrenn .  .N©?.  2,  3,  4 
a  Style  none.    Pods  straight,  plane.    Plants  annual  or  bienn.    (b) 

b  Pedicels  as  long  as  or  longer  than  the  pods .Nos.  5,  6 

b  Pedicels  shorter  than  the  pods Nos.  7,  8 

1  D.  (Erophlla)  verna  L.     Whitlow  Grass.    Scape  naked  ;  lvs.  oblong,  acute,  sub- 

serrate,  hairy;  pet.  bifid;  stig.  sessile;  silicle  oval,  flat,  shorter  than  the  pedicel.    (J) 
A  little  Spring  flower,  in  rocky  places.    Can.  to  Va.    1— .3'. 

2  D.  raniosisslma  Desv.    Minutely  pubescent,  diflFuse ;  lvs.  linear-lanceolate,  with 

remote  and  slender  teeth ;  rac.  panicled ;  silicle  lanceolate,  about  the  length  of  the 
pedicel,  the  style  half  as  long.    2f  Va.  Ky.    5— 8^    May. 

3  D.  arabisans  Mx.     Slightly  pubescent ;    root  leaves  in  tufts,  wedge-lanceolate, 

toothed  ;  stems  leafy,  erect,  its  lvs.  oblong  ;  silicle  glabrous,  lance-oblong  ((5"),  spread- 
ing; style  very  short.    Ti  Lake  shores,  Vt.  N.  y.  Mich.    6— 10^    White.    May. 

4  D.  incana  L.    Hoary  pubescent;  root  leaves  in  tafts,  wedge-lanceolate,   slightly 

toothed ;  st.  ilearly  naked,  branches  and  ped.  very  erect ;  silicle  oblong  (.'/'),  twisted, 
sty.  very  short,  t;  or  @  Mts.  N.Vt.  and  N.  6—8'.  Lvs.  G'\  Fls.  very  small,  white.  June. 

5  I>.  nemoralis  Ehrh.     Pubescecnt,  branched;    lvs.  oval,  the  cauline  lanceolate, 

toothed ;  pet.  emarginate ;  silicles  half  the  length  of  the  spreading  pedicels.  (2)  Mich. 
Mo.    8 — 1(K.    Flowers  small,  white  or  yellowish.    May. 

6  D.  bracliycarpa  N.     Minutely  pubescent;  lvs.  ovate,  the  cauline  oblong;  rac. 

QO-flowered  ;  pet.  obovate,  entire  ;  silicle  aa  long  as  the  ped.    6-8eeded.    (i)  Mo.  and 
South.    .3—4'.    Pod  2".    April. 

7  I>.  cuneifolia  N.    Hirsute,  pubescent,  branching  and  leafy  below,  naked  above ; 

lvs.  cuneate-oblong,  sessile,  denticulate ;  rac.  elongated  in  fruit;  silicles  twice  longer 
(4'0  than  the  pedicels,    (i)  Ky.  to  La.    3—8'.    March. 

8  D.  Carolinlana  Walt.    Hispid,  branching  and  leafy  below,  naked  above ;  lvs.  en- 

tire, obovate  and  oval ;  rac.  short ;  silicles  oblong-linear,  longer  than  the  pedicels  (5'0. 
(D  R.  I.  to  Ga.  and  W.    1—3'.    Much  like  No.  7.    April— June. 
/3.  mtcrdntha,  Silicles  minutely  hispid ;  pet.  often  wanting.  (D.  micrantha  N.)  W. 

19.  ARMORACIA,  Rupp.  House-radish.  {Armorwa,  its  nativo 
countiy,  now  the  province  Brittany,  France.)  Sep.  spreading.  Pet,  entire, 
much  exceeding  the  calyx.  Silicles  ellipsoid  or  globular,  turgid,  1-cellcd 
from  the  incomplete  partition.  Style  distinct.  Seeds  few  (==  c ).  li  Lvs. 
oblong,  undivided,  or  the  lower  pinnatifid.     Flowei-s  white. 

1  A.  rnstlcana  Enpp.     Tiadical  lvs.  oblong,  crenate;  cauline  long,  lanceolate,  in 
ctoed ;  silicle  roundish,  ellipsoid,  much  longer  than  the  style.    §  Eur. 


4S 


Order  11.— CRUCIFER.*:. 


2  A.  Americana  Am.  Aquatic;  immereed  Ivs.  doubly  piniiatifid  with  capi?]ary  seg 
menls,  emersed,  oblouf;:,  piunatifid,  eerrate  or  entire  ;  silicle  ovoid,  little  longer  than 
the  etylc.    Lakes  and  rivers,  Can.  to  Ky,    Jnly,  Aug. 

20.  VESIOARIA,  Lam.  Bladder-pod.  (Lat.  tmca,  a  bladder  oi 
blister;  5rom  the  inflated  silicles.)  Pet.  entire.  Silicle  globous  or  ovoid  ; 
inflated  valves  nerveless,  liemisplierical  or  convex.  Seeds  several  in  each 
cell,  sometimes  margined  (=  c ).     Flowers  yellow.    (See  Addenda.) 

V.  Sliortit  T.  &  G.  Lvs.  elliptical,  sessile,  entire;  style  twice  as  long  as  the  globoua 
silicle  ;  seeds  2—4,  not  margined.    (I)  Ky.  rare. 

21.  CAMSLINA,  Crantz.  False  Flax.  {Xaiia'iy  dwarf,  Xivov, 
flax.)  Calyx  equal  at  base.  Pet.  entire.  Silicle  obovate  or  subglobous, 
with  ventricous  valves  and  many-seeded  cells.  Styles  filiform,  persistent. 
Seeds  oblong,  striate,  not  margined  (||  o ).    Flowers  small,  yellow. 

C.  satlra  Crantz.  Lve.  lanceolate,  sagittate  at  base,  snbentire ;  silicle  obovate-pyri- 
form,  margined,  tipped  with  the  pointed  style.    (J)  Fields.    §  Eur,    2f.    June. 

22.  SUBULARIA,  L.  Awlwort.  (Named  in  reference  to  the  linear 
subulate  leaves.)  Silicle  oval,  valves  turgid,  cells  many-seeded.  Stigma 
sessile  ;  cotyledons  linear,  curved  and  incumbently  folded  on  themselves. 
(D  Aquatic  acaulescent  herbs. 

S.  aquatica  L.— Shores  of  ponds,  Me.  N.  H.  Lvs.  all  radical,  entire,  subulate,  1'. 
Scape  2—3',  with  a  few  minute  white  flowers.    July. 

23.  IBERIS,  L.  Candytuft.  (Most  of  the  species  are  natives  of 
Iberia,  now  Spain.)  The  2  outside  petals  larger  than  the  2  inner.  Silicles 
compressed,  truncate,  emarginate,  the  cells  1-seeded.  Handsome  herbs 
from  the  Old  World,  pretty  in  cultivation.     Flowers  white  or  purple. 

1  I,  LTMBELLATA.     Puvple  C.     Herbaccous ;  lvs.  lin.-lanceolate,  acuminate,  the  lower 

serrate  ;  silicles  umbellate,  acutely  2-lobed.    (i)  Eur.    If.    Purple.    June,  July. 

2  I.  AMARA.    Bitter  C.    Herbaceous;  lvs.  lanceolate,  acute;  fls.  finally  racemed ;  sili- 

cles obcordate,  narrowly  emarginate.    ®  Eng.    If    White.    June,  July. 

3  I.  ODORATA.    Herbaceous ;  lvs.  linear,  toottied,  dilated  at  end ;  siiicle  round,  with 

acute,  spreading  lobes.    (1)  Alps.    If.    Sweet  scented.    Foliage  pretty.    July. 

4  I.  riNNATA.    Lvs.  pinnatifid,  smooth.    (I)  Eur.    If.    White,  corymbed. 

5  I.  SAXATiLis.     Shrubby  ;  lvs.  linear,  entire.    %.  Eur.    If.    White,  corymbed. 

24.  CAPSIjLIjA,  Yent.  (Lat.  capm,  a  chest  or  box  ;  alluding  to  the 
fruit.)  Calyx  equal  at  base  ;  silicles  triangular-cuneiform,  obcordate,  com- 
pressed laterally ;  valves  carinate,  not  winged  on  the  back  ;  septum  sub- 
linear  ;  style  short ;  seeds  go,  oblong,  small,  ||  o .  Fls.  white.  A  common 
weed.    Fig.  193. 

C.  Bnrsa-pastorls  Miench.  ShephercTs  Purse,  (i)  Grows  everywhere.  0'— li--2f. 
Root  lvs.  rosulate,  cut-lobed  ;  stem  leaves  lance-lin.  clasping-sagittate  ;  rac.  long. 

25.  IjEPIDIUM,  R.  Br.  Pepper  Grass.  {AeTtj^,  a  scale;  from  the 
rceemblance  of  the  silicle.)  Sepals  ovate ;  petals  ovate,  entire ;  silicles 
oval-orbicular,  emarginate ;  septum  very  narrow,  contrary  to  the  greatei 


OuDKK  li.-CRLOlFER/fi.  43 

diameter;  valves  carinate,  dehiscent;  cells  1-seeded.    Cotyledons  |]3,  often 
-=o.    Flowers  small,  white,  often  incomplete. 

♦  stamens  only  2.    Petals  often  wanting.    Leaves  not  clasping Nos.  1,  2 

*  Stamens  6.    Siliclea  evidently  winged Noa.  3,  4 

li.  Virginlcum  L.     Tongue-grass.    Lvs.  linear-lanceolate,  the  loAver  incisely  ser- 
rate ;  pet.  4 ;  silicles  orbicular,  emarginate ;  cotyledons  =  o.    ®  Dry  places.    If. 

2  'j.  riiderale  L.    Cauline  lvs.  incised,  those  of  the  branches  entire  ;  pet.  none ;  pods 

broad-oval,  notched,  wingless.    (T)  Dry  fields.    Rare.    10—15'.    Always  apetalous.    § 

3  li.  campestre  R.  Br.      Yellow-seed.     Cauline  lvs.  sagittate-clasping,  denticulate; 

silicles  ovate,  notched,  winged,  rough.    (T)  Dry  fields.    Rare.    G—W.    Jn.    §  Eur. 

4  1..  SATIVUM  L.     Pepper-grass.    Lvs.  oblong,  variously  incised  and  pinnatifid;  silicles 

elliptic-ovate,  notched  and  winged.    (I)  Eur.    2f.    A  garden  salad.    July. 

26.  SIjNEBIERA,  Poir.  Carpet  Cress.  Swine  Cress.  (In  honor 
of  Senebier,  a  distinguished  vegetable  physiologist.)  Silicle  didymous,  with 
the  partition  veiy  narrow ;  valves  ventricous,  separating  but  indehiscent, 
and  each  1-seeded,  cotyledons  incumbently  folded  on  themselves,  (i)  or 
(2)  Prostrate  and  diffuse,  with  minute  white  flowers. 

1  S.  didyma  Pers.    Lvs.  pinnate,  with  pinnatifid  segments  ;  silicles  rugously  reticu- 

lated, notched  at  the  apex.    Waste  places  coastward,  Atlantic  and  Pacific. 

2  S.  Coronopus  DC.    Lvs.  pinnate,  with  the  segm.  entire,  toothed,  or  pinnatifid ; 

silicles  tubercled,  not  notched  at  apex.    R.  Isl.  (Robbins)  to  Car.    Rare. 

27.  ISATIS,  L.  WoAD.  (Ida^o^,  to  make  equal ;  supposed  to  remove 
roughness  from  the  skin.)  Silicle  elliptical,  flat,  1-celled  (dissepiment  ob- 
literated), 1-seeded,  with  boat-shaped  valves,  which  are  scarcely  dehiscent 
(||o).    None  North  American. 

I.  TiNCTORiA  L.  Silicles  cuneate,  acuminate  at  base,  somewhat  spatulate  at  the  end, 
very  obtuse,  three  times  as  long  as  broad.  (£)  Eng.  4f.  Yellow.  May— July.  Culti- 
vated for  the  dye  which  is  yielded  by  its  leaves. 

28.  CAKTLTl,  Tom-n.  Sea  Rocket.  (Named  from  the  Arabic.)  Sili- 
cle 2-jointed,  the  upper  part  ovate  or  ensiform  ;  seed  in  the  upper  cell  erect, 
in  the  lower  pendulous,  sometimes  abortive,  (i)  Maritime,  fleshy  herbs. 
Flowers  purple. 

C.  marillma  Scop.  Lvs.  oblong,  bluntly  serrate,  obtuse,  often  lobed  ;  lower  joint  of 
silicle  olavate,  upper  ovate-ensifoi-m  :  racemes  spike-like.  Coasts,  N.  States.  Pros- 
trate.   6—12'.    July,  August. 

29.  RAPHANUS,  L.  Radish.  {'Pa,  quickly,  (paivao,  to  appear;  from 
its  rapid  growth.)  Calyx  erect.  Pet.  obovate,  unguiculate.  Siliques  terete, 
lorulous,  not  opening  by  valves,  transversely  0-jointed,  joints  with  1  or 
Bfiveral  cells.    Seeds  large,  subglobous,  in  a  single  series  ((o. 

1  R.  Rapliani strum  L.      WUd  Eadish.     Lvs.  lyrate ;    silique  moniliforui,  8^-8 

seeded,  becoming  in  maturity  1-celled,  longer  than  the  style.    (T)  Fields :   rare.    1— 2C 
Pet.  yellow,  blanching  as  they  decay.    June,  July.    §  Eur. 

2  R.  SATivus.     Garden  Radish.    Lower  lvs.  lyrate,  petiolate ;  silique  2-3-seeded,  acn- 

minate.  scarcely  longer  than  the  style,    (i)  China.    2— 4f.    Root  napiform  or  fusiform, 
red,  black,  or  white.    Flowers  pink-white. 


44  Order  13.— RESEDACE^. 

Order  XII.    CAPPARIDACE^.    CAPPARros. 

Herbs,  shrubs,  or  even  trees,  destitute  of  trae  stipules.  Leaves  alternate, 
petiolate.  Flowers  cruciform,  bypogynous.  Sepals  4,  Petals  4,  ungiiicu- 
late.  Stamens  6 — 12,  or  some  multiple  of  4,  never  tetradjTiamous,  on  a 
di«ik  or  separated  from  the  corolla  by  an  internode  of  tbe  torus.  Ovaries 
ofteii  stipitate,  of  2  united  carpels.  Style  united.  Fruit  either  pod-shaped 
anil  dehiscent,  or  fleshy  and  indehiscent.  SesctsmTmy,  Yemfovm.  Albu- 
men 0.     Embryo  curved.     Cotyledon  foliaceous. 

i  Tribe  (APPAREL.    Shrubs  (or  trees)  with  baccate  or  drupaceous  fruit.  S.  Fla...CAPPARi3 

S  Tribi?  CLEOMEyE.     Herbs  (or  shrubs)  with  capsular  1-celled  pods,    (a) 

a  Stamens  6,  separated  from  the  petals  by  an  internode Gynandropsis.    1 

a  Stamens  6,  not  separated  from  the  petals Cleome.  2 

a  Stamens  8— 32,  free.    Torus  not  developed  to  an  internode Polanisi*  3 

1.  GYNANDROPSIS,  DC.  {Oynandria,  a  Linnsean  class,  o^z?,  ap- 
pearance.) Sep.  distinct,  spreading.  Stam.  6,  separated  from  tbe  4  petals 
by  a  slender  internode  of  tbe  torus.  Pod  linear-oblong,  raised  on  a  long 
stipe  which  rises  from  tbe  top  of  the  torus.  ®  Lvs.  digitate.  Fls.  racemed. 
G.  pentapli]^ Ila  DC.    Middle  lvs.  petiolate,  5-foliate,  floral  and  lower  ones  3-foliate, 

leaflets  obovate,  entire,  or  denticulate.    Waste  grounds,  Va.  to  Ga.    2— 3f.    White.    § 

2.  CLEOME,  L.  Spider  Flower.  Sep.  sometimes  united  at  base. 
Pet.  4.  Torus  not  developed  between  the  petals  and  the  stamens,  wbich 
are  6 — 4.  Pod  stipitate  more  or  less.  Herbs  or  shrubs.  Lvs.  simple  or 
digitate.    Flowers  racemed  or  solitaiy.   (See  Addenda.) 

1  C.  pungens  L.    Stem  simple,  prickly:  Ifts.  5—9,  elliptic-lanceolate,  acute;  flowers 

racemed  ;  petals  on  filiform  claws,  half  as  long  as  the  stamens,   (a)  Gardens  and  fields. 
3 — 4f.    Flowers  purple,  curious.    May— Aug.    § 

2  C  spEciosissiMA.    Stem  branched  below ;  Ifts.  5—7,  lanceolate,  acuminate ;  petals  as 

long  as  their  claws,  rose-purple.    Mexico.    3 — 4f.    June— Sept. 

3.  POLANISIA,  Raf  {TloXvy  much,  aridoi,  unequal.)  Sep.  dis- 
tinct, spi-eading.  Pet.  4,  unequal.  Stam.  8 — 32,  filaments  filifonn  or 
dilated  at  the  summit.  Torus  not  developed,  minute.  Pods  linear,  (i) 
Strong-scented  herbs,  with  glandular,  viscid  hairs. 

1  P.  graveolens  Raf.    Viscid-pubescent ;  lvs.  ternate,  Ifts.  elliptic-oblong ;  fls.  axil- 

lary, sclitary;    stam.  8—12;    caps,  oblong-lanceolate,  attenuate  at  base.    Gravelly 
shoros,  V't.  to  Ark.    If.    Flowers  in  leafy  racemes,  yellowish-white.    July. 

2  P.  teuulfolla  T.  &  G.    Viscid-glandular;  Ifts.  3,  filiform-linear;  pet.  unequal,  oval, 

on  short  claws  ;  stam.  12—15  ;  pod  linear.    Ga.  Fla.    1— 2f.    White. 


Order  XIII.    RESEDACE^.    Mignonettes. 

Herbs,  with  alternate,  entire,  or  pinnate  leaves.  Stipules  minute,  gland- 
like. Floicers  in  racemes  or  spikes,  small  and  often  fi-agrant,  4-7-merous, 
unsymmetrical  and  open  in  bud.  Petals  unequal,  entire  or  cleft.  Stamen* 
8 — 20,  inserted  on  the  hypogynous,  one-sided  glandular  disk.     Ovaries  ses- 


Order  14— VIOLACE^.  45 

sile,  3-lobed,  l-celled,  many-seeded.    Ftmit  a  capsule,  1-celled,  opening 
between  the  stigmas  before  maturity.    Illust.  40, 165. 

RliSiEiDA,  L.  (Lat.  resedo,  to  calm  :  the  plants  are  said  to  relieve  pain.) 
Sep.  4 — 7.  Pet.  of  an  equal  number,  often  cleft.  Torus  large,  fleshy,  ont^ 
sided,  bearing  the  8 — QO  stamens. 

1  R.  luteola  L.    Dyer's  Weed.    Lvs.  lanceolate,  with  a  tooth  on  each  side  at  base ; 

Sripals  4,  united  below ;  petals  (greenish-yellow)  3-5-cleft.    ®  Roadsides,  N.  Y.    2f. 
Flowers  numerous,  in  a  tall  raceme.    §  Eur. 

2  R.  odouIta  L.    Mignonette.    Lvs.  cuneiform,  entire  or  3-lobed;  sepals  shorter  'iian 

the  7-13-cleft  petals.    Egypt.    If.    Fragrant. 

Order  XIV.    VIOLACE^.    Violets. 

Herbs  with  simple  (often  cleft)  alternate  leaves  with  stipules.  Flowers 
irregular,  spuiTed,  with  the  sepals,  petals,  and  stamens  in  5's.  Sepals  per- 
sistent, slightly  united,  elongated  at  base,  the  2  lateral  interior.  Petals 
commonly  unequal,  the  inferior  usually  spurred  at  base.  Stamens  5, 
usually  inserted  on  the  hypogynous  disk.  Filaments  dilated,  prolonged 
beyond  tlie  anthers.  Ovary  of  3  united  carpels,  with  3  parietal  placentaB. 
Style  1,  declinate.  Stigma  cucullate.  Fruit  a  3-valved  capsule.  Seeds 
many,  with  a  crustaceous  testa  and  distinct  chalaza.  Illust.  50,  93,  137, 
302,  515,  522. 

Sepals  not  auricled  at  base.    Filaments  united  into  a  tube Solka.    1 

Sepals  more  or  less  auriculate  at  base.    Filaments  scarcely  cohering Viola.    S 

1.  SOLE  A,  Gingins.  Green  Violet.  (Dedicated  to  W.  Sole,  an 
English  writer  on  plants.)  Sep.  nearly  equal,  not  auriculate.  Pet.  unequal, 
the  lowest  2-lobed  and  gibbous  at  base,  the  rest  emarginate.  Stam.  united 
into  a  tube,  sheathing  the  ovary  and  bearing  a  gland  above  the  middle.  Sds. 
G — 8,  very  large.  If  An  erect,  leafy  plant,  with  inconspicuous  axillary  fls. 
S.  concolor  Gingins.     Green  Violet.— Woods,  W.  N-Y.  (Ilankenson)  to  Car.  and  Mo. 

]— 2f.    Lvs.  large,  lanceolate,  acuminate.    Fls.  greenish.    Pod  1'.    May,  June. 

2.  viOLA,  L.  Violet.  Pansey.  (From  the  Latin.)  Sep.  5,  unequal, 
auricular  at  base.  Pet.  5,  irregular,  the  broadest  spurred  at  base,  the  2 
lateral  equal,  opposite.  Stam.  approximate,  anthers  connate,  2  of  them 
with  appendages  at  the  back.  Caps.  1-celled,  3-valved,  seeds  attached  to 
the  middle  of  the  valves.  U  Low,  herbaceous  plants.  Ped.  angular, 
s.>litary,  1-flowered,  recurved  at  the  summit  so  as  to  bear  the  flowers  in 
i  r.-supinate  position.  Joints  of  the  rhizome  often  bearing  apetalous 
e.-vvers.    Figs.  50,  137,  &c. 

§  A'-aulescent.— a  Petals  yellow No.  1 

—a  Petals  white Nos.  2,  3,  4 

— a  Petals  blue,— 6  beardless Nos.  5,  (>,  7 

— b  bearded.— c  Lvs.  divided Nos.  8,  9/3.  9y 

—c  Lvs.  undivided ...  .0, 10, 11,  and  the  Exot.  19 


46  Order  14.— VIOLACE^. 

S  Caulescent.-  -d  Petals  yellow.    Stems  leafy  at  the  top  only Xos.  12. 13, 14 

—c?  Petals  not  quite  yellow.— tJ  Stipules  entire No.  \h 

—e  Stipules  fringe-toothed No?.  IG.  17.  18 

~-e  Stip.  Iyrate-pinnatificl,ver3- large.. No8.  20-22 

1  V,  rotundffolta  Mx,    Fig.  50.    Lvs.  smooth,  orbicular-ovate,  cordate,  with  Ihe 

sinus  closed  ;  petiole  pubescent;  sep.  obtuse.    Woods,  N.  E.  to  Tenn.    Mar.— May. 

2  V,  laiiccolata  L.    Lvs.  smooth,  lanceolate,  tapering  at  base  into  the  long  petiole, 

obtusish,  subcrcnate.  Wet  meadows.  Lvs.  .3-5'.  Rt.  stock  creeping.  Fls.  white.  May. 

8  V,  prim ulae folia  L.    Lvs.  lance-ovate,  abruptly  contracted  at  base  and  decurrcnt 

on  the  petiole  ;  pet.  subequal,  beardless.  Damp  soils,  Mass.  S.  and  W.  White.  Ap.May. 

I  V.  blanda  Willd.    Lvs.  cordate,  roundish,  slightly  pubescent;  petiole  pubescent ; 

petals  beardless.    Meadows,  Can.  to  Penn.    Root  creeping.    Flowers  fragrant.    May. 

5  V.  palustris  L.    Lvs.  reniform-cordate ;  stip.  broadly  ovate;  sep.  ovate,  obtuse, 

spur  very  short ;  caps,  oblong-triangular.    White  Mts.    3^    Pale  blue.    June. 

6  V.  Selkirkli  Goldie.    Lvs.  orbicular-cordate,  creiiately  serrate,  the  sinus  deep  and 

nearly  closed ;  spur  nearly  as  long  as  the  petals,  thick,  very  obtuse.    Hills,  N.  Y.  to 
Can.  and  Mich.     'if.    Pale  blue,  with  a  large  blunt  spur.    May. 
■J  V.  pedata  L.    Rt.  premorse  ;  lvs.  pedately  5— 9-parted,  segments  linear-lanceolate, 
entire ;  stig.  large,  obtusely  truncate,  scarcely  beaked ;   spur  short,  obtuse.    Hilly 
woods,  4^-7'.    Smooth  and  beautiful.    Flowers  large,  violet-blue.    April,  May. 
^.  hicolor.    Upper  petals  violet,  the  lower  pale  blue  and  yellow.    Mass.  to  Ga. 

8  v.  delphinifolia  Nutt.     Lvs.  pedately  7— 9-parted,  with  linear,  2 — 3  cleft  seg 

mentsall  similar;  stig.  thick,  distinctly  beaked.   111.  Iowa,  Mo.  Deep  blue.  Mar.  Apr. 

9  V.  cucallata  Ait.    Lvs.  reniform-cordate,  cucuUate  at  base,  acute,  crenate :  stip. 

linear;  inferior  and  lateral  petals  bearded.     Common  everywhere.    3—12-'.    Known 
by  its  broad  hooded  leaves  and  blue  flowers.    Varies  much.    April,  May. 

p,  palmltta,  Lvs.  cordate,  hastate-lobed,  middle  lobe  largest.  Fls.  large.  South,  «fec. 

y.  stptemTbha,    Lvs.  concave  at  base,  deeply  5—7  lobed,  mid.  lobe  lance.     South, 

10  V,  villosa  Walt.  Lvs.  roundish-ovate,  cordate,  obtuse,  flat,  pubescent,  sinus  nar- 
row or  closed  ;  pet.  bearded  ;  stig.  beaked.    Woods,  Pa.  to  Ga. ;  com.   2—3'.    Apr. 

II  V,  sag:itta.ta  Ait.  Lvs.  oblong-lanceolate,  sagittate-cordate,  subacute,  often  In- 
cised at  base,  serrate-crenate  ;  pedicel  longer  than  the  leaves ;  pet.  densely  bearded. 
Dry  hills.    3—5'.    Lvs.  varying  to  triangular-hastate.    April— June. 

)3.  ovata,    Lvs.  ovate,  incised  and  decurrent  at  base.    N.  J.,  southward. 

12  V.  liastiita  Mx.  Smooth;  st.  simple,  erect,  leafy  above;  lvs.  deltoid-lanceolate 
or  hastate,  acute,  dentate ;  stip.  ovate,  minute,  ciliate-dentate ;  lower  pet.  dilated, 
obscurely  3-lobed  ;  spur  very  short.    Fla.  to  Tenn.    6—10'.    April,  May. 

13  V.  tripartita  Ell.  Hairy.  St.  simple,  erect,  leafy  above ;  lvs.  deeply  3-parted, 
lobes  lanceolate,  dentate  ;  stip.  lanceolate.    Upper  Ga,    If.    Yellow. 

14  V,  pubescens  Ait.  Villous-pubescent ;  st.  erect,  naked  below ;  lvs,  broad-cor- 
date, toothed ;  stip.  ovate,  large,  subdentate.    Dry  woods,    5—20'.    May,  June. 

/3.  eriocdrpa.    Tall,  pubescent ;  pods  woolly.    Westward. 

y.  gcabriusettla.    Some  scabrous  ;  ets.  decumbent,  branched  at  base.    Ct.  to  Ky. 

15  V.  Canadensis  L.  Smooth;  lvs.  cordate,  acuminate,  serrate;  ped.  shorter  than 
the  leaves  ;  stip.  short,  entire.  Woods.  8—12'.  Leafy  all  the  way.  Flowers  large, 
subregular,  white  or  light  blue.    Summer. 

16  V.  striata  Ait.  Smooth,  nearly  frect;  lvs.  roundish-ovate,  cordate,  crenate-ser- 
rate ;  stip.  large,  ciliate-dentate,  oblong-lanceolate ;  spur  one-fourth  as  long  as  the 
corolla.    Wet  grounds.    6—12'.    St.  semi-terete.    Flowers  cream-white. 

I  J  V.  Muhlenbergli  Torr,  St.  weak,  assurgent ;  lvs.  reniform-cordate,  upper  ones 
rather  acuminate ;  stip.  lanceolate,  somewhat  fimbriate ;  spur  half  as  long  as  tho 
corolla,  obtuse.    Swamps.    6—8'.    Pale  purple.    May. 

1 8  V,  rostrata  L.  Smooth  ;  st.  terete,  diff'use,  erect ;  lvs.  cordate,  roundish,  sen-ate, 
upper  ones-  acute  ;  stip.  lanceolate,  deeply  fringed  ;  petals  bearded  ;  sp«i  longer  thau 
the  corolla     Moisi  woods.  Can.  to  Kv.    t>— 8'.    Pale  blue.    May.— Often  beardless. 


Okdeu  15.— CISTACE^.  47 

1 9  "V.  ODORATA  L.  Sweety  or  English  Violet.  Neapolitan.  Stolons  creeping ;  lv3.  cor- 
date, crenate,  nearly  sraoolli ;  sep.  obtuse.    Eur.    Flowers  fragrant,  blue,  white,  &c. 

20  V,  tricolor  L.  Pansey,  Heartsease.  St.  angular,  diffusely  branched  ;  Ivb.  oblong- 
ovate,  lower  ones"  ovate  cordate,  deeply  crenate  ;  stipules  as  l:irge  as  tlie  leaves  ;  spur 
short,  thick.  Gardens.  Flowers  large,  white-yellow-violet  to  black,  in  endless  variety. 

^.  arv^nitiM,    Slender,  subsimple ;   petals  scarcely  longer  than  sepals.    Fields. 
Perhaps  this  is  the  primary  form.    Abundant  in  Oregon. 
21V.  GUANiiiFLORA  L.     Stem  3-cornered,  procumbent ;  leaves  crenate,  shorter  than 

the  peduncles,  much  larger  than  the  stipules  ;  flowers  large,  all  violet. 
22  V,  coRNUTA.    Stems  3-cornered,  ascending  ;  Ivs.  cordate,  crenate  ;  stip.  cut-toothed ; 
fls.  violet-purp.,  the  spur  subulate,  longer  than  the  sepals.  From  the  Pyrenees.  Hardy. 


Order  XV.    CISTACEiE.    Rociv  Roses. 

Herbs  or  low  shrubs  with  simple,  entire,  opposite  (at  least  the  lower) 
leaves,  vf\\]i  floicers  perfect,  regular,  liypogynous,  in  one-sided  racemes,  very 
fugacious.  Sepals  5,  unequal,  persistent.  Petals  5  (sometimes  3  or  want 
ing),  convolute  in  bud.  Capsules  1-celled,  3-5-valved,  with  as  many  pane 
tal  placentae.     Seeds  albiiminous.    Embryo  curved  or  spiral. 

H  Petals  3,  linear-lanceolate,  small,  brown-purple.    Stamens  3— 12 Lkchea.  1 

T  Petals  5, — a  larjre,  yellow,  very  fngacLnis,  or  none.     Stamens  00 Hklianthemum.  2 

—«  small,  bright  yellow.    Tufted  shrublets.    Stamens  9— 30 Hudsonia.  3 

1.  LECHIjA,  L.  Pinweed.  Sep.  5,  the  3  outer  minute.  Pet.  3,  lan- 
ceolate, small.  Stig.  3,  scarcely  distinct.  Caps.  3-celled,  3-valved,  placenta? 
nearly  as  broad  as  the  valves,  roundish,  each  1-3-seeded.  U  Often  shrubby 
at  base,  with  numerous  very  small  brownish  purple  flowers. 

1  li.  major  Mx.   Hairy;  leaves  elliptical,  mucronulate ;  flowers  minute,  about  as  long 

as  the  pedicels.    In  dry  woods.    1— 2f,  rigid,  brittle,  purple,  much  branched.    Leaves 
4'^    Capsules  the  size  of  a  small  pin-head.    July,  August. 

2  li.  minor  Lam.    Smoothish ;  leaves  linear,  very  acute;  flowers  small,  on  pedicels 

which  are  mostly  twice  longer.    Dry,  sandy  grounds.    Stems  8 — 16',  slender,  red. 
Leaves  6— 10".    Capsules  the  size  of  a  large  pin-head.    Summer. 

3  I*,  tliymifolia  Ph.    Shrubby;  hoary  with  appressed  hairs  ;  leaves  linear  and  lin- 

ear-oblanceolate,  rather  acute,  often  verticillate ;   flowers  small,  on  pedicels   still 
shorter.    Coasts,  Mass.  to  N.  J.    If.    Very  bushy.    Capsules  size  of  a  pin-head.   Sum. 

4  li.  Novae  Caesarcae  Austin.    Hairs  minute,  appressed;  Ivs.  ellip.,  6'',  often  opp. ; 

pan.  leafy,  narrow  ;  outer  sep.  liu.,  longer  than  the  fl.  or  pedicels,  N.  J,  (Prof.  Porter). 

2.  HELIANTHEMUM,  L.  RocK  Rose.  Sep,  5,  the  2  outer  smaller. 
Pet,  5,  or  rarely  3,  convolute  contrary  to  the  sepals,  sometimes  0.  Stam,  oo. 
Stig.  3,  scarcely  distinct.  Capsules  triangular,  3-valved,  opening  at  top. 
Sds.  angular.    Fls.  yellow,  often  of  2  kinds,  the  later  ones  being  apetalous. 

§  Flowers  of  2  sorts,  the  later  ones  apetalous,  and  3-10-androu3 Noa.  1,  3 

§  Flowers  all  alike,  pentepetalous  and  polyandrous Nos.  3,  4 

1  H.  Canadeuse  Mx.    Frost  Plant.    Hoary  pubescent ;  petaliferous  flowera  solitary, 

pedicellate,  terminal ;  apetalous  axillary,  small,  clustered,  subsessile ;  sepals  acute; 
leaves  revolute  on  the  margin,  lanceolate,  acute.    In  dry  soils.  Can.  to  Va.    8—12'. 

2  H.  corymbosum  Mi.    Canescently  tomentous  ;  fls.  in  crowded,  fastigiate  cymes, 

the  primary  ones  on  elong.ved,  filiform  pedicels,  and  with  petals  twice  longer  than  the 
calyx  ;  sep.  obtuse  ;  loaves  oblong-lanceolate,  margins  revolute.  Sands,  N.  J.  toFla,  If 


48  Order  10.— IIYPERICACE.E. 

8  H.  Caroll  Ilia  nu  111  Mx.  Villous,  simple,  erect;  (lt».  all  larjjc,  pctaliferous  and  f>nb- 
terminal;  sepals  acuminate :  Ivs.  obloug-oval,  edges  denticulate,  not  revolute.  Dry 
woods,  South.    S— 12'.    April,  May. 

4  H.  arcnicola  Chapm.    Hoary-tomentous  ;  Ivs.  lance-oblong,  obtuse,  small  (0") ;  fls. 

few  or  solitary,  pedicellate  (7"),  terminal.     Fla.  in  sand.     3 — G'.    Apr.     (II.  C  ana- 
dense,  /3.  obtusnm  Wood.    Ed.  5th.) 

3.  HUDSONIA,  L.  (In  honor  of  William  IIudHoji,  autlior  of  Flora  An- 
glica.)  Sep.  8,  united  at  base,  subtended  by  2  minute  ones  ontside  pet.  5  ; 
Bla.  9 — 30;  stjie  filiform,  straight;  cap.  1-celled,  3-valved,  mai.y  seeded 

5  with  very  numerous  branches,  minute  leaves,  and  small,  bright  yellow 
flowers.    May. 

1  H.  toineiitosa  Nutt.    Iloary  tomcntous;  Ivs.  ovate,  appressed-imbricate,  acute; 

fls.  subscssile  ;  sep.  obtuse.    Coasts,  Me.  to  N.  J.  and  Wise.    In  tufts.  7—10'. 

2  H.  ericoides  L.    Iloary-pubescent ;  Ivs.  subulate,  a  little  spreading;  pediceljj  ex- 

serted,  as  long  u*  the  calyx  ;  sep.  acutish.    Shores,  Vt.  N.  H.  to  Va.    Delicate,  fi'. 

3  H*  moiitaua  Nutt.    Minutely  pubescent;   Ivs.  filiform-subulate;  pedicels  longci 

than  the  flowers;  sep.  acuminate,  the  outer  ones  longer,  subulate.    Mts.  Car.    5'. 

Order  XVI.    IIYPERICACE/E.    St.  John's  wcjits. 

Herhs  or  shruha  with  opposite,  entire,  dotted,  exstipulate  leaves,  whh  flow- 
ers perfect,  regular,  hypogjmous,  4  or  5-merous,  cymous  and  mostly  yellow ; 
sepals  unequal,  persistent ;  petals  mostly  oblique  or  convolute  in  the  bud  ; 
stamens  few  or  many,  polyadelphous  ;  anthers  versatile  ;  ovarp  compound, 
with  stjdes  united  or  separate,  becoming  in  fruit  a  1-celled  cajjsule  with 
parietal  placenta),  or  3  to  o-celled  when  the  dissepiments  reach  the  centre. 
fleeds  exalbuminous,  minute,    (lllust.  128,  129,  275.) 

§  Sepals  4.     Petals  4,  oblique,  contorted  iii  a.-stivatinn,  yellow Ascyrum.       1 

g  Sepals  5.     Petals  5,— u  oblique,  contorted  in  aestivation,  yellow Uypkricum.  2 

—    a  equilateral,  imbricated  iu  bud,  purplish Elodka.         3 

1.  ASCYRUM,  L.  St.  Peter's  Wort.  Sep.  4,  the  two  outer  usually 
verj'  large  and  foliaceous;  pet.  4,  oblique,  convolute  ;  fil.  slightly  united  at 
base  into  several  parcels;  styles  2 — 4,  mostly  distinct;  cap.  1-celled.  5 
Lvs.  pimctate  witli  black  dots.  Fls.  pale  yellow,  1  or  3  terminating  each 
branch. 

The  outer  pair  of  sepals— a  very  large,  ovate.    Styles  1  or  2 Nos.  1,  2 

—a  still  larger,  orbicular.    Styles  3 Nos.  3,  4 

—a  small,  like  the  two  inner.    Styles  .3,  long,  distinct No.  5 

1  A.  Crux-Andrea;  L.    Branches  many,  suberect,  ancipital  above;  lvs.  linear-ob- 

long, obtuse;  outer  sep.  twice  longer  than  the  pedicel ;  2  bracteoles  a  little  below  tho 

flower.    Sandy  woods,  N.  J.  to  Ga.  and  La,    1— 2f.    Lvs.  H— 12".    Jn.— Sep. 

0.  atig-ustifoUa,    L\'P.  smaller  (:j — (5"),  crowded  ;  bractlets  close  to  the  fl.    Car.  Ga. 

2  A.  puiuilum  Mx.    Low,  trailing  at  base;  lvs.  oval  and  obovate.  oi)tuse,  sessile; 

outer  sepals  shorter  than  the  slender  pedicel,  inner  sepal  0  ;  bracteoles  0.    Ga.  Fla. 

8  A,  stalls  Mx.    St.  erect,  ancipital ;  lvs.  oblong,  sessile  and  half-clasping,  obtuse ; 

caps,  ovate,  acute.    Swamps,  N.  J.  to  Fla.  and  La.    1  to  .3f.    Lvs  10—15".    Jn.— Aug. 

4  A.  ainplexicaule  Mx.    St.  erect,  terete  below;  lvs.  broadly  ovate,  cordate,  clasp 

ing;  caps,  oblong;  bracteoles  0.    Ga.  and  Fla.    1  to  2f.    Lvs.  8— 12''.    Apr.— Sep. 

5  A.  luicros^palum  Torr.  and  Gr.    Lvs.  oblong-linear,  crowded;  sep.  much8ho.*t« 

than  the  obovate,  unequal  petals.    Bushy,  l--?.f.    Lvs.  3—0". 


Order  16.— HYPERICACE^.  49 

2.  HYPERICUM,  L.  St.  John's-wort.  Sep.  5,  connected  at  ba^^e, 
snbequal.  Pet.  5,  oblique,  contorted  in  bud.  Stam.  mostly  oo,  genei-ally 
cohering  in  3 — 5  sets  (polyadelphous),  with  no  intervening  glands.  Styles 
8 — 5,  distinct  or  united.  Caps.  1-5-celled.  Herbs  or  shrubs.  Flowers 
c3'moHs,  yellow.  June — August.  Figs.  128.  129,  275. 
S  Stamens  25—100,  more  or  less  united  into  sets  (polyadelphous). .  .(a) 
S  Stamens  5—15,  not  at  all  united.    Annuals.    Flowers  small,    (g) 

a  Carpels  (and  styles)  5  or  more.    Capsule  5-celled Nos.  1,  2 

0  Carpels  3,  capsule  3-celled  (the  placentse  meeting) ...(b) 

a  Carpels  3,  capsule  1-celled  (the  placentae  not  quite  meeting).,  .(c) 

b  Shrubby.    Petals  not  dotted.    Lvs.  lanceolate  or  oblanceolate Nos.  8,  4,  5 

ft  Shrubby.    Petals  not  dotted.    Leaves  linear Nos.  6,  7 

ft  Herbaceous.    Petals  sprinkled  with  black  dots Nos.  8.  9, 10 

c  Shrubs.    Styles  united  into l...(d} 

c  Half-i^hrubby.    Styles  united  into  l...(e) 

€  Herbaceous.    Styles  distinct,  at  least  at  the  top . . .  (/) 

d  Flowers  solitary  or  in  3'8,  axillary.  Stems  2-edged ,  Nos.  11, 19 

d  Flowers  clustered  in  a  compound  terminal  cyme Nos.  13, 14 

€  Flowers  in  a  leafless,  stalked  cyme.    Leaves  obtuse Nos.  15, 16 

e  Flowers  in  a  leafy  (few-leaved)  cyme.    Leaves  acute Nos.  17,  18 

/  Stem  and  branches  4-cornered  or  square Nos.  19,  20 

/  Stem  and  branches  terete,  not  angular  Nos.  21,  22 

g  Flowers  in  corymbous  cymes,  orange-colored Nos.  23,  24 

g  Flowers  racemed  on  the  slender  branches Nos.  25,  26 

1  H,  pyramtdatum  Ait.     Herbaceous;  lvs.  sessile,  oblong-ovate,  acute;  sty.  5; 

placent:e  retroflexed.     7i  O.  Pa.  to  Can.    .3— 5f.    Flowers  very  large  (20- 

2  H.  Ka1mla.niitn  L.     Shrubby;   lvs.  linear-lanceolate,  very  numerous,  obtuse; 

caps.  5-ce11od,  tipped  with  the  5  styles.    Niagara,  &c.    If.    Flowers  9''. 

3  H.  Biickleyl  Curtis.     Low,  diftuse,  shrubby ;  lvs.  obovate,  very  obtuse ;  fls.  soli 

tary,  peduncled  ;  caps.  3-celled,  styles  united.    Mts.  N.  Car.  to  Ga.    8 — 12'. 

4  H.  proliflcuni  L.     Branches  ancipital,  smooth;   lvs.  oblong-lanceolate,  obtuse; 

cymes  compound,  leafy  ;  sepals  unequal,  leafy,  ovate,  cuspidate.    M.  W.    3 — 4f.    t 
fi.  *ten»tlfbrum.  Branches,  lvs.  and  fls.  crowded,  and  smaller.  Lvs. 1'.  Fls.  O".  South. 

5  H.  galloides  Lam.    Branches  erect,  terete;   lvs.  linear-lanceolate;  cymules  axil 

lary  and  terminal,  paniculate  ;  sep.  subequal,  linear-lanceolate.    S.  Car.  to  Fla.    2— 3f. 

6  H.  rosmarlnifollum  Lam.    Erect,  sparingly  branched :  lvs.  linear,  shorter  than 

the  intcmodes,  narrowed  to  a  petiole.    South.    Handsome.    2f. 

7  H.  fasolciilatmn  Lam.    Shrub  much  branched,  bushy;  lvs.  linear,  1',  very  nar- 

row, longer  than  the  internodes.  sessile  ;  cymules  leafy.     Pine-barrens,  South.    1— 2f. 
/3.  ahbreHhttnn,    Lvs.  very  short  (2—3"),  tufted  in  the  axils.    Car.  to  Ga. 

8  H.  pert'oritiim  L.    Stem  2-edged,  branched  ;  lvs.  with  pellucid  dots  ;  sep.  lanceo- 

late, half  as  long  as  the  petals.     U  Dry  pastures.    1— 2f.    Lvs.  (5—10".     Flowers  V. 

9  H.  <'orynibo«um  Muhl.    Stems  terete,  corymbously  branched ;  lvs.  oblong-ovate 

or  oval,  obtuse,  marked  with  black  (as  well  as  pellucid)  dots  ;  sep.  ovate,  acute  (very 
small),  k  ^^  'ong  as  the  petals,     n  Can.  to  Pa.  and  Ark.    2f.    Lvs.  1—2'.    Flowers  9". 

10  H.  niaeulatiini  Walt.    Stem  terete,  corj'mbously  branched ;  lvs.  oblong,  thickly 
sprinkled  with  black  dots  ;  sep.  lanceolate.    U  S.  Car.  to  Fla.  2— 4f.   Lvs.  V.   Fls.  10". 

1 1  H.  aureuni  Bartram.     Branches  spreading,  ancipital ;  lvs.  thick,  lance-ovatc.  ob- 
tuse, sessile;  flower'Mlarge)  solitary,  sessile.     Ga.  to  Ark.    2 — 4f.    Stamens, 5O0!    t 

12  H.  anibysiiiim  Ell.    Branches  ancipital;  lvs.  lance-linear,  thin,  acute;  fls.  soli- 
tary and  in  3"s  in  the  axils  of  the  upper  leaves.    Ga.    1— 2f.    Flowers  8". 

13  H.  myrtlfollum  L.    St.  terete;  lvs.  thick,  ovate,  or  oblong,  cordate-clasping ; 
fls.  in  a  leafy  compoimd  fastigiatc  cyme,  the  dichotomal  sessile.    Ga  Fla.    1— 2f. 

3 


50  Order  17.— DKOSERACE^. 

14  H.  cistifolfuni  Lam.  St  2-winged,  siibi^imple ;  Its.  linear-oblong,  obtuse,  ses- 
sile ;  flower?  in  a  leafless,  compound  cyme.    Ga.  to  Fla.  and  La.    (No.  6,  /3.  ?) 

15  II.  nudiflorum  Mx.  St.  and  branches  4-ang:led  and  winged  ;  Ivs.  ovate-lanceo- 
late or  oblong,  obtuse,  sessile;  cyme  leafless,  peduncled  ;  sep.  linear;  capsule  almost 
3-celled.     2;  Wet.    Penn.  to  La.  and  Ga.    1— 2f.    Leaves  2'.  thin. 

16  H.  spliaerocarpon  Mx.  St.  obscurely  4-sided  ;  Ivs.  linear-oblong,  obtuse,  with 
a  minute  callous  tip  ;  sep.  ovate,  mucronate  ;  caps,  globular,  u  Rivers,  W.  If.  Fls.  7". 

17  H.  adpressum  Bart.  St.  2-winged  above ;  Ivs.  linear-oblong,  half  erect;  cymca 
few-leaved  :  petals  obovate.     u  R.  I.  to  Ark. 

]  8  H,  dolabrifortne  Vent.  St.  scarcely  2-edgcd  above ;  Ivs  linear-lanccolato, 
spreading;  fls.  in  a  leafy,  fas tigiate cyme ;  pet.  very  oblique alolabriform).  li  Ky.Tonr. 

19  H,  angu]6siiin  Mx.  Herb  smooth  ;  st.  acutely  4-c()rnered;  Ivs.  oblong-lanceo- 
late, acute  ;  cymes  leafless  ;  style  distinct,  thrice  longer  than  the  ov.    n  N.  J.  to  Fla. 

20  H.  ellipticiini  Hook.  Herb  smooth  ;  st.  quadrangular,  simple ;  Ivs.  elliptical,  ob- 
tuse, somewhat  clasping,  pellucid-punctate :  cj'me  pedunculate ;  sep.  unequal ;  style 
united  to  near  the  summit,  as  long  as  the  ovary,     n  Can.  to  Pa.    If.    Flowers  6". 

21  H.  graveolens  Buckley.  Stem  terete,  smooth;  leaves  oblong-ovate,  clasping; 
sepals  and  petals  narrow  ;  styles  -S.    U  High  Mts.,  N.  Car.    Strong-scented. 

22  H.  pUosuni  Walt.  Rough-downy ;  stem  simple,  terete,  virgate ;  Ivs.  ovate-lanco- 
olate,  appressed,  clasping,  acute ;  styles  distinct.    ®  Pine-barrens,  South.    1 — 2f. 

23  H.  mutllum  L.  Stem  square,  branched;  Ivs.  ovate,  5-veined,  clasping,  obtnse; 
cymep  leafy  ;  pet.  shorter  (1")  than  sep. ;  sta.  6—12.  (1)  Damp  sandy  soils.  3—9'.  Com. 

;3.  gryrnndnthuntt  Strict,  simple  or  branched,  cy.  only  bractcd.  Del.,  Penn.  (Porter). 

24  H.  Canadense  L.  Stem  quadrangular,  branched ;  Ivs.  linear,  attenuated  to  the 
base,  with  pellucid  and  also  with  black  dots,  rather  obtuse ;  petals  shorter  than  the 
lanceolate,  acute  sepals  ;  stamens  5 — 10.    ®  Wet  sandy  soils.    Capsule  red.    fi — 12'. 

25  H.  Sarotlira  Mx.  Stem  and  branches  filiform,  erect,  and  parallel;  Ivs.  very  ml 
nute,  subulate  ;  flowers  sessile ;  stam.  5 — 10.    (T)  Sandy  soils.    4 — 12'.    Fls.  minute. 

26  H.  Drumtnondii  T.  &  G.  Branches  alternate ;  Ivs.  linear,  very  narrow;  flow 
ers  pedicellate  ;  stamens  10—20.    (1)  Dry.    111.  and  South.    If.    Leaves  6". 

3.  ELODEA,  Adams.  ('E/l&j^;;?,  mai'shy;  from  the  habit.)  Sep.  5, 
equal.  Pet.  5,  equilateral,  imbricated  in  bud.  Stam.  9  (rarely  more),  tria- 
delphous,  the  sets  alternating  with  3  orange-colored  glands.  Styles  3,  dis- 
tinct. Capsule  3-celled.  U  Herbs  with  pellucid-punctate  leaves,  the  axils 
leafless.     Flowers  dull  orange-purple.    July — Sept. 

1  E.  Vlrginica  Nutt.    Stem  erect,  somewhat  compressed,  subsimple;  leaves  oblong, 

amplexicaul :  stamens  united  below  the  middle,  with  3  in  each  set.    Swamps.    If. 

2  E.  petlolata  Ph.    Leaves  oblong,  narrowed  at  base  into  a  petiole ;  flowers  mostly 

in  3'8,  axillary,  nearly  sessile ;  filaments  united  above  the  middle ;  caps,  oblong,  much 
longer  than  the  sepals.    Swamps,  S.  States,  N.  to  N.  J.    Flowers  smaller  (4"). 

Order  XVII.    DROSERACE^.     Slndews. 

Herbs  growing  in  bogs,  often  covered  with  glandular  hairs,  with  leaves 
alteniate  or  all  radical,  mostly  c.rcinate  (rolled  from  top  to  base)  in  vendi- 
tion. Floucers  regular,  hypogynous,  5-merous,  the  Sepals,  Petals,  and  Sta- 
mens  persistent  (withering).  Ovaries  compound,  1-celled,  with  the  Styl^ 
and  Stigmas  variously  parted,  cleft,  or  united.  Seeds  ao  in  the  capsule, 
albuminous.     Embryo  minute. 

•  Rtam»Tis  .*>.     Styles  distinct.     Seeds  on  the  vnlves  of  the  CH^'snle Drosera.      ! 

*  Stanie  IS  H)— 15.     Stjiex  united.     Seeds  all  nt  the  b»se  of  the  eel)     .    Dionjca.        3 


Order  18— ELATINACE.E.  51 

1.  DROSERA,  L.  Sundew.  (Jfjodo?,  clew ;  from  the  clew -like  se- 
cretion.) Sep.  5,  united  at  base,  persistent.  Pet.  5.  Stam.  5.  Sty.  8 — 5. 
eadi  2-parted,  the  halves  entire  or  many-cleft.  Caps.  3-5-valved,  1-celled, 
mauy-seeded.  (g)  or  U  Small  marsh  herbs.  Lvs.  covered  with  reddish, 
glandular  hairs,  secreting  a  viscid  fluid.  Flowers  in  a  raceme  on  c.  slemler 
scape  which  is  at  first  coiled,  uncoiling  as  the  flowers  open. 

*  Scapes  4— (i  times  as  long  as  the  spreading  loaves Nos.  1-3 

*  Scapes  1—2  times  as  long  as  the  ascending  leaves  Nos.  4-fi 

1  D.  rotnndifolla  L.    Lvs.  orbicular,  abruptly  contracted  into  the  liairy  petiole ;  fls. 

white.    (D  A  curious  little  plant,  in  bogs  and  muddy  shores.    Scapes  6— IK,  ()-9-flow- 
ered.    Leaves  1—2'.  glistening  as  with  dew-drops.    June— Aug. 

2  I>.  capillarls  Poir.    Lvs.  obovate,  cuneiform  at  base,  the  petioles  naked ;  flowers 

purple  ;  scape  erect,    (a)  Marshes,  S.  Car.  to  Fla.   Scapes  3—12',  G-12-flowered.    May. 

3  D.  brevlfolla  Ph.  Lvs.  cuneiform-spatulate.  forming  a  small,  dense  tuft  (1'  diam.) ; 

petioles  very  short,  hairy ;  flowers  few,  rose-colored,    (a)  N.  Car.  to  Fla.    2—5''. 

4  I>.  longifolla  L.    Lvs.  spatulate-oblong  or  obovate,  ascending,  alternate,  tapering 

at  base  into  a  long,  smooth  petiole  ;  scape  declined  at  base :  pet.  wh.    n  4-7'.  Lvs.2-3'. 

5  Jtt.  linearis  Goldie.    Lvs.  linear,  obtuse ;  petioles  elongated,  naked,  erect ;  scapes 

few-flowered,  about  the  length  of  the  leaves  (3') ;  calyx  glabrous,  much  shorter  than 
the  oval  capsule ;  seeds  oval,  smooth,     u  Borders  of  lakes.  North.    White. 

6  D.  fillformlm  Raf.    Lvs.  filiform,  very  long,  erect ;  scape  nearly  simple,  longer  than 

the  leaves,  many-flowered  ;  petals  obovate.  erosely  denticulate,  longer  than  the  glan- 
dular calyx  ;  style  2-parted  to  the  Imse.     u  Wet  sand.    If.    Purple. 

2.  DION.53A,  L.  Venus'  Fly-trap.  (One  of  the  names  of  Venus.) 
Stam.  10 — 15.  Sty.  united  into  1,  the  stigmas  many-cleft.  Caps,  breaking 
in-egularly  in  opening,  1-celled.  Seeds  many,  in  the  bottom  of  the  cell. 
U  Glabrous  herbs.  Lvs.  all  radical,  sensitive,  closing  convulsively  w^hen 
touched.     Scape  umbelled. 

D.  tmiscipula  Ell.— A  vei7  curious  plant.  Sandy  bogs  in  Car.  Lvs.  rosulate,  lamina 
roundish,  spinulose  on  the  margins  and  upper  surface,  instantly  closing  upon  insects 
and  other  objects  which  light  upon  it.  Scape  6—12',  with  an  umbel  of  8—10  whita 
flowers.    April,  May.    t 


Order  XVIII.    ELATINACE^.    Water  Peppers. 

Kerbs  small,  annual,  with  opposite  leaves  and  membranous  stipules. 
Ff/ncers  minute,  axillary.  Sejjals  2 — 5,  distinct  or  slightly  coherent  at  base, 
persistent.  Petals  hypog3'nous,  as  many  as  the  sepals.  Stamens  twice  as 
many  as  the  petals,  anthers  introrse.  Ocaiies  2-6-celled.  Stigmas  2 — 6,  capi- 
tate ;  placenta  in  the  axis.     Fruit  capsular.    Seeds  numerous,  exalbuminous. 

ELATINB,  L.  Mud  Purslane.  Fls.  2-,  3-,  or  4-parted,  symmetrical, 
all  the  parts  distinct  except  the  united  ovaries.  Stig.  sessile,  j::^'  Veiy  small 
plants  growing  in  mud,  with  minute,  axillary,  sessile  flowers. 

1  E.  Americckua  Arn.  Stems  creeping,  diflTuse,  in  patches ;  branches  ascending  1—2' ; 

leaves  wedge-obovate,  2",  obtuse  ;  flowers  2-parted,  rarely  3-parted  ;  seeds  6—8. 

2  E.  Clintonlana  (Peck).    Stems  erect,  4",  in  very  dense  tufts,  from  matted  roots; 

lvs.  epatulate,  i" ;  fls.  2-parted  ;  seeds  slightly  cui-ved.   Sand  Lake,  N.  Y.  (C.  U.  Peck). 


62  OiiDEii  19.— CARYOPHYLLACE.^. 

Order  XIX.  CAIIYOPIIYLLACE^.  Plnkworts. 
Uerbs  with  swollen  joints,  opposite,  entire  leaves,  and  regular  >/  (rarely 
•y)  flowers.  Sepals  i)ersistent.  Petals  often  uuguiculate,  or  bifid,  or  0. 
Stamens  distinct,  twice  as  many  as  the  sepals,  or  fewer.  Torus  often  some 
developed,  separating  the  whorls.  Styles  2 — 5,  ovary  1.  Fruit  a  1-5-celled, 
1  -  GO-seeded  pod.  opening  by  teeth  or  valves.  Embryo  curved  around  the 
albumen.     Figs.  G,  41,  44,  45,  56,  lai,  37G,  330,  456. 

§  Stipules  present,  dry  (0  ill  No.  17).     Calyx  opeu.     Petals  sessile,  minute,  or  0.     Tribk  III...(7i) 
i  Stipules  O.—a  Calyx  a  tube  includiujj  the  long  claws  of  the  petals.    Pod   00  -seeded.    Tkibk  I.  ..Ic) 
— a  Calyx  open.    Petals  sessile  (rarely  0  in  No.  10).     Pod  3-  GO-seeded.    Tribe  II... (e) 
—a,  Calyx  open,  ichite.     Petals  0.    Styles  3.     Pod  3-celled.     Tkibk  IV.  ..Mollugo.  l!i 

I.  SILENEiE.— c  Calyx  with  scale-like  bructlels  at  base.    Styles  2 Diantuus.  1 

—c  Calyx  bractless.— <Z  Styles  2 Saponakia,  2,  or  Gypsopuila,  2^ 

—(Z  Styles  3.    Pod  G-toothed  when  open Silknk.  3 

—d  Styles  5.     Pod  lO-toolhed  or  5-valved Lychnis.  i 

II.  ALSlNEyE. — e  Petals  erose-<lenticulaie  at  the  end.     Styles  3 Uolostkum.       5 

— s  Petals 2-parted  (sometimes  wanting  in  No.  ?'...(/) 

/  Styles  5.     Capsule  opening  at  the  top  by  10  teeth ('krastium.  6 

/  Styles  3.     Capsule  opening  to  the  base  by  aalf-vaives Stkllaria.  7 

— e  Petals  entire  (often  wanting  in  No.  10).. (j^) 

.</  Styles  3,  or  ifS.  opposite  to  the  sepals.    (No.  7  or) Arknaria.  8 

V  Styles  4,  opposite  to  the  4  sepals.     Stamens  4 Mcenchia.  9 

i/  Styles  4  or  5,  and  alternate  with  tlie  sepals Sagina.  10 

III.  ILLECEBREvE.— A  Stylesor  stigmas  3— 5.    Pod  several-seeded.     Pet.  colored ...  (A) 

k  Leaves  opposite.— i  Phiwers  axillary,  solitary Spkkgular'a.  II 

— I  Flowers  in  terminal  clusters .Stipumcida.  12 

J{  Leaves  whorled. — >h  Styles  5,  pod  o-valved Spkrgula.  13 

—lit  Styles  3,  pod  3-valved Polvcarpo.n.  14 

—A  Styles  or  stigmas  2  or  I.    Utricle  1 -seeded... (/i) 

H  Sepals  distinct  or  nearly  so,  greenish Paronychia,  lo 

u  Sepals  united  into  a  tube  below,  white  above Syphonycuia.  Itj 

n  .Sepals  united  into  an  urn  below,  green  above Sclkranthi's  17 

1.  DIANTHUS,  L.  Pink.  Calyx  tube  cylindrical,  striated,  with  2  or 
more  pairs  of  imbricated  scales  or  biacteoles  at  base.  Pet.  5,  with  long 
claws,  limb  irregularly  notched.  Stam.  10,  styles  2,  recurved.  Capsule 
cylindrical,  1-celled,  4-valved  at  top.  Beautiful  Oriental  plants,  every- 
where cultivated.    Figs.  6,  131,  276. 

§  Bracts  long-pointed,  equallinj?  the  calyx  tube  (dry,  obtuse,  No.  2) No*.  1 — 4 

§  Bracts  much  shorter  than  the  calyx  tube Nos.  5—7 

1  I>.  Armeria  L.     Wiki  Pink.    Loaves  linear-subulate,  hairy ;  flowers  ag-jregated, 

fascicled;    bracteoles  erect,  lance-subulate.     (I)  Sandy  fields,   E.     1— 2f.    Flower* 
puiall  (('/'  broad),  pink-red  sprinkled  with  white.    August.    §  Europe. 

2  I>.  prblifer  L.    Slender,  strict,  smooth;  Ivs.  linear,  erect,  1—2' ;  bracts  dry,  ovate. 

covering  the  calyx  and  pod  ;  pet.  small,  pink  ;  tl.  mostly  but  1.   Penn.  (Porter>.  §  Eur. 

3  D.  BAKBATUs.     iS ucei- WlUia7n,  or  Bunch  P.    Leaves  lanceolate:  flowers  in  dense 

cymes  ;  bracteoles  erect,  ovate-subulate.     ii  Europe.    l^L    Red-white.    May — July. 

4  D.  Chinensis.    Leaves  lance-linear ;  flowers  solitary ;    bracteoles  spreading,  linear. 

@  China.    If.    Evergreen,  not  glaucous.    Flowers  large,  variegated. 

6  1>.  CAUYOPHYLLU8.  Cariiuiwii  P.  Glaucous  ;  leaves  linear ;  flowers  solitarj- :  bract- 
lets  very  short,  ovate ;  petals  very  broad,  crenate.     U  England.    2— 3f.    Fragrant. 

6  D.  ri.UMARiL'9.  Pheasant's  Eye.  Glaucous;  flowers  solitary;  bracts  ovate,  acute; 
petals  many-cleft,  hairy  at  throat.     '4  Europe.    White-purple,    June— August. 

1  D.  supEKBUs.  Leaves  linear-subulate,  green ;  cymes  fastigiatc ;  bracts  ovate,  mu- 
croiiato  ;  petals  pinuatifld-fringed.    Tf  Europe.    White-roseate.    July,  August. 


Order  lO.-CAKYOPHYLLACE^.  53 

2.  SAPONARIA,  L.  Soapwort.  Calyx  tubular,  5-tootbcd,  \^itliout 
bractlets.  Petals  5,  unguiculate.  Stamens  10.  Styles  2.  Capsules  ob- 
l»ng,  1-cellecl.     Flowers  iu  cymous  panicles.     July,  August.     Fig.  43. 

§  Calyx  tube  oblong,  neither  angled  nor  veined      (Saponaria.) No.  1 

§  Calyx  tube  ovoid,  5-angled,  at  length  5- winged,  very  smooth.     (Vaccauia.).  .  .No.  2 

1  S.  ofiicinalis  L.    Bouncing  Bet.    Lvs.  lanceolate  ;  pet.  crowned,     u  2f.    White.  § 

2  S.  Vaccaria  L.    Lvs.  lance-ovate  ;  fls.  cymous,  pale  red.    (Dlf.    Waste  grounds.  § 

2\.  GYPSOPHIIiA,  L.  Gypsum  Pink.  Sepals  half  united  into  a 
bell-form  calyx.  Pet.  scarcely  clawed.  Gaps,  globular,  1-celled,  4-valved. 
— Neat,  free-flowering  exotics.    Flowers  panicled.     June — Sept.     Europe. 

1  C  ELEGANs.    Lv8.  lance.,  thick;  pan.  loose,  forked  ;  pet.  notched,  wh.  or  pink.   If.  (T) 

2  G.  MURALis.    Low,  diffuse,  with  linear  Its.  and  a  profusion  of  pinkish  small  fls.  (T)  C 

3  G.  Pi.NicuLATA.  Tall;  Ivs.  lance-lin. ;  fis.  minute,  numerous,  white,  in  filiform  pan.  ic 

4  G.  SfKYENi.    Lv8.  lance-lin.,  keeled;  fls.  white,  in  corymbs,  fine  for  bouquets,     n  2f. 

3.  SCLIjNI],  L.  Cahipion.  Catch-fly.  (/StYeriws  was  a  drunken  god 
of  the  Greeks,  covered  with  slaver  as  these  plants  are  wnth  a  viscid  secre- 
tion.) Calyx  tubular,  swelling,  without  scales  at  the  base,  5-toothed ;  pet. 
5,  unguiculate,  often  crowned  with  scales  at  the  mouth,  2  or  many-cleft,  or 
entire  ;  sta.  10  ;  styles  3  ;  capsule  3-celled,  opening  at  top  by  6  teeth,  many- 
seeded.     Figs.  41,  56,  330. 

§  Acaulescent,  low,  tufted.    Petals  crowned.    Perennial No.  1 

§  Caulescent.— Petals  fringe-cleft,  white  or  rose-color,  crownless.    Perennial. Nos.  2 — 4 

—Petals  bifid  or  entire.— Calyx  inflated,  veiny.    Perennial Nos.  5,  6 

—Calyx  close  on  the  pod.    (*) 

♦  Flowers  spicate,  alteniate.    Upper  leaves  linear,  lower  spat.    Annual. .  .Nos.  7,  8 

♦  Fls.  not  epicate.— Petals  pale,  closed  in  sunshine.    Upper  Ivs.  linear..  .Nos.  9, 10 

—Petals  red,  purple,  «fcc.,— bifid Nos.  11, 12 

—entire Nos.  13—15 

1  S.  acafills  L.   Moss  Campion.   Low,  moss-like;  Ivs.  linear  (6'') ;  ped.  solitary,  short, 

1-fld. ;  calyx  bell-shaped  ;  pet.  obcordate,  crowned,     n  White  Mts.    1—3'.    Purp.    .11. 

2  S.  stellata  Ait.   Erect,  pubescent ;  Ivs.  in  whorls  of  4's.  oval-lanceolate,  acuminate; 

cal.  loose  and  inflated ;  pet.  fimbriate,    n  Can.  to  Car.  and  W.    2— 3f.    White.    July. 

3  S.  ovata  Ph.    Erect,  puberulent ;  Ivs.  opposite,  lance-ovate,  acuminate ;  cal.  ovate, 

not  inflated  ;  pet.  many-cleft,  crownless.     if  Car.  Ga.    3f.     White.     July. 

4  S.  Baldwiiill  Nutt.    W^eak,  hairy  ;  Ivs.  obovate-spatulate  ;  calyx  not  inflated  ;  pet. 

cuneiform,  divaricately  fimbriate,    ic  Ga.  Fla.    If.    Fls.  2',  roseate.    April. 

5  S,  nivea  DC.    Minutely  puberulent,  erect,  subsimple ;  Ivs.  oblong-lanceolate,  acu- 

minate ;  fls.  few,  solitary,  leafy  ;  cal.  inflated  ;  pet.  2-cleft,  with  a  small  bifid  crown  : 
caps,  shorter  than  its  stipe.     ii  Peiin.  to  111.    Rare.    2f.    Fls.  few,  white.    July. 

6  S,  fnfld.ta  Smith.    Bladder  Campion.  Glabrous  and  glaucous;  Ivs.  ovate-lanceolate; 

fis.  in  cymous,  leafless  panicles,  drooping ;  cal.  ovoid-globular,  much  inflated ;  caps, 
on  a  short  stype.     n  Fields.    2f.    White.    July.    § 

7  S.  quinquevulnera  L.    Villous;  spike  somewhat  ons-sided;  cal.  vcr)'  villous; 

pet.  roundish,  entire,  crowned,    (i)  S.  Car.  If.    Pet.  crimson,  with  a  pale  border.     § 

8  S.  noctikrna  L.    Lvs.  pubescent;  fle.  small,  appressed  to  the  stem  in  a  dense  l-sided 

spike  ;  cal.  cylindrical,  smoothish  ;  pet.  narrow,  2-parted.  (T)  Ct.  to  Pa.  Rare.  2f.    Jl.  § 

9  S.  Aiitirrhiiia  L.    Snap-dragon  Catch-fly.    Sticky  in  spots;  lvs.  lanceolate,  acute; 

fls.  few,  on  slender  bniiirhes;  cal.  ovoid  ;  pet.  emarginate.    (T)  Waste  pi.    \\t.    Fls.  r. 
/3.  linarla.    Very  siciuior  ;  lvs.  all  linear;  cal.  globular.     Ga.  and  Fla. 

10  8.  noctlflora  L.    Viscid-pubescent;  lower  lvs.  spatulate ;  cal.  cylindrical,  teeth 
Hibnlate,  very  long  ;  petals  2-parted.    ®  Cult,  grounds.    FloAvers  large,  white.    % 


64  Order  19.-  .  ARYOPIU"  LLACE^. 

lis.  Vlrginlca  L.    Slender,  erect,  'branching;  root-lv?.  epatulate,  cauliue  oblong 

lanceolate  ;  flowers  large,  cymous,  cal.  large,  clavate  ;  pet.  bifid,  broad,  crowned.    li 

Woods,  Pa.  to  111.  and  S.    1— 2f.    Red.    June. 
12,  S.  rotunditolia  Nutt.    Decumbent,  branching;  Ivs.  thin,  roundish-ovul ;  fls.  sol 

itary,  very  large ;  calyx  cylindric-campanulate  ;  petals  bifid  and  toothed,  deep  scarlet, 

crowned,    n  Rocks,  W.  States.    Rare.    June— August. 

13  S,  regia  Sims.  Splendid  Catch-Jiy.  Scabrous,  somewhat  viscid;  st.  rigid,  erect; 
Ivs.  ovate-lanceolate  ;  cyme  paniculate ;  pet.  oblanceolate,  entire,  crose  at  the  end  ,* 
eta.  andstig.  exserted.    iiX  O.  to  Til.  and  S.    3— 4f.    Bright  scarlet.    June,  July. 

14  S.  PennsylTanlca  Mx.  Wild  Pivk.  St.  clustered,  low,  ascending;  Ivs.  spatii- 
late  or  cuneate,  of  the  stem  lanceolate  ;  cyme  few-flowered ;  pet.  slightly  emarginate, 
subcrenate.    %.  Dry  soils,  N.  Eng,,  S.  and  W.    6—10'.    Fls.  pink-red.    June. 

1 5  S,  Armerla  L.  Garden  Catch-fly.  Very  smooth,  glaucous ;  st.  branching,  glu- 
tinous below  each  node  ;  Ivs.  ovate-lauceolate  ;  flowers  in  flat  cymes  ;  pet.  obcordate, 
crowned ;  cal.  clavate,  10-striate.    (T)  12—18'.    July,  September,    t  § 

4.  LYCHNIS,  L.  {Avx^o^t  a  lamp;  from  foncied  resemblance  or  use.) 
Cal.  tube  bractless,  10-veined,  limb  5  -lobed.  Pet.  5,  entire  or  cleft,  often 
crowned.  Stam.  10.  Styles  5.  Caps,  more  or  less  5-celled  at  base,  open- 
ing by  5  or  10  teeth.    Handsome  exotics,  cultivated  or  §. 

§  AoRosTEMMA.    Calyx  limb  of  5  leafy,  deciduous  lobes  exceeding  the  petals No.  1 

§  Lychnis  proper.    Calyx  limb  of  5  persistent  lobes  shorter  than  the  petals. .  .(a) 

a  Fls.  dioecious.    Petals  2-lobed,  white  or  purplish.    Escaped  from  culture No.  2 

a  Fls.  all  perfect.— 5  Petals  2-lobed  or  entire Nos.  3,4 

— b  Petals  4-parted  or  laciniatc Nos.  5,  f\ 

1  li,  Gitliago  Lam.     Corn  Cockle.    St.  forked  ;  Ivs.  linear,  hairj' ;  fls.  few,  large,  dull 

purple  ;  seeds  large,  blackish.    ®  Fields.    2— 3f.    A  handsome  weed.    July.    § 

2  I*,  dlurna  L.    Stem  forked  and  panicled ;  fls.  3  $;  pet.  half-2-cleft ;  pod  ovoid  oi 

pubglobous.    (2)  Rare  in  cultivated  grounds.    2f.    June— August.    §  Eur. 

3  li.  coKONAUiA  DC.    Mullein  Pink.   Rose  Camjnon.   Villous;  stem  dichotomous ;  ped. 

long,  1-flowered  ;  petals  broad,  entire,    v  Italy.    2f.    Purple,  &c. 

4  Ii.  Chalcei)6nica  L.    Scarlet  Lychnis  ov  Sweet  William.    Smoothish  ;  fls.  fasciculate ; 

calyx  cylindric-clavate,  ribbed ;  petals  2-lobed.     n  Russia.    2f.    Scarlet. 

5  Ij.  Floscuculi  L.    Ragged  Robin.    Fls.  fascicled;  cal.  campanulate,  10-ribbed ;  pet. 

in  4  deep,  linear  segments.    %  Europe.    1— 2f.    Flowers  pink. 

6  li.  coRONATA  L.     Chinese  Lychnis.    Fls.  terminal  and  axillary,  1—3 ;  calyx  rounded, 

clavate,  ribbed  ;  petals  laciniatc.    u   l--2f.    Flowers  large,  red,  «S:c. 

5.  HOLOSTEUM,  L.  C^Xoi,  all,  o6teov,  bone;  by  antiphrnsis,  as 
Ihe  plant  is  no  V/i*?,  but  soft.)  Sep.  5.  Pet.  5,  erosc-denticulatc  at  the  end. 
Stam.  3 — 5,  rarely  10.  Styles  3.  Caps.  1-celled,  oo-seeded,  opening  by  6 
teeth.    Fls.  white,  in  an  umbel. 

II.  ntnbellatum  L.  Lvs.  smooth  and  glaucous,  oblong,  sessile  ;  ped.  long,  lorminal, 
viscid,  pedicels  reflcxed  after  fV^wering.    (T)  Fields :  rare.    6'.    §  Eur. 

6.  OERASTIUM,  L.  Mouse-ear  Chickweed.  {Kepa?,  a  horn; 
from  the  resemblance  of  the  capsule.)  Sep.  5,  ovate,  acute.  Pet.  5,  2-cleri 
or  lobed.  Stam.  10,  rarely  fewer.  Styles  5,  opposite  to  the  sepals.  Cap- 
sule cylindrical  or  ovoid,  elongated,  opening  at  top  by  10  teeth,  oo  secde  I. 
Flowei-s  cymous,  white.    Fig.  44. 

§  Petals  about  as  long  as  the  sepals Nos.  1,  3 

I  Petals  much  longer  than  the  setJQls Nos.  3,  4,  5 


Okdek  19.— CARYOPHYLLACE^.  56 

i  C  vulgatuin  L.  Hairy,  cse^pitou?;  Ivs.  obovate  or  ovate,  obtuse,  attenuated  at 
ba«e  :  fls.  in  subcapitate  clusters  ;  scp.  acute,  longer  than  the  pedicels  ;  stam.  often  5. 
®  Fields  and  waste  gi'onnds.    6—1-2'.    June-Ang.    § 

2  C.  viscosuiti  L.    Hairy,  viscid,  spreading;  Ivs.  oblong-lanceolate,  rather  acute;  fls. 

in  loose  cymes  ;  sep.  obtuse,  scarious  on  the  margin  and  apex,  shorter  than  the  pedi- 
cels.    If  Fields  and  waste  grounds.    5—9',    Plant  greener.    June— Aug. 

3  C.  arvense  L.    Pubescent ;  Ivs.  linear-lanceolate,  acute ;  cyme  on  a  long,  tennino. 

peduncle,  4-flowcred ;  petals  more  than  twice  longer  than  the  calyx  ;  capsule  scarcely 
exceeding  the  sepals.    %  Rocky  hills.    4—10'.    May— Aug. 

4  C.  oblougifoliiim  Torr.    Villous,  viscid  above;   Ivs.  oblong-lanceolate;   flowers 

numerous,  in  a  spreading  cyme  ;  pet.  twice  as  long  as  the  sepals  ;  capsule  about  twice 
aa  long  as  the  calyx.     21  Rocky  places.    Rare.    6—10'.    Fls.  large.    April— June. 
a  C.  nutaii$>  Raf.    Viscid-pubescent,  erect;    Ivs.  lanceolate;   fls.  many,  diffusely  cy- 
mous,  on  long,  filiform,  nodding  pedicels  ;  pet.  nearly  twice  as  long  as  the  calyx ;  cap- 
sule a  little  curved,  nearly  thrice  as  long,    (i)  Low  grounds.    8—12'.    May. 

7.  STELLARIA,  L.  Star  Chickweed,  (Lat.  stella,  a  star;  from 
the  stellate  or  star-like  flowei-s.)  Sep.  5,  connected  at  base.  Pet.  5,  2-parted, 
rarely  0.  Stam.  10,  rarely  fewer.  Styles  3,  sometimes  4.  Caps,  ovoid,  1- 
celled,  valves  as  many  as  styles,  2-parted  at  top.  Sds.  many.  Small  herbs  in 
moist,  shady  places.    Fls.  in  forked  cymes  or  axillary,  small,  \vh.    Fig.  456. 

§  stems  hairy  mostly  in  lines,  leafy  to  the  top.    Leaves  broad Nos.  1,  2,  3 

§  Stems  all  glabrous,— a  leafy  to  the  top.    Petals  sometimes  wanting Nos.  4,  5,  6 

—a  leafless  above,  with  scarious  bracts Nos.  7,  8,  9 

1  S.  media  Smith.    Lvs,  ovate  ;  st.  procumbent,  with  an  alternate,  lateral,  hairy  line  ; 

pet.  shorter  than  the  sep. ;  stam.  3  to  5  or  10.    ®  A  common  weed.    Apiil— Not. 

2  S.  prostrata  Baldw.    Lvs.  ovate,  the  lower  on  long  petioles  ;  sts.  protumbent,  pu- 

bcscei;»t ;  fls.  on  long  pedicels  ;  pet.  longer  than  sepals  ;  stam.  7.  (T)  Ga.  Fla.  Mar.  Ap. 

3  S.  pubera  Michx.    Stem  ascending,  pubescent  in  1  lateral  or  2  opposite  lines  ;  lvs. 

oblong,  acute,  sessile  ;  pet.  longer  than  the  white-edged  sep.    2f  Pa.  S.  and  W.  Apr.Jn. 

4  S,  uuiflora  Walt.    Smooth,  erect  from  a  prostrate  base  :  lvs.  linear-subulate,  remote  ; 

ped.  long,  1-flwd. ;  pet.  obcordate,  twice  longer  than  cal.   @  Swamps,  S.  10—12'.  May. 

5  S.  borealls  Bw.     Smooth, weak  ;  lvs.  veinless,  lance-oblong;  ped.  at  length  axillary, 

1-flwd. ;  pet.  2-parted  (often  0),  as  long  as  calyx,  n  Wet  shades,  N.  Eng.  to  Wis,  6—15'. 

6  S.  crasslfolla  Ehrh.    Sts.  weak ;  lvs.  linear-oblong,  thickish ;  pet.  longer  than  ttio 

cal.,  or  0 ;  sds.  roughened.  Wet  rocky  places,  Ky.  and  N.   (Sagina  fontii^alia  Sh.&  Pet.) 

7  S.  nliginosa  Murr,    Decumbent;  lvs.  lance-oval  and  oblong,  veiny ;  cymes  lateral, 

sessile,  leafless  ;  sep.  3- veined,  as  long  as  the  bifid  pet.  u  Springs,  Md.  to  N.  H.,  and  W. 

8  S.  longipes  Goldie.    Smooth  and  shining ;  lvs.  linear-lanceolate,  broadest  at  base ; 

ped.  erect,  filiform,  cymous  ;   sep,  with  membranous  margins,  shorter  than  the  petals. 
n  Me,  to  Mich,  and  N.    June. 

9  S.  long-ifolla  Muhl.    Lvs.  linear ;  cyme  terminal,  naked,  at  length  lateral,  the  pedi- 

cels spreading ;  petals  longer  than  the  calyx.    If  Common.    July. 

8.  ARENARIA,  L.  Sandwort.  (Lat.  arena,  sand,  in  which  most* 
species  grow.)  Sep.  5,  spreading.  Pet.  5,  entire,  or  notched,  rarely  0. 
Slam.  10,  rarely  fewer.  Styles  3,  rarely  more  or  fewer,  opposite  to  as  many 
sepals.  Capsule  l-celled,  oo-seeded,  opening  by  valves  or  half-valves. 
Slender  herbs,  mostly  tufted,  with  white  flowers.  (The  following  sections 
have  sometimes  been  regarded  as  genera.) 

f  Arenaria.    Caps,  splitting  into  6  half-valves,    Lvs,  acute.   Seeds  naked Nos,  1,  9 

I  McEKiNoiA.    Caps,  as  above,    Lvs,  and  sep.  obtuse.    Sds.  atrophiolate No,  3 


56  Order  19.— CARYOPHYLLACE^. 

§  iloNKENTA.  Caps,  splitting  into  3  (—5)  valves.    Disk  large,  10-lobed No.  U 

§  Alsine.    Capsule  splitting  into  3  eat  ire  valves.    Disk  inconapicuous . .  (a) 

a  Sepals  3  or  5-veinecl,  acute,  or  acuminate ; Nob.  4,  5,  4 

a  Sepals  veinless,  obtuse.— 6  Leaves  rigid,  subulate,  imbricated No.  7 

—b  Leaves  soft,  opposite,  spreading Nos.  8,  9, 10 

1  A.  serpylllfolla  L.    St.  dichotomous,  spreading;   Ivs.   ovate,  acute,  subciliate : 

pet.  shorter  than  the  acute  sep. ;  pod  ovate.    (T)  Sandy  pi.  3—5'.  Lvs.  2— 3''.  Jn.-Aug.  § 

2  A.  diffusa  Ell.  St.  long,  diffuse  ;  Ivs.  lance-ovate,  acute  at  both  ends  ;  ped.  1-flwd. ; 

pet.  oval,  much  shorter  than  the  calyx,  or  0.    2|  Moist  woods,  S.    2— 5f.    Apr.  June. 

3  A.  lateriflora  L.    Upright,  slightly  pubescent;  Ivs.  oval,  obtuse;  ped.  lateral,  2  to 

3-flwd. ;  seeds  (strophiolate)  appendaged  at  the  hilum.  n  Damp  shades,  N.  6 — 10'.  Ju. 

4  A.  patula  Mx.    Sts.  divaricately  branched,  very  slender;  Ivs.  linear-filiform,  obtuse; 

petals  emarginate.    (i)  Cliffs,  Va.  and  Ky.    (j — 10'.    June— July. 

5  A.  PitcUerl  T.  &  G.    Erect,  fastigiately  branched,  almost  glabrous ;  Ivs.  linear,  ob- 

tuse, flat ;  pet.  entire,  twice  as  long  as  the  5-veined  sepals,    (i)  Tenn.  and  W.    3—6' 

6  A.  stricta  Mx.    Glabrous,  diffuse;  st.  branched  from  the  base  ;  Ivs.  subulate-linear, 

rigid,  so  fascicled  in  the  axils  as  to  appear  whorled  ;  cymes  few-flowered,  with  spread- 
ing branches,    u  Sterile  grounds,    8 — 10'.    May,  June. 

7  A.  squarrosa  Mx.    Csespitous  ;  stem  few-flowered  ;  lower  leaves  squarrons-imbrl- 

cate,  crowded,  upper  ones  few,  all  subulate,  channelled,  smooth ;  petals  obovate,  3 
times  longer  than  the  sepals,    u  Barrens,  L.  I.  to  Ga.    6—10'.    April  —Aug. 

8  A.  Oreenlandlca  Spr.    Ca3spitous  ;  sts.  numerous,  filiform  ;  Ivs.  linear,  flat,  spread- 

ing; ped.  1-flwd..  elongated,  divaricate.  2^  High Mts.  N.  3'.  Fls.  8",  numerous.  Jl.Aug. 

9  A.  brevlfolla  N.    Erect  (not  tufted),  few-leaved  ;  stems  many,  filiform  ;  Ivs.  minute, 

few,  remote,  ovate-subulate ;  sepals  oblong.    (I)  Rocks,  Ga.    2 — 4'.    May. 

10  A.  glabra  Mx.    Ctespitous,  glabrous  ;  sts.  filiform  ;  Ivs.  linear  setaceous,  spread- 
ing; sep.  oval,  veinless.  half  as  long  as  the  petals.    If  Mts.  S.    4—6'.    Fls.  6".    July. 

11  A.  peploides  L.    Sts.  creeping,  with  upright  branches,  tufted;  Ivs.  ovate,  fleshy, 
half-clasping;  fls.  small,  the  veinless  sepals  exceeding  the  petals.    7i  Coast.  If.  May. 

9.  MCENCHIA,  Ehrh.  (Dedicated  to  Manch,  a  German  botanist.)  Sep. 
4,  as  long  as  the  4  entire  petals  and  opposite  to  the  4  styles.  Stam.  4.  Caps, 
ovoid,  not  exceeding  the  calyx,  opening  by  8  teeth,  oo-seeded.  (i)  Low, 
smooth,  glaucous.    Flowers  white. 

M.  quaternella  Ehrh.— Dry  places,  Md.    Stems  simple,  2—3',  with  1  or  2  flowers. 
Leaves  lance-linear,  acute.    Apr.  May.    §  Eur.    (Sagina  erecta  L.) 

10.  SAGINA,  L.  Pearlwort.  (Lat.  sagina,  food  or  nourishment ; 
badly  applied  to  these  minute  plants.)  Sep.  4  or  5.  Pet.  4  or  5,  entire, 
often  0.  Stam.  as  many  or  twice  as  many  as  the  sepals.  Styles  4  or  5,  al- 
ternate with  the  sepals,  but  the  valves  of  the  pod  are  opposite.  Diminutive 
lierbs  with  linear  leaves  and  small  white  flowers. 

*  Petals  0,  or  4,  and  much  shorter  than  the  4  sepals.    Stam.  4 Nos.  1,  2 

*  Petals  5.  equalling  or  much  exceeding  the  5  sepals.     Stam.  10 Nos.  3,  4 

1  S.  procumbens  L.   Procumbent,  glabrous  ;  pet.  about  half  as  long  as  the  roundish, 

obtuse  sepals,  sometimes  0  ;  Ivs.  linear-filiform,     it  Damp,  N.     3 — 4'.    June. 

2  S.  apetala  L.    Erect,  puberulcnt;  pet.  very  minute,  or  none;  sep.  oblong,  acute; 

Ivs.  linear-subulate.    (T)  Sandy,  N.  Y.,  N.  J.  and  W.    Stems  filiform,  2—4'.    May,  Jn. 

3  S.  subula.ta  Wimmer.    Smooth  or  puberulent,  tufted ;  Ivs.  filiform-linear,  mucro- 

nate.  shorter  than  the  erect  ped. ;  pet.  5,  as  long  as  the  ovate,  obtuse  sep.,  rarely  0.  @ 
Sandy.  S.  2—6'.    Lvs.  6".    March,  April.     (S.  Elliottii  Fenzl.) 

4  S.  nodosa  Fenzl.    Tufted,  ascending,  glabrous ;  lvs.  subulate,  the  upper  very  short 

and  fascicled  ;  pet.  much  longer  than  the  sepals.    %  Sandy  shores,  N. 


Order  19.— CARYOPHYLLACE^.  57 

11.  SPERGULARIA,  Pers.  Sand  Spurry.  (Name  derived  from 
Spergula.)    Sep.  5.    Pet.  5,  entire.    Stam.  2—10.    Styles  3.    Caps.  3-valved, 

oo-seeded. — Herbs  low,  spreading,  with  narrow  opposite  leaves  and  sca- 
rious  stipules.     Flowers  red  or  rose-colored. 

1  S.  rubra  Presl.     Decumbent,  divaricately  branched,  slender;  Ptip.  triangular-acu- 

minate; Ivs.  linear;  sep.  lanceolate,  with  scarious  margins;  pet.  as  long,  pink-red; 
seeds  rough,  margiuless.     U  Sandy,  near  the  coast.    3— (>'.    May— October. 

2  S.  mari  na.    Plant  thick  and  fleshy ;  caps,  a  third  longer  than  the  calyx,  with  the 

seeds  nearly  smooth  and  mostly  margined.    Otherwise  like  No.  1,  and  perhaps  not 
distinct,    n  Salt  marshes.    May— October.    (Arenaria,  L.) 

12.  STIPULIOIDA,  Michx.  (Lat.  stipula,  ccedo ;  the  stipules  being 
much  cleft.)  Sep.  with  scarious  margins.  Pet.  5,  as  long  as  the  sepals,  en- 
tire. Stig.  3,  subsessile.  Caps,  subglobous,  3-valved,  few-seeded,  (i)  A 
slender,  tufted,  dichotomously  branched  herb,  almost  leafless,  with  the 
small  flowers  in  terminal  cymules. 

S,  setacea  Mx.— Dry  sand,  Ga.  Fla.    Stems  almost  setaceous,  6— KK.    Joints  distant, 
with  a  fringe  of  leaves  and  stipules  i".    Root  leaves  roundish,  V.   Fls.  reddish.   May. 

13.  SPERGULA,  L.  Spurry.  (Lat.  spergo,  to  scatter ;  from  the  dis- 
persion of  the  seeds.)  Sep.  5.  Pet.  5,  entire.  Stamens  5  or  10.  Styles  5. 
Caps,  ovate,  5-valved,  seeds  oo.  Embryo  coiled  into  a  ring,  (i)  Herbs 
with  fls.  in  loose  cymes.    Leaves  verticillate.    Stipules  scarious. 

S.  arvensis  L.    Lvs.  filiform ;  ped.  reflexed  in  fruit ;  sds.  reniform,  angular,  rough. 
Cultivated  grounds.    1— 2f.    Lvs.  1—2'',  many  in  a  whorl.    May— August.    § 

14.  POLYOARPON,  L.     All-seed.    {UoXvi,  much,  uapTto^,  fruit; 
the  pods  are  many.)    Sepals  5,  carinate.    Pet.  5,  emarginate.     Stam.  3 — 5. 
Style  short,  3-cleft.    Caps.  3-valved.    @  Low,  diff'use,  with  whorlcd  lvs. 
P.  tetraphyllum  L.    Lvs.  spatulate  or  oval,  tapering  to  a  petiole,  some  of  them  in 

whorls  of  4;  stam.  3.    Around  Charleston,  S.  Car.    3—6'.    Lvs.  3— 5".    Fls.  minute.    § 

15.  PARONYCHIA,  Tourn.  Nailavort.  {Tlapd,  with,  ovv'c,  the 
nail;  i.  e.,  the  whi{tow ;  supposed  cure  for.)  Sep.  5,  linear-oblong,  conni- 
vent,  mucronate  or  awned  near  the  apex.  Pet.  or  sterile  filaments  very 
narrow  and  scale-like,  or  none.  Stam.  2,  3,  or  5.  Stig.  2,  with  the  styles 
more  or  less  united  into  1.  Utricle  1-seeded.  Low  herbs  didu^tomously 
branched,  with  scarious,  silvery  stips.,  and  at  least  the  lower  lvs.  opposite. 

§  Paronychia.    Sepals  evidently  awned  at  apex.   Lvs.  linear  and  subulate  —  Nos.  1,  3 
§  Anychia  (Mx.  partly).    Sep.  merely  mucronate  at  apex.    Lvs.  lanceolate  to  oval.(*) 

*  Stems  procumbent,  diffuse  on  the  ground.    Stamens  5 Nos.  3,  4 

*  Stems  erect,  with  diffusely  ascending  branches.    Stamens  2  or  3 Nos.  5,  6 

1  P.  dicliotoiua  Nutt.    Glabrous,  densely  branched  ;  lvs.  acerose,  mucronate;  bracts 

like  the  loaves ;  cymes  fastigiate,  with  no  central  flower  ;  sepals  3-veined,  cuspidate. 
H  llocks,  Va.  to  Car.  and  Ark.    6—12'.    Lvs.  V.    July— November. 

2  P.  argyrocoma  Nutt.    Pubescent,  tufted,  decumbent;  lvs.  linear,  acute;  cymes 

glomerate,  terminal ;  fls.  enveloped  in  dry,  silvery  bracts  ;  sep.  hairy,  1-veined,  seta- 
ceously  cuspidate.     Ti  Mts.  N.  H.  Va.  to  Ga.    4—10'.     Lvs.  <!— 10".    July. 
S  P.  Iieruiarloides  Nutt.    Scabrous,  diffusely  branched;  lvs.  oval  or  oblong,  mu- 
cronate ;  the  ramial  alternate.    Fls.  sessile  in  the  axils  of  the  leaves  ;  sep.  S-veiued, 
merely  mucronate.    n  Sand,  8.    Small,  flat.    Lvs.  1—3".    July— October. 


58  Order  20.— PORTULACACE^. 

4  P.  Bald^vinli  Chapm.    Diffusely  branched,  procumbent;  leaves  linear-lanceolate, 

very  acute,  all  opposite ;  flowers  longer  than  the  setaceous  stipules,  mostly  terminal, 
stalked ;  stam.  5.    ®  Dry  fields,  Fla.  Ga.   6—10'.    Lvs.  few.    July— Oct. 

5  P. .Canadensis.    Stem  erect,  slender,  pubescent,  many  times  forked,  with  slender 

or  capillary  branches ;  lvs.  lanceolate,  the  ramial  alternate :  style  none ;  utricle  equal- 
ling the  sepals.    (T)  Woody  hills. 
p.  ptintila.    Dwarf  (2 — 40,  tufted ;  fls.  closely  sessile  ;  style  as  long  as  ovary,  forked 
at  apex.    Dry  hills,  Md.    (Mr.  Shriver.) 

16.  SIPHONYOHIA,  Torr.  and  Gr.  {^icpaiv,  a  tube;  that  is,  AmjcMa 
with  a  tubular  calyx.)  Sep.  linear,  petaloid  above,  coherent  into  a  tube 
below,  unaimed.  Pet.  5  setse  alternate  with  the  stamens  on  the  throat  of 
the  calyx.  Style  filiform,  minutely  bifid  ;  utricle  included.  0  Diifuse  and 
widely  spreading.    Fls.  in  glomerate,  terminal  cymes,  white.    Jn. — Oct. 

§  Calyx  tube  bristly  with  hooked  hairs.    Stems  prostrate,  diflfhse Nos.  1,  2 

§  Calyx  smooth  or  merely  pubescent.    Stems  erect Nos.  3,  4 

1  S.  Americana  T.  &  G.    Sts.  pubescent  in  lines  ;  lvs.  lanceolate;  sep.  rounded,  in- 

curved at  apex  ;  fls.  solitary  and  clustered,    (i)  S.  Car.  to  Fla.    1— 2f.    Lvs.  email. 

2  S.  diflTiisa  Chapm.    Pubescent;  lvs.  lanceolate,  obtuse;  sep.  linear,  mucronate ;  fls. 

in  dense  cymes,    (i)  Pine-barrens,  Fla.    If. 

3  S.  erecta  Chapm.    Sts.  smooth,  rigidly  erect,  subsimple  ;  lvs.  linear ;  sep.  lanceolate, 

tube  smooth,  furrowed.     K  Sands,  Fla.    6— 1'2'. 

4  S.  Rugelil  Chapm.   Erect,  dichotomous,  pubescent ;  lvs.  oblanceolate  ;  sep.  conspic- 

uously mucronate,  the  tube  hairy,    (i)  E.  Fla.    If.    (Paronychia,  Shutt.) 

17.  SCIiERANTHUS,  L.  Knawel.  {'ShXtjpo^,  hard,  av^o<i;  the 
calyx  hardens  in  fruit.)  Sep.  5,  united  below  into  a  tube  contracted  at  the 
orifice.  Pet.  0.  Sta.  10,  rarely  5  or  2.  Styles  2,  distinct.  Utricle  very 
smooth,  enclosed  in  the  hardened  calyx  tube.  (J)  A  prostrate,  diff'use  littlo 
weed,  exstipulate. 

K,  annnus  L.    Dry  fields  and  roadsides,  N.  and  M.    3— fi'.    Lvs.  linear,  acute,  short, 
partially  united  at  their  bases.    Fls.  very  small,  green,  in  axillary  fascicles.    July. 

18.  MOLIjUGO,  L.  Carpet-weed.  Calyx  of  5  sepaLs,  inferior,  united 
at  base,  colored  inside.  Cor.  0.  Sta.  5,  sometimes  3  or  10.  Fil.  setaceous, 
shorter  than  and  opposite  to  the  sepals.  Anth.  simple.  Caps.  3-celled,  3 
valved,  many-seeded.  Seeds  reniform.  Lvs.  at  length  appai-ently  verticil- 
late,  being  clustered  in  the  axils. 

m,  vertlclllata  L.    Lvs.  cuneiform,  acute ;  st.  prostrate,  branched ;  pedicels  1-flow- 
ered,  subumbellate  ;  sta.  mostly  but  3.    (T)  Dry  fields.    G— 10''.    White. 


Order  XX.    PORTULACACE^.    Purslanes. 

Herhs  succulent  or  fleshy,  with  entire  leaves,  no  stipules,  and  regular 
flowers.  Sepals  2,  united  at  base.  Petals^,  more  or  less  imbricated.  Sta- 
mens variable  in  number,  but  opposite  the  petals  when  as  many.  Ovaries 
free,  1-celled.  Styles  several,  stigmatous  along  the  inner  surface.  Fruit  a 
pyxis,  dehiscing  by  a  lid,  or  a  capsule,  loculicidal,  with  as  many  valves  aa 
stigmas.    Seeds  with  a  coiled  embryo.    Figs.  122,  123. 


Order  23.— MALVACE^.  59 

•  stamens  8—20,  peripynous.  Capsule  opening  by  a  lid  (a  pyxis) Portulaca.  ] 

»  Stamens  10—30,  hypoj^ynous.  Capsnle  opening  by  valves Tali.vum.  2 

•  Stamens  5,  each  on  tbe  base  of  a  petal.    Capsnle  3-valved Claytonia.  S 

•  Stamens  4 — 15.     Capsule  3-valved.    Leaves  alternate Cala.vdrima.  4 

1.  PORTULACA,  Toiini.  Purslanes.  Sep.  2,  the  upper  portion 
deciduous.  Pet.  5  (4  to  6),  equal.  Stain.  8 — 20.  Style  3-6-parted.  Pyy.ia 
opening  near  the  middle,  oo-seeded.    Low,  fleshy  herbs. 

1  1*.  oleracea  L.    Stems  reddish,  prostrate  ;  leaves  cnneate.    ®  Cultivated  gronnds, 

especially  gardens.  If.   Plant  very  smooth,  succulent.   Fls.  small,  yellow.   June— Aug, 

2  P.  GRANDiFLORA.    Upright ;  Ivs.  linear,  acute ;  fls.  large,  rose-purple,    (i)  S.  Am.    8'. 

3  P.  GiLLESii.    Upright ;  Ivs.  short,  terete,  blunt ;  fls.  large,  deep  purple.    (I)  S.  Am. 

2.  TALINUM,  Adans.  Sep.  2,  ovate,  deciduous.  Pet.  5,  sessile,  in- 
serted Avith  the  10 — 20  stamens  into  the  torus.  Style  trifid.  Caps.  3-valved, 
oo-seeded. — Herbs  fleshy,  smooth. 

T.  teretiloliiim  L.  Stem  short,  thick,  with  crowded  linear  Ivs.  at  the  ends  of  the 
short  branches,  with  long  (60  terminal,  naked  peduncles,  bearing  a  cyme  of  purple, 
ephemeral  flowers,    ii  Rocks,  Pcnn.  to  Ga.    June— Aug. 

3.  CLAYTONIA,  L.  Spring  Beauty.  (In  memory  of  Jo7in  Clayton^ 
one  of  the  earliest  botanists  of  Virginia.)  Sep.  2,  ovate  or  roundish.  Pet. 
5,  emargincd  or  obtuse.  Stam.  5,  inserted  on  the  claws  of  the  petals.  Stig. 
3-cleft.  Caps.  3-valved,  2-o-seeded. — Small,  fleshy,  early  flowering  plants^ 
arising  fnnn  a  small  tuber.    (Stem  with  2  opposite  leaves.) 

1  0«  €arolliiiana  Mx.    Lvs.  ovate-lanceolate ;  sep.  and  ^t.  obtuse,  n  Moist  woods. 

St«ni  3',  bearing  2  (rarely  3  or  4)  leaves ;  root  leaves  few  ;  fls.  white,  with  purple  liuea. 

2  C  VIrgiiiica  L.    Lvs.  linear  or  lance-linear;  sepals  rather  acute ;  petals  obovate, 

mostly  emarginate  or  retusc ;  ped.  slender,  nodding.    %  In  low,  moist  grounds,  mora 
common  than  the  first,  the  2  opposite  leaves  3—5'  long.    Flowers  roseate. 

4.  OALANDRINIA,  H.  B.  K.  {Calandrini  was  an  Italian  botanist.) 
Sep.  2.  Pet.  3 — 5.  Stam.  4 — 15,  mostly  hypogynous.  Style  short,  stig.  3. 
Caps.  3-valved. — Herbs  of  Chili  and  California,  smooth,  with  alternate 
leaves  and  purple  flowers. 

1  C.  GRANDIFLORA.    Leaves  rhomboid ;  raceme  terminal.    %  Chili.    If.    Fls.  near  2'. 

2  C.  sPECiosA.    Leaves  linear-spatulate ;  flowers  axillary,    (i)  Cal.    6^    Fls.  V  broad. 

Order  XXIII.    MALVACE^.    Mallows. 

Jlerh^.  or  slirvhs  with  alternate,  stipulate  leaves  and  regular  flowers,  with 
5  »ej)uU  united  at  base,  valvate  in  the  bud,  often  subtended  by  an  involucel; 
5  petals  hypogynous,  convolute  in  the  bud,  with  the  stamens  go  mouadel- 
phous,  hypogynous,  and  1-celled  reniform  anthers.  Pistils  several,  dis- 
tinct, or  united,  and  stigmas  various.  Fruit  a  several-celled  capsule,  or  a 
collection  of  1 -seeded  indehiscent  carpels.  Seeds  with  little  or  no  albumen^ 
and  a  carved  embryo. 

%  Calyx  naked,  t.  «.,  having  no  involucel.     (6) 
%  Calyx  involucellate.— Carpels  (and  styles)  more  than  5.    (a) 
— Cancels  3  to  5  on'y,— 1-seeded.    (r) 

— S—  OC-SMded.    (<l) 


<^0  Order  23.— MALVACE^. 

a  Involucel  of  6  to  9  bractlets.    Carpels  1-seeded Ai-tr,15A.  1 

a  Involticel  of  3  distinct  bractlets.    Carpels  1-seeded.     Stigmas  linear Malva.  3 

a  Involucel  of  3  united  bractlets.    Carpels  1-seeded Lavatera.  3 

a  Invdiucel  of  3  distinct  bractlets.    Carpels  2-seeded Modiola.  4 

a  In volucels  (of  2  or  3  distinct  bractlets).  Carpels  1-seeded.  Stig.  capitate.  ...Malvastkum.  8 

6  Flowers  dioecious.     Stigmas  10,  linear Nap^a  6 

6  Flowers  perfect.    Carpels  5  or  more,  1-seeded Sida.  7 

6  Flowers  perfect.     Carpels  5  or  many,  3  to  9-seeded Abutilo.v.  8 

c  Stigmas  10.    Carpels  5,  baccate,  united Malvavisccs.  9 

r  Stigmas  10.    Carpels  5,  dry,  distinct Pavonia.  10 

c  Stigmas  5.    Carpels  5,  dry,  united  into  a  pod Kostkletzkta.  11 

d  Invo/ucre  of  many  bractlets.     Calyx  regular Hibiscus.  12 

d  Involucre  of  3  incisely-toothed  bractlets GossypiUM.  13 

1.  ALTHiEA,  L.  Marsh  Mallow.  ("-^ A Sgj,  to  cure;  the  mucilagi- 
nous root  is  liis^hly  esteemed  in  medicine.)  Calyx  surrounded  at  base  by  a 
6-9-cleft  involucel.  Styles  go,  with  linear  stigmas.  Carpels  oo,  1-seeded, 
indehiscent,  arranged  circularly,  and  at  maturity  separating  from  the  axis. 

1  A.  offlclnd.li8  L.    Lvs.  eoft -downy  on  both  sides,  cordate-ovate,  dentate,  somewhat 

3-lobed;  ped.  much  shorter  than  the  leaves,  axillary,  many-flowered.  U  Salt  marshes, 
North.    3f.    Flowers  large,  pale  purple.    Sept.    §  Eur. 

2  A.  rosea  Cav.    Hollylwck.    St.  erect,  hairy  ;  lvs.  cordate,  5-7-angled.  rogous ;  fl?.  ax- 

illary, sessile.    (2)  Gardens,  often  sowing  itself.    6f.    Flowers  of  all  colors.    § 

2.  MALVA,  L.  Mallow.  {MaXaxr/,  soft;  on  account  of  the  soft 
mucilaginous  properties.)  Calyx  5-cleft,  the  involucel  3-leaved.  Pet. 
obcordate  or  truncate.  Styles  oo,  with  linear  stigmas.  Carpels  oo,  1- 
celled,  1-seeded,  indehiscent,  arranged  circularly,  and  at  maturity  sepa- 
rating from  the  axis. 

*  Leaves  triangular-hastate,  crenate,  scabrous.    Carpels  acute No.  1 

*  Leaves  orbicular,  with  .5—7  angular  lobes.    Carpels  obtuse Nos.  2 — A 

*  Leaves  palmately  .5-7-parted Nos.  5—7 

I  M.  trlaiij2:uli\ta  Lav.  Rough-hairy;  lvs.  triang.-hastate,  crenate;  the  low«r  cor- 
date: panicle  many-flowered;  cai-p.  10— 15,  slightly  beaked,  at  length  2-valved.  U  Dry 
prairies.  W.  and  S.    2— :if.    Petals  1'.  purple.    July,  Aug.     (Callirrhoe  triang.  Gr.) 

1  in.  rotiinditolla  L.  Low  Mallow.  St.  prostrate  ;  lvs.  obtusely  5-!obed  ;  cor.  pale, 
twice  as  long  as  the  calyx.     M  Waste  grounds.    If.    June,  July.    §  Eur. 

3  IWt.  sylvestris  L.     High  Malloiv.    St.  erect ;  lvs.  .5-7-lobed,  lobes  rather  acute  ;  pet. 

purple,  .3  times  hmger  than  sepals.    (2)  Waysides.    3f.    June,  July.    §  Eur. 

4  in.  crispa  L.    St.  erect;  lvs.  angular-lobed.  dentate,  crisped,  smooth;  fls.  axillary, 

sessile,  white.    (V;  Gardens  and  waste  grounds.    5f.    June— Aug.    §  Syria. 

5  M.  nioscliata  L.    Musk  Mallow.    Erect;  radical  lvs.  reniform,  incised,  cauline  5- 

parted,  the  seirments  linear-cuneiform,  incisely  lobed ;  peduncles  shorter  than  the 
leaves,     n  Gardens  and  waysides.    2f.    Flowers  large,  roseate.    July.    §  Eur. 

6  M.  A'lcea  L.    Erect ;  rt.  lvs.  angular;  st.  lvs.  5-lobed,  the  lobes  merely  incised ;  stem 

and  calyx  velvety,    n  Escaped  from  gardens :  rare.    3f.    Fls.  purple.    July,  t    §  Eur. 

7  m,  Papaver  Cav.    Poppy  Mallow.    Lvs.  3-.5-parted,  segm.  oblong  or  linear,  entire 

or  toothed  :  fls.  on  very  long  peduncles;  bracteoles  1—3,  subulate.    11  Open  woods. 
South.    12—18'.    Flowers  bright  red.    May,  June.    (Callirrhoe  Papaver  Gr.) 

3.  LAVATERA,  L.  (Named  in  honor  of  the  two  Laxaters,  physicians 
of  Zurich.)  Calyx  subtended  by  an  involucel  of  3  united  bracteoles. 
Stigmas  go,  filiform.  Carpels  oo,  1-celled,  l-seeded,.indehiscent,  arranged 
circularly  as  in  Malva. 

li.  TRiMESTRis.  Annual ;  lvs.  roundish-cordate,  the  upper  angular ;  fla.  large,  red,  soli- 
tary.   Europe.    2f.    The  flowers  vary  to  white.    July,  Aug. 


Order  23.— MALVACEAE.  61 

4.  MODIOLA,  Moench.  (Lat.  modiolus,  a  certain  measure ;  from  the 
fancied  resemblance  of  the  fruit  to  a  basket.)  Calyx  5-cleft,  with  an  in- 
volucel  of  3  bractlets  at  base.  Stigmas  15 — 20,  capitate.  Carpels  same  num- 
ber, 2-seedecl,  transversely  2-celled,  2-valved.  (T:(2)  Prostrate,  with  cleft 
leaves  and  small  flowers. 

in.  multifida  Moench.    Lvs.  roundish,  cordate,  3—5  cleft;  segm.  cut-toothed;  pad. 
soon  longer  than  the  petioles,    n  Car.  Ga.  and  W.    1— 2f.    Fls  6",  red.    July,  Aug. 

5.  MALVASTRUM,  Gray.  (Name  altered  from  Malva.)  InvoluccI 
of  1 — 3  leaves,  or  0.  Styles  5 — 20.  Stigmas  capitate.  Carp.  5 — go  ,  often 
beaked  or  awned,  each  1-seeded. 

1  Mr.  angustum  Gr.  Branched,  erect,  hairy;  lvs.  lanceolate,  with  bristle-form  stip. ; 

invol.  brintleform ;  carps.  5,  dehiscent,    (i)  S.  Car.  Ga.     If.    Fls.  yellow.     (Sida,  Ph.) 

2  M.  trlcuspidatum  Gr.    Shrubby;  rough-hirsute;  lvs.  ov. -oblong;  stip.  lanceo- 

late ;  invol.  .3- leaved;  carp.  10— 12,  3-awned  at  apes.     2^  S.  Fla.    If.    Yellow. 

6.  NAP.ff3A,  Clayt.  {Na'Ttr/y  a  wooded  valley  between  mountains, 
where  Clayton  discovered  the  plant.)  Involucel  none.  Calyx  5-toothed  ; 
fls.  dioecious.  Styles  6 — 8,  with  filiform  stigmas.  Carpels  as  many,  1-seeded, 
indehiscent,  beakless,  circularly  arranged.  U  Tall,  with  large,  palmately 
divided  leaves  and  small  white  flowers  in  leafy  panicles. 

N.  dioica  L.— Rocky  thickets.  Pa.  Va.  to  111.    Stem  weak.    4— 6f.    Leaf  segm.  5—11, 
lanceolate,  acuminate,  coarsely  toothed.    Flowers  4—5".    August. 

7.  SIDA,  L.  Involucel  0.  Fls.  perfect.  Calyx  5-cleft.  Styles  5  or 
more,  with  the  stigmas  capitate  or  truncate.  Carp.  5 —  oo,  1-seeded,  finally 
separable.    Herbs  or  shrubs,  mostly  tomentous. 

*  Leaves  palmately,  parted.    Flowers  rose-white.    Carpels  beaked Nos.  1,  2 

*  Leaves  undivided.    Flowers  red  or  yellow.— a  Cai-pels  5  or  7 Nos.  3,  4 

—a  Carpels  10—12 Nos.  5—8 

1  S.  Napsea  Cav.    Nearly  glabrous  ;  lvs.  palmately  5-lobed,  lobes  oblong,  acuminate, 

coarsely-toothed ;   ped.  many-flowered ;   carpels  10,  acuminate-beaked.     U  Woods, 
Penn.  to  Va.    3f.    Fls.  8^'.    White.    July. 

2  S.  alcseoides  Mx.     Strigous-pubescent ;  lvs.  palmately  5-7-parted,  the  segments 

laciniate  ;  fls.  corymbed,  terminal ;  carp.  10,  acute,    li  In  barren  oaklands,  Tenn.  Ky. 
1— 2f.    Fls.  nearly  as  large  as  in  the  Musk  Mallow.   (Callirrhoe  alcseoides  Gr.) 

3  S.  splnosa  L.    St.  rigid ;  lvs.  ovate-lanceolate,  serrate,  with  a  spinous  tubercle  at 

the  base  of  the  petiole  ;  stip.  setaceous,  shorter  than  the  petioles  or  axillary  pedun- 
cles ;  carp.  5,  birostrate.    (2)  Sandy,  M.  and  W.    8— 16^    Yellow.    July.    § 

4  S.  cillarls  Cav.     St.  prostrate ;  lvs.  elliptical,  obtuse ;  stip.  setaceous,  and  calyx 

ciliate  ;  carp.  7,  tipped  with  2  spines  ;  fls.  red.    7t  S.  Fla. 

5  S.  stipnlata.  Cav.    Smoothish ;  leaves  rhombic-lanceolate,  dentate  ;  stip.  subulate, 

longer  than  the  petioles,  persistent ;  carpels  10—12,  pointed  with  2  short  spines.    71 
Sandy  soilts,  S.    18'.    Pet.  5'',  yellow.    July.    (S.  hispida  C-B.) 

6  S.  Elliottii  Torr.  &  Gr.    Lvs.  linear-oblong,  obtuse  at  base ;  ped.  1-flowered,  a  liltio 

longer  than  the  petioles  ;  caps,  truncate.     %  Sandy  soils,  S.    3f.    Yellow. 

7  S.  rlioinbllolia.  L.    Leaves  rhombic-oblong,  serrate,  cuneate  and  entire  at  base; 

ped.  much  longer  than  the  petioles  ;  caps.  2-beaked.    (J)  S.  Car.  to  Fla.    2f.    Yellow. 

8.  ABUTILON,  Dill.  Indian  Mallow.  Calyx  5-cleft,  without  an  m 
volucel,  often  angular.  Styles  5  to  20,  with  capitate  stigs.  Carps,  as  many^ 
ananged  circularly,  each  1-celled,  3  to  6-seeded,  and  opening  by  2  valves. 


62  OiiDER  23.— MALVACE^. 

§  Herbaceous.    Lvs.  ovate,  crcuate,  acuminate,  velvety.    Fls.  erect Noe.  1,  5 

§  Shrub.    Leaves  3-5-acuminale-lobed.    Fls.  pendulous No.  8 

1  A.  Avlcennae  Gsprt.  Tomentous:  Iv?.  rounr'ish.  cordate ;  ped.  shorter  than  the  long 

petiole  ;  carp,  about  15,  inflated.  2-beaked.  3-peeded.    (T)  Waste  places.    .3f.   Yel.   Jl.  § 

2  A.  Hulseauum  Torr.    Pilous-hispid:  lvs.  roundish:   ped.  .3-5-flowered ;  caipels 

about  12 ;  fls.  near  2'  broad,  light  purple.    Fla.     Lvs.  small,  whitish  beneath. 

3  A.  STRIATUM.     Tassd-Tree.  Shrub  with  maple-like  lvs.  and  tasselforra  fls.,  the  column 

exserted.    Greenhouse.    5— lOf.    Orange-red,  scarlet-veined.    Brazil. 

4  A.  VEXiLLARiuM.    Shnib  with  long,  slender,  drooping  branches  ;  leaves  lance-ovate, 

cordate,  crenate-serrate ;  flowers  droop  on  filiform  stalks,  cylindric ;  calyx  scarlet, 
corolla  golden  yellow,  column  exserted.    Greenhouse.    Flowers  all  Winter. 

9.  MALVAVisOUS  Drummondii.  Glue  Mallow.  Shrub  4f,  with 
Bhowy,  erect,  axillary  scarlet  flowers.  Involucel  of  many  bractlets.  Pet.  erect.  Styles 
10,  with  capitate  stigmas.  Fruit  fleshy.  Leaves  roundish,  cordate,  angularly  3-lobed, 
ooarscly  crenate-toothed.    Coluom  long-exserted.    §  About  N.  Orleans. 

10.  PAVONIA,  L.  (Latin  pam,  peacock;  suggested  by  the  coloi-s.) 
Involucel  of  5  or  more  bracteoles.  Calyx  5-cleft.  Carpels  5,  half  as  many 
as  the  branches  of  the  style,  l-seeded.     Stig.  capitate.    Fruit  dry.     }j 

P.  liecontil  T.  &  G.  Shrubby;  lvs.  sagittate-oblong,  obtuse,  hoary-tomentous  be- 
neath ;  bractlets  5 ;  carpels  blunt,  rugous.  5f.  Ga.  (Mr.  Jones),  rare.  Fls.  18"  diam  , 
rose-white,  with  a  deep  purple  centre.    (P.  Jonesii  C-B.) 

11.  KOSTELETZKYA,  Presl.  (In  honor  of  Kosteletzky,  a  German  bot- 
anist.) Calyx,  involucel,  styles,  &c.,  as  in  Hibiscus.  Fruit  a  5-celled,  de- 
pressed capsule,  with  a  single  seed  in  each  cell. 

K.  Vlrginlca  Presl.  Lvs.  acuminate,  cordate,  ovate,  dentate,  upper  and  lower  ones 
undivided,  middle  3-lobed ;  ped.  axillary,  and  in  terminal  racemes ;  fls.  nodding,  pis- 
tils decliuate.    %  Marshes,  L.  I.  to  Ga.    3f.    Fls.  2^',  rose-red.    Aug. 

12.  HIBISCUS,  L.  Calj'^x  5-cleft,  subtended  by  an  involucel  of  many 
bractlets.  Column  long  with  the  stamens  lateral  and  the  5  stigmas  capitate. 
Fruit  a  5-celled  capsule,  loculicidal,  the  valves  bearing  the  partitions  in  the 
middle.  Seeds  3  or  many  in  each  cell.  5  if  Flowers  large  and  showy. 
Plants  often  cultivated. 

§  Hibiscus  proper.    Calyx  equally  5-cleft  or  toothed,  persistent. .  .(a) 

I  Abelmoschus.    Calyx  tube  in  flowering  split  down  to  the  base  on  one  side.  .Nos.  12, 13 

a  Shrubs  and  trees.    Leaves  undivided,  ovate,  &c.    Stip.  persistent Nos.  9—11 

a  Herbs.— J  Calyx,  &c.,  tomentous.    Lvs.  undivided,  angularly  lobed  Nos.  1,  2,  3 

—b  Calyx,  &c.,  hispid.    Leaves  palmately  divided Nos.  4,  5 

—b  Calyx,  &c.,  glabrous.— c  Leaves  strongly  3-5-lobed Nos.  (3,  7 

—c  Leaves  ovate,  undivided No.  8 

1  H.  OTosclieiktos  L.    Simple,  erect,  hoary-tomentous  ;  lvs.  ovate,  obtusely  dentate, 
some  3-lobed  ;  ped.  long,  often  cohering  with  the  petiole ;  pod  and  seeds  smooth ; 
sepals  abruptly  pointed.    Brackish  marshes.    4— (if.    Fls.  (5' diam.,  roseate.    Aug. 
/3.  naviacena,    Fls.  larger  (pet.  A'  long),  of  a  light  sulphur-yellow,  with  a  purplo 
centre.    Marshes,  Indiana  to  Fla.    (H.  incanus  Wendl.) 

3  H.  grandlflorus  Mx.  Lvs.  cordate,  acuminate,  repand-dentate.  downy  both  sides, 

hoary  beneath ;  pods  densely  hirsute.    S.  and  W.   5— 7f.    Pet.  4^',  flesh-color.  Jl.-Oct, 

4  H.  aculeatus  Walt.    Prickly-hispid;  lvs.  3-5-lobed,  repand-toothed ;  bractlets  of 

the  involucel  linear,  forked  at  the  end:  sep.  red-veined.  S.   3— 5f.  Fls.  41',  y-p.   Jn.  + 


Ordkr  34— TAMAIUSCINE/R.  63 

5  H.  Trionum  L.    Flowtr-nf-an-Ilour.     Hit»pid ;  leaves  3-partecl,  middle  segmenti 

long,  all  eiiiuato-lobed  ;  braictlets  entire;  calyx  inflated,  membranouH ;  flowerb  yel- 
lowisn,  dark-browu  centre,  ephemeral,  numerous.     Fieldi?  and  gardens.    §  Italy. 

6  H.  militarls  Cav.     Glabrous  ;  leaves  ha!?tately  3-lobed,  lobes  acuminate,  serrate; 

corolla  tubular-campanulate ;   capsules  smooth,  ovoid-acnrainate ;   seeds  hairj.    % 
Penn.,  S.  and  W.    4f.    Petals  flesfh-color,  purple  at  base,  3'.    July,  August. 

7  H.  cocciiieus  Walt.     Very  smooth  ;  Ivs.  palmate,  5-parted.  lobes  lanceolate,  acu- 

minate;  corolla  expanding;  caps,  ovoid,    li  South,  (if.  Flowers  W,  scarlet.  July,  Aug. 

8  H.  Carolinian  us  Muhl.    Smooth;  Ivs.  cordate,  ovate,  acuminate ;  ped.  free  I'nmi 

petiole  ;  pet.  downy  inside,  purple,  4'';  pod  globular.  %.  Wilmington  Isl.,Ga.  (Elliott). 

0  H.  Syriaciis  L.    Althaea.     Tree  Hibiscus.    Lvs.  ovate,  cuneiform  at  base,  3-lobed, 

duiitate  ;  ped.  scarcely  longer  than  petiole.    Fls.  wh.-purp.  or  roseate.  8 — 15f.  §  Syria. 

10  H.  Floi-lda.li us  Shutt.    Hispid  ;  lvs.  ovate-cordate,  obtuse,  small ;  fls.  pendulous 
on  long  peduncles,  scarlet  or  crimson  ;  stamens  exserted.     S.  Fla.    4— 5f.    Fls.  V. 

1 1  H.  RosA-SiNENSis.     Chinese  II.    Shrub  with  very  smooth  ovate  pointed  lvs.  coarsely 
dentate  at  end  ;  fls.  very  large,  dark  red.  varying  to  buflf,  yellow,  striped,  and  doable. 

l^H.  ESCULENTUS.  Oki'tt.  Lvs.  cordate,  5-lobed,  obtuse,  dentate ;  petiole  longer  than  the 
l^^vfl. ;  involucel  about  5-leaved,  caducous.  ®  5f.  Cult,  for  its  large,  mucilaginous  pods. 
^^B  H.  Manihot.  Lvs.  divided  into  5 — 7  linear,  pointed,  few-toothed  lobes ;  oractleta 
^^F    of  the  involucel  5 — 7,  persistent,    •y  China.   4f.  Fls.  sulph. -yellow,  purp.  centre.  Jl.  + 

^  13.  GOSSYPIUM,  L.  Cotton  Plant.  Calyx  obtusely  5-tootlied, 
Burrounded  by  an  involucel  of  3  cordate  leaves,  deeply  and  incisely  toothed. 
Stamens  very  numerous,  lateral.  Stigmas  3,  rarely  5,  clavate.  Seeds  oo, 
involved  in  cotton.    Flowers  yellow.    Fig.  201. 

1  G.  HERBACEUM.    Leaves  3-5-lobed,  with  a  single  gland  below,  lobes  mucronate  ;  seeds 

brownish,  cotton  white.    ®^i.    Cultivated  South.    Yellow. 

2  G.  Bakbadense.    Sea  Island  C.    Leaves  with  3  glands  on  the  mid-vein  below  ;  seeds 

black,  cotton  white,  long  and  silky.    (D  Coasts,  South.    Planted  in  Autumn. 

Ordeh  XXIV.    STERCULIACE^.    Silk  Cottons. 

Large  trees  or  shrubs  with  simple  or  compound  leaves,  with  flowers 
similar  to  those  of  the  Mallow,  except  that  the  anthers  are  2-celled  and 
turned  outward.     Fruit  capsular,  of  3,  rarely  5  carpels. 

•  Involucel  0.    I'etalsO.    Carpels  5.    Stamens  10— 20,  all  fertile,  monadelphous..STERCULi a. 

•  Involucel  0.     Petals  5,  long-clawed.     (Carpels  5.     Fertile  stamens 5.     S.  Fla..AYENiA/)iwi?ti. 

•  Involucel  3-lertved.     Petals  5.     Carpel  1.     Stamens  5,  all  fertile.     S.  Fla Walthkria  4mericJ»na. 

1.  STEROULIA,  L.  Calyx  5-lobed,  sub-coriaceous.  Stam.  monadel- 
phous,  united  into  a  short,  sessile  cup.  Anth.  adnate,  10,  15,  or  20.  Carp. 
5,  distinct,  follicular,  1-celled,  1  -  00-secded. — Trees  with  axillary  panicles 
or  racemes.    (See  Addenda.) 

8.  platanif6lia  L.    Leaves  cordate  at  base,  palmately  3-5-lobed,  smooth  ;  calyx  rotate, 
rellexed,  greenish,  in  clusters.    Cultivated  South.    39f.    Japan,    A  handsome  tree. 

Order  XXIV.  his.    TAMARISCINE^.    Tamarisks. 

Sfiruhs  or  Jierhs  with  minute,  scale-like  leaves,  dense  slender  racemes  of 
small 4-5-parted flowers.  >Stome/i« definite, hypogynous.  Styles S.  Capsules^- 
valved,  1-celled,  GO-seeded.  5g^(Zi<  with  a  coma.  Albumen  0.  Embryo  straif^ht, 


64  Okdek  2C.— CAMELLIACEiE. 

TAMAHIX  Gallica.  Characters  mainly  as  given  in  tlie  Order.  Pet 
and  eta.  5.  A  beautiful  shrub,  lOf,  with  virjjate  branches,  bearing  numerous  exceedingly 
delicate  racemes  of  flesh-colored  tts.    Lvs.  lance-subulate,  clasping.    Eur.    Nearly  hardy 

Order  XXV.    TILIACEiE.    Lindenblooms. 

Trees  or  shrubs  (rarely  herhs)  with  simple,  stipulate,  alternate,  dentate 
leaves,  with  flowers  axillaiy,  hypogynous,  usually  perfect  and  polj'adel- 
phous  ;  with  the  sepals  4  or  5,  deciduous,  valvate  in  bud,  the  petals  4  or  5, 
imbricated.  Stamens  oo,  with  2-celled,  versatile  anthers.  Ovary  of  2 — 10 
united  carpels,  and  a  compound  style.  Fruit  dry  or  succulent,  many-celled, 
or  1-celled  by  abortion.    Embryo  in  the  axis  of  fleshy  albumen. 

1.  COROHORUS,  L.  Sep.  and  pet.  4  or  5.  Stam.  oo,  rarely  as  few 
as  the  petals.  Style  veiy  short,  deciduous,  stig.  2  to  5.  Caps,  roundish  or 
siliquose,  2-5-celled,  many-seeded.     5  Flowers  yellow. 

C  siliqiiosus  L.    Lvs.  ovate-lanceolate,  acuminate,   equally  serrate,  4  times  longer 
than  the  petioles  ;  caps,  siliquose,  linear,  2-valved.    La.  to  Fla.    Flowers  4-mcrou8. 

2.  TILIA,  L.  Linden  or  Lime  Tree.  Calyx  of  5,  united  sepals, 
colored.  Cor.  of  5,  oblong,  obtuse  petals,  crenate  at  apex.  Stam.  go, 
somewhat  polyadelphous,  each  set  (in  the  N.  American  species)  with  a 
petaloid  scale  (staminodium)  attached  at  base.  Ov.  superior,  5-celled, 
2-ovuled.  Caps,  globous,  by  abortion  1-celled,  1-2-seeded.  5  I^^s.  cor- 
date. Fls.  cymous,  cream-white,  with  the  peduncle  aduate  to  the  vein  ol 
a  large  leaf-like  bract. 

§  Staminodia  5,  petaloid,  opposite  the  petals.    Leaves  mucronate-serrate Nos.  1,  2 

§  Staminodia  none.    Stamens  scarcely  cohering No.  3 

1  T.  Americana  L.    Bass-wood.    Lvs.  broad  cordate,  unequal  at  base,  acuminate, 

coriaceous,  smooth,  and  green  on  both  sides  ;  pet.  truncate  or  obtuse  at  apex  ;  sty.  as 
long  as  the  petals.    Woods,  N.  and  M.  States.    70f,    June.    Timber  valuable. 
p.  Wdlteri,    Lvs.  pubescent  (but  green)  beneath.    A  large  tree.    Va.  to  Fla. 

2  T.  lieterophylla  Vent.     White  Bass-ivood.     Lvs.  obliquely  subcordate,  scarcely 

acuminate,  white  and  velvety  beneath,  shining,  and  dark  green  above ;  pet.  obtuse, 
crenulate  ;  sty.  hairy  at  base,  longer  than  the  petals.    River  banks,  W.    40f. 
/3.  alba,    Lvs.  whitish  and  minutely  tomentous  beneath,  serratures  fine  and  long- 
mucronate.    Ky.  and  South  along  the  mountains.    80f. 
8  T.  EuropJea  L.    Lime  Tre^.    Lvs.  suborbicular,  obliquely  cordate,  abruptly  acumi- 
nate, semilate,  twice  as  long  as  the  petioles,  glabrous  except  a  woolly  tuft  in  the 
axils  of  the  veins  beneath.    Parks.    40f.    t  Eur. 

Order  XXVI.    CAMELLIACE^.    Camellias  or  Teaworts. 

Irees  or  shrubs  with  alternate,  simple,  feather-veined,  exstipulatc  leaves. 
Flowers  regular,  polyandrous,  hypogynous,  cyanic,  with  sepals  and  petal? 
imbricated,  the  former  often  unequal  in  size.  Stamens  more  or  less  cohe- 
rent at  base  into  one,  three,  or  five  sets.  Anthers  2-celled.  Seeds  few,  T^'ilh 
little  or  no  albumen.     Cotyledons  large. 

I  Calyx  of  many  imbricated  sepals.     Stamens  monadelphous Camelua.      1 

S  Calyx  simple.— Stamens  united  at  the  base  into  one  set STOARtrA.      S 

—Stamens  is  5  sets,  adhering  to  the  base  of  the  petals Gordonia.     'i 


Order  27.— MELIACEJE.  C5 

1.  CAMELLIA,  L.  Tea  Rose.  Tea.  Sepals  mauy,  imbricated,  the 
inner  ones  larger.  Fil.  ao,  shorter  than  the  corolla,  united  at  base,  some 
of  the  interior  free.     Styles  united.    Stigmas  3 — 5,  acute.     5  b 

1  C.  Jap6nica  L.    Japan  Rose.    Leaves  ovate,  acuminate,  acutely  serrate,  glabrous  and 

shining;  flowers  terminal,  solitary;  petals  obovate  ;  stamens  50  (mostly  transformed 
to  petals) ;  stigmas  5-cleft.    Tree  in  Japan,  here  a  beautiful  greenhouse  shrub. 

2  C  (Thea)  Bohea.    Shrub  4f ;  Ivs.  elliptic-oblong,  acute,  some  rugous,  twice  as  long  as 

broad  ;  flowers  axillary,  white.    Cultivated  throughout  China  and  Japan— rarely  here. 
8  C.  (Thea)  vfuiDis.    IShrub  4f ;  Ivs.  lance-oblong,  thrice  longer  than  broad,  flat,  acute  ; 
fls.  white,  1'  broad.    China.    The  leaf  of  these  shrubs,  variously  cwrerf,  is  the  Bohea, 
Black.,  Green,  or  Imperial  Tea. 

2.  STUARTIA,  Catesby.  Sepals  5  (or  6),  ovate  or  lanceolate.  Petala 
5  (or  6),  obovate,  crenulate.  Stamens  monadelphous  at  base.  Capsules 
5-celled,  5-  or  10-seeded,  seeds  ascending.  ^  Leaves  large,  deciduous; 
flowers  showy,  fragrant,  axillary,  nearly  sessile. 

%  Stvartia  j)roper.    Styles  united.    Capsule  globous.    Seeds  lenticular No.  1 

§  Malachodendkon.    Styles  distinct.    Capsule  ovoid.    Seeds  margined No.  2 

1  S.  VIrginica  Cav.    Leaves  oval,  acuminate,  thin,  serrulate,  downy  beneath  ;  sepals 
roundish  ;  pet.  white  ;  fll.  purple,  anth.  blue.    Va.  to  Pla.  and  La.   6— 12f.    Apr.,  May, 

3  S.  peutagyna  L'Her.    Leaves  ovate,  acuminate  ;  sep.  lanceolate:  one  pet.  smaller 

than  the  other*,  all  cream-white  ;  capsules  5-angled.    Ky.  to  Ga.    10— I5f.    June,  Jl, 

3.  GORDONIA,  Ellis.  Loblolly  Bay.  Sepals  5,  roundish,  strongly 
imbricated.  Pet.  5.  Sta.  5-adelphous,  one  set  adhering  to  each  petal  at 
base.  Styles  united  into  one.  Caps,  woody,  5-celled.  Seeds  2  or  more  in 
each  cell,  pendulous.     ^  With  large,  white,  axillary,  pedunculate  flowei*s. 

§  GoRDONiA  proper.    Stam.  inserted  on  a  5-lobed  cup,  as  short  as  the  style No.  1 

§  FRANKLfNiA.    Stam.  inserted  on  the  pet.  at  base,  longer  than  the  style No.  9 

1  ii,  liasiautltus  L.    Leaves  coriaceous,  perennial,  glabrous,  shining  on  both  sides, 

lance-oblong  ;  peduncles  half  as  long  as  the  Ivs. ;  fls.  .3'.    S.    70f.    July,  August. 

2  G.  pubescens  L'Her.    Leaves  thin,  serrate,  deciduous,  oblong-cuneiform,  shining 

above,  canescent  beneath  :  fls.  on  short  peduncles  ;  sep.  and  pet.  silky.  S.  30f.  May.  ♦• 

Order  XXVII.    MELIACEiK. 

Trees  or  shrubs  with  exstipulate,  of^eu  pinnate  leaves.  Flowers  4-5-me- 
rous.  Stamens  6 — 10,  coherent  into  a  tube,  with  sessile  anthers.  Disk  hy- 
pogynous,  sometimes  cup-like ;  style  1.  Ovary  compound,  several-celled, 
cells  1 — 2-6-ovuled.  Fi'uii  tlcshy  or  dry,  often  1-celled  by  abortion.  Seeds 
winged  or  wingless. 

g  MELIEiE.    Cells  of  the  ovary  2-ovuled.    Seeds  wingless,  few  (in  a  fleshy  drupe) Melia.  I 

§  SWIETENIEiE.   Cells  of  ovary  many-ovuled.    Seeds  winged,  many  in  the  capsule.  .Swiktkxi a.  2 

1.  MELIA,  L.  Pride  of  India.  (MeXt,  honey ;  the  name  was  first 
applied  to  the  Manna  Ash.)  Sep.  small,  5,  united.  Pet.  spreading.  Sta. 
tube  10-cleft  at  summit,  with  10  anthers  in  the  throat.  Ovary  5-celled,  10- 
ovuled.  Style  deciduous.  Drupe  with  a  5-celled,  bony  nut,  cells  1-seeded. 
^  With  bipinnate  Ivs.  and  panicles  of  delicate  flowers. 

M,  AzEDARACH  L.    Lvs.  deciduous,  glabrous,  Ifts.  obliquely  lance-ovate,  acuminate,  se^ 
rate.   S.  States.   30— 40f.   Fol.  light ;  fls.  lilac  ;  drupes  as  large  as  cherries,  t  W.  Ind 


66  Order  29.— ZYGOPIIYLLACEJi:. 

2.  SWIBTENIA  Mahogoni,  L.  Mahogany  Tree.  A  laj-^^e  and 
beautiful  tree  growing  in  South  Florida,  Mexico,  and  the  Isthmus.  80— lOOf.  The  reddish- 
brown  ornamental  wood  is  well  known.  Lvs.  smooth,  abruptly  pinnate,  with  6—10  lance- 
ovate  Ifts,  Fls.  small,  yellowish,  in  panicles,  S-parted.  Pod  size  of  a  goose-egg,  00-seeded. 

Order  XXVIII.    LINAGES.    Flaxworts. 

^eris  with  entire,  simple  leaves,  and  no  stipules;  with  flowers  regular, 
Bymnietrical,  and  perfect,  o-(rarely  3  or  4)-parted.  Calyx  strongly  imbri- 
cated in  the  bud,  corolla  contorted.  Stamens  definite,  hypogynous,  alter- 
nate with  the  petals.  Styles  distinct,  with  capitate  stigmas,  and  each  cell 
of  the  capsule  more  or  less  divided  by  a  false  dissepiment  into  two  1-seeded 
compartments.  Seeds  with  little  or  no  albumen,  attached  to  axile  pla- 
centae.   Figs.  10, 11,  130,  13G,  469. 

LINUM,  L.  Flax.  Sepals,  petals,  stamens,  and  styles  5,  the  latter 
rarely  3.  Caps.  6-10-celled.  Seeds  10,  suspended,  mucilaginous.  Herbs 
with  a  bark  of  strong  fibres,  and  simple,  sessile  leaves. 

Flowers  yellow,  small  (2—7"  broad).    Species  (i),  native.    Jane— August. .  .(a) 
a  Sepals  entire,  1-veined,  as  long  as  the  depressed  or  globons  capsule... Nos.  1 — i 
a  Sepals  glandular-fringed,  longer  than  the  globular-ovoid  capsule Nos.  5,  (5 

*  Flowers  blue,  large  (1'  broad).    In  fields  and  gardens Nos.  7,  8 

*  Flowers  large,  showy,  red  or  yellow.    Garden  exotics Nop.  9, 10 

1  Ij,  Vlrglnianuiti  L.  Sts.  teretish,  erect,  coryrabous  above,  branche:?  short,  spread 

ing,  terete ;  lvs.  oblong  to  lanceolate,  mostly  scattered  ;  fls.  4-5'  broad  ;  caps,  depressed, 
styles  distinct.    Woods  and  hills.    2f.    Prof.  Porter  distinguishes  No.  2  from  this. 
H  li.  striatum  Walt.    St.  striate.,  often  clustered  ;  branches  short,  ascending,  sharply 
about  4-angled  ;  lvs.  lance-oblong,  the  lower  mostly  opp.   Fls.  and  fr.  as  in  No.  1 .  Com. 

3  Ij.  simplex  Wood.   Stem  single,  terete,  corymbed  at  top,  branches  subterete ;  leaves 

linear-subulate,  erect,  scattered  ;  caps,  globular  ;  sty.  distinct ;  fls.  3",  few.   S-W.  18'. 

4  L.  dlflTtisum  Wood.    Stems  very  slender,  ascending,  with  long,  filiform,  diffme,  an 

gular branches  ;  lvs.  veiny, lance.,  spreading,  fl-12"  ;  fls.  2" broad;  pod  dep^es!^ed.  W. 

5  \a,  sulcatum  Riddell.    St.  and  branches  sulcata.,  strict,  erect ;  lvs.  lin.,  erect ;  sep.  3- 

veined,  acuminate;  sty.  united  below.    Conn,  to  111.,  and  S.    1— lif.    (L.  rigidum  C-B.) 

6  I<.  rigidum  Ph.    Stems  low  and  branches  rigidly  erect,  angular-sulcate  ;  lvs.  linear- 

subulate,  erect ;  sepals  lance-linear,  twice  longer  than  the  pod.    Iowa,  Min.,  and  W. 

7  1<.  usiTATissiMUM  L.     CominoTk  Flax,    ^x)  Leaves  lance-linear;  panicle  corymbous ; 

flowers  axillary ;  petals  crenate.    2f.    The  strong  bark  yields  iineii.    §  Europe. 

8  li.  PEUENNE  I,.    21  Leaves  linear;  flowers  supra-axillary  and  terminal ;  petals  retuse, 

light  blue.    California !  and  Europe.    Flowers  numerous  and  showy. 

9  L..  GKANDiFunwM.    Leaves  lance-clliptical ;  flowcrs  red  ;  stylcs  5.    N.Africa.    10'. 

10  L.  TRiGYNUM.    Leaves  elliptical ;  flowers  yellow  ;  styles  :i.    E.India.     If. 

Order  XXIX.    ZYGOPHYLLACE^l     Bean  Oai'eks. 

Herbs,  shrubs,  or  treex,  with  leaves  opposite,  mostly  pinnate  (not  dotted) 
and  stipulate.  Floicers  4-  or  5-merous,  corolla  imbricate  or  convolute  in 
bud.  Stamens  twice  as  many  as  the  petals,  hypogynous,  distinct,  each  often 
with  a  scale.  Ocai^i/  compound  ;  style  and  stigma  I  •  fruit  and  seeds  as  hi 
Itinaceee. 


Order  30.— GERANIACE^.  G7 

Herbs.     Disk  annular,  lO-lobtd.    Fruit  of  5—12  indehiscent  carpeli Tbibui.CS.  1 

Trees.    Disk  inconspicuous.    Fruit  of  2— 5  dehiscent,  1-seeded  carpels Guiaccm.    2 

1.  TRIBULUS,  L.  Sep.  and  pet.  5,  imbricated.  Stam.  10,  the  5  al- 
ternate with  the  petals  placed  inside  of  hypogynous  glands.  Ov.  sessile, 
cells  1-5-seeded,  separating  into  nutlets. — Loosely  branched,  prosti-ate 
herbs,  with  abruptly  pinnate  leaves.    Flowers  solitary  (yellow). 

1  T.  (Kallstroemia)  maximus  L.    Lfts.  3  or  4  pairs,  oblong  or  oval,  oblique,  the  ter- 

minnl  pair  larsjest ;  nutlets  10,  tnbercled,  1-seeded.    Ga.  Fla.    1— 2f. 

2  T.  clstoides  L.    Lfts.  5—8  pair?,  linear-lanceolate,  subequal ;  ped.  elongated,  with 

one  large  flower  ;  nutlets  5,  spiny,  2-5-seeded.    Fla.    2f. 

2.  GUAIACUM,  Plm.  Lignum-Vit^.  Sep,  and  pet.  4  or  5,  decidu- 
ous, imbricatea.  Stam.  8 — 10.  Ovaiy  stipitate,  2-5-celled,  cells  many-ovuled, 
in  fruit  1-seeded.  ^  t)  Wood  hard  and  resinous.  Lvs.  abruptly  pinmite. 
Ped.  in  pairs,  between  the  stipules,  1-flowered. 

€i.  sanctum  L.    Branches  jointed ;  lfts.  3  or  4  pairs,  oblong,  oblique,  entire,  mucro 
nate  ;  ped.  short ;  pet.  obtuse,  blue.    S.  Fla.    20f.    Bark  white. 

Order  XXX.    GERANIACE^.    Gerania. 

Herbs  or  shrubs  with  perfect,  hypogynous,  symmetrical  and  regular,  or 
irregular,  3-5-merous  flowei*s.  Stamens  as  many  or  twice  as  manj^  as  the 
sepals,  often  some  of  them  abortive  or  iTidimentary.  Carpel*:  as  many  as 
the  sepals,  1-few-seeded,  mostly  separating  from  the  persistent  axis  at  ma- 
turity.— A  large  and  rather  incongraous  order,  as  now  constituted  (by  Beu- 
tham  and  Hooker),  including  the  following  tribes,  heretofore  regarded  as 
orders.    Figs.  27,  28, 172,  243,  265,  270,  315,  350,  497. 

I  Flowers  regular. — a  Styles  5.    Carpels  several-seeded.    Tribe  I. 

— a  Style  1. — 6  Sepals  valvate.     Fruit  beakless.    Tkibk  II. 
—h  Sepals  imbricate.    Fruit  beaked.    Tribk  III. 
§  Flowers  irregular.— c  Petals  peritrynous.     Stamens  7  or  8.    Tribe  IV. 
— e  Petals  hypogynous.    Stamens  5.  short.    Tribe  V. 

I.  OXALIDE.t:.     Symmetrical.    Stamens  10 -h.     Petals  convolute.    Pod  5-celled OxAUS.  ] 

II.  LIMNANTHE.E.— Symmetrical.    Stamens  (10  in  LiJCtAirrass,  No.  3)  6  in Flsrsba.  S 

III.  GERANIE^.— Stamens  10-f.  5  often  sterile.    Glands  between  the  petals.     Fruit  a  fefpna.  .(e) 

e  Stamens  10,  all  antheriferous.    Tail  of  carpels  beardless GiCRAmnM.         3 

f  Stamens  .5  antheriferous.    Tail  of  the  carpels  bearded Ekodicm.  4 

IT.  PELARGONIE/E.— Sepals  spurred  behind.     Glands  0.     Stamens  declined.. (/) 

/  Spur  adnate  to  the  pedicel.    Fruit  rostrate,— a  regiua Pelargonium.  f> 

/  Spur  free.     Fruit  not  beaked.    Carpels  1-seeded,  separating Trop.«olum.      6 

V.  BALSAMINEiE.— Sepals  spurred  behind.     Pod  o:.>ening  elastically Impatiens.         7 

1.  OXALIS,  L.  Wood  Sorrel.  ('0|t;c,  acid:  the  herbage  is  sour.) 
Sep.  5,  distinct  or  united  at  base.  Pet.  contorted,  much  longer  than  the 
calyx.  Sty.  5,  capitate.  Caps,  oblong  or  subglobous.  Carp.  5,  1  to  scve- 
lal-Seeded.  Mostly  2^,  with  palmately  trifoliate  leaves  and  inversely 
Ireart-shaped  leaflets.  Figs.  265,  270,  497.  (See  Addenda.) 
1  O.  Acetos^lla  L.  Acaulescent ;  scape  longer  than  the  leaves,  1-flowered ;  loaflcta 
broad-obcordate  with  rounded  lobes  ;  styles  as  long  as  the  inner  stamens ;  root  deo 
tate,  ecaly.    y.  Woodi*,  Can,  and  N.  States.    6^.    Flowers  white-purple.    Jane. 


G8  Order  30.— GERANIACEJS. 

3  O.  vlolacea  L.  Bulbous  at  base,  acaulescent ;  ecape  nmbelliferous  ;  flowers  nod- 
ding ;  tips  of  the  calyx  fleshy ;  styles  shorter  than  the  outer  stamens,  u  An  elegant 
fpecief  in  rocky  woods.    5 — 8'.    Flowers  violet-purple.    May. 

3  O.  stricta  L.  Caulescent;  st.  branching;  ped.  umbelliferous,  longer  than  the  peti- 
ole? ;  style  as  long  as  the  inner  stamens  ;  flowers  yellow.    ©Fields.    3—9'.    Common. 

■4  O.  PLAVA.    Scapes  6^  l-flowered  ;  lealiets  6—10,  linear ;  petals  yellow,  1'  long.    S.  Afr. 

5  O.  ROSKA.    Stem  erect,  8' ;  Ifts.  3,  obcordate  ;  pet.  roseate,  1',  toothed ;  fls.  many.  Chili. 

6  O,  VERSICOLOR.  St.  3' ;  Ifts.  3,  linear,  emarginate  ;  pet.  crimson-striped  outside.  S.  Afr. 

2.  FLCERKEA,  Willd.  False  Mermaid.  Sep.  3,  longer  than  the  3 
pttals.  Glands  3.  Stam.  6.  Ovaries  8,  tuberculate.  Style  2-cleft.  Fruit 
separating  into  3  achenia.  ®  Small  aquatics,  with  pinnately-divided  leaves. 
F.  proserpinacoides  Lindl.— By  streams  and  lakes,  Vt.  to  Penn.,  and  W.    6—10'. 

Prostrate  ;  Ivs.  alternate  ;  If.  segm.  3—5  ;  pet.  white,  shorter  than  the  sepals  ;  ach.  1—3. 

3.  LIMNANTHES,  Br.     Sepals  5,  valvate.    Pet.  5,  convolute,  with  5 
glands.     Stamens  10.     Style  1.     Ovary  deeply  5-lobed,  separating  5  ache- 
nia in  fruit. — Herbs  with  pinnate  leaves  and  cut-Iobed  leaflets.     Summer. 
L.  DouGLAsii.  stems  low,  diffuse,  with  numerous  axillary  flowers  1'  broad  ;  petals  wedge- 
oblong,  yellow,  edged  with  white,  notched  at  the  end.    California. 

4.  GERANIUM,  L.  Crane's  Bill.  Sep.  and  pet.  5,  regular.  Stam. 
10,  all  perfect,  the  5  alternate  ones  longer,  and  each  with  a  gland  at  its 
base.  Fruit  at  length  separating  from  the  axis  into  5  achenia,  and  up- 
lifted on  the  smooth  curving  styles. — Herbs.    Ped.  1-3-flowered.    Fig.  172. 

♦  Petals  entire,  twice  as  long  as  the  awned  sepals,  purplish Nos.  1,  2 

*  Petals  emarg.  or  2-lobed,  not  longer  than  the  Sep.,  roseate.    May— Aug. .  .Nos.  3—6 

European  perennials,  cultivated,  hardy,  ornamental No.  7 

1  G.  maculatum  L.    Stem  erect,  angular,  dichotomous,  retrorsely-pubescent ;  leaves 

palmately  3-5-lobed,  lobes  cuneiform  and  entire  at  base,  incisely  serrate  above,  radi- 
cal ones  on  long  petiole*.     U  Woods.    2f.    Flowers  1',  purple.    April — June. 

2  G.  Robertiauum  L.    Herb  Robert.    Stems  weak,  reddish,  difl'use,  hairy;  learea 

pinnately  2-parted  to  the  base,  the  segments  pinnatifld,  and  the  pinnae  incisely  tooth- 
ed ;  capsule  rugous,  seeds  smooth,    (a)  Rocky  places,  Can.  to  Va.    1 — 2f.    Jn.— Aug. 

3  G.  Caroliiilanum  L.    Erect,  at  length  diflfuse,  hairy  ;  leaves  5-7-parted ;  eegm.  3- 

lobed,  lobes  entire  or  incised  ;  ped.  short,  clustered  at  the  ends  of  branchlets  ;  sepals 
awned  ;  fruit  hairy  ;  seeds  obscurely  reticulated.    (T)  Hills,  dry  or  rocky,    i— 2f. 

4  G.  dissectum  L.    Difl'use,  pubescent ;  Ivs.  5-  or  7-parted,  segm.  ^i^ear,  many-cleft; 

seeds  ^^z-ong-^j/ reticulated.    (T)  Fields :  rare.    6—12'.    Fruit  some  hairy.    §  Europe. 

5  G.  pu!»illiini  L.    Procumbent,  puberulent ;  Ivs.  round-reuiform,  7-parted,  segments 

3-cleft ;  sepals  atvrdess  ;  seeds  smooth.    ®  Waste  grounds,  N.  Y.,  Mass.    If.    §  Eur, 

6  G.  columbinum  L.    Slender,  decumbent,  with  long,  filiform  flower-stalks  ;  sep. 

awned,  enlarged  after  flowering  ;  fr.  glab. ;  Ivs.  and  sd.  as  in  No.  4.  Penn.  (Porter).  § 

7  G.  i»ANGuiNEUM.    Erect,  difl'use  ;  leaf-lobes  3-cleft.  linear ;  ped.  l-flowered  ;  flowers  red, 

'arge.    /3.  Lancastriense  is  prostrate,  with  smaller  (1')  purple  flowers,  very  elegant. 

5.  ERODIUM,  L'Her.    Heron's  Bill.   Sep.  and  pet.  5,  regular.    Stam. 

\0,  the  5  shorter  ones  sterile.     Styles  in  fruit  spirally  twisted  and  bearded. 

E.  cicutarlnm  Sm.  Diflfuse,  hairy  ;  leaves  pinnately  divided,  segments  sessile,  pin- 
natifld, incised,  acute  ;  ped.  several-flowered  ;  petals  equal,  red.  ®  Lake  shores,  N. 
Y. :  rare.    In  California  it  is  one  of  the  chief  forage  plants.    May,  June.    §  Europe. 

6.  PELARGONIUM,  L'Her.    Stork's  Bill.    Geranium.    Sepals  5, 


Order  30.— GERANIACE^.  69 

the  upper  one  ending  in  a  nectariferous  tube  extending  down  the  pedicel. 
Petals  5,  irregular,  longer  than  the  sepals.  Filaments  10,  3  or  5  of 
them  sterile.  5  ^^*  herbs,  A  large  and  ornamental  genus,  chiefly  S.  Afri- 
can, everywhere  cultivated.  Lowei-  leaves  (in  plants  raised  from  the  seed) 
opposite,  upper  alternate.     Figs.  243,  350. 

§  Filaments  10,  the  alternate  ones  bearing  anthers.    Upper  petals  larger Nos.  1,  2 

5  Filaments  10,  of  which  T  bear  anthers,  and  3  are  sterile.  ..(a) 

a  The  2  upper  petals  smaller,  all  scarlet,  1-colored.    Shmbby Nos.  3—5 

a  Petals  nearly  equal  in  size,  mostly  variegated ...  (ft) 

b  Stemless.    Root  tuberous.    Leaves  laciniate.    Flower?  brown Nos.  fi,  7 

b  Stems  shrubby.— c  Lvs,  cordate,  palmate,  lobed.    Flowers  small Nos.  8,  9 

— c  Lvs.  peltate  or  cordate,  5-lobed,  smooth No.  10 

a  Two  upper  petals  longer  and  broader.    Stems  shrubby. .  .(d) 

d  Flowers  white,  the  2  upper  petals  striped  with  red Nos.  11. 12 

d  Flowers  purple.— e  Leaves  undivided Nos.  13,  14 

— e  Leaves  divided  below  the  middle  Nos.  15—17 

1  P.  TRICOLOR.    Lvs.  lanceolate,  cut-dentate;  3 lower pet.white, 2 upper purp.-blk.  18'.  it 

2  P.  coRiANDRirdLiuM.  Lvs.  bipuiuate ;  pet.white,  upper  purp. -veined,  very  large.  If.  (2) 

3  P.  zoNALE.   Ilorse-skoe  G.  Lvs.  orbicular-cordate,  slightly  lobed,  toothed,  zoned ;  stem 

fleshy,  shrubby ;  petals  cuneiform  ;  flowers  umbelled,    2— 3f.    Numerous  varieties. 
^.  MARGINATUM.    Silver-edged ;  the  leaves  bordered  with  white. 

4  P.  INQUINANS.    Lvs.  rouud,  reniform,  scarcely  lobed,  crenate  viscid  ;  pet.  obov.   2  — 3f. 

5  P.  FoTHERGiLLii.  Lvs.  reuifm.,  5-lobed,  crenate,  zoned ;  stip.  toothed,  ciliate  :  pet.  obov. 

6  P.  FLAvuM.     Carrot-leaved  Geranium.    Lf.  lobes  many,  lin,.  hairy:  fls.  brownish-yell. 

7  P.  TRisTE.    Movming  Ger.    Lf.  lobes  lin.,  acute;  pet.  dark-green,  obi.,  obovate.    If. 

8  P.  FRAGRANS.  Nutmeg  G.  Branches  thick  velvety,  lvs.  very  soft ;  stip.  subulate.  Fls.  w, 

9  P.  ALCHEMiLLOiDES.    Villous  ;  Ivs.  5-lobed  ;  peduncle  few-flowered ;  fls.  pink-colored. 

1 0  P.  PELTATUM.    Ivy-leaved  G.    Br.  fleshy ;  lvs.  more  or  less  peltate  ;  fls.  purplish. 
IIP.  GLAUCUM.    Glabrous,  glaucous  ;  lvs.  lanceolate,  entire  ;  ped.  1-2-flowered.    3f. 
12  P.  GRANDiFLoRUM.    Glab.,  glaucous  ;  lvs.  5-lobed,  toothed  at  end  ;  fls.  very  large.  3f. 
1  3  P.  BETULiNUM.    Smoothish ;  Ivs.  ovatc.  Unequally  Serrate  :  ped.  2-4-flwd,    Pale.    3f. 

14  P.  Watsonit.    Lvs.  orbicular,  cordate,  some  lobed,  dentate ;  fls,  large,  varieg.    3f. 

1 5  P.  GRAVEOLENS.  Rose  Get.  Lvs.  palmately  7-lobed ;  lobes  toothed,  revolute,  very 
rough  at  the  edge  ;  umbels  many-flowered,  capitate.    3f,    Very  fragrant. 

1 6  P.  RADULA.  LvB.  palmate,  rough,  lobes  narrow,  rolled  at  edge,  pinnatifid  with  linear 
segments  ;  umbels  few-flowered.    .3f.    Fragrance  mint-like. 

1 7  P.  QUERCipoLirM.   Hispid  :  lvs'.  sinuate-pinnatifid,  often  spotted,  cordate  at  base.  3f. 

7.  TROPiEOLUM,  L.  Indian  Cress.  Nasturtion.  Fls.  irregular. 
Sep.  5,  produced  behind  into  a  free  spur.  Pet.  5,  the  2  upper  exterior,  dif- 
ferent from  the  8  lower.  Stamens  8,  free,  unequal,  perfect.  Style  1.  Ov. 
3-celled,  in  fruit  separating  from  the  short  axis  into  3  hardened  achenia. 
^  Leaves  alternate.     Stipule  0.     Flowers  showy.     S,  Am,  (See  Addenda.) 

1  T.  MA,TUS  L,    Nasturtion.    Lvs.  peltate,  roundish,  repand  on  the  margin  ;  pet,  obtuse, 

the  3  lower  Irlnged  and  long-clawed  at  base.    Flowers  orange,  scarlet,  crimson,  «fcc. 

2  T.  MINUS,    Smaller,  erect ;  petals  pointed,  yellow  to  white,  or  variegated,    Peru. 

8  T.  LoBBiANTTM.  Leaves  peltate,  reniform,  wavy,  fixed  near  the  base  ;  petals  crenate, 
rounded,  the  2  lower  fringe-tootlied,  ail  shades  of  red.    Columbia, 

4  T,  PEREGRiNUM.  Canary  Bird.  Leaves  deeply  5-7-lobed,  lobes  toothed  ;  spur  hooked ; 
petals  light  yellow,  2  of  them  large  and  much  lobed.    A  tall  climber, 

8.  IMPATIENS,  L.  Toucii-me-not,  Sepals  colored,  4  (the  upper 
one  double),  the  lowest  saccate  and  spurred.  Petals  apparently  3,  each 
of  them   2-li>1)C'd  (double).     Stamens  5,  short,  the  antlicrs  cohering  at 


70  Order  31.— RUTACEJ5. 

apex  ;  caps,  often  1-celled  by  the  obliteration  (  f  the  dissepiments,  5-valved, 
bursting  elastically.— Sts.  smooth,  succulent,  tender,  subpellucid,  with  tu- 
mid joints.     Lvs.  simple,  alternate,  serrate.     Figs.  27,  28,  315. 

1  I.  pallida  Nutt.    Lvs,  oblong-ovate ;  ped.  2-4-flowerecl,  elongated ;  lower  gibbous 

sepals  dilated-conical,  broader  than  long,  with  a  very  short,  recurved  spur ;  fls.  pale 
yellow,  sparingly  dotted.    (T)  Wet  shades.    3 — 4f.    Aug. 

2  I.  f uilva  Nutt.    Lvs.  rhombic  ovate  ;  ped.  2-4-flowerod,  short ;  lower  gibbous  sepal 

acutely  conical,  longer  than  broad,  with  an  elongated,  closely  reflexed  spur;  fls.  deep 
orange,  spotted.    (T)  Damp  grounds.    2— 3f.    July. 
S  1.  BALSAMiNA  L.    Bolsamine.    Lvs.  lanceolate,  serrate,  upper  ones  alternate ;   ped. 
clustered  ;  spur  shorter  than  the  flower.    (D  E.  India.    Fls.  large,  white  and  red. 

Order  XXXI.    RUTACE^.    Rueworts. 

Herbs  or  generally  sJirubs  or  trees,  with  the  exstipulate  leaves  dotted  with 
transparent  glands  containing  aromatic  or  acrid  oil.  Flowers  regular,  3-5- 
merous,  hypogynous,  perfect  or  polygamous.  Stajnens  as  many  or  twice  as 
many  as  the  sepals.  Pistils  2 — 5,  separate  or  united,  styles  united.  Fruii 
capsular  or  separating  into  its  component,  1-2-seeded  carpels. 

8  RUTE.E.     Flowers  perfect.     (Herbs.     Stamens  10.).. (a) 

a  Petals  equal,  concave.     Capsule  5-lobed Ruta.  1 

a  Petals  unequal,  clawed.    Capsules  separable Dictamnus.  2 

S   ZANTHOXYLE^.     Prowers  $  «  i-     (Trees,  shrubs).. (W 

b  Pistils  3—6,  separate  below.    Stamens  3—6 Zamhoxtlum.  3 

b  Pistils  2,  united.     Samara  2-seeded Ptelea.  4 

1.  RUTA,  L.  Rue.  Calyx  of  4  or  5  sepals,  united  at  base.  Petals  4  or 
5,  concave,  obovate,  distinct,  torus  surrounded  by  10  nectariferous  pores. 
Stamens  10.    Capsule  lobed.     Ubi  niostly  European. 

R.  ORAVEOLEN8  L.  Common  Rue.  Suflfruticous,  nearly  glabrous  ;  leaves  2—3  pinnately 
divided,  segm.  oblong,  obtuse,  terminal  ones  obovate-cnneate,  all  entire  or  irregularly 
cleft ;  fls.  terminal,  corymbous  ;  pet.  entire.    3f.    Greenish. 

2.  DICTAMNUS,  L.  Fraxinella.  Calyx  of  5,  deciduous  sepals ; 
petals  5,  unguiculate,  unequal ;  filaments  10,  declinate,  with  glandular 
dots  ;  capsules  5,  slightly  united.     K  Native  of  Germany. 

D.  ALBus  Willd.    St.  simple  ;  lvs.  pinnate,  the  rachis  more  or  less  winged  ;  fls.  in  a  large, 
terminal,  erect  panicle.— In  gardens.    1— 2f.    Fls.  showy. 
^.  RUBRA.    Fls.  purple  ;  rachis  of  the  leaves  winged. 

3.  ZANTHOXYLUM,  L.  Prickly  Asii.  (JE^^r^o?,  yellow,  qvXov, 
wood.)  Sepals  4  or  5,  rarely  obsolete.  Petals  4  or  5.  Sta.  as  many  as  the 
petals  in  5  ,  rudimentary  in  ?  .  Pistils  3  to  5,  distinct  below,  with  cohe- 
rent styles,  in  fruit  crustaceous,  2-valved,  1  or  2-seeded.  +)  5  With  sliarp 
prickles,  pinnate  leaves,  and  small,  greenish  flowers. 

1  Z.  Amerlcanutn  Mill.    Prickly  ;  Ifts.  9—11,  ovate,  sessile,  equal  at  base  ;  umbela 

axillary ;  sep.  obsolete,  pet.  5.    Woods.    10— 12f.    Flowers  before  leaves.    April. 

2  Z.  Carollnlanum  Lam.     Prickly;   Ifts.  7— 13,  fiilcate-lanceolate,  v^ry  inequilat 

eral,  petiolulate ;  panicles  terminal ;  sop  minute ;  bark  warted  around  the  prickles. 
8.  States.    Tree,  20— 40f.    Bark  intensely  pungent  to  the  taste.    Mav. 


OiiDKLi  34.— SIMARUBACEJE.  71 

/3.  fruticoMum,    Shrub ;  Ivs.  ovate- oblong,  scarcely  pointed ;  ovaries  2.    S. 
3  Z,  Florldanum  N.    Satin-wood.    Unarmed  ;    Ifts.  5—7,  ?  ovate-lanceolate,  t  A 
liptical,  obtuse  ;  fls.  minute  ;  carp.  1—2,  l-seeded,  obovoid,    S.  Fla. 

4.  PTELEA,  L.  Shkub  Trefoil.  {UrEXsa,  the  clm-trec  ;  from  tin 
resemblance  of  the  fruits.)  $  $  5  .  Sepals  3  to  G,  mostly  4,  much  shorten 
than  the  spreading  petals.  (5  Stamens  longer  than  the  petals  and  alternatv 
with  them,  very  short  and  imperfect  in  ?  .  Ovary  of  2  united  carpels.  Stig 
2.  Fruit  2-celled,  2-seeded  samarae,  with  a  broad,  orbicular  margin.  +)  Lv* 
8-5-foliate.     Fls.  cymous. 

1  P.  tril'olla,ta  L.    Lvs.  ;5-foliate,  Ifts.  sessile,  ovate,  ehort-acuminate,  lateral  ones  in 
equilateral,  terminal  ones  cuneate  at  base  ;  cymes  corymbous ;  stam.  mostly  4 ;  8tyl% 
short.    Rocky  places,  N.  Y.  S.  and  W.    6— 8f.    Fls.  white,  odorous.    June. 
/3.  mollin.   Young  branches,  petioles  and  leaves  beneath,  soft-downy  and  hoary,  fe 

3  P.  Bald^rinii  T.  &  G,    Lvs.  glabrous,  very  small ;  Ifts.  sessile,  c^al,  obtuse ;  stam 
4  ;  stig.  sessile.    E.  Fla.    If,    Branches  numerous  and  scraggy.    Lvs.  V. 

Order  XXXII.    AURANTIACE^.    Orangeworts. 

Trees  or  sJirubs,  glabrous,  abounding  in  little  transparent  receptacles  of 
volatile  oil,  with  leaves  alternate,  1-3-foliate  or  pinnate.  Flmpers  regular,  3- 
5-merous.  Stamens  with  flat  filaments,  distinct  or  cohering  in  one  or  sev- 
eral sets.  Ovary  compounded  of  several  united  carpels.  Styh  1.  Fruit 
(hesperidkim)  many-celled,  pulpy,  covered  with  a  thick  rind.  Albumen  0 
Cotyledon  thick.    Figs.  37,  363. 

CITRUS,  L.  {Kirpiov,  the  citron ;  the  fruit  of  one  of  the  species.) 
Sepals  and  petals  in  5's.  Anthers  20,  or  some  other  and  higher  multiple  of 
5,  versatile,  the  connectile  articulated  to  the  filament.  Filaments  dilated  at 
base,  polyadelphous.  Berry  9-18-celled.  55-^  noble  E.  Indian  genus 
Lvs.  1-foliate,  entire,  evergreen.    Petiole  often  winged. 

1  C.  vnlgarls  Risso.    Bitter  Orange.    Petiole  winged ;  lvs.  elliptical,  acute,  crenu 

late  ;  stam.  20 ;  fruit  globular,  with  a  thin  rind  and  bitter  pulp.  S.  Fla.  15— 20f.  §  Asia. 

2  C.  AuRANTiuM.    Sweet  Orange.     Petiole  scarcely  winged ;  1ft.  oblong,  acute,  crenu- 

late  ;  ffta.  20 ;  fr.  globous,  mth  a  thin  rind  and  sweet  pulp.    SOf. 

3  C.  LiMETTA.    Lime.    Petioles  not  at  all  winged;  1ft.  ovate-orbicular,  serrate;  stam. 

30 ;  fr,  globous,  with  a  sweet  pulp,  and  a  protuberance  at  top.    15f. 

4  C  LiMONUM.    Lemon.     Petioles   somewhat  winged ;    sta.  35  ;    fr.  oWong-spherold, 

with  a  thin  rind  and  very  acid  pulp.    20f.    Fr.  yellow. 

5  C  DECUMANA.     Shaddock.     Petioles  broadly  winged ;   1ft.  obtuse,  eraarginato :  fr 

verj'  large,  with  a  thick  rind.    15f.    Fruit  green-yellow.    5'  diam. 

Order  XXXIV.    SIMARUBACE^.    Quassiaworts. 

Trees  or  shrubs  with  bitter  bark,  alternate,  exstipulate,.  pinnate  leaves, 
and  small,  diclinous,  regular,  hypogynous  3-5-merous  flowers.  BtamenA 
as  many  or  twice  as  many  as  the  petals,  inserted  on  the  hypogynous  disk. 
Styles  2 — 5.  Ovaries  2-5-lobed  or  carpelled.  Ft'uit  1 — 5  one-seeded 
drupes  or  samaras 


72  Okder  3G.— ANACARDIACExE. 

8  Leaves  abruptly  pinnate.     PMowers  dicpcidus.     .Styles-united.     Fruit  bHCcatc Simikuba.    i 

5  Leaves  odd-pinnate.    Flowers  polygamous.     Styles  distinct.     Fnn't  a  samara Aii.AXTmrs.  X 

1.  SIMARUBA,  Aubl.    Quassia.    (Its  name  in  Guiana  )   5  5 

S.  glaiica  DC.    Leaflets  4— S.  alternate,  entire,  obtuse,  coriaceoiip.    S.  Fla.    Tree,  4nf 

2.  AILANTHUS,  Desf.  Chinkse  "  Tree-ok-IIeaven."  {Ailanio,  its 
name  in  China.)  2^6  Sep.  5.  Pet.  5.  $  Stam.  2—3.  Ov.  3—5.  Sty. 
lateral.    Fr.  l-celled,  l-sceded  samane,  witli  obl()n<i:  margins,     s  Stam.  10. 

9  Ovaries,  styles,  and  samane  as  in  ^  .     ^b  Oriental,  with  odd-pinnalo 
leaves.     Flowers  in  panicles. 
4.  glani>ul6su3  De?f.    Lfts.  glabrous.  21 — 41.  ovate  or  oblong-lanceolate,  acuminate, 

with  1  or  2  obtU!<e,  glandular  teeth  each  t^ide  at  base,  tenninal  one  long-petiolate. 

Parks,  &c.    40— GOf.    Flowerts  greenish,  ill-scented.    June. 

OiiDRK  XXXV.    BURSERACEiE.    Burseutds. 

Trees  and  sJirubs  abounding  in  balsam  or  resin,  with  e.vstipulate,  com- 
pound, dotted  leaves,  and  small,  regular,  raccmed  or  panicled  tlowers. 
Calyx  3-5-cleft  Petals  3 — 5.  Stamens  twice  as  many.  Ovaries  free,  1-5- 
celled.  Stigmas  2-5-lobed,  ovules  2  in  each  cell.  F7'int  drupaceous,  indc- 
hiscent,  rarely  capsular.    Se^ds  pendulous,  exalbuminous. 

•  Flowers  perfect,  4-piirted.    Stamens  8,  hypofrynous.    Leaves  opposite Amtris.     1 

•  Flowers  poly-famous,  4  and  6-parted.    Stamens  8 — 10  ;  disk  crenate.    Leaves  alternate Bdrskra.  2 

1.  AMYRIS,  L.  Balm-of-Gilead.  {Mvp/ja,  myrrh;  from  its  per- 
fumed gum.)     5  h  Flowers  in  panicles,  white. 

A*  Floridana  N.     Torch-tvood.    Shrub;  Ivs.  oppot^ite,  trifoliate,  on  Hhort  petioles, 
IftB.  ovate,  obtuse,  entire,  petiolulate  ;  drupes  small,  globular.    E.  Fla. 

2.  BURSERA,  L.     (To  JoacMn  Bursei\   an  Italian  botanist.)    +) 

B.  gummifera  Jacq.    LftB.  3 — 9,  petiolulate,  ovate,  acnm.,  entire;  fls.  racemcd.  Fla. 

Order  XXXVI.    ANACARDIACE^.    Sumacs. 

Trees  or  sZirwJs  with  a  resinous,  gummy,  caustic,  or  even  milky  juice. 
Leaves  alternate,  simple,  or  temate,  or  unequally  pinnate,  without  pellucid 
dots.  Flmcers  with  bracts,  commonly  dioecious,  small.  Sepals  3 — 5,  united 
at  base,  pei-sistent.  Petals  of  the  same  number  (sometimes  0),  imbricated. 
Stamens  as  many  as  petals,  alternate  with  them,  perigynous.  Ovary  1- 
celled,  free.  Oxide  1.  Stigmas  3.  Frini  a  berry  or  drupe,  usually  the 
tatter,  and  1 -seeded.    Albumen  0. 

RHUS,  L.  Sumac.  (The  ancient  name,  from  Celtic,  rhudd,  red?) 
Calyx  of  5  sepals  united  at  base.  Pet.  -and  stam.  5.  Sty.  3.  Stig.  capi- 
tate. Fruit  a  small,  1-seeded,  subglobous,  dry  drupe.— Small  trees  or 
shrubs.  Leaves  alternate,  mostly  compound.  Flowei-s  often,  by  abor- 
tion, imperfect,  greenish. 


Order  37.-SAPINDACEJE].  73 

i  Leav  es  simple.    Flowers  perfect  (or  all  abortive  in  cultivation) Nob.  10, 11 

§  Leaves  compound.    Flowers  dioecious.    A  tree.    South  Florida No.  9 

%  Leaves  compound.    Flowers  polygamous. .  .(a) 

a  Flowers  in  clustered  spikes  preceding  the  trifoliate  leaves No.  8 

a  Flowers  in  axillary  panicles,  toit/i  the  3-13-foliate  Ivs.    Poisonous Nos.  5—7 

a  Flowers  in  terminal  thyrses,  ivith  the  9-31-foliate  leaves..  .(6) 

b  Common  petiole  winged  between  the  leaflets No.  4 

b  Common  petiole  not  winged Nob.  1 — 3 

1  R.  glabra  L.    Lvs.  and  branches  glabrous;    Iffs.  11—31,  lanceolate,  acuminate, 

acutely  serrate,  whitish  beneath  ;  fr.  red,  with  crimson  hairs.    Thickets  and  pastures. 
6— 15f.    The  fruit  hairs  are  extremely  acid,  and  dye  red.    June,  July. 

2  B.  typltlna  L.    Branches  and  petioles  densely  villous;  Ifts.  11—31,  oblong-lanceo- 

late, acuminate,  acutely  serrate,  pubescent  beneath ;  fruit  red,  with  crimson  hairs. 

Rocky  soils.    10~20f.    Branches  thick,  straggling.  Drupes  acid.  Wood  yellow.  June. 

/3.  lacinilita,    Lfts.  irregularly  gas^hed ;  panicles  leafy.    Hanover,  N.  H.  {Ricard.) 

3  R.  pumila  Mx.  Procumbent,  villous-pubescent ;  lfts.  9—13,  oval  or  oblong,  coarsely 

toothed  ;  drupes  red,  silky  pubescent.    N.  Car.  to  Ga.    Branches  If  high. 

4  R.  copallina  L.    Mountain  Sumac.    Branches  and  petioles  pubescent ;  Ifte.  9—21, 

oval-lanceolate,  mostly  entire,  unequal  at  base,  common  rachis  winged ;  fls.  in  dense 
panicles  ;  drupes  red,  hairy.    Rocky  hills.    2— 8f.    Thyrse  sessile.    July. 

5  R.  Tenenata  DC.    Poison  Sumac.   Dog-wood.  Very  glabrous ;  lfts.  7— 13,  oval,  ab- 

ruptly  acuminate,  very  entire ;  panicles  loose,  axillary,  pedunculate ;  drupes  greenish- 
yellow,  smooth.    Swampa,    10— 15r    Flowers  green.    Very  poisonous.    June. 

6  R.  Toxicodendron  L.  Poison  Oak.   Poison  Ivy.    Erect,  or  decumbent ;  lvs.  pu- 

bescent ;  lfts.  3,  broadly  oval,  acuminate,  angular,  or  sinuate-dentate ;  drupes  smooth, 
roundish.    Thickets,  Can.  to  Ga.    Perhaps  runs  into  the  next.    June. 

7  R.  radicans  L.     Climbing  Ivy.    Stems  climbing  by  means  of  innumerable  radi- 

cating tendrils ;   leaflets  ovate,  smooth,  entire.    Ascending  trees.  20— 50f.    Drupes 
dull  white.     Stems  1—2'  in  thickness.    June. 

8  R.  aromatica  Ait.    Sweet  Sumac.    Lfts.  sessile,  incisely  crenate,  pubescent  be- 

neath, lateral  ones  ovate,  terminal  one  rhomboid  ;  fls.  in  close  aments,  preceding  the 
leaves  ;  drupe  globous,  villous.    Copses.    2— 6f.    Flowers  yellowish.    May. 

9  R.  Metoplum  L.    Lfts.  3—7,  smooth,  entire,  ovate,  acumin. ;  drupes  smooth.  301. 

10  R.  cotiuoides  N.    Smooth;  lvs.  oval,  obtuse,  entire,  acute  at  base,  thin,  long- 
stalked  :  fls.  minute,  in  loose,  erect  panicles ;  drupes  smooth.    Mts.  Car.  to  Ark. 

1 1  R.  CoTiNus.     Venetian  Sumac.    Smoke-tree.     Lvs.  obovate,  entire,  thick ;  flowers 
mostly  abortive,  pedicels  diff'usely  branched  and  hairy.    Italy. 

Order  XXXVII.    SAPINDACE^.    IVIapleworts. 

Trees,  shrubs,  or  rarely  herbs,  with  simple  or  compound,  alternate  or 
opposite  leaves.  Flowers  mostly  unsymmetrical,  often  irregular,  4  or  5- 
merous,  with  the  sepals  and  jyetals  both  imbricated  in  the  bud,  with  the 
stamens  5  to  10,  inserted  on  a  hypogynous  or  perigyiious  disk.  Ovary  2  or 
3-oelled,  lobed.  and  with  1  or  2  (rarely  more)  ovules  in  each  cell.  Enibryo 
mostly  curved  or  convoluted,  with  little  or  no  albumen.  Figs.  100,  334, 
230,  336,  237,  308,  312,  444,  515. 

I.  ACERINE^E.— Leaves  opposite.     Flower<»  reguUir,  diclinous.    Fruit  a  double  samara... (a) 

o  Disk  annular.     Petals  4  or  5  or  0.    Leaves  simple,  lobed Ackr.  1 

a  Disk  obsolete.     Petals  none.     Leaves  pinnately  compound Neoundo.  3 

II.  STAPH YLEiE.— Leaves  opposite.     Flowers  regular,  perfect.     Stamens  6 Staphtuu.  S 

III.  HIPPOCASTANEi^i;.— Leaves  opposite.     Flowers  irregular.    Stamens  7 iBscuiUS.  « 

IV    SAPTNDE.E.— Leaves  alternate.     Flowers  pnlygamo-dioeciou8...(6) 

4 


74  Ordek  37.— SAPINDACE.E. 

6  Petals  5,  regular.    Ovules  solitary.     Fniit  baccate.    Trees Sapisdcs.  ( 

6  Petals  5  or  4,  reguU:-     Ovules  2  or  3  in  each  :ell.    Trees.    South  Florida. . .  .Hypklate. 

6  Petals  4,  irregular.    Trees.     Koclkeutkria,  No  7 Vines Cardiospkrmdm.  I 

*  Petals  0.     Ovules  2  i:i  each  cell.     Capsules  winged.     Shrub.     South  Fla DoDONiBA. 

1.  ACER.  Maple.  (The  ancient  name,  meaning  sliarp,  vigorou.'*.') 
Fls.  polygamous.  Cal.  5  (4-9)-cleft.  Cor.  5  (4-0)-pctalIefl  or  0.  Stam.  8 
(4 — 12).  Sty.  2.  Samarae  2-winged,  miited  at  base,  by  abortion  1 -seeded. 
Leaves  simple,  palmately  5  (rarely  3-9)-lobed.    (See  Addenda.) 

§  Flower?  in  dense,  umbellate  cluster;?,  appearing  before  the  leaves  Nos.  1   i 

§  Flowers  in  pendulous  corymbs,  yellowish,  appearing  loitk  the  leaves Nos.  i,  4 

§  Flowers  in  terminal  racemes,  greenish,  appearing  after  the  leaves.  ..{a) 

a  Shrubs  or  small  trees,  native.    Leaves  3-lobed Noj?.  6,  6 

a  Large  trees,  exotic,  cultivated.    Leaves  5-7-lobed Nos.  7,  8 

1  A.  rubriim  L.    lied  Maple.    Swamp  Maple.     Lvs.  cordate,  acutely  and  incisely 

toothed,  the  Onuses  acute,  glaucous  beneath;  ped.  elongated  in   fruit;  pet.  linear- 
oblong ;  ovaries  and  fruit  smooth.    Swamps.    30— 80f.    Flowers  red.    April. 
^.  tritletiH,    Lvs.  3-lobed,  rounded  at  base ;  flow-era  yellowish.    N.  J.  to  La.    20f. 

2  A.  dasycarpum  Ehrh.     White  Maple.    Lvs.  truncated  at  base,  unequally  and  in 

cisely  toothed,  with  obtuse  sinuses,  white  and  smooth  beneath  ;  fls.  greenish,  with 
downy  ovarioe  ;  petals  0  ;  fruit  divergent.    Woods.    50f.    Mar.  April.   (Fig.  308.) 

3  A.  saccbarmuin  L.    Sugar  Maple.    Rock  Maple.    Lvs.  subcordate  at  base,  acu- 

minate, remotely  toothed,  with  rounded  and  shallow  sinuses,  glaucous  beneath  ;  fls. 
pedunculate,  pendulous.    Rocky  hills,  N.    40— 70f.    A  noble  tree. 

4  A.  nigrum  Mx.    Black  Maple.    Sugar  Tree.    Lvs.  cordate,  with  the  sinus  closed, 

lobes  divaricate,  sinuate-dentate,  paler  beneath,  with  the  veins  beneath  and  the  peti- 
oles pubescent ;  flowers  on  long,  slender  pedicels.    Vt.  to  Ind.    30— 70f.    April. 

5  A.  Peniisylvanlctiin  L.    Striped  Maple.    Whistle-wood.    Lvs.  with  3  acuminate 

lobes,  rounded  at  base,  sharply  denticulate,  smooth  ;  rac.  simple,  pendulous.    Can.  to 
Ga.  and  Ky.    10— 15f.    Bark  striped,  green  and  black.    May. 

6  A.  spicatum  Lara,    ^fountain  Maple-bush.    Lvs.  3-5-lobed,  acute,  dentate,  pubes 

cent  bcneatih  ;  racemes  erect,  compound.    Woody  hills.    5— 8f.    Flowers  greenish. 

7  A,  Pseudo-Platanus  I,.    Sycamore.    Lvs.  cordate,  glabrous,  glaucous  beneath,  lobca 

acute,  unequally  dentate  ;  raceme  pendulous  ;  fruit  smooth.    Europe.    40f. 
«i  A.  MACKOPHTLLUM  Ph.,  with  large,  very  deeply  5-lobed  leaves,  nodding  racemes,  and 
hi' pid  fruit.    Oregon.    30— 50f. 

2.  NEGUNDO,  Mocncli.  Box  Eldek.  Ash  Maple,  Flowers  ?  6. 
Corolla  0 ;  9  flowei's  racenied,  ^  fascicled.  Disk  O-  Stam.  3 — 5.  Fruit  as 
in  the  last  genus.    Leaves  compound,  pinnately  3-5-foliate. 

N.  aceroides  Moench,  Lfts.  ovate,  acuminate,  remotely  and  unequally  dentate  ;  v  rac. 
long  and  pendulous ;  fruit  oblong,  with  large  wings  dilated  upward.  A  handsome 
tree,  20— 40f.    N.  Y.  to  Car.  and  Cal.  1    April. 

3.  STAPHYLBA,  L.  Bladder-nut.  (A  Greek  word,  meaning  a 
cluster  of  grapes  ;  from  the  form  of  the  fructification.)  Fls.  5  .  Calyx  of  5, 
colored,  persistent  sepals.  Pet.  and  sta.  5.  Styles  3.  Caps.  2 — 3,  membra- 
nous and  inflated,  slightly  cohering.  Seeds  not  arilled.  +)  With  opposite, 
3-7-foliate  lvs.  and  caducous  stipi.les.    Fig.  444. 

S.  trirolla  L,  Lfts.  3,  ovate,  acuminate,  serrate ;  fls.  in  drooping  cymous  paniclos, 
white  ;  pet.  ciliate  at  base.    Can.  to  Car.  \nd  Tenr .    6— lOf.    Caps,  large.    May. 

4.  JESCULUS,  L.    Horse  Chestnut     Buckeye.    Calyx  5-toothed ; 


Order  08.— CELASTRACE.E.  75 

cor.  irregular,  4  o;  o-pctalled  ;  sta.  7  (G  lo  8),  distinct,  unequal.  Style  fili- 
form, ov.  3-celled,  's^'itll  2  ovules  in  each  cell.  Fruit  coriaceous,  2-3-valved, 
containing  but  one  or  very  few  large,  sniooili  seeds.  Cotyledons  thick, 
bulliy,  inseparable.  ^  5  With  opposite,  digitate,  5-T-foliate  leaves.  Fls. 
p;uiiculate,  terminal.     Fig.  100. 

§  Pa  VIA.    Fruit  smooth.    Petals  4,  erect,  the  two  upper  clawed.     Ji'/ckei/c.'^os.  I—?. 
§  /EscuLtis  j^roper.    Fruit  prickly.    Petals  4  or  .J,  spreading Nos,  4,  5 

1  jE.  Pa, via  L.    Lfts.  5 — 7,  shining,  oblong-lanceolate:  ouneatc  at  base,  short-acurai- 

nate,  finely  serrate;  fls.  red,  very  irregular  in  a  lax,  thyreoid  raceme  ;  pet.  at>  long  aa 
stamens  ;  cat.  half  as  long  as  the  two  shorter  petals.    S.    y— 101'.    Mar.  April. 

2  iE.  parvlflora  Walt.    Lfts.  .5—7,  obovate,  acuminate,  serrate,  velvety  canescent  be- 

neath ;  petals  4  white,  somewhat  similar  and  spreading,  thrice  shorter  than  the  capil- 
lary stamens.    S.    2 — 9f.    Fls.  very  numerous. 

3  ^.  flava  Ait.    Siceet  Buckeye.    Lfts.  5— 7,  oblong  or  elliptic-ovate,  acuminate,  ser- 

rulate, pubescent  beneath;  fls.  in  thyreoid,  pubescent  panicles;  pet.  very  unequal, 
longer  than  the  stamens.    W.  and  S.    6— 70f.    Yellowish.    April,  May. 

4  JE,.  jflabra  Willd.     Ohio  Buckeye.    Lfts,  5,  oval  or  oblong,  acuminate,  serrate  or  ser 

rulate  ;  fls.  in  lax  thyrsoid  panicles  ;  pet.  4,  half  as  long  as  the  stamens.   River  banks, 
"W.    Tree  20 — 40f,  ill-scented,  with  small,  yellowish  flowers.    June. 

5  -E.  HiPPOcASTANUM  L.    Ilorse  Cliestnvt.    Lvs.  of  7  obovate  lfts. ;  pet.  5,  spreading; 

fruit  prickly.    Tartary.    A  noble  tree,  in  parks,  &c.    June. 

5.  SAPINDUS,  L.  SoAP-BKUUY.  (That  is,  by  syncope,  Sapo  Indicus, 
Indian  soap.)  Sep.  4  or  5.  Pet.  as  many,  or  one  less  by  abortion,  append- 
aged  inside  with  a  gland,  scale,  or  beard.  Sta.  8 — 10.  Stig.  3.  Fruit  3, 
connate,  globular,  fleshy  carpels,  often  by  abortion  2  or  1.  Seed  large, 
solit^ar}'.     ^  Lvs.  alternate,  pinnate,  exstipulate. 

S.  marginatas  Willd.  Common  petioles  wingless  ;  lfts.  9—18,  ovate-lanceolate,  long- 
pointed,  very  inequilateral,  short-stalked,  entire,  glabrous,  shining  above;  flowers  in 
white,  dense  panicles.    Ga.  to  Ark.    20— 401".    Fruit  globular. 

6.  CARDIOSPBRMUM,  L.  Hp: art-seed,  {KapSiaj  heart,  ditepjua, 
peed.)  Sep.  4,  two  of  them  smaller.  Pet.  unequal,  each  with  a  scale  at  base. 
Sta.  8.  Style  3-fid.  Caps.  membranouSj  inflated.  [>  Leaves  biternate. 
Pedicels  changed  to  tendrils. 

C,  Elulicacabuiu  L.  Lfts.  ovate-lanceolate,  incisely  lobed  and  dentate  ;  fr.  pyriform- 

globous.  large,  bladder-like.    Banks  of  streams,  8.  and  W.    4— 6f.    July.    $ 

7.  KCELREUTERIA,  Lam,    (To  /.  O.  KoMreuter,  a  Russian  botanist 

!uid  author,  1755.)    Sep.  5.    Pet.  4,  irregular.    Sta.  8.    Sty.  exserted.    Caps, 
inflated,  3-celled,  cells  2-seeded.     ^  Lvs.  alternate,  pinnate,  lfts.  about  13. 
(nit-serrate.    Flowers  yellow,  in  large  panicles. 
K.  PANicui.ATA.— China.    20— 30f,    Odd  leaflet  cut-lobcd.    A  curious  tree. 

Order  XXXVIII.  CELABTRACE^.  Staff  Trees. 
Shrubs  with  simple  leaves  alternate  or  opposite,  with  floicers  small,  regu- 
lar, 4  or  5-merous,  perigynous,  sepals  and  petals  both  imbricated  in  aestiva- 
tion, stamsns  alternate  with  the  petals,  and  inserted  on  a  disk  which  fiUa 
the  bottom  of  the  calyx.  Carpels  2—5,  styles  united.  Fruit  free  from  thfl 
ealyx,  with  2—5  cells.    Seed^  arilled,  few,  albuminous. 


76  Order  40.— RHAMNACE^. 

»  Le»--»  alteri.ate.w,  Capsule  dehisscent      Oils  2-(iviile(l.     Vine Cklastros.        I 

—r(  Capsule  dehiscent.     Cells  lovuled.     Erect.     S.  Fla Mattexdb. 

— 'I  Drupe  dry,  2-('elled,  2-xeeded.     Erpct.     S.  Kla ScHAErrKRiA. 

•  Leareh  opposite— -i  Capsule  ^5-celled.     CelLs  2-ovuIed Euo.nymu.s.       3 

— '*  Dnipe  1 -celled,  1  seeded  (ovary  2-4  celled.)    H.  Fla MroiNnA. 

1,  CELASTRUS,  L.  Staff-tree.  Fls.  often  imperfect.  Sep.  and  pet. 
5.  Disk  5-lobed,  beariiig  the  o  stamens  on  its  edge.  Caps,  subglobous,  or  ii- 
anglcxl,  o-celled.  Seeds  with  an  arilhis,  1  or  2  in  each  cell.  "|>  With  alter- 
nate, deciduous  Iys.  and  minute,  deciduous  stipules. 

C  scandeiiM  L.    St.  twinin;;;  Ivs.  oblong,  acnminatc.  serrate;  rac.  terminal;  flowc;« 
dioeciout?.    Woods.    20 — lOf.    Arilletl  seeds  scarlet,  persistent  in  winter.    June. 

2.  EUONYMUS,  Tourn.  Burning  Busir.  (/Ju,  good,  o//o/uv,  name.) 
Fl.  perfect;  calyx  tlat,  of  5  (sometimes  4  or  0)  united  sepals.  Coiolla  flat> 
inserted  on  the  outer  margin  of  the  broad  disk.  Stamens  o,  with  short  fila- 
ments. Caps,  colored,  5-anglcd,  5-celled,  5-valved.  Seeds  wholly  invested 
with  a  scarlet  aril.     +>  ^  Lvs.  opposite,  serrate.     Flowers  purple. 

1  E.  atropiirpitreus  Jacq.    Lvs.  elliptic-ovate,  petiolate.  acnminate,  finely  serrate, 

puberuleut  beneath  ;  pcd.  compressed,  nlany-llo^^  ered  :  tls.  usually  4-merous  ;  capsule 
emooth,  lobed.  Woods.  4— lOf.  Fruit  crimson.  June.  Varieties  in  cultivation  havo 
orange-red  or  even  whitisli  fruit. 

2  E.  Anicricanus  L.    Kranclies  4-angled ;  lvs.  oval  and  elliptic-lanceolate,  acuuai 

nate.  acute,  or  obtuse,  smooth,  subsessile ;  ped.  round,  about  .3-flo\vered ;  lis.  mostly 
penfameroiis  ;  caps,  warty.    Woods.    2 — 5f.    P^u it  dark  red.    June. 

/3.  ohovaluH,    Trailing;  lvs.  obovate,  obtusish.  petiolate.    Ohio,  Ac. 

y.  ang-vatifoliu*.   Lvs.  liuear-lanceolate.  inequilateral,  acute  at  each  end.  Soijth. 

3  E.  KrKOPJ^us,  has  smooth,   shining,  lancc-ublong,  serrate  loaves,  the  llattened  pcd 

:}-flowered;  lis.  4-parted.    Europe.    Not  hardy  North.    ^^See  Addenda.) 

Order  XL.     IIHA-SENACE^I     Buckthorns. 

Shrubs  or  small  trees,  often  spiny,  with  simple,  alternate,  stipulate  kavat, 
ynthfl&wers  regular,  sometimes  apetalous  or  otherwise  imperfect;  with  the 
atamens  perigynous,  as  many  (4  or  5)  as  the  valvate  sepals,  altemate  with 
them,  and  opposite  to  the  petals  when  they  are  present.  7>M  perigynous. 
Capsule  or  druj)e  with  one  albuminous  seed  in  each  cell. 

•  Leaves  op;)osite  or  subopposite,  with  opposite  branches. .  .n 

a  Flowers  small,  in  Jixillary  clusters  or  umbels.    S.  Fla Scutia. 

a  Flowers  minute,  spicate,  in  terminal  panicles Sagkretia.    1 

•  Leaves  alternate. — b  Shrubs  climbing  by  twininj;.     Petals  sessile Berchkmi a.  2 

—h  Slirub*  climbiu'r  by  tendrils.    Tet.  short Gouania.       3 

•  Ijeaves  rtltern.ite. — <:  Clusters  of  (white)  flowers  terminal.     Ftt.  unguiculate Ckanothus-  4 

— <•  Clusters  axillary.    Fet.  4.  5.  or  0,  on  the  margin  of  disk Rham.nus.       5 

—c  ('lusters  axillary.     Pet.  5,  under  the  5-lobed  disk.    S.  Fla CotUBRi>A. 

1,  SAGERETIA,  Brongn.  (Named  for  M.  Sageret,  a  Frencl  florist 
tnd  veg.  physiologist.)  Calyx  5-cleft.  Petals  5,  cucullate.  Sta.  5.  Ovai-y 
immersed  in  the  entire  disk,  with  a  3-lobed  stigma.  Drupe  3-cclled.  5 
With  slender  branches.  Fls.  in  rigid,  interrupted  spikes. 
S.  ITIieliaiixll  Brongn.  Branches  at  length  spiny;  leaves  ovate  or  oblong-ovate,  sub- 
sessile,  shining,  subentire.    Sandy  coa3t.s.  Car.  to  Fla.    Trailing,  (j—l.'5i;.    October. 


Order  41.— VITACE^.  77 

2.  BERCHEMIA,  Necker.  Sdtple  Jack.  Calyx  5-paited.  Pet.  5, 
convolute,  enclosing  the  5  stamens.  Ovary  half  immersed  in  the  disk,  but 
tree  from  it,  2-celled.  Style  bifid.  Drupe  oblong,  with  a  bony,  2-celled 
nut.     5  ^  Unarmed.     Lvs.  pinnate-veined.     Panicles  terminal,  small. 

B.  volubllis  DC.    Climbing,  glabrous;  lvs.  ovate,  straight-veined,  repandly  serrate ; 
drupe  dark  pnrple.    Damp  soils,  S.    Stem  supple,  10 — "iOf.    May,  June. 

4.  OEANOTHUS,  L.  Jersey  Tea.  Red-root.  Calyx  tubular-cam- 
panulate,  5-cleft.  Petals  5,  saccate,  arched,  with  long  claws.  Sta.  mostly 
exserted.  Style  3-cleft,  Capsule  obtusely  triangular,  3-celled,  3-seeded, 
sunounded  at  base  by  the  persistent  tube  of  the  calyx.  5  +)  Thornless. 
Fls.  small,  aggregated  at  the  end  of  the  branches. 

1  C  Amerfcanns  L.     Leaves  oblong-ovate,  or  ovate,  serrate,  3-veined ;  flowering 

branches  leafy  or  leafless,  elongated.    Dry  woods.    2— 4f.    June. 

2  C,  ovalls  Bw.    Lvs.  oval-lanceolate  or  narrowly  oblong,  with  glandular  serratures, 

3-veined,  veins  pubescent  beneath ;   thyree  corymbous,  abbreviated.    Vt.  to  Mich, 
a— 3f.    Less  common  than  No.  1.    Lvs.  smooth,  shining.    May. 

3  C.  micro pli^fllus  Mx.    Diflfusely  branched,  branches  very  slender ;  leaves  minute, 

obovate,  rigid,  glabrous,  strigous  beneath.    Pine-barrens,  S.    1— 2f.    April. 
p.  »erpylUfbUu»,    Very  slender ;  branches  flliform ;  lvs.  oval  (2— 3'' long).    S. 

5.  RHAMNUS,  L.  Buckthorn.  (The  Greek  name.)  Calyx  urceo 
late,  4  or  5-cleft;.  Pet.  4  or  5,  notched,  lobed,  or  entire,  or  sometimes  want- 
ing. Ov.  free,  not  immersed  in  the  thin  toms,  2-4-celled.  Styles  2 — 4, 
more  or  less  united.  Drupe  containing  2 — 4  cartilaginous  nuts.  +)  Lvs. 
alternate,  rarely  opposite.    Fls.  in  axillary  clusters. 

§  Flowers  tetramerous.    Leaves  with  arcuate  veinlets Nos.  1 ,  2 

§  Flowers  pentamerous.    Leaves  with  the  veinlets  nearly  straight Nos.  3.  4 

1  R,  catbartlcus  L.    Thorny  ;  lvs.  ovate,  denticulate-serrate  ;  fls.  fascicled  :  poly- 

gamo-dioecious,  mostly  tetrandrons  ;  sty.  4,  at  apex  distinct  and  recurved  :  fr.  globu- 
lar, 4-seeded.    Hedges,  rarely  wild.    10— 15f.  Drupes  black,  cathartic.  May  +.    §  Eur. 

2  R.  lanceolatus  Ph.    Thornless  ;  lvs.  lanceolate  or  oblong,  acute  at  each  end,  the 

earlier  ones  obtuse ;  fls.  1—3  together ;  pet.  4,  minute  ;  sty.  2  at  apex,  distinct ;  drupe 
2-eeeded.    Pa.  to  Iowa  (Colman).    Rare.    4 — 8f.    May. 

3  R.  alnlfolius  L'Her.    Unarmed;  lvs.  oval,  acute,  serrate;  ped.  aggregate,  1-flow 

ered ;  fls.  mostly  pentandrous  and  apetalous  ;  scp.  acute  ;  styles  3,  united,  very  short ; 
fruit  3-8eeded.    Pa.  to  Can.    2 — if.    June. 

4  R.  Carolinlanus  Walt.    Unarmed ;  leaves  oblong-oval,  serrulate,  acute,  paler  be- 

neath ;  fls.  perfect,  in  short,  axillary  umbels,  petals  minute  ;  stigmas  3 ;  fr.  3-seeded. 
River  banks,  Va.  to  Fla.    7— 15f.    June. 

Order  XLI.    VITACE^.    Vines. 

Shrubs  with  a  watery  juice,  tumid  nodes,  and  usually  climbing  by  ten- 
drils. Flowers  small,  regular,  racemous,  often  polygamous  or  dioecious. 
Calyx  minute,  truncated,  the  limb  obsolete  or  5-toothed.  Petals  hypogy- 
nous,  valvate  in  aestivation,  as  many  as  and  opposite  to  the  stamens. 
Stamens  inserted  on  tlie  flisk  which  surrounds  the  2-celled,  1-styled  ovaiy. 
Fr2iit?k  berry,  usually  4-seeded.   Seeds  bony.    Albumen  hard.    Figs.  187, 250. 

GRAPE-AnNES.    (Celtic  gwyd,  a  tree  or  shrub.)    Petals  4  oi 


78  Order  42.— POLYGALACE.E. 

5,  deciduous,  cohering  at  the  top,  or  distinct,  and  spreading.  Ovaries 
2-celled,  cells  2-ovuled.  Fruit  a  globular  berry,  1-4-seedcd.  "^  Lvs.  sim- 
ple or  compound.  Ped.  opposite  the  lvs.  often  changed  to  tendrils,  Fls. 
small,  clustered. 

§  ViTis  proper.    Vvta\>  cohenng  at  the  top,  and  I'allin;:  without  Pxpandiiig. .  a 
§  Cissus.    Petalh  free,  expanding  before!  falliiiir.    Tendrils  coiling,  or  0. .  7^ 

§  Ampeloi'sis.    Petals  free,  expanding.    Tendrils  with  an  jidhes^i ve  foot No.  ii 

a  Leaves  beneath  clothed  with  a  whitif'h  or  rusty  wool Nop.  1 ,  2,  -T 

a  Leaves  glabrous  except  the  veins,  and  green  both  pidcs Nop.  4,  5.  10 

i>  Leaves  simple,  angular  or  entire No.  fi 

b  Leaves  pinnately  compound No*.  T.  S 

1  V.  laltrusca  L.    Fox  Grape.    Isabella,  Catawba..    Leaves  broad-cordate,  angular- 

lobcd.  hoary  tomentous  beneath;  berries  large.    Woods.    30— 80f.    Fr.  p.  gr.  or  anib. 

2  V,  aestivalis  L.    Lvs.  broadly  cordate,  ;}-5-lobed  or  palraatc-siunate,  coarsely  den- 

tate, with  scattered  ferruginous  haii-s  beneath  ;  fertile  racemes  long,  paniclcd,  berrien 
small.    Shady  banks.    Fruit  deep  blue,  small,  ripe  in  September. 

3  V.  Carlbsea  DC.    Hoary  ;  lvs.  round-cordate,  3-lobod  or  entire,  smooth  above.  Fla. 

4  V,  cordlfolla  Mx.     Fmst   Grape.     Lvs.  cordate,  acuminate,   somewhat  equally 

toothed,  smooth,  or  pubescent  beneath  the  veins  and  petioles  ;  rac.  loose,  many-flwd  ; 
berries  small.    River  banks.    10— 20f.    Fruit  blackish,  ripe  in  November. 
6  V,  vulpiiia  L.    Muscadine.    Scvjypernonfj.    Lvs.  (small)  cordate,  slightly  3-anglcd 
or  lobed,  shining  on  both  sides,  coarsely  toothed,  the  teeth  not  acuminate  ;  rac.  com- 
posed of  many  capitate  umbels.    Va.  to  Fla.    Fruit  large,  purple,  few. 

6  V.  indivisa  Wilkl.    Lvs.  simple,  cordate  or  truncate  at  the  base,  often  angular- 

lobcd  ;  flowPT-  5-merous  ;  berry  1  or  S-seeded.    Swamps,  S.    Fruit  small  {%"). 

7  V.  blplnitik^ca  T.  &  G.    Lvs.  bipinnate,  Ifts.  incisely  serrate,  glabrous ;  flowers  5 

merous.    S.  States  along  rivers.    Fruit  small,  black.    No  tendrils. 

8  V.  Incisa  N.    Lvs.  3-foliate,  thick ;  Ifts.  2-3-lobcd  ;  berry  1-sceded.    Fla.  to  La 

9  V,  quinquefolia  Lam.     Virginia  Creqyer.    Lvs.  digitate,  Ifts.  ."i,  oblong,  acumi 

nate,  dentate  ;  berries  dark  blue,  smaller  than  peas,  acid.  Woods,  thickets.    20— 40f. 

10  V.  viNiFERA  L.    European  Wine-grape.    Lvs.  cordate,  sinuately  5-lobed,  glabrous; 
flowers  all  perfect.    Europe.    Many  varieties. 


Order  XLII.    POLYGALACE^.    Milkworts. 

Herbs  or  shrubs,  with  the  leaves  mostly  simple  and  without  stipules. 
Flowers  irregular,  unsymmetrical,  hypogynous,  perfect.  Sepals  5,  unequal, 
distinct,  some  or  all  of  them  colored.  Petals  3,  often  5,  and  2  of  them 
scale-like.  Stamens  4  to  8,  distinct,  or  cohering  in  a  tube  which  is  split  on 
the  upper  side.  Ovary  superior,  compound,  with  suspended  ovules,  united 
styles  and  stigmas.  Fruit  a  2-secded  pod.  Seeds  pendulous,  with  or  wilh- 
©ut  a  caruncle  and  albumen. 

'*epal8  5,  unequal,  2  larger,  wing-sliapecl,  petaloid.    Petals  3.     Stamens  8 1'olygala.      I 

Sepals  5,  nearly  equal.    3  of  the  5  petals  long-clawed.    Stamens  4 Kramekia.    2 

1.  POIiYGALA,  Tourn.  Milkwort.  (i7oA.t;?,  much,  ydXa,  milk; 
said  to  favor  the  lacteal  secretions  of  animals.)  Fls.  very  irregular.  Sej). 
5,  2  of  them  wing-shaped  and  petaloid.  Pet.  3,  cohering  by  tJieir  claws  to 
the  filaments,  lower  one  carinate  and  often  crested  on  the  back.  Stam.  6 
or  8,  filaments  united  into  a  .split  tube.     Anth.  1-celled.     Caps,  obcordato, 


OuDEii  42.— rOLVGALACEiE.  79 

S- celled,  2-seeded,  loculicidal.  Sd.  nppcndaged  with  a  vaiious  caruiiclc  at 
the  hilum.  Mostly  herbs,  'jitter,  and  with  simple  leaves.  Flowers  often 
of  two  forms,  the  subterranean  apetalous. 

♦  Loaves  alternate— a  Fls.  purple,  solitary,  &— 4.    Perennial No.  1 

—a  Fls.  purple,  racemed,  many.    Biennial Nos.  2,  3 

—a  Fls.  white.    Spike  slender.    Seeds  hairy.    Perennial Nos.  4,  5 

—a  Fls.  purple.    Spike  capitate.— Caruncle  double Nos.  6 — 8 

— Car.  appears  simple.  (T), .  .Nos.  9 — 11 

—a  Fls.  xanthic. — h  Spikes  solitary,  large.    Biennial Nos.  12,  13 

—b  Spikes  GO,  corymbed,  small.  Bien Nos.  14, 15 

•  Lve.  v«;rtic.  on  the  stem.— <;  Spikes  acute,  slender.    Fls.  greenish-white. . .  Nos.  16, 17,  18 

c  Spikes  obtuse,  thick. .  (Shrubs,  t.  No.  2^-25).  .Nos.  19, 20, 21 

1  P.  panclfolia  L.    St.  simple,  erect,  naked  below ;  Ivs.  ovate,  acute,  smooth  ;  ter- 

minal fls.  large,   crested,   radical  ones  apetalous.     n  Woods.    3— 4^    Flowers  few, 
large  (KVO,  very  showy.    May,  June. 

2  P.  grandiflora  Walt.    Ascending,  pubescent ;  Ivs.  ovate-lanceolate  to  lance-linear, 

acute :  fls.  distant,  pendulous  after  blooming,  wings  large,  roundish,  covering  thefniit, 

keel  as  long  as  the  wings  (3''0.  crestless.    (2)  ?  Dry  soils,  S.    9—12'.    May— Aug. 
**  P.  pol^gama  Walt.    Sts.  simple,  numerous,  glabrous;  Ivs.  linear-oblong,  mucro 

nate,  obtuse  ;  fls.  racemed,  short-pedicelled,  those  of  the  stem  winged,  those  of  the 

root  wingless  ;  keel  cristate.    (2)  Fields.    <)-12'.    Rac.  showy.    Fls.  2".    June,  July. 
4  P.  Senega  L.    Seneca  Snake-root.    St.  erect,  smooth,  simple,  leafy ;  Ivs.  lanceolate, 

tapering  at  each  end ;  fls.  slightly  crested,  in  a  terminal  spike-form,  slender  raceme. 

2:  Woods,  W.  States,  rare  in  E.    8-14'.    Spike  1-2'.    Leaves  1—2'.    July. 
p.  lattfolia.    Leaves  ovate,  acuminate  at  each  end.    Leaves  2— 3',    Ind. 
a  P.  alba  N.    St.  angular,  branched  above  ;  Ivs.  linear;  spike  lance-linear,  pointed,  ou 

a  long  stalk,     y  Ala.  to  La.    G— 12'.     Spikes  1—3'. 

6  P.  setalcea  Mx.  Sts.  filiform,  simple,  apparently  leafless  (Ivs.  minute,  deltoid-acum.); 

spike  (small)  oblong,  acute;  wings  short-pointed,  shorter  than  the  petals :  caruncle 
enclosing  the  short  stipe  of  the  hairy  seed.     11  South.    If.    Leaves  1".    June. 

7  P.  incarnata,  L.    Glaucous  ;  st.  erect,  slender,  mostly  simple  ;  Ivs.  few,  scattered, 

linear-subulate;   spike  oblong;    wings  lanceolate,    cuspidate;    claws   of  the  petals 
united  into  a  long,  cleft  tube  ;  seed  veiy  hairy;    CO  N.  J.  to  Fla.    1— 2f.    June. 

H  P.  Cliapitidnil  T.  &  G.  Very  slender,  simple,  or  nearly  so ;  Ivs.  linear-subulate ; 
spike  loose,  roundish-oblong,  rather  acute ;  wings  obovate,  slightly  clawed  ;  caruncle 
lateral  on  the  thin-haired  seed.    ®  South.    If. 

!)  P.  Nuttallil  T.  &  G.  St.  erect,  somewhat  fastigiate ;  Ivs.  linear;  spikes  acute, 
ronndish-oblong,  dense;  wings  elliptical,  attenuate  at  base;  crest  minute;  caruncle 
notched,  lateral  on  the  thick  seed-stipe,    (i)  Mass.,  R.  I.,  to  La.    G— 10'.    August. 

1 0  P.  f'aMtlgtata  Nutt.  Slender  and  much  branched  above ;  Ivs.  linear ;  spikes  round- 
ish, loose-flowered;  wings  ovate-oblong,  distinctly  clawed ;  caruncle  broad,  nearly 
embracing  the  small  seed-stipe  (immature).    ®  N.  J.  to  Fla.    8 — 12'.    July-H. 

IIP.  sangniiiea  L.  St.  branching  at  top ;  Ivs.  linear  and  lance-linear;  spikes  ob- 
long, obtuse,  dense;  wings  oval  or  ovate,  obtuse,  subsessile  ;  carancle  mostly  simple, 
nearly  as  long  as  the  hairy  seed.    ®  Wet  grounds,    10'.    Leaves  1'.    July-f-. 

J2  P.  liitea  L.    St.  mostly  simple ;  root  leaves  spatulate,  obtuse,  attenuate  at  base;  . 
cauline  ones  lanceolate,  acute ;   rac.  ovate-globous,  obtuse,  dense ;  fls.  pedicellate ; 
wings  ovate,  mucronate,  keel  with  a  minute  crest.   (2)  Sands,  N.  J.  to  Fla.  If.  June  + . 

1 3  P.  nana  DC.  Low,  ascending;  Ivs.  obovate  and  spatulate,  mostly  radical ;  heads 
ovate,  becoming  oblong,  dense  ;  wings  lance-ovate,  cuspidate-acuminate,  twice  longer 
than  the  slightly-(  rested  keel.    (2)  Pine  woods,  S.    4'.    April,  May. 

1 4  P.  ramosa  EC .  Erect,  corymbously  branched  above ;  spikes  loose,  oblong,  nume- 
rotis,  forming  der  se,  level-topped  cymes ;  radical  Ivs.  few,  spatulate,  cauline  oblon;;- 
Uncar ;  seed  oval  canincled.    (a)  Swamps,  Del.  to  Fla.    If.    Jime. 


80  Order  43.— LEGUMINOS^. 

15  P.  cymosa  Walt.    Tall,  corymbously  branched  at  top;  Ivs.  mostly  radical,  linear, 

pointed,  crowded  ;  stem  Ivs,  very  few,  linear-subulate  ;  racemes  spike-like,  forming  a 
dense.  fa?ti{^ate  cjTne  ;  seed  <?lobnlar.  naked.    (2)  Swamps,  S.    2— 5f.    Jnne-f-. 

16  P.  vertictllata  L.  St.  branched  above,  erect;  Ivs.  linear,  verticillate  both  on 
the  stem  and  opposite  branches  ;  fls.  crested  ;  calycine  wings  roundish  ;  seed  oblong, 
smooth,  caruncle  hardly  half  as  long.    (T)  Dry  hills,    fi— 8'.    Jnly-i-, 

^.  amb^s-ua.    Branches  and  upper  Ivs.  alternate  ;  spikes  long;  fls.  scattered. 

17  P.  Boy ki nil  T.  &  G.  Sts.  erect  from  an  ascending  base,  simple;  Ivs.  obovat« 
and  lanceolate  ;  spike  slender,  pointed,  dense  ;  caruncle  two-thirds  the  length  of  the 
very  hairy  seed.     2;  South.    12—18'.    June— Aug. 

18  P.  leptostacliys  Shuttl.  Sts.  filiform,  strict;  Ivs.  setaceous,  in  4's  or  5's,  re- 
mote ;  spikes  linear ;  seed  smooth.    (£)  Dry  sands,  Fla.    If.    Greenish. 

19  P.  Hooker!  T.  &  G.  Sts.  weak,  4-angled;  Ivs.  in  4's,  linear;  spikes  lance-ovate, 
pointed.    Pine  woods,  Fla.  to  Tex.    If.    Flowers  pale  red. 

20  P.  cruciata  L.  St.  erect,  winged  at  the  angles,  fastigiate  ;  Ivs.  in  4's,  linear-ob- 
long, punctate ;  spikes  ovate,  dense,  obtuse,  subsessile  ;  caruncle  as  long  as  the  ovoid 
smooth  seed.    (T)  Wet  grounds.    3—12''.    July,  Aug. 

0.  cunpidata,    Lvs.  linear ;  heads  squarrons  with  the  wing-cusps.    South. 

21  P.  brevifolla  Nutt.  Slender,  branched  above;  lvs.  linear,  short,  remote,  in  4's,  01 
on  the  branches  scattered ;  spike  oblong,  dense,  obtuse,  on  long  peduncles ;  wing-s 
ovate-lanceolate,  acute  ;  seed  just  as  in  No.  20.    ®  N.  Y.  to  Fla.    If.    August. 

22  P.  SPEC168A.    Shrub  6f ;  Ive.  cuneate-oblong,  alternate ;  fls.  purple,  in  terminal  rac. 

23  P<  MYRTiPOLiA.    Shrub  3 — 4f ;  lvs.  oblong-obovate,  altera. ;  fls,  purple,  in  lateral  rac. 

24  P.  oppositifSlia.    Shrub  3f ;  lvs.  opp.,  sessile,  cordate,  smooth  ;  fls.  roseate,  large, 

25  P.  LATiFOi.iA.    Shrub  3f ;  lvs.  opposite,  ovate,  glaucous,  downy  beaeath  ;  fls.  purple. 

2.  KRAMERIA,  L.    Ovary  l-celled,  with  2  collateral  ovules.     Seed 
with  no  caruncle  and  no  albumen,     5  Racemes  terminal, 
K.  lailceo]sk,ta  Torr.  Prostrate ;  lvs,  lance-lin.,  acute,  longer  thaa  ped.  •.  fi".  spiny.  Fla 

Order  XLIII.    LEGUMINOS^.    Leguminous  Piants. 

Herbs,  shrubs,  or  trees.  Leaves  alternate,  usually  compound,  margins  en- 
tire. Stipules  3,  at  the  tumid  base  of  the  petiole.  Stipels  commonly  3.  Se- 
rials 5,  more  or  less  united,  often  unequal,  the  odd  one  always  anterior. 
Petals  5,  either  papilionaceous  or  regular,  perigynous,  the  odd  one  (when 
present)  posterior.  Stamens  diadelphous,  monadelphous,  or  distinct.  An- 
thers versatile.  Ovaries  superior,  single,  and  simple.  Style  and  stigma 
simple.  Fruit  a  legume,  either  continuous  (l-celled),  or  (a  loment)  jointed 
into  1-seeded  cells.  Seeds  solitaiy  or  several,  destitute  of  albumen.  Figs. 
50,  60,  102,  157, 190-1,  303-4,  214,  233,  308,  354-6,  361-2,  397,  401-2,  480. 

A  vast  and  important  order,  containing  400  genera  and  6,500  species,  of 
which  350  are  native  in  the  United  States. 

I.  MIMOSE.1E.     Corolla  regular,  valvate  in  bud.     Stamens  exserted,  hypogynous.    Lvs.  bipinnate...(§) 

II.  CiESALPIXEiE.     Corolla  irregular,  upper  petaltnfertor  in  bud.     Stamens  5 — 10,  perigynous...  (§§) 

III.  PAPILIONACEiE.     Corolla  papilionaceous,  upper  petal  (the  banner)  larger  and  exterior .,  .{*^ 

*  Stamens  10,  all  distinct  to  the  base.     Plants  erect.    (Tribe  Podalyrik^)...(1) 

*  Stamens  10,  monadelphous  or  diadelphous... (**) 

•♦  Leaves  cirrhous,  ending  with  a  tendril.     Stamens  9  and  1.    Vines.    (Tribe  ViClKJt)...® 

»•  No  tendrils.     Pod  a  loment  (§  165),  or  r.irely  1-seeded.    Lvs.  pinnate.    (Tr.  HEDTSARKiB)...(S) 

••  No  tendrils.     Pod  a  legume  (§  165),  rarely  l-«eeded...(***) 

•**  Erect  (or  if  prostrate,  with  palmately  3-foliate  leaves).    (Tribe  Lotbji).  .  .(4) 

***  Twininy  or  triiiliii;;  vines,  with  piunately  compound  leaves.    (Tribe  Phaseolka)...(5) 


Order  43.-LEGUMIN0S^.  81 

I  Pods  flat,  composed  of  1  or  more  l-seeded  joints.    Petals  united.  Stamens  i — 10.  .Mimosa.  1 

I  Pods  continuous,— m  prickly,  4-8ided  and  4-valved,    Petals  united.    Sta.  8— 10..Schrankii.        3 

—m  smooth, — n  Petals  distinct.    Pod  linear.    StamensS  or  10..Dksmanthus.     3 

— n  Petals  distinct.     Pod  oblong.     Stamens  10 Neptunia.  4 

—n  Petals  united.  Trees,  shrubs.  Sta.  00.  monadeL.ALBizziA.  5 

— n  Petals  distinct,  ylw.     Shrubs.     Stamens  CD  ..Acacia.    (5  (t)  58 

|§  Flowers  perfect,  red  or  yellow,  showy.    Trees  or  shrubs.     Lvs.  bipinnate.  .Poi.\cia.na.(9  a)  59 

g§  Flowers  perfect,  red  or  rose-colored.    Trees  with  simple  broad  leaves Cercis.  9 

§§  Flowers  perfect,  yellow  (in  our  species).     Herbs  with  pinnate  leaves Cassia.  8 

§§  Flowers  imperfect,  greenish.— Trees  tliornless,  with  bipinnate  leaves Gymnocladus    6 

—Trees  thorny.     Lvs.  pinnate  and  bipinnate. .  .Gleditschia.     7 

L  PODALTRKiE.—c  Trees.    Leaves  pinnate.    Pod  Hat  and  thin Cladastkis.      10 

— c  Trees  or  shrubs.    Lvs.  ternate.  ..Callistachys,  60,  or  pinnate  in.  .Sophora  (10a)  61 

— c  Shrubs  in  the  greenhouse,  with  simple,  spiny-toothed  leaves Chorizema.  (10  i>)  6i 

— c  Herbs.— />  Pod  inflated,  stipitate.     Leaves  1-3-foliate Baptisia.  11 

— p  Pod  flattened,  sessile.    Leaves  3-foliate Thermopsis.     12 

k  YlcnM. — J  Erect.    Tendrils  obsolete.  P'ls.  white,  with  a  black  spot  on  each  wing.. Faba.  13 

— d  Climbing. — 9  Leaflets  serrate.    Pods  2-8eeded Cickr.  14 

—q  Lfts.  entire.— r  Sty.  grooved  on  the  back.    Sds.  3—9  glob . .  PisuM.  15 

—r  Sty.  flattened  on  the  bk.  Sds.  3-9,  flattish. Lathy rus.        16 

— r  Sty.  flattish.    Seeds  1  or  2,  lens-shaped Lens.        (17  a)  64 

—r  Style  filiform.    Seeds  2— 7,  roundish ViciA.  17 

i  Bbotbarkji. — e  FIs.   yellow. — «  Leaves  palmately  4-foliate.  Stam.  monadelpfaous..ZoRNiA.  18 

— «  Leaves  pinnate,  7-49-foliate.  Stam.  diadelphous.  .iEsCHYNOMENE  19 
— »  Lvs.  pinnately  3-7-foliate.  Stam.  monadelphous..CHAF.MANiA.  20 
— #  Leaves  pinnately  3-foliate.  Pod  slender  at  base. .  .Stylosa.nthe3.2I 
— «  Leaves  pinnately  4-foliate.     Pod  gibbous  at  base.  .Auachi.s.  22 

«  Pis.  cyanic. — uLvs.  pinnate,  5-21-foliate. — t  umbels  pedunculate.  ..Coromi.la.       28 

— i  rac.  pedunculate Hedysarum.    24 

-u  Lvs.  pin.  3-foliate. — t  stipellate.     Pod  3-7-jointed. .  .Desmodium.      25 
—t  exstipellate.    Pod  l-jointed..LESPEDEZA.       26 
•.  liOTKiB— {including  Gkniste^,  Gen.  27—30,  TRiroLiEiB,  31—34,  ai*d  Galkge^,  35—48). 

/  Leaves  wanting  ;  if  present,  simple.    Flowers  yellow Spartium.         27 

/  Leaves  present,  simple.     Flowers  yellow. — v  Keel  oblong,  straight Genista.  28 

— V  Keel  falcate,  pointed Crotalaria.    29 

/  Leaves  palmately  5-15-foliate  (rarely  simple).     (Genus  lio,  or) Litpinds.  30 

/  Leaves  palmately  3-foliate.— w  Small  tree  with  yellow  hanging  racemes Laburnu.m.       31 

—w  Shrubs.  P'ls.  ylw.,  axil.  Some  of  the  lvs.  simple.  .Cytisus.  (31  a)  65 
— w  Herbs  with  straight,  small  pods.    FIs.  capitate. .  .Trifolium.       32 

/  Lt«.  pinnately  3-foliate.— x  Pods  curved  or  spiral.  FIs.  in  spikes,  heads,  «S;c Medicago.        33 

— X  Pods  long  and  long-pointed.  Flowers  axillary.. Trigonella,  (33a)  66 
— X  Podsl-2-seeded.  Ra**.  (red.  Gen.  50)  white  or  yellow.  .Melilotcs.  34 
—X  Pod  l-seeded.— V  FIs.  yellow.   Lvs.  resinous-dotted.. (Genus  48 

— //  FIs.  cyanic. — z  Lvs.  dark -dotted.  .Psokalka.         35 

— z  Lvs.  not  dotted (In  Genus  26 

/  Lv*.  pinnate,  with  no  odd  leaflet.—*  15  to  25  pairs.    Tall.    FIs.  yellow.    S Sesbania.         36 

— "ItoCpairs.     Flowers  purple.     Cult Orobus.  (13a)63 

/  hn.  odd-plnnate,— A  dotted  with  dark  glands.— A;  Shrub.     FIs.  spicate A.morpha.         37 

—/.•  Herbs  lO-androus Dai.ka.  38 

—A-  Herb  5-androu8 Petalostemon.39 

— A  dotless. — i  Herbs.    Style  glabrous.     Pod  partly  2-celled. .  .Astragalus.    40 

—1  Herbs.    Stylehairy.    Pod  1-celled Tephuosia.       41 

—i  Herbs.     Style  glabrous.     Pod  1-celled Indigofera.     42 

— t  Trees  or  shrubs.     Flowers  white  or  roseate Rgbinia.  43 

—I  Shrubs  with  yellow  flowers Colutka.  44 

— e  Shrubs  with  scarlet  flowers CLiANTHOS.(44a)67 

k  IhlUaMOlXM.—g  Lvs.  pinnate,  5-15-foliate—w  Vine  shrubby.     Keel  falcate Wistaria.         45 

— 7/1  Herbs.   Keel  (straight.  Gen.  41)  spiral.. Apios.  46 

—g  Leaves  pinnately  3-(rarely  l)-foliate. .  .(/i; 

n  Flowers  yellow.     Legumes  5-seeded VioWA.  47 

n  Flowers  yellow      Legumes  l-2-8eeded Rhtnchosia,    40 

ft  Flowers  cyanic.   .(*) 


82  Order  43.— LEGUMINOS  J5. 

•  Keel  with  stamens  and  Btyle  spirally  twisted.    Bashy  or  twining x'haskolus.      49 

•  Keel  straight  or  merely  incurved. .  .(o) 

o  Shrubby  at  base.  Flowers  and  seeds  scarlet.  Wlugs  and  keel  very  sh.it.  S..Erythrina.  .W 

o  Herbs.— a;  Calyx  ebracteolate.     Style  beardless.     Petals  suberect,  pale Amphicarp^ba  51 

— a;  Calyx2-bracteolate,— y  4-cleft.     Style  keardless.     Fls.  pale (Ialactia.  ,Vi 

— y  4-t((othea.     Style  bearded  at  top Dolichos.  M 

— y  .5-cleft,  I"";:;.  Style  bearded  inside Clitori  v.  54 

—1/  5-cleft,  short.     Style  bearded  at  top Okntrosk.m a.  .').') 

— y  5-lobed.     Style  beardless.     Cultivated. .  .Kknnkdya.  .W 

— ?/  4-toothed.    Style  beardless.    Cult liARnKNBKRr.iA.57 

1.  MIMOSA,  L.  SENsrn\"E  Pla2?t.  (M//^o5,  a  buffoon:  the  leaves 
seem  sportinf^  with  the  hand  that  touches  tliem.)  Fls.  2^6.  5  Calyx 
vaivate,  5-toothed.  Cor.  0,  or  5-toothed.  Stam.  4 — 1.1  Legume  separated 
into  1-seeded  joints.  $  Like  the  perfect,  but  without  ovaries  or  fruit,  it  [) 
Tropical.    Leaves  bipinnate. 

1  M.  strij^illosa  T.  «fe  G.    Nearly  unarmed,  prostrate,  diffuse,  strigous  :  gtip.  ovate , 

petioles  and  peduncles  very  long  ;  pinnie  4  to  G  pairs  ;  Ifts.  10  to  15  pairs,  oblong-linear ; 
heads  oblong,    u  Fla.  to  La.    Flowers  rose-color. 

2  Jn.  PUDicA  L.    St.  prickly,  more  or  less  hispid ;  Ivs.  digitate-pinuate,  pinnae  4,  of  many 

(.30  or  more)  pairs  of  linear  leaflets.    Brazil.    If.    Leaflets  3". 

2.  SCHRANKIA,  Willd.  Sensitive  Brier.  (In  honor  of  Francu  da- 
Paula  Schmnk,  a  German  botanist.)  Fls.  $?  6  .  Cal.  minute,  5-toothf'd. 
Pet.  united  into  a  funnel-shaped,  5-cleft  corolla.  Stam.  8 — 10.  Pod  long 
and  narrow,  echinate,  dry,  1-cellcd,  4-valved,  many-seeded,  if  Prickly. 
St.  procumbent.    Lvs.  sensitive,  bipinnate.    Fls.  in  spherical  hds.,  purplish. 

S*  uncinata  Willd.  St.  angled,  grooved ;  pinnse  6  to  8  pairs ;  Ifts.  numerous,  minute, 
elliptic-oblong  or  linear;  heads  axillary,  1  to  2  together,  on  peduncles  shorter  than 
the  leaves.    S.  States.    2— 4f.    Leaflets  2''.    May— July.    (&  S.  angustata  T.  &  G.) 

3.  DESMANTHUS,  Willd.  {Jed/urj,  a  bundle,  avBo?,  flower.)  Cal. 
vaivate,  5-toothed.  Pet.  5,  distinct  Stam.  5  or  10,  distinct.  Pod  dry,  flat, 
2-valved,  4-6-seeded,  smooth,  if  5  With  bipinnate  lvs.  and  white  fls.  in 
axillary,  pedunculate  heads.    Petioles  with  1  or  more  glands. 

D,  ^rach^lobus  Benth.  Erect,  emoothish :  pinnae  G  to  1.3  pairs  ;  Ifts.  minute,  20  to 
iQ  pairs  ;  stam.  5 ;  pods  short  1\  2-4-seeded.    n  111.  to  La.    2f.    June— Aug. 

4.  NEPTUNE  A,  Lour.  Anthers  10,  crowned  with  a  stipitate  gland. 
Pod  oblong,  oblique,  deflexed  on  the  stipe,  3-valved.  Otherwise  as  in 
Desman  thus. 

N.  liitea  Benth.  Sts.  ascending,  strigous  ;  pinnae  4—5  pairs  ;  Ifts.  linear-oblong,  ciliate, 
crowded  ;  ped.  longer  than  the  leaves  ;  pod  5-8-8eeded.  U  I^rairies,  Fla.  to  La.  The 
leaves  similar  to  those  of  Mimosa.   Flowers  yellow.   Pods  stiped.   (Acacia  lutea  C-B.) 

5.  ALBIZZIA,  Durazz.  Calyx  4-  or  5-tooihed.  Petals  united  into  a 
funnel-form  corolla.  Stamens  QO,  monadelphous  at  base,  very  long.  Pod 
linear  and  flat,  jointless,  dry,  3-valved,  many-seeded.  5  h  Tropical,  with 
the  leaves  twice  pinnate.  Flowers  in  dense  heads  or  spikes,  roseate  or 
white,  polygamous. 

At  JuLiBRASSiN.  Silk  Tree.  Tree  about  20f,  glabrous,  thomless ;  pinnae  8—12  pairs, 
each  with  20—30  pairs  of  halved  leaflets  (being  one-sided),  acute ;  heads  peduncu- 
late, forming  a  terminal  panicle ;  corollas  white,  with  the  innumerable  long  silky 
stamens  purplish;  pods  some   contracted  between  the  seeds.    Very  ornamental. 


Order  43.— LEGUMINOS^.  83 

6.  GYMNOCLADUS,  Lam.  Coffee  Tree,  {rv/tiv 6?,  naked,  nXd do?, 
a  shoot ;  for  its  coarse,  naked  shoots  in  winter.)  Fls.  2  $  .  Cal.  tubular, 
5-cleft,  equal.  Pet.  5,  inserted  into  the  summit  of  the  tube.  $  Stam.  10, 
distinct.  ?  Style  1.  Leg.  1-celled,  oblong,  very  large,  pulpy  within.  ^ 
Unarmed,  with  unequally  bipinnate  Ivs.    Lfts.  ovate,  acuminate.    Fig.  480. 

G.  Canadensis  Lam.— Woods,  N.  Y.  to  111.  and  Tenn.    50f.    Rac.  greenish :  seeds 
round,  polished,  brown,  very  hard,  i'  diam.    May— July. 

7.  GLEDITSCHIA,  L.  Honey  Locust.  (To  John  G.  Gledifsch,  a 
botanical  writer,  Leipzig.)  Fls.  9  ^  S  .  Sep.  equal,  3 — 5,  united  at  base. 
Pet.  3 — 5.  Stam.  3 — 5,  distinct,  opposite  the  sepals.  Style  short.  Legume 
continuous,  compressed,  often  intercepted  between  the  seeds  by  a  sweet 
pulp.  ^  With  branched  spines.  Lvs.  abruptly  pinnate  and  bipinnate, 
often  in  the  same  specimen.    Fls.  small,  green,  racemous.    Figs.  303,  401. 

1  G,  triacanthus  L.    Branches  armed  with  stout,  triple,  or  multiplex  spines;  IP-s. 

alternate,  oblong-lanceolate,  obtuse ;  leg.  linear-oblong,  compressed,  many-seeded. 
Va.  to  Mo.  and  La.    40— 70f.    Wood  very  heavy.    Pods  8— IS'.    May— July. 

2  G.  niono.sperina  Walt.     Water  Locust.    Spines  few,  mostly  simple ;   lfts.  ovato- 

oblong ;  pod  broadly  oval,  without  pulp,  l-seeded.    Swamps,  S.    30f. 

8.  CASSIA,  L.  Senna.  (Hebrew  Katzioth.)  Sep.  5,  scarcely  united 
at  base,  nearly  equal.  Pet.  5,  unequal,  but  not  papilionaceous.  Stam.  dis- 
tinct, 10,  or  by  abortion  fewer,  anth.  opening  by  terminal  pores,  the  three 
upljer  often  sterile.  Pod  many-seeded,  1-celled  or  many-celled  transverse- 
ly.    ^  '^  or  herbs.     Lvs.  abruptly  pinnate.     Fls.  mostly  yellow.    Fig.  357. 

§  Stam.  5  or  10,  all  perfect.    Sep.  acute.    Lfts.  small.    Stip.  persistent Nos.  1,  2 

§  Stam.  10.  the  3  upper  abortive.    Sep.  obtuse.    Lfts.  large.    Stip.  deciduous.. (a) 

a  Gland  on  the  petiole  at  or  near  the  base Nos.  3,  4 

a  Gland  on  the  rachis  between  the  two  lowest  leaflets Nos.  5,  6 

1  C  Cliamaecrista*  L.    Sensitive  Pea.    Lfts.  S— 12  pairs,  oblong-linear,  obtuse,  mn- 

cronate ;  fls.  large,  pedicellate,  2  or  4  in  each  fascicle;  anth.  10,  unequal,  all  fertile. 
(I)  Dry  soils.    12—18'.    Flowers  large,  2  petals  spotted.    August. 

2  C,  nictltans  L.     Wild  Semitive  Plant.    Lfts.  6—15  pairs,  oblong-linear,  obtuse, 

mncronate,  sessile;  fls.  small,  2  or  3  in  each  subsessile  fascicle ;  stam.  .5,  subequal. 
(t)  Sandy  soils.    If.    Flowers  small  (.S'O,  pale  yellow.    July. 

3  C.  ]?Iarllandlca  L.    American  Senna.    Lfts.  (!— 9  pairs,  oblong-Ian ceolato,  mncro- 

nate, an  obovoid  gland  near  the  base  of  the  common  petiole;  fls.  racemed  ;  pod  curved, 
12-20-seeded.     n  Stonj  places.    4— 5f.    Flowers  showy.    August. 

4  C  occldentalls  L.    Lfts.  3— f>  pairs,  ovate  or  lance-ovate,  sharply  acuminate ;  fls, 

in  short  racemes  ;  pod  nearly  straight.  2.'j-40-seeded.    ®  Va.  to  Ga.    5— (if.    July.    § 
£»  C  obtusifolia  L.    Lfts.  about  (i,  obovate,  obtuse;  pod  long  ((50  and  narrow,  rc- 

?urved,  20^0-seeded  :  seeds  longitudinal.    (T)  Dry  soil,  S.    1 — 4f.    July,  Aug. 
6  <■.  ni<»lanocarpa  Vegel.    Shrubby;  lfts.  S— 3  pairs,  narrowly  lanceolate,  acute, 

coriac?v.u8  ;  rac.  as  long  as  the  leaves.    Ga.  § 

9.  OEROIS,  L.  Judas-tree.  Eed-bud.  Calyx  5-toothed.  Petals 
scarcely  papilionaceous,  distinct,  wings  longer  than  the  banner  and  smaller 
than  the  keel  petals.  Stamens  10,  distinct.  Pod  compressed.  Seeds  obo- 
vate.    5  Leaves  simple,  appearing  after  the  roseate  flowers.    Fig.  308. 

1  C  SiLiqrASTRUM.    Lvs.  roil nd-reniform;  flowers  more  open  than  in  No.  2.    Eur.   20£ 


84  Okder  43.— LEGUMINOS^. 

2  C.  Canadensis  L.  Lvs.  broadlj- ovate-cordate,  acuminate,  villous  on  the  veins  b©. 
neath.    Mid,  and  W.  States.    20— 30f.    Flowers  covering  the  branchlets.    April. 

10.  CLADASTRIS,  Raf.  Yellow- wood.  Cal.  5-toothecl,  teeth  short, 
obtuse.  Pet.  of  nearly  equal  length,  those  of  the  keel  distinct  and  straight 
like  the  wings.  Vex.  large,  roundish,  retlexed.  Stam.  10,  distinct.  Fil. 
glabrous,  incurved.  Leg.  flat  and  thin,  short-stiped,  5  or  G-seeded.  ^  With 
yellow  wood,  pinnate  leaves,  and  pendulous  clusters  of  white  flowers. 

€.  tinctoria  Raf.— Hills,  Ky.  and  Teun.  20— 40f.  Lfts.  7—11,  oval,  pointed,  3';  rat. 
(5—10',  res'^niDlingRobiuia.    April,  May. 

11.  BAPTISIA,  Vent.  Wild  Indigo.  {BccTtroOy  to  dye  ;  a  use  to 
which  some  species  are  applied.)  Cal.  4-5-cleft  half  way,  persistent.  Pet. 
of  about  equal  length,  those  of  the  keel  nearly  distinct  and  straight.  Vex. 
orbicular,  emarginate.  Stam.  10,  distinct,  deciduous.  Pod  inflated,  stipi- 
tate,  many  (or  by  abortion  few)-seeded.    U  Lvs.  palmately  3-fol.  or  simple. 

§  Leaves  simple.    Flowers  yellow Nos.  1,  '2 

§  Leaves  3-foliate.— Flowers  blue,  in  few  elongated  racemes No.  3 

— Flowers  white,  in  few  elongated  racemes,  .{a) 
—Flowers  yellow,  solitary  or  in  short  racemes. .  {b) 

a  Stipules  leaf-like,  longer  than  the  petioles.    Hairy.    Cream-white Nos.  4,  5 

a  Stipules  rmich  shorter,  or  not  longer  than  the  petioles.   Glabrous Nos.  (5,  7 

b  Pedicels  not  longer  than  the  calyx.    Drying  dark Nos.  8— IC 

b  Pedicels  much  longer  than  the  calyx.    Drying  bright Nos.  11— i:? 

1  B.  perfoliata  R.  Br.    Glabrous  and  glaucous ,  lvs.  large,  oval-orbicular,  perfoliate  ; 

fls.  solitary,  axillary.    Pine  woods,  S.  Car.  Ga.    1  -2f.    Pod  inflated.    May— July. 

2  B.  siniplicifolia  Croom.  Lvs.  broadly  ovate,  obtuse,  sessile  ;  rac.  terminal,  elonga 

ted,  many-flowered.    Quincy,  Fla.    2— 3f.    Pod  ovate.    6^'.    June. 

3  B.  au straits  R.  Br.    Petioles  short;  Ifts.  obovate  or  oblong,  obtuse;  stip.  lanceo- 

late;  rac.  long,  erect;   pod  oblong-oval.    Ohio  River  and  S.    2— 3f.    Flowers  large 
and  showy,  indigo  blue.    June- Aug. 

4  B.  leucopUsea  Nutt.     Lfts.  oblanceolate.  varying  to  obovate;   stip.  triangulai- 

ovate  ;  rac.  nodding,  the  many  flowers  turned  to  the  upper  side  on  their  long  pedi- 
cels ;  pod  ovoid,  inflated.    Prairies,  W.  and  S.    2— 3f.    Flowers  large.    April. 

5  B.  villosa  Ell.    Lfts.  lance-oblong,  or  oblanceolate ;  stip.  lance-linear,  persistent ; 

rac.  long,  declining  ;  bracts  minute,  deciduous  ;  ped.  not  secund  ;  leg.  oblong.   N.  Car. 
to  Ga. :  rare.    2— 3f.    Plant  of  rough  aspect,  as  well  as  No.  4.    June,  July. 

6  B.  Icucantlia  T.  &  G.   Lvs.  petiolate;  Ifts.  cuneiform-obovate,  obtuse;  stip.  lance- 

linear,  about  as  long  as  petioles  ;  rac.  elongated,  erect ;  bracts  caducous  ;  pod  inflated, 
stipitate.    Prairies,  &c.  W.  and  S.    2— 3f.     Flowers  large.    May— July. 

7  B.  alba  R.  Br.    Fastigiate-branched  above  ;  petioles  slender ;  lfts.  elliptic-oblanceo- 

late,  acute  at  base ;  stip.  and  bracts  minute,  caducous ;  rac.  erect  or  nodding,  on  a 
long  peduncle.    In  rich  soils,  Va.  to  Fla.    2— 3f.    March,  April. 

8  B.  lanceolata  Ell.    Much  branched,  bushy  ;  lvs.  subsessile ;  lfts.  narrowly  elliptic 

to  oblanceolate,  obtuse,  petiolulate ;  fls.  axillary,  subsolitary,  short-pedicelled ;  pod 
ovate-globous.    Pine  woods,  S.    Hf.    Flowers  large,  dull  yellow.    April,  May. 
^.  strict  a.    Erect,  strict ;  lfts.  obovate.  very  obtuse :  rac.  few-flwd.,  termin.  La.  Fla. 

9  B.  tinctoria  R.Br.    Glabrous,  branching;    lvs.  subsessile;  lfts.  small,  roundish- 

obovate,  acute  at  base,  very  obtuse  at  apex ;  stip.  setaceous,  caducous ;  rac.  loose, 
tcnninal ;  pod  subglobous.    Dry  woods.    2f,  bushy.    Pod  size  of  a  pea.    July— Sept. 

10  B.  microphylla  N.  Smooth,  bushy;  lvs.  small,  2-3-foliate  below,  simple,  ses- 
sile above ;  stip.  and  bracts  large,  persistent ;  fls.  small,  axillary,  and  in  terminal  ra- 
cemes.   S.  Car.  to  F'«u    2— 3f.    (B.  stipulacea  Ravenel.) 


Order  43.— LEGUMINOS^.  85 

11  B.  Lecontli  T.  &  G.  Pubescent;  Ivs.  short-petioled ;  Ifts.  obovate-oblong ;  pedi- 
cels with  2  bractlets ;  bracts  persistent ;  pod  short-stiped ;  branches,  stipules,  and 
racemes  as  in  No.  9.    Ga.  Fla.    2f.    May. 

13  B.  Serenae  Curtis.  Smooth,  diffuse ;  Ifts.  oblong-obovate,  cuneate ;  fls.in  terminal 
racemes,  the  central  longest.    S.  Car.    1— 2f.    Pod  oblong. 

13  B.  megacarpa  Chapm.  Glabrou-  slender;  Ivs.  petioled;  Ifts.  oval;  rac.  short 
and  short-stalked ;  stip.  and  bracts  miiiute,  caducous  ;  fls.  nodding;  pod  large,  globu- 
lar, and  much  inflated.    Ga.  Fla. :  rare.    2— 3f.    Pods  li'. 

12.  THERMOPSIS,  R.  Br.  (Named  for  its  resemblance  to  the  Egyp- 
tian Lupine — L.  Thermis.)  Vex.  roundish,  sides  reflexed.  Sta.  persistent. 
Pod  subsessile,  linear-oblong,  many-seeded.  U  Rhizome  creeping,  stems 
with  sheathing  bracts  at  base.    Leaves  3-foliate.    Flowers  large,  yellow. 

1  T,  mollis  M.  A.  Curtis.    Pubescent,  diffusely  branched ;  Ifts.  obovate-oblong ;  stip. 

leafy,  as  long  as  the  petioles ;  ped.  shorter  than  calyx.    Woods,  N.  Car.    2f.    April. 

2  T.  fraxiiiii'olia  Curt.    Smoothish,  slender,  branching;   petioles  longer  than  the 

stipules ;  Ifts.  wedge-oblong ;  ped.  as  long  as  the  flovper.    Mts.  Tenn.  Car,    2f.    May. 

3  T.  Carollniana  Curt.    St.  stout,  simple ;  petioles  as  long  as  the  ovate  clasping 

stipules ;  Ifts.  obl.-obov. ;  fls.  on  short  ped.  with  decid.  bracts.    Mts.  N.  Car.   4f.  June. 

13.  FAB  A,  McBuch.  Coffee  Bean.  Fls.  as  in  Vicia.  Seeds  oblong, 
with  a  long  scar  (hilum)  on  the  narrower  end,  and  leathery,  tumid  legumes. 

0  Lvs.  equally  pinnate,  with  the  tendril  obsolete  (in  the  following  species. 
Peduncle  shorter  than  the  flowei's. 

F,  VULGARIS  Moench.  St.  rigidly  erect,  with  very  short  axillary  racemes ;  Ifts,  2 — 4,  oval, 
entire ;  stipules  semisagittate    Gardens.    From  Egypt.    2— 3f.    Glaucous. 

14.  CICER  ARiETiNUM,  the  CniCK  Pea,  rarely  cultivated,  may  ba 
known  by  its  serrated  leaflets,  a  character  quite  strange  in  this  Order. 

15.  PISUM,  L.  Pea.  (Celtic  pis^  Lat.  pisum,  Eng.  pea,  Fr.  pois.) 
Style  dilated  above,  grooved  on  the  back,  villous  and  stigmatic  on  the  in- 
ner side.    Otherwise  as  in  Lathyrus.    ®  Figs.  59,  60,  190. 

P.  SATIVUM  L.  Lfts.  ovate,  entire,  usually  4 ;  stip.  ovate,  semicordate  at  base,  crenate ; 
ped.  several-flowered.    Nativity  unknown.    Many  varieties. 

16.  LATHYRUS,  L.  Calyx  campanulate,  the  two  upper  sepals  short- 
est. Stam.  diadelphous  (9  and  1).  Style  flat,  dilated  above,  ascending, 
bent  at  a  right  angle  with  the  ovary,  pubescent  or  villous  along  the  inner 
side  next  the  free  stamen.  Pod  oblong,  several-seeded.  ^  ^  Leaves 
abruptly  pinnate,  of  1  to  several  pairs  of  leaflets.  Petioles  produced  into 
tendrils.    Peduncles  axillary.    Fig.  497. 

•  Native.— a  Leaflets  a  single  pair.    Southern No.  1 

— a  LeJ^flets  commonly  8  pairs.    Perennial Nos.  2,  3,  4 

— a  Leaflets  commonly  5  pairs.    Perennial Nos.  5,  6 

•  Exotic.—^  Leaflets  a  single  pair Nos.  7-  9 

—d  Leaflets  3  to  (i  pairs.    (Species  of  Orobus) Nos.  10—12 

1  L.  piisilltis  Ell.    St.  winged  ;  lfts.  2.  linear-lanceolate,  acute  at  each  end  ;  stip.  con- 

spicuous, lance-falcate,  half-sagittate  ;  ped.  long.    S.  Car.  to  La.    Purple.    May. 

2  L.  ocUroleucus  Hook.    St.  slender:  lfts.  broadly  ovate  ;  stip.  semicordate,  large; 

ped,  7-10-flowered,  shorter  than  the  leaves ;  fls.  cream-white.    Shades,  N.    3f.    June. 


8(;  Order  4:).— LEGUMINOS^. 

3  I<.  palustr  «  L.    St.  winged;  slip,  gemieagittate,  mucrouatc;   Iftp.  2  or  3  pairs, 

lauce-linear  or  oblong,  mucronate;    ped.  3-5- flowered,  equalling  the  leaves.    Wet 
thickets,  N.  Eng.  to  Oreg.    1— 2f.    Blue-purple.    June— July. 

4  li,  luyrtlfollus  Mulil.    St.  slender,  4-angled ;   Ifts.  elliptic-oblong,  obtu?e;  stip. 

ovate,  entire  ;  ped.  loHger  than  Ivs..  5-flwd.   N.  E.  to  Va  and  Ind.    2-4f.  Pale  purp.  JL 

5  L.  venosus  Muhl.    St.  4-angled;  stip.  semisagittate,  lanceolate,  very  small;  ped. 

S-16-flowered,  shorter  than  the  leaves ;  Ifts.  4—7  pairs,  somewhat  alternate,  obtusish, 
mucronate.    Shady  banks.    2— 3f.    Flowers  large,  purple.    June,  July. 
G  li.  maritimus  Bw.    Beach  Pea.    St.  4-angled,  compressed ;   petioles  flat  above ; 
stip.  cordate-hastate,  nearly  as  large  as  the  8—12  ovate  leaflets ;  ped.  many-flowered. 
Sandy  shores,  N,  Y.  to  Oreg.    1— 2f.    Leaves  pale  green.    Flowers  blue.    May,  Jane. 

7  li.  LATiFOLius.     Everlasting  Pea.     Ped.  manj'-flowered  ;    Ifts.  2,  lanceolate,  iuter- 

nodes  membranous-winged,     u  Eur.    6f.    Flowers  large,  pink.    July,  Aug. 

8  It*  ODORATUs.    Sweet  Pea.    Ped.  2-flowered;  Ills.  2,  ovate-oblong;  leg.  hirsute,    [f) 

Sicily.    Flowers  very  large,  fragrant,  red-white.    June. 

9  li.  sATivus.     C/dck  Pea.    Ped.  1-flowered ;  Ifts.  2 — 4 ;   leg.  ovate,  compressed,  with 

2  winged  margins  at  the  back.    (T)  S.  Eur.    An  unhealthy  food, 

10  Ij.  VERNUS.    Lfts.  6,  ovate,  acuminate ;  fls.  red-purple-blue.    Europe.    If.    April. 

1 1  Ij.  NIGER.    Lfts.  12,  ovate-oblong ;  fls.  dark  purple.    Europe.    3f.    July. 

12  li.  ATROPURPUKEUS.  Lfts.  linear,  3  palrs,  acutc  ;  fls.  dark  purple.   Algiers.   If.  May. 

17.  VIOIA,  L.  Vetch.  (Celtic  gicig,  whence  Gr.  fiixiov,  Lat.  mcla,  Fr. 
vesce,  and  Eng.  vetch.)  Style  filiform,  bent  at  light  angles  with  the  ovary, 
villous  beneath  the  stigma  on  the  outside  (next  the  keel).  Otherwise 
nearly  as  in  Lathyvus. 

*  Peduncles  1-2-flowered,  shorter  (in  flower)  than  the  leaves No9.  1—3 

*  Peduncles  3-20-  flowered. — a  Leaflets  3—6.  very  narrow No.  4 

—a  Leaflets  8— 20.— 6  Stipules  lon^-toothed No.  5 

—b  Stipules  entire Nos.  6 — S 

1  V.  sativa  L.     y<tch.     Tares.    Fls.  solitary  or  in  pairs,  subsessile ;  lfts.  10— 12,  ob- 

long-obovate,  often  linear,  retuse,  mucronate  ;  pod  linear,  erect,  4-8-seeded.  (i)  Fields. 
2— 3f.    Fls.  0",  pale  purple.    June.    §  Eur. 

2  V.  tetraspei'nia  Loisel.    Ped.  1-2-flowered,  in  fl.  shorter  (in  fr.  longer)  than  the 

IvB. ;  pod  4-seeded;  Ifrs.  4—6,  small,  linear,  obtuse.    Fields,  Can.  to  Penn.    St.  very 
slender,  1— 2f.    Fls.  bluish-white.    Pod  5".    July. 

3  V.  micrantlia  N.    Lfts.  4—6,  linear,  acute,  obtuse  or  retuse ;  fls.  mostly  solitary, 

minute,  pale  ;  pod  1',  sabre-shaped,  erect,  6-10-8eeded  ;  seeds  black.    S.    2— 3f. 

4  V.  acutlfolia  Ell.    Leaflets  .3—6,  linear,  acute;  stip.  lance-linear;  tendrils  mostly 

simple  ;  rac.  3-9-flowered,  longer  than  the  leaves.    Ga.  Fla.    2— 4f.    Whitish. 
,6  V.  Americana  Muhl.    Ped.  4-8-flowered.  shorter  than  the  Ivs. ;  stip.  semisagit- 
tate, deeply  dentate ;  lfts.  10 — 14,  elliptic-lanceolate,  obtuse  ;  pod  oblong- linear,  com- 
pressed, reticulated.    N.  Y.  westward.    1— 3f.    Blue-purple.    May. 

6  V.  €arolinia.ua  Walt.    Pedicel  6-12-flowered,  rather  shorter  than  the  <;ave8  ;  fls. 

loose ;  calyx  teeth  very  short ;  stip.  lance-linear ;  lfts.  8-12,  linear-oblong  or  linear, 
smoothish  ;  pod  oblong.    Woods  and  banks.    4— 6f.    Pale  purple.    May. 

7  V.  Cracca  L.     TuftM  Vetch.    Fls.  imbricated,  12—20  or  more  in  the  raceme;  lfts. 

12 — 24,  oblong,  puberulent ;  stip.  semisagittate,  linear-subulate,  entire      Thickets. 
2— 3f.    Flowers  blue-purple,  4".    July. 

8  V.  liirsuta  Koch.    Hairy;  lfts.  8—20,  linear,  truncate,  n-acrnnate;  ped.  3-(5-flwd., 

shorter  than  leaves  ;  leg.  hirsute,  2-seeded.    Fields.    1— 3f.    June.    § 

18.  ZORNIA,  Gmel.  (For  John  Zorne,  M.  D.,  of  Bavaria.)  Calyx  bila- 
biate, upper  lip  obtuse,  emarginate,  lower  3-cleft.  Vex.  orbicular,  with  the 
•ides  revolutc.     Sta.  monadelphous,  the  alternate  anthers  different.    Pod 


OF.DEK  43.— LEGUMINOS.^.  87 

Compressed,  of  2-  -5  roundish  joints,     u  Lvs.  palmately  2-4-foliate  Avitb 

sagittate  stip.,  wliich  are  enlarged  above  and  supply  the  place  of  bracts. 

Z.  tetraplif  Ila  Mx.   Lfts.  4;  stip.  or  bracts  oval,  acute  :  pod  aculeate,  about  3-jolnted. 

2t  N.  Car.  to  Fla.  and  Tex.    1— 2f.    Deep  yellow.    Pods  adhesive.    June— Aug. 

19.  JESOHYNOMENE,  L.  {A^6xvyo/itaif  to  be  modest ;  alluding  to 
its  sensitive  property.)  Calyx  bilabiate,  bibracteolate  ;  upper  lip  bifid,  lower 
trifid.  Vex.  roundish.  Stamens  diadelphous,  5  in  each  set.  Pod  exserted, 
composed  of  several  tnincated,  separable,  1-seeded  joints. — Lvs.  odd-pin- 
n'lle.     Stip.  semisagittate.    Rac.  axillary  (yellow).    August. 

1  3E,  Iiispida  Willd.    Erect,  scabrous;  lfts.  very  smooth,  27—37,  oblong- An  ear,  ob- 

tuse ;  rac.  3-5-flowered  ;  pod  6-9-jointed.    (i)  Marshes,  Pa.  and  S.    2— 3f. 

2  JE»  viscidula  Mx.    Slender,  procumbent,  viscidly  pubescent ;  lfts.  7—11,  obovate; 

ped.  filiform,  1  or  2-flowered ;  pod  2  or  3-jointed.    (J)  Sandy  fields,  S. 

20.  OHAPMANIA,  T.  &  G.  (To  A.  W.  Chapman,  M.  D.,  author  ol 
"  Flora  of  the  Southern  States.")  Fls.  nearly  as  hi  Stylosanthes.  Cor.  in- 
serted on  the  throat  of  the  calyx.  Keel  3-cleft  at  apex.  Anth.  alike,  ob- 
long. Leg.  hispid,  1-2-jointed. — A  viscid-hirsute  branching  herb.  Leaves 
piunately  3-7-foliate.    Fls.  small,  yellow,  in  terminal  racemes. 

C.  Floridana  T.  &  G.— E.  Fla.    2— 3f.    Lfts.  oblong. 

21.  STYLOSANTHES,  Swailz.  (.Sr^Ao?,  a  style,  ar^oi.)  Fls.  of 
two  kinds.  6  Calyx  bibracteolate  at  base,  the  tube  slender  and  stalk-like, 
with  the  corolla  inserted  on  its  throat.  Vex.  orbicular.  Sta.  10,  mona- 
delphous.  Ov.  sterile,  with  a  filiform  style.  9  Cal.  and  corolla  0.  Ov. 
between  2  bracteoles.  Leg.  1-2-jointed,  uncinate  with  the  short,  persistent 
style. — Lvs.  phinately  trifoliate. 

IS.  clatlor  Swart/.  PencU  Floiver.  St.  pubescent  on  one  side ;  lfts.  lanceolate,  smooth, 
acute  ;  spikes  :i-4-flo\vered  :  loment  1-seeded  (lower  joint  abortive),  n  Dry,  gravelly 
woods,  Long  Isl.  to  Fla.    If.    Fls.  yellow.    July,  August. 

22.  ARACHIS,  Willd.  Peanut.  (Lat.  aracos,  used  by  Pliny  l«> 
designate  some  subterranean  plant.)  Calyx  bilabiate.  Cor.  resupinate. 
St.  monadelphous.  Pod  gibbous  at  base,  coriaceous,  veiny,  turgid,  and  in- 
dehiscent,  the  joints  not  separating. — S.  American  herbs,  with  equally  pin- 
nate leaves  and  yellow  flowers. 

A*  liypogsea  Willd.  Leaflets  2  pairs,  oval  or  roundish,  cuneate  at  base  ;  stip.  entire, 
lance-subulate,  as  long  as  the  leaflets  ;  fruit  subterranean.    Cult.  South. 

23.  CORONILIiA,  L.  (Lat.  corona,  a  crown  ;  from  the  inflorescence.) 
Calyx  bilabiate.  Petals  unguiculate.  Loment  somewhat  terete,  joiated. 
Seeds  mostly  cylindrical.  +)1C  Lvs.  unequally  pinnate.  Fls.  in  simple, 
pedunculate  lunbels,  ros^-colored. 

1  C  KMERirs.    Scorpion  Senna.    St.  woody,  angular;   ped.  about  3-flowered;  clawa  af 

the  petals  thrice  longer  than  the  calyx.    France.    3f.    May. 
a  C.  VARiA.    Herbaceous  ;  lfts.  11— 1<>,  oblong ;  ped.  10-15-flwd.    Eur.    2^1f.    Jl.— Sept. 

24.  HEDYSARUM.  L.  {'118 viy  sweet,  apooija,  smell.)  Calyx  cleft 
Into  5  linear-subulate,  subequal  segments.    Keel  obliquely  truncate,  longer 


88  OiiDEU  43.— LEGL'MINOS^. 

tlian  the  wings.  Sta.  diadelphous  (9  and  t),  and,  with  the  style,  abrup  ly 
bent  near  the  sumjnlt.  Pod  (loment)  of  several  1-seeded  joints  connected 
by  their  middle.     U  Leaves  unequally  pinnate. 

H.  boreale  N.  Erect;  Ifts,  1.3—21,  oblong  ;  stip.  uuited,  sheathing ;  flowers  deflcxed, 
spiked  on  the  long  peduncle,  violet-purple ;  pod  of  1—4  lens-shaped,  veiny  joints. 
Rocks,  Willoughby  Lake,  Vt.  and  N.    1— 2f.    Flowers  large.    June,  July. 

25  DSSMODIUM,  DC.  Bush  Trefoil.  Calyx  more  or  less  bila- 
biate. Vex.  roundish,  keel  obtuse.  Sta.  diadelphous  (9  and  1)  sometimes 
monadelphous.  Pod  (loment)  compressed,  jointed,  constricted  most  on  the 
lower  (dorsal)  suture,  the  joints  1-seeded,  separable,  mostly  aculeate  and 
adhesive.  U  b  -Leaves  pinnately  trifoliate.  Flowers  in  racemes  or  often 
large,  loose  panicles,  purplish,  in  Summer.  Figs.  191,  355. 
§  Legumes  distinctly  stiped,  the  stipes  about  as  long  as  the  joints.  ..(a) 

a  Stems  prostrate,  creeping.    Leaflets  round  or  oval Nos.  1—2^ 

a  Stems  erect.    Leaflets  broadly  ovate,  or  (in  No.  6)  narrowly. .  .(b) 

b  Calyx  teeth  shorter  than  the  tube Nos.  3—6 

b  Calyx  teeth  longer  than  the  tube, — upper  one  notched. .  .Nos.  6 — 8 

—upper  one  entire No.  9 

I  Legumes  subsessile,  the  stipes,  if  any,  not  exceeding  the  calyx.,  .(c) 
c  Bracts  large,  covering  the  flower  buds,  caducous.,  .{d) 
c  Bracts  inconspicuous,  smaller  than  the  flower  buds.,  .{e) 

d  Stipules  large  ((>— 9"  long),  ovate-lanceolate Nos.  10,  11 

d  Stipules  quite  small,  subulate Nop.  12, 18 

e  Leaflets  large  (2—3'  by  1—2'),  oblong-ovate ..  .Nos.  14,  15 

e  Leaflets  small,  orbicular  or  oval Nos.  16 — 18 

e  Leaflets  long,  linear. .  .No.  19.      Lfts.  oblong.t. .  .No.  20 

1  D.  rotnndirolium  DC.    Plant  prostrate,  downy;   leaflets  suborbicular ;   bracts 

and  stipules  broadly  ovate,  acuminate  ;  racemes  few-flowered  ;  loment  constricted  on 
both  mari^ins  nearly  alike.     Rocky  woods.    2 — 3f.     Purplish.    August. 

2  D.  ochroleucum  Curt.  Plant  decumbent,  smoothish  ;  lfts.  ovate,  rarely  single ;  stip. 

ovate,  pointed  ;  raceme  long,  fls.  white;  loment  twisted.    Woods,  Md.  &  S.  (Porter). 

3  I>.  nudiflorum  DC.    Lfts.  roundish  ovate,  bluntly  acuminate,  slightly  glaucous 

beneath  ;  scape  radical,  panicled,  smooth  :  joints  of  the  loment  obtusely  triangular. 
Woods,  com.    St.  If,  scape  2— 3f,  with  many  small  purple  flowers. 

4  D.  acumiiia-tuni  DC.    Plant  erect,  simple,  pubescent,  leafy  only  at  top ;  leafletb 

ovate,  long-acuminate,  the  odd  one  round-rhomboidal ;  pan.  terminal,  on  a  very  long 
peduncle.  Woods,  com.  8— 12^  the  panicle  2— 3f.  Fls.  small,  flesh-color.  Pod  3-jointed. 

5  ]>.  pauclflorum  DC.    St.  assurgent,  leafy  all  the  way,  retrorsely  hairy  ;  lfts.  thin, 

obliquely  ovate,  acutish,  teiminal  one  rhoTn>y>idal ;  rac.  terminal,  the  flowers  few,  in 
pairs  ;  petals  all  distinct,  spreading.    Woods,  N.  Y.  to  HI.  and  La.    If.    Whitish. 

6  D,  paulcula.tuin  DC.     Ero/'.t,  slender,  nearly  glabrous ;  lfts.  oblong-lanceolate, 

obtuse ;  stip.  subulate,  deciduous  ;  fls.  on  slender  pedicels  in  panicled  racemes  ;  lo- 
ment of  about  3  triangular  joints.     Woods,  common,  2— 3f.     Purple. 

7  D,  vlridiflornin  Beck.    Densely  pubescent :  lfts.  ovate,  scabrous  Aoove.  whitened 

beneath  ;  stip.  lance-ovate,  acnm:nate  ;  pan.  naked,  very  long ;  pod  of  3  or  4  triangu- 
lar joints.    Alluvion,  N.  Y.  and  S.    3— 4 f,  rigid.    Violet,  fading  to  green. 

8  D.  Isevigatuni  DC.    Glabrous,  or  nearly  so  ;  lfts.  ovate ;  panicle  subsimple,  pedi- 

cela  slender,  in  pairs.     Woods,  N.  J.,  and  S.    2— 3f.     Purple 
/3.  monophffilunt.    Dwarf,  simple;  lower  Ivs.  1-foliate.  Uxbridye.  Ms.  If.  (Ricard.> 


Order  43.— LEGUMmoS.^.  89 

C  T>.  g:labelluin  DC.  St.  emoothigh;  Ifts.  ovate,  email,  rongh-pubesccnt  on  both 
eides  ;  pod  of  .3  or  4  triangular,  minutely  hispid  joints.    Shades,  Car. 

10  I>.  cuspidtttuin  T.  &  G.  Smooth;  Ifts.  oblong-oval,  or  ovate,  sharply  acumi- 
nate ;  bracts  deciduous,  ovate,  acuminate ;  joints  of  the  loment  suboval.  Woods. 
3— 5f.    Stipules  and  bracts  9''.    Flowers  8",  purple. 

1 1  D,  canescens  DC.  St.  striate,  scabrous ;  Ifts.  ovate,  rather  obtuse,  scabrous  on 
the  upper  surface,  soft- villous  beneath;  pan.  densely  canescent,  naked;  joints  of  the 
loment  4,  obliquely  oval,  hispid.    Woods.    .3f. 

]  2  -D.   Canadense   DC.      St.    pubescent ;    Ifts.    oblong-lanceolato,    obtuse,    nearly 

smooth;  stip.  filiform;  bracts  ovate,  long-acuminate;  joints  of  the  loment  obtusely 

triangular,  hispid.    Woods,  Can.  to  Pa.  and  W.    3f.    Flowers  8",  purple. 
]  i  D.  sessilifoliuni  T.  &  G.    St.  tomentous-pubesccnt ;  Ivs.  sessile ;  Ifts.  linear  or 

linear-oblong,  obtuse  at  each  end,  scabrous  above,  softly  tomentous  beneath ;  stip. 

subulate;  pod  of  2—3  semiorbicular  joints.    Woods,  W.    2— 3f.    Fls.  small,  crowded. 
11  D.  Dilleiiii  Darl.    Branching,  hairy  :  Ifts.  oblong,  villous  beneath  ;  stip.  subulate : 

rac.  panicled ;  joints  of  the  loment  3,  rhomboidal,  reticulate,  a  little  hairy,  connected 

by  a  narrow  neck.    Moist  soils,  N.  and  W.    2— 3f.    Pun^le. 
15  I>.  rigidiim  DC.     Scabrous,   pubescent;   Ifts.  ovate-oblong,  obtuse;   petioles 

short,  hairy ;  stip.  ovate-acumiuate,  ciliate,  caducous  ;  leg.  with  2 — 4  obliquely  obovate 

joints.    Hills  and  woods,  Mass.  to  La.    2— 3f.    (D.  Floridanum  Chapm.) 
1 9  I>.  cllta,re  DC.    Erect,  slender,  scabrous-pubescent ;  Ivs.  crowded,  on  short,  hairy 

petioles ;  Ifts.  small,  ovate,  ciliate  on  the  margin  ;  joints  of  the  short-stiped  loment  2 

or  .3.    Woods.    2f.    Purple. 

17  D,  ITfarilandicuin  Boott.  Erect,  slender,  nearly  smooth;  Ifts.  ovate,  obtnse, 
subcordate  at  base,  the  lateral  ones  as  long  as  the  petioles;  loment  stipe  as  long  as 
the  calyx,  joints  1  or  2.    Woods.    2— 3f.    Violet. 

1 8  D.  linea-tum  DC.  Slender,  reclining ;  st.  finely  striate  with  colored  lines ;  Ifts. 
small,  roundish  oval,  smoothish,  green  both  sides;  pod  quite  sessile  in  the  calyx, 
joints  about  2.    Dry  woods.    2  or  3f. 

19  D.  strictiim  DC.  Slender,  nearly  glabrous  ;  Ivs!  petiolate  ;  Ifts.  linear,  elongated  ; 
pan.  few-flowered  ;  pod  hispid,  incurved,  of  1—3  Innately  triangular  joints,  with  a  fili- 
form isthmus.    Pine  woods,  N.  J.  and  S.    3f. 

20  D,  GTRANS.  Moving-plant.  Lateral  Ifts.  very  small ;  pods  pendulous.  From  Bengal. 
Wonderful  for  the  leaves,  which  in  warm  weather  arc  always  in  motion. 

26.  liESFEDEZA,  Mx.  Busii  Clover.  Calj-x  ^-parted,  bibractco- 
late,  scj^meiits  nearly  equal.  Keel  of  the  corolla  very  obtnse,  on  slender 
claws.  Pod  (loment)  lenticular,  compressed,  small,  unarmed,  iudehisceut, 
3  -seeded.     U  Leaves  piunately  trifoliate,  reticulately  veined.    Summer. 

§  Fls.  all  complete.    Calyx  villous,  long.    Cor.  whitish  with  a  purple  spot. . .  .Nos.  1,  2 

§  Fls.  partly  apetalous.    Calyx  short.    Corolla  violet.— a  Stems  upright Nos.  3,  4 

—a  Stems  prostrate No.  5 

1  El.  capitata  Mx.    Bush  Clover.    Lfts.  elliptical  to  linear,  silky  beneath ;  stip.  subu- 

late ;  fascicles  of  flowers  ovate,  subcapitate,  shorter  than  the  leaves,  axillary  ;  loment* 
hairy,  shorter  than  the  villous  calyx.    Dry  soils.  Can.  to  Car.    2— 4f. 

2  li.  hirta  Ell.    Stem  villous ;  lfts.  roimdish  oval,  pubescent  beneath ;  rac.  capitate, 

axillary,  oblong,  longer  than  the  leaves ;  corolla  and  pod  about  as  long  as  the  calyx. 
Dry  woods.    2 — 4f.    Flowers  reddish- white. 

3  Ij.  Steikvl  Nutt.    Branched  and  bushy,  tomentous  or  pubescent;  lfts.  oval-obovato 

or  roundish,  longer  than  the  petiole ;  rac.  axillary,  capitate  or  loose ;  pod  villous- 
pubescent.    Dry  soils,  Mass.  to  Ga.    2f.    Variable. 

4  L.  vlolacea  Pers.    Erect  or  diflfuse,  sparingly  pubescent ;  lfts.  oval,  varying  to  ob- 

long and  linear,  obtuse,  mucronate,  as  long  as  the  petioles;  rac.  axillary,  few-flow 
ered,  the  apetalous  ones  generally  below.    Dry  woods.    Leaflets  1'. 


90  OiiDKii  43.— LEGUMIl^OS^^. 

p.  seaHllAora,    Flowers  many,  iu  clusters  shorter  than  the  leaves. 

y.  reticulata.    Leaflets  linear,  rigid  ;  flowers  in  short  fascicles.    Erect. 

h.  divirgrens.    Leaflets  ovate ;  upper  peduncle  longer  than  the  leaves. 
5  li.  procumbeiis  Mx.    St.  prostrate,  diff"use,  tomentous-pubescent ;    Ifts.  oval  at 
obovate-elliptical,  smooth  above,  on  very  short  petioles ;  ped.  filiform,  few-flowered ; 
pod  roundish.    Dry  soils.    Leaflets  5—9'''.    Ted.  2—5'. 

/3.  repentt.    Nearly  smooth  and  very  slender;  leaflets  oval  or  elliptical. 

7.  F'tajfana,    Decumbent ;  leaflets  obovatc    upper  ped.  apetalous.    South. 

27    SPARTIUM,  L.    Common  Broom.    (^;raproK,  a  rope;  formcrlv 

made  of  the  Broom.)    Calyx  spatlie-like,  split  beliind,  teeth  very  short. 

Keel  incurvec,  acumhiate,  longer  thau  the  wings.    Otherwise  like  Genista. 

S,  .scopARiuM.— Shrub  native  of  Spain,  Of,  with  rush-like  erect  l)ranche3  often  leafless. 

Leaves  simple  (if  any),  oblong.    Flowers  sliowy,  yellow  or  white. 

28.  GENISTA,  L.  Dyek's  Bhoom.  Woad-waxen.  (Celtic  gen,  Fr. 
genet ;  a  small  shrub.)  Calyx  with  the  upper  lip  2-parted  and  the  lower 
3-toothed.  Vex.  oblong.  Keel  oblong,  scarcely  including  the  stamens 
and  style.  Stigma  involute.  Stamens  monadelphous.  5  With  simple 
leaves  and  yellow  flowers. 

€r.  tiuctoria  L.    Branches  round,  striate,  unarmed,  erect;  Ivs.  lanceolate,  smooth 
pod  smooth.    Dry  hills.  Mass.  N,  Y.    If.    August.    §  Europe. 

29.  CROTALARIA,  L.  Rattle-pod.  {KporaXov,  a  rattle  ;  from 
the  rattling  of  the  loose  seeds  in  the  horny  pod.)  Calyx  5-cleft,  somewhat 
bilabiate.  Vex.  cordate,  large.  Keel  acuminate.  Stam.  10,  monadelphous. 
Filamentous  sheath  cleft  on  the  upper  side.  Pod  pedicellate,  turgid. — 
Herbs  or  shrubs.    Lvs.  simple  or  palmately  compound.    Flowers  yello^v. 

1  C  sagittaliist  L.    Annual,  erect,  branching,  hairy ;  lvs.  lance-oval  to  lance-linear ; 

stip.  acuminate,  decurreut;  rac.  .3-flowered,  opposite  to  the  leaves;  cor.  shorter  thau 
the  caly.x.    Sandy  fields.    C— 12'.    Cor.  small.    July. 

2  C.  ova,lIs  Ph.    Perennial,  hairy,  diffuse;  lvs.  oval  and  elliptic;  stip.  small  or  mi- 

nute, partly  decurrent ;  pedicels  long,  .3-(5-flowered ;   corolla  longer  tluin  the  calyx. 
Sandy  woods,  S.    4—12'.    Flowers  showy.    April,  May. 
8  C  Pursliii  DC.    Perennial;  slender,  assurgent,  nearly  smooth;  lvs.  oblong-linear 
or  linear,  subsessile ;  stip.  narrowly  decurrent  through  the  whole  internode ;  pedicels 
5-t-flowered  ;  corolla  as  long  as  the  calyx.    Damp  shades,  S.    1— l^f. 

30.  LUPINUS,  Tourn.  Lupine.  (Lat.  liqms,  woltish  as  a  weed?) 
Cal.  deeply  bilabiate  ;  upper  lip  2-cleft,  lower  entire  or  3-tootlied.  Wings 
united  at  the  summit.  Keel  falcate,  acuminate.  Stam.  monadelphous,  the 
sheath  entire.  Anth.  alternately  oblong  and  globous.  Pod  compressed. 
(\j'^b>  Lt.>aves  palmately  5-15-foliate,  I'arely  unifoliate.    Raceme  terminal. 

1  li.  villosus  Willd.   Unifoliate,  densely  silky-tumcntous ;  sts.  decumbent-assurgent; 

lvs.  large,  elliittic-oblong.  long-pet ioled  ;  rac.  terminal,  long,  dense-flwd.   Pine  woods, 
S.    1— 2f.    Flowers  roseate,  with  a  purple  spot.    Pods  very  woolly.    April— June. 

2  1j.  diiTusiUS  N.    Diflusely  branched  from  the  base :  lvs.  oyal-oblong,  obtuse,  soft- 

silky,  on  short  petioles  ;  pods  verj'  silky.    Sands,  S.    Blue-purple.    April. 

3  E..  pereiiuis  L.    "Minutely  pubesceiit,5-7-fo]iate  ;  Ifts.  oblanceolate.  mucronatc:  fls. 

ttltcnit.*e:  calvx  without  appendagefi,  upper  lip* emarginate.  lower  entire    Sandy  hills. 
Ix.     Flowers  bhie,  varying  t)  white.    May,  June.    Cultivated. 


OttDEu  43.— LEGUMINOS^.  91 

•i  It,  roLTi'UYLLirs.    Lfte.  11— 15,  lanceolate  ;  calyx  lip8  subeutire.   Orcg.  3f.  Piirp.-wh. 

5  li.  NooTKATENSis.  Villous  ;  Ifts.  5— 9,  oblong ;  cal.  lips  subcntire,  N.W.  Coast.  2f.  Pur. 

6  L.  IIARTWE3II.    Hairy  ;  Ifts.  7—9,  obi.  obtuse  ;  stip.  and  bracts  setaceous.  Mex.  Blue 

7  I^,  VAJBius.    Small  and  delicate ;  calyx  appendaged,  lips  2-tid  and  3-fid.    Blue. 

31.  LABURNUM,  Benth.  Calyx  campanulate,  bilabiate,  upper  lip  3-, 
lower  3-tootlied.  Vex.  ovate,  erect,  as  long  as  the  straight  wings.  Fil. 
(liadelphous  (9  and  1).  Leg.  continuous,  tapering  to  the  base,  several- 
seeded.     +)  ^1  Leaves  palmately  trifoliate.    Flowers  mostly  yellow. 

1  li.  vuLGARE  L.     Golden  Chain,    Arborescent;  Ifts.  oblong-ovate,  acute  at  base,  acu- 

minate ;  raceme  elongated  (If),  pendulous  ;  legume  hirsute.    Europe.    15f. 

2  li.  ALPiNUM  L.    Arborescent;  Ifts.  oblong-ovate,  rounded  at  base;  raceme  long^  sim- 

ple, pendulous  ;  legume  glabrous.    Alps.    30f. 

32.  TRIFOLIUM,  Tourn.  Clover,  (rpz <pi; A Aov  (three-leaved),  Lat. 
tnfolium ;  Fr.  trefle  ;  Eng.  trefoil.)  Calyx  5-tootlied.  Pet.  united  at  the 
base,  withering.  Vex.  retlexed.  Alae  oblong,  shorter  than  the  vexillum. 
Carina  shorter  than  the  alae.  Stam.  10,  diadelphous  (9  and  1).  Legume 
mostly  indehiscent,  covered  by  and  scarcely  longer  than  the  calyx,  1-4- 
eeeded.  Seeds  roundish. — Herbs.  Leaves  palmately  trifoliate.  Leaflets 
with  straight  veinlets.    Flowei-s  in  heads  or  spikes.    Figs.  233,  354. 

§  Flowers  yellow,  in  small,  dense,  roundish  heads.    Legume  1-seeded Nob  1, 2 

§  Flowers  cyanic,— c  pediceUate,  finally  deflexed...(a) 
— c  subsessile,  never  deflexed..  .(6) 

a  Heads  small,  on  stalks  some  ten  times  longer.    Legume  4-seeded Nos.  3,  4 

a  Heads  large,  on  stalks  two  or  three  times  longer Nos.  5,  6 

b  Calyx  teeth  plumose,  longer  than  the  whitish  corolla No.  7 

b  Calyx  teeth  shorter  than  the  purple  or  roseate  corolla Nos.  8—10 

1  T.  procikmbens  L.     Yellow  Clover.    St.  procumbent  or  ascending;  Ifts.  denticu- 

late, terminal  one  stalked ;  stip.  ovate-lanceolate,  acuminate,  much  shorter  than  the 
petioles ;  heads  small,  subglobous  ;  style  short.    (T)  Dry  soils,  N.  H.  to  Va.    1— 2f.    Jn. 

2  T.  agrariuni  L.    St.  ascending  or  erect ;  Ifts.  denticulate,  all  subsessile ;  stipiiles 

linear-lanceolate,  cohering  with  and  longer  than  the  petiole ;   heads  ovoid-elliptic ; 
style  equalling  the  pod.    OD  Dry  fields,  N.  H.  to  Va.    If.    July. 

3  T.  Caroliulauum  Mx.    Slender,  diff"use;  Ifts.  cuneate-obovate,  the  m' Mle  one 

obcordate ;  stip.  ovate-acuminate,  foliaceous ;  cal.  teeth  thrice  longer  than  its  tube. 
(T)  Fields,  S. 

4  T.  repens  L.    White  Clover.  Shamrock.    St.  creeping,  difliise ;  ifts.  obcordate,  den- 

ticulate ;  stip.  narrow,  scarious  ;  cal.  teeth  shorter  than  the  tube.    %  Pastures,  &c. 

5  T.  reflexum  L.    Buffalo  Clover.    Pubescent ;  ascending  or  procumbent ;  Ifts.  obo- 

vate,  serrulate  ;  stip.  leafy,  semicordate ;  cal.  teeth  nearly  as  long  as  the  corolla  ;  leg. 
4-seeded.    @  Prairies,  W.  and  S.    8— Ifi'.    April— June. 

6  T.  stoloiiiferum  Muhl.    Glabrous,  creeping;  Ifts.  broadly  obcordate,  deniicniate  ; 

stip.  leafy,  ovate  lanceolate ;   cal.  teeth  not  half  the  length  of  the  corolla :  .fcuame 
2-seeded.    W.  States.    6—12'.    May,  June. 
^  T,  arvense  L.  Hds.  cylindrical,  very  hairy ;  cal.  teeth  setaceous,  longer  than  the  cor. ; 
leaflets  narrow-obovate.    (i)  Dry,  sandy  fields.    5— ICK.    June— Aug.    §  Eur. 

8  T,  pratense  L.    Red  Clacer.   Ascending,  thinly  hirsute  ;  Ifts.  spotted,  oval,  entire  ; 

stip.  ovate,  cuspidate-acuminate ;  heads  sessile ;  lower  tooth  of  the  cal.  longer  than 
the  four  others  which  are  equal.    %  Fields  and  meadows.    2f. 

9  T,  niedlnm  L.     Zig-zag  Clover.     St.  suberect,  branching,  flexuous,   nearly  gla- 

brous; Ifts.  not  spotted,  oblong,  subentire;  stip.  lanceolate,  acuminate  ;  heads  o\oid- 
globous,  peduncilate  ;  cal.  teeth  setaceous,  hairy,    n  Hills,  N.    %  Eur 


92  Order  43.-LEGUMIN0S^. 

10  T.  iNCARNATUM.    St.  erect,  flexuous;  Ifts.  round-ovate,  obtuse  or  obcordate,  vil» 
loup  ;  spike  dense,  oblong,  pedunculate.    Italy.    2f.    Red. 

33.  MEDIC  AGO,  L.  Medick.  Calyx  5-cleft.  Cor.  deciduous.  Vex. 
free  and  remote  from  tlie  keel.  Leg.  variously  curved,  or  spirally  coiled  or 
twisted. — Lvs.  pinnately  3-foliate,  denticulate.    European. 

*  Pods  smooth Nos.  1,  2,  3.  *  *  Pods  spiny Nos.  4,  5,  6. 

1  i?I.  liipuliiia  L.    None-such.    Procumbent,  pubescent;   Ifts.  wedge-obovate ;   fls. 

yellow;  pod  reniform,  1-seeded.    Ci)  Waste  grounds.    6—20'.    May— July.  § 

2  ]?I.  satlva  L.    Lucerne.   Erect,  glabrous  ;  Ifts.  oblong-lanceolate  ;  stip.  lance-lincar ; 

fls.  violet-purple,  large ;  pod  spiral,    if  Fields  :  rare.    2— 3f.    June,  July.  § 

3  Itt.  scutellata  L.    Snails.    Lfts.  elliptical  and  obovate ;  ped.  1-3-flowered,  shorter 

than  the  leaf;  pod  coiled  like  a  snail-shell.    Gardens.    July.  § 

4  M.  denticulata  Willd.    Lfts.  obovate ;  stip.  bristly-gashed ;  ped.  with  1—3  yellow 

flowers;  pod  loosely  spiral,  border  doubly  echinate.    (T)  1— 2f.    June.  § 

5  M.  maculata  Willd.    Lfts.  obcordate,  with  a  purple  spot ;  ped.  3-3-flowered ;  pod 

compactly  spiral,  outer  edge  grooved  and  doubly  spiny.    ®  § 
B  OT.  Intertexta  L.    Hedgehog.    Lfts.  rhomboidal ;  stip.  gashed ;  pod  spirally  coiled 
in  5  or  6  turns,  bordered  with  bristly  prickles.    Rare.    § 

34.  MELILOTUS,  Tourn.  Melilot.  Legume  ovoid,  wrinkled,  longer 
than  the  calyx,  1-2-seeded.  Fls.  as  in  Trifolium.  (i)(2)  Leaves  pinnately 
trifoliate,  leaflets  toothed.    Flowers  in  racemes.    June,  July. 

1  OT.  officinalis  Willd.    Fls.  yellow ;  lfts.  obovate-oblong,  obtuse ;  stem  erect,  with 

spreading  branches.    Alluvion.    3f.    Raceme  slender,  one-sided,    § 

2  M,  alba  Lam.    Sweet-scented  Clover.    Fls.  white;  lfts.  ovate-oblong,  truncate,  mu 

cronate ;  vex.  longer  than  the  other  petals.    Fields.    4— 6f. 

35.  PSORALEA.  Cal.  5-cleft,  campanulate.  Segm.  acuminate,  lower 
one  longest.  Stam.  diadelphous,  rarely  somewhat  monadelphous.  Pod  as 
long  as  the  calyx,  1-seeded,  indehiscent.  if  5  Often  glandular-dotted. 
Stip.  cohering  with  the  base  of  the  petiole.    Flowers  cyanic. 

*  Leaves,  at  least  the  upper  ones,  1-foliate,  lowest  3-foliate Nos.  1,  2 

*  Leaves  all  pinnately  3-foliate Nos.  3,  4,  5 

*  Leaves  pinnately  19-21 -foliate No.  6 

*  Leaves  pahnately  3-7-foliate.— a  Silky  or  smooth.    Fls.  loosely  spicate. .  .Nos.  7, 8, 9 

—a  Villous.    Flowers  densely  capitate Nos.  10, 11 

1  P.  canescens  Mx.    Bushy,  downy-canesccnt ;  lower  lvs.  pahnately  3-foliate ;  lfts. 

roundish  obovate,  dotted,  upper  simple.    Woods,  S.    2f. 

2  P.  -vlrgata  N.    Virgate,  sraoothish;  lowest  lvs.  pinnately  3-foliate;  lfts.  linear  or 

oUiong,  often  all  simple  ;  spikes  rather  dense.    Ga.    2f. 

3  P.  stipulata  T.  &  G.   Smoothish ;  lfts.  elliptic-ovate,  obtuse ;  stipules  large,  ovate ; 

ped.  as  long  as  the  leaves  ;  spikes  capitate.    Falls  of  Ohio,  Ky. 

4  P.  melllotoides  Mx.     Smoothish;  lfts.  lance-oblong,  obtuse;   stip.  lanceolate; 

ped.  much  longer  than  the  leaves.    Dry  soils,  S.  and  W.    2f. 

5  P.  OnobrycUis  N.     Pubescent;  lfts.  ovate,  acuminate;   stipules  filiform;    ped. 

long,  with  slender  spikes.    Thickets,  W.    3— 5f.    June,  July. 

6  P.  multijuga  Ell.     Lfts.  numerous,   oblong-lanceolate,  obtuse;   spikes  oblong; 

calyx  villous,  with  long  teeth.    Upper  country.    Car.  Ga. 
1  P.  liuplnellus  Mx.    Slender,  glabrous ;  lfts.  5— 7,  linear-filiform;  rac.  elongatod  ; 
Us.  violet ;  pod  S-shaped.    Woods,  S.    2f.    May.  June. 


OiiDER  43.— LEGUMINOS^ 

8  P.  floribunda  N.    Cauescent;  Ifts.  3,  rarely  5,  dotted,  oblong  to  linear;  rac.  Blen- 

der; ped.  as  long  as  the  flowers  (3'0  ;  pod  smooth.    111.  and  W.    3f.    June. 

9  P.  argophylla  Ph.    Erect,  silky-white ;  Ifts.  elliptic,  obtuse,  5,  rarely  3 ;  ped.  much 

longer  than  the  leaves  ;  lis.  whorled.    Wis.  to  Dakota  (Matthews.) 

10  P.  subacaulls  T.  &  G.  Nearly  stemlcss,  hirsute;  Ivs.  7-foliate  on  very  long 
petioles  ;  Ifts.  obovate-oblong  ;  ped.  long,  rigid ;  cal.  teeth  obtuse.    Tenn.    April. 

11  P.  csculenta  Ph.  Erect,  rigid,  difl'use,  white-haired ;  Ifts.  5,  obianceolate ;  peti- 
oles long,  ped.  longer  (30  ;  head  oblong;  sep.  and  bracts  long,  pointed.  Minn,  to  Da- 
kcta  (Matthews,  Colman.)    If,    Tubers  farinaceous. 

36.  SESBANIA,  Pers.  Calyx  bell-shaped.  Vex,  spreading  or  re- 
flexed.  Keel  incurved,  with  long  claws.  Leg.  linear  or  oblong,  qo-  or 
few-seeded.  Seeds  transverse. — Lvs.  abruptly  pinnate,  with  many  leaflets. 
Raceme  axillary,  loose  (yellowish).    Fig.  356. 

1  S.  macrocarpa  Muhl,    Tall,   glabrous ;    Ifts.  oblong-linear,  20— .30 ;    pod  linear, 

long,  jointed,  many-seeded,    ®  Damp,  S.    3— 9f.    Pods  If.    Aug.— Oct. 

2  S.  platycarpa  Pers.    Tall,  glabrous;   Ifts.  as  above;  pod  oblong-elliptic,  valves 

double,  the  inner  membranous,  2-seeded.    ®  S.    lOf.    Aug.  (Glottidium  Flor,  DC) 

37.  AMORPHA,  L,  Lead  Plant.  Calyx  5-cleft.  Vex.  concave, 
unguiculate,  erect.  Wings  and  keel  none.  Stam.  exserted.  Leg.  oblong, 
somewhat  curved  at  the  point,  scabrous  with  glandular  points,  1  or  2- 
seeded.  5  J)  American.  Lvs.  unequally  pinnate,  punctate.  Fls.  bluish- 
white,  small,  in  virgate  racemes. 

*  Leaves  stalked  (lowest  leaflets  remote  from  base).    Legume  2-8eeded No,  1 

*  Leaves  sessile  or  nearly  so.    Lfts.  16—20  pairs.    Legume  1-seeded Nos,  2,  3 

1  A.  frutlcosa  L.    Scarcely  pubescent ;  Ifts.  9—19,  oval,  obtuse  (!') ;  cal.  teeth  short, 

obtuse,  the  lowest  pointed.    W.  and  S.  to  Rocky  Mts.    6— 16f.    May,  June. 

2  A.  lierbacea  Walt.    Pubescent  or  not ;  lfts.  41— 51,  oblong,  obtuse  (7'0;  cal.  teeth 

subequal,  villous,  upper  obtuse,  lower  acute.    South.    2— 4f.    June,  July. 

3  A.  canescens  N.    Villous-canescent ;  lfts.  small  (4'0,  crowded,  ovate-oblong;  vex. 

bright  blue  ;  calyx  teeth  equal,  acute.    Wis,  to  Ga,  and  W,    2— 4f,    July,  Aug, 

38.  DAIiEA,  L.    Calyx  subequally  cleft  or  toothed.    Pet,  unguiculate, 

claws  of  the  wings  and  keel  adnate  to  the  staminate  tube  half  way  up. 

Vex.  free,  the  limb  cordate.    Sta.  10,  united  into  a  cleft  tube.    Ov.  2-ovuled. 

Pod  enclosed  in  the  calyx,  indehiscent,  1-seeded. — Glandular-punctate. 

Lvs.  odd-pinnate.    Stipels  0.   Stip.  minute,  setaceous.   Spikes  mostly  dense. 

D.  alopecuroides  Willd.  Glabrous  and  much  branched;  lfts.  8—14  pairs,  linear- 
oval,  obtuse  or  retuse,  punctate  beneath ;  spike  pedunculate,  oblong-cylindric,  silky- 
villous,    (i)  111.  to  Ala,  and  W,    2f.    Flowers  white  and  violet.    August. 

39.  PETALOSTEMON,  Mx.  Calyx  5-toothed,  nearly  equal.  Pet.  5, 
on  filiform  claws,  4  of  them  nearly  equal,  alternate  with  the  stamens  and 
^nit'id  with  the  stamintite  tube.  Stam.  5,  monadelphous,  tube  cleft  Leg. 
l-sr:cded,  indehiscent,  included  in  the  calyx.  2^  Leaves  unequally  pinnate, 
exstipellate.    Flowers  in  dense,  pedunculate,  oblong  spikes  or  heads. 

S  KuHNfsTEKA  Lam,    Heads  corymbed,  each  with  an  involucre  of  scales  ;  calyx  teeth 
long,  plumous,  pappus-like,  setaceous No,  5 

I  PETALOSTEMON  proper.    Spikes  solitary,  not  involucrate.    Calyx  teeth  short. , ,  (o) 

a  Bracts  awn-pointed,  longer  than  the  calyx.    West Nos.  1,  2 

a  Bracts  not  awned,  short,  acute  or  obtuse.    South Noe.  8,4 


94  Order  43.-LP:GUMIN0S^1 

1  P.  candidutti  Mx.    Glabrous,  erect;  Ifts.  7— 9,  all  seesile,  liuear-lanceolate,  ma 

cronate,  (glandular  beneath;  spikes  on  long  peduncles;  bracts  longer  than  the  white 
petals.    Dry  prairies,  S.  and  W.     Slender.    8f.    Leaflets  1'.    Julj'. 

2  P.  viola-ceum  Mx.    Minutely  pubescent,  erect ;  Ifts.  5,  linear,  glandular  beneath ; 

spikes  pedunculate  ;  bracts  shorter  than  the  violet  petals.    Prairies,  West.    2f.    Leaf- 
lets V.    Heads  V  long,  brilliant.    July,  Aug. 

3  P.  carneum  Mx.    Glabrous,  erect ;  Ifts.  5— 7,  lance-linear;  spikes  oblong,  pedun- 

culate ;  bracts  obovate  ;  pet.  oblong.    Ga.  and  Fla.    Slender.    1— Sf.    Kose-wh.    Aug. 

4  P.  sracile  Nutt.    Glabrous,  decumbent  at  base;  Ifts.  7,  lance-linear ;  spikes  some- 

what sessile  ;  bracts  acute  ;  petals  ovate.    Pine  woods,  Fla.  and  W,    1— 2f.    White. 
B  P.  corymbosum  Mx.    St.  corymbously  branched;  spikes  capitate,  sessile ;  bracts 
broad,  colored,  the  outer  leaf-bearing  ;  Ifts.  linear,  5—7.    South.    2f.    White.    Sept. 

40.  ASTRAGALUS,  L.  Milk  Vetch.  Calyx  5-tootlicd.  Pet.  elon- 
gated, erect,  clawed.  Vex.  narrow,  equalling  or  exceeding  the  obtuse  keel. 
Stam.  diadclphous  (9  and  1).  Legume  mostly  turgid,  2-valved,  1-celled,  or 
2-celled  partly  or  completely  by  the  intrusion  of  the  sutures.  Seeds  1 —  QO, 
funiculus  slender.  U  chiefly.  Leaves  unequally  pinnate.  Flowers  in 
spikes  or  racemes.    (Including  Phaca,  L.) 

S  Legume  abruptly  stipitate,  oblong,  straight-pubescent Nos.  1, 2 

§  Legume  sessile  in  the  calyx.— a  Fls.  white  or  yellowish. .  .(6) 

—a  Fls.  blue  or  tipped  with  blue. . .  (c) 

b  Legume  straight,  ovoid-oblong,  smooth,  dry,  turgid Nos.  3,  4 

b  Legume  curved,  oblong,  woolly  or  veiny,  dry,  flattened Nos.  5,  6 

c  Legume  curved,  crescent-shaped,  1-celled,  smooth .No.  7 

c  Legume  globular,  fleshy  ;  when  dry  splitting  into  two Nos.  8,  9 

1  A.  Robbinsli  Cakes.    Erect;  Ifts.  5—11,  elliptical;  cor.  white,  twice  longer  than 

the  calyx  ;  pod  puberulent,  1-celled.    Rocky  shores,  Vt.    Rare.    8—14'.    Cor.  white, 
5".    May,  June. 

2  A,  alpinus  L.    Diflfuse;  Ifts.  13—21,  ovate;  cor.  blue  above,  thrice  longer  than  the 

calyx  ;  pod  pubescent  with  black  hairs,  2-celled.    Mts.  Vt.  Me.  Can.    June,  July. 

3  A.  Canadensis  L.    Canescent,  tall;  Ifts.  21—31,  elliptical;  bracts  as  long  as  the 

calyx  ;  fls.  greenish  ;  pod  2-celled.    Banks.    2— 3f.    Pod  O".    July,  August. 

4  A.  Co^peri  Gray.    Smoothish ;  Ifts.  13—27,  elliptical ;  rac.  exceeding  the  leaves  ;  fls. 

white  ;  pod  inflated,  1-cellcd,  roundish-ovate,  with  a  deep  groove  at  the  ventral  su- 
ture.   Banks,  N.  Y.  and  W.     1— 2f.    June,  July.    (Phaca  neglecta  T.  &  G.) 

5  A.  glaber  Mx.    Erect,  smoothish  ;  Ifts.  15—23,  lance-oblong  or  linear  ;  spikes  loose ; 

ix)d  smooth,  flattened,  2-celled.    Pine  woods,  S.    1— 2f.    Flowers  greenish,    July. 

6  A.  villosus  Mx.    Low,  villous;  Ifts.  9-15,  oblong-oval;  rac.  ovoid,  dense ;  pod  3- 

angled,  1-celled,  clothed  with  long  hairs.    Dry,  S.    3—6'.    Fls.  dull  yellow.    Mar.  Apr. 

7  A.  obcordatus  Ell.    Low,  assurgcnt,  smoothish;  Ifts.  7—12  pairs,  4",  oblong  to 

obovate,  cordate  at  apex  ;  ped.  as  long  as  the  leaves,  8-15-flowered ;  pod  deflexed,  in- 
curved, pointed.    111.  to  Ga.    G— 10'.    April— June.     (A.  distortus  T.  &  G.) 

8  A.  carj-ocarpus  Ker.     Low,  difl'use,  whitish,  downy  or  nearly  smooth;  leaves 

stalked;  Ifts.  15—21,  obovate;  ped.  longer;  fls.  8—10",  capitate;  pod  as  large  as  a 
grape,  smoothish,  eatable.    111.  W.  and  S.    May,    (A.  Mexicanus  DC.) 

9  A.  Plattensis  N.    Villous,  difl'use  ;  Ifts.  8—12  pairs,  oWong  ;  stip.  lanceolate  ;  rac. 

capitate  ;  pod  ovoid,  villous.    Gravel,  111.  Tenn.  and  W.    May. 

41.  TEPHROSIA,  L.  Goat's  Rue.  Cat-gut.  Calyx  witli  5,  nearly 
t*qual,  subulate  teeth.  Bracteoles  0.  Vex.  large,  orbicular.  Keel  obtuse, 
cohering  with  the  wings.  Sta.  diadelphous  (in  the  following  species)  or 
monadelphous.  Legume  linear,  much  compressed,  many-seeded.  U  Lys. 
unequally  pinnate.    Leaflets  mucronatc-.    Flowei*8  white-pui-ple. 


Order  43.— LEGUMINOS.E.  95 

§  Flowers  large  (0-10''  long)  in  a  leafy  terminal  cluster.    Lfts.  15-27 No.  1 

§  Fl3.  small,  spicate,  on  long  pednncles.— a  Lfts.  9—17.    Pods  downy Nos.  2,  3,  4 

—a  Lfts.  5—9.    Pods  smoothish Nos  5,  (S 

1  T.  Vlrginlca  Pers.    Erect,  villous  ;  lfts.  oblong;  lis. snbsessile,  axillary  and  termi- 

nal, variegated  with  white,  rose,  and  purple  ;  pod  villous.    Dry.    1— 2f.    July. 

2  T.  spicata  T  «fc  G.    Rust,y-villous,  diffuse ;  lfts.  oval-oblong,  obtuse  or  retusc ;  i)ed. 

very  long  ;  calyx  teeta  longer  than  tube.    S.    1— 3f.    July. 

3  T.  liispidnla  Ph.    Minutely  hispid  or  pubescent,  slender,  decumbent;  lfts.  ellip- 

tic-oblong, acute  ;  cal.  teeth  not  longer  than  tube.    S.    1— 2f.    May — July. 

4  T.  ambi^fua  M.  A.  Curt.    Smoothish,  decumbent;  Ifls.  7—1.5,  oblong-oblanccolatc, 

truncate,  brownish  beneath ;  ped.  angular,  2-3-flowered,  as  long  as  the  leaves  ;  cah-i 
teeth  shorter  than  tube.    S.    If.    June,  July. 

5  T.  gracilis  Wood.    Slender,  diffuse,  subglabrous  ;  Ivs.  stalked ;  lfts.  oblong-obovate, 

emarginate  ;  ped.  twice  longer  than  the  leaves ;  fls.  on  slender  pedicels ;  cal.  teeth  very 
short ;  pod  smooth.    Pla.  to  La.    6—12'. 

6  T.  clirysoplif  11a  Ph.    Prostrate,  rust-pubescent ;  Ivs.  sessile ;  ]*i-8.  round-obovate, 

acutish,  wavy,  yellowish ;  pedunc.  much  longer  than  the  leaves ;  calyx  teeth  subnlato. 
Dry  woods,  Ga.  Fla.  to  Tex.    10— 2(K.    May— July. 

42.  INDIGOFERA,  L.  Indigo-plant.  Calyx  with  5  acute  seg- 
ments. Yex.  roundish,  emarginate.  Keel  spurred  each  side,  at  length 
reflexed.  Legume  2-valved,  1  to  oo-seeded.  5  ^  Stip.  small,  distinct  from 
the  petiole.    Leaves  odd-pinnate.    Legume  pendulous. 

§  Racemes  longer  than  the  leaves.    Leaflets  obovate-oblong,  obtuse Nos.  1,  2 

§  Racemes  shorter  than  the  leaves.    Leaflets  oval.    Naturalized  South Nos.  3,  4 

1  I.  Carollnlana  Walt.    Erect,  branched ;  lfts.  11—15,  petiolulate ;  fls.  yellowish- 

broviTi ;  pod  oblong,  veiny,  rugous,  2-seeded.    Sandy  woods,  S.    3— 7f.    July— Sep. 

2  I.  leptosepala  N.    Decumbent,  strigous  ;  lfts.  7—9,  eubsessile  ;  calyx  teeth  subu- 

late ;  fls.  pale-scarlet ;  pod  linear,  6-9-8eeded.    Ga.  Fla.  to  Ark.    2— 3f. 

3  I.  TiNCTORiA  L,    Erect ;  lfts.  9—11 ;  pod  terete,  tomlous,  curved.  Waste  pi.  §  E.  Ind. 

4  I.  Anil  L.    Erect ;  lfts.  7—11 ;  pod  flattened,  even,  with  thick  edges.  Waste.  §  W,  Ind. 

43.  ROBINIA,  L.  Locust.  Calyx  5-cleft,  the  2  upper  segments  more 
or  less  coherent.  Vex.  large.  Alae  obtuse.  Sta.  diadelphous  (9  and  1). 
Style  bearded  inside.  Legume  compressed,  elongated,  many-seeded.  ^  t) 
With  stipular  spines.  Lvs.  odd-pinnate.  Fls.  showy,  in  axillary  ra- 
cemes.   Fragrant.    Fig.  402. 

1  R.  Pseudacacla  L.    Common  Locust.    Branches  armed  with  spines ;  lfts.  ovato 

and  oblong-ovate ;  rac.  pendulous,  white,  smooth,  as  well  as  the  pods.    Penn.  S.  and 
W.    Introduced  everywhere.    30— 80f.    Wood  very  durable.    April,  May. 

2  R.  viscosa  Vent.    Clammy  Locust.    Spines  very  short ;  branchlets,  petioles,  and 

pods  glandular- viscid ;  lfts.  ovate  ;  rac.  crowded,  erect,  roseate.  Mts.  S,  40f.  Ap.  Jn.  t 

3  R.  liisplda  L.     Bose  Acacia.    Spines  almost  wanting,  shnib  mostly  hispid ;  rac. 

oose,  mostly  pendulous  ;  fls.  large,  rose-red.    Mts.  S.    3— 8f.    May,  June,    t 

44.  OOLUTEA,  L.  Bladder  Senna.  Calyx  5-toothed.  Vex.  with 
2  callosities,  expanded,  larger  than  the  obtuse  carina.  Stig.  lateral,  under 
the  hooked  summit  of  the  style,  which  is  longitudinally  bearded  on  the 
back  side.    Legume  inflated,  scarious.     +>  Leaves  odd-pinnate. 

CJ.  ARBORKSCENS  L.    Lfts.  cUlptical,  retnse ;  vex.  shortly  gibbons  behind.   Mt.  Veauvirs. 
S— 12f.    Leaflets  about  9.    Flowers  large,  yellow.    June— Aug. 


96  Order  43.— LEGUMINOS^. 

45.  WISTARIA,  Nutt.  Cal.  bilabiate,  upper  lip  emarginate,  the  lowc  r 
one  3  siibcqiial  teeth.  Vex.  with  3  callosities  ascending  the  claw  and 
separating  above.  Wings  and  keel  folcate,  the  fomier  adhering  at  top. 
Legume  torulous.  Seeds  many,  reniform.  "^  Leaves  odd-pinnate.  Ra- 
ceme large,  with  large,  colored  bracts.    Flowers  lilac-purple. 

1  W.  frntescens  DC.    Pubescent  when  younj::.  at  length  glabrous;  ICts.  0—13.  ovate 

or  elliptic-lanceolate,  acute ;  raceme  densely  OO-flowerecl;  calyx  teeth  obtuse;  ovary 
glabrous.    Swamps,  S.    15— 30f.    Woody.    Apiil,  May. 

2  W.  coNSEQUANA  Benth.    Pubescent:  Ifts.  9—13,  ovate  or  oblong-lauceolatc.  acumi 

nate  ;  raceme  loose,  pendulous.  If  long ;  calyx  teeth  acuminate.    China.    April. 

46.  APIOS,  L.  Ground  Nut.  Calyx  obscure!}'  bilabiate,  the  upper 
Up  of  2  very  short,  rounded  teeth,  the  2  lateral  teeth  nearly  obsolete,  the 
lower  one  acute  and  elongated.  Keel  falcate,  pushing  back  the  broad, 
plicate  vex.  at  top.  ^  Glabrous.  Root  bearing  edible  tubers.  Leaves 
pinnately  o-7-foliate. 

A,  tnberosa  Ph.  St.  twining;  Ifts.  ovate-lanceolate;  rac.  shorter  than  the  Ivs.  Thick- 
ets and  shady  woods.  2— 8f.  Rac.  1—.S' long.  Fls.  brownish-purple.  Handsome.  Jl. Aug. 

47.  VIGNA,  Savi.  (To  Dominic  Vigna,  commentator  on  Theophras- 
tus.)  Calyx  of  4  lobes,  the  upper  twice  broader,  the  lowei*  longer.  Vex. 
broad,  with  2  callosities  near  the  base  of  the  limb.  Keel  not  twisted. 
Stigma  lateral.    Legume  terete.     ^  Leaves  pinnately  trifoliate. 

V,  Iiirsuta  Feay.  Plant  hirsute,  the  stem  retrorsely  so;  cal.  with  1  bractlet  at  base, 
segm.  all  acute,  the  lower  acuminate ;  Ifts.  oA-ate-lanceolate,  pointed.  Marshes,  S.  Car. 
Fla.  to  La.    6— lOf.    Flowers  pale  yellow,  iV'.    Pod  2',  4-(;-8eeded.    July— Sept. 

48.  RHYNCHOSIA,  DC.  Calyx  somcAvhat  bilabiate,  or  4-partcd,  with 
the  upper  segment  2-cleft.  Vex.  without  callosities.  Keel  falcate.  Style 
glabrous.  Legume  oblique,  short,  compressed,  1-2-seeded.  Seeds  carun- 
culate.  U  ^  Leaves  resinous-dotted  beneath,  pinnately  3- foliate,  sometimes 
reduced  to  a  single  leaflet.    Flowers  yellow. 

§  Phaseoloidb.^?:.  Twining.    Raceme  long,  CO-flowered.    Calyx  teeth  short  —  No.  1 
§  ARCYPHfLLUM.    Low,  or  twining.    Flowers  in  fascicles  or  short  racemes. 

Calyx  teeth  leafy,  as  long  as  the  corolla Nos.  2, .:  4 

§  OiiTnoDANUM.    Erect.    Pcd.  1-flowcred,  axillary.    Calyx  teeth  subulate No.  5 

1  IS.  minima  DC.    Scrambling  ;  Ifts.  thin,  rhomboidal ;  rac.  with  about  12  remote,  re- 

flexed  fls. ;  pod  torulous,  G"  long.    Banks,  S.  Car.  to  Fla.  and  La.    3— 5f,  delicate. 

2  K.  Kimplicirolia  (Ell.)    Low,  erect,  pubescent ;  Ivs.  reduced  to  a  single  leaflet,  or- 

bicular or  reniform.  obtuse.    Sandy  M'oods,  S.    1— .3'.    Leaves  H'.    April,  May. 

3  R.  voliibilLs  Wood.    Twining,  pubescent ;  Ivs.  .3-fol. ;  Ifte.  oval  or  orbicular;  rac. 

3-10-flwd. ;  calyx  teeth  ovate,  cuspidate.    Dry  woods,  S.    3— 4f.    Lfts.  V.    June,  July. 

4  R.  erecta  Wood.    Tall,  velvety  pubescent;  Ivs.  .3-foliate;  lfts.  oval,  acute;  sepals 

scarcely  united,  lance-ovate  to  linear.    Dry.    Md.  to  Fla.    2— 5f.    June— Aug. 

5  R.  galactoides  Chapm.    St.  erect,  rigid,  branched;  lfts.  small,  elliptic  or  oval, 

margius  revolute ;  ped.  half  as  long  as  the  flowers.    Ala,  Fla.    2— 3f. 

49.  PHAsilOLUS,  L.  Kidney-bean.  Cal.  upper  lip  2-toothed,  lower 
8-toothcd.    Keel  with  the  stamens  and  style  spirally  twisted.     I^eg.  com- 


Order  43.— LEGUMINOS^.  97 

pressed  and  falcate,  or  cylindric,  many-seeded.    Seeds  compressed,  reni« 
foim.   Leaves  pinnately  trifoliate.   Leaflets  stipellate.   Figs.  157, 203-4, 214. 

$  Flowers  arranged  in  racemes.    Legume  falcate.    July— Sept No.  1 

§  Flowers  few.  capitate  on  long  stalks.    Legiime  straight,  linear , . .  .Nos.  2 — i 

Exotic— a  Stems  climbing Nos.  5,  6,  7 

— a  Stem  erect,  buetiy No.  8 

1  P.  perciiuls  Walt.    Wild  Bean  Vine.    Twining,  pubescent ;  rac.  paniculate,  mostly 

in  pairs,  axillary;  Ifts.  ovate,  acuminate,  3-veined;   leg.  pendulous,  falcate,  broad- 
mucronate.    Dry  woods  :  common.    4 — 7f.    Pod  2^ 

2  P.  dlversifolius  Pers.    St.  prostrate,  scabrous  ;  Ifts.  angular,  2-3-lobed  or  entire  ; 

ped.  longer  than  leaf;  pod  pubescent,  broadly-linear,  cylindric.  @  Sandy  shores.  3— 5f. 

3  P.  lielvolus  L.    St.  slender;  Ifts.  between  oblong-ovate  and  lance-ovate,  not  lobed; 

ped.  slender,  several  times  longer  than  the  leaves;  pod  straight,  cylindric,  !^10- 
seeded.    V  Sandy  fields.    3— 5f. 

4  P.  pauciflorus  Benth.    Stem  slender,  retrorsely  hirsute;  Ifts.  linear-oblong,  not 

lobed,  as  long  as  the  petiole,  hirsute ;  pod  hirsute,  5-8-8eeded.    Prairies,  111.  (Mead) 
andW.    2-4f. 

5  P.  VULGARIS.    Lfts.  ovate,  acuminate ;  rac.  solitary ;  pod  pendulous,  long-pointed ; 

seed  reniform,  variously  colored.    (T)  E.  Ind.    Flowers  white.    3— 8f. 

6  P.  LUNATUs.    Lima  B.    Lfts.  ovate-deltoid ;  pod  broad,  flat,  falcate,  with  large,  flat, 

white  seeds  ;  flowers  whitish,    (i)  E.  Ind.    6— 12f. 

7  P.  MULTiFLORUs.    ScaHet  Pole  B.    Lfts.  ovate,  acute ;  rac.  as  long  as  the  Ivs. ;  fls. 

scarlet ;  pod  pendulous,  seeds  reniform.    (J)  S.  Am.    6— lOf. 

8  P.  NANUS.     Biish  B.     Lfts.  broad-ovate,  acute ;  pod  torulous ;  flowers  and   seeds 

white.    (T)  India.    If.    There  are  many  varieties. 

50.  ERYTHRINA,  L.  Calyx  truncate  or  lobed.  Vex.  long,  lanceolate, 
with  no  callosities.  Wings  and  keel  much  smaller.  Stam.  straight,  nearly 
as  long  as  the  vexillum.  Style  glabrous.  Legume  torulous.  5 1)  ^  Often 
prickly.    Leaves  pinnately  tiifoliate.    Flowers  racemed. 

1  E.  Itcrbacea  L.    Glabrous;  lfts.  rhombic-hastate,  with  3  rounded,  shallow  lobes; 

petioles  with  here  and  there  a  small  hooked  prickle ;  rac.  terminal ;  flowers  slender, 
deep  scarlet,  2'.    Rich  soils,  S.    Rhizome  thick.    3 — 4f.    April. 

2  E.  Crista-galli.    Shrub  or  tree ;  lfts.  ovate  or  elliptical,  with  hooked  prickles  be- 

neath ;  banner  recurved  ;  fls.  scarlet,  in  large  racemes.    Planted  South. 

51.  AMPHIOARPilA,  Ell.  Pea-vine.  Calyx  with  4  or  5  nearly 
equal  segments.  Pet.  oblong.  Vex.  with  the  sides  appressed.  Stig.  capi- 
tate. Ovary  on  a  sheathed  stipe.  Leg.  flat,  2-4-seeded.  ®  Slender, 
twining.  Leaves  pinnately  trifoliate.  The  upper  flowers  complete,  but 
usually  barren,  the  lower  apetalous  and  fruitful. 

1  A.  monoica  Nutt.    St.  retrorsely  pubescent;   lfts.  ovato,  thin;  cauline  racemes 

pendulous ;    cal.   segra.  very  short ;  bracts  minute.    Woods.    4 — 8f.    Very  slender. 
Flowers  pale  purple.    Upper  pods  4-seeded,  lower  1-seeded.    July— Sept. 

2  A.  Pitclicrl  T.  &  G.    Stem  rusty-villous ;   lfts.  rhomboid-ovate;  rac.  erect,  often 

branched  ;  bracts  broad,  conspicuous.    N.  Orleans  and  W.    Seeds  blackish. 

52.  GALACTIA,  L.  Cal.  bibracteolate,  4-cleft,  the  segments  of  nearly 
equal  length,  upper  one  broadest,  entire.  Pet.  oblong.  Vex.  broadest  and 
incumbent.  Keel  petals  slightly  cohering  at  top.  Legume  many-seeded. 
"^  ^  k.  I^^s.  pinnately  compound.  Rac.  axillary.  Fls.  purplish.  Aug.  Sept 

5 


98  Order  13.— LEG'JJMIKOS.^:. 

I  Leaves  pinnate,  T-f)-foliate.    Sts.  prostrate,  twininfr.    Lvs.  coriaceous  No.  1 

§  Leaves  pinuately  3-foliate.    Sts.  proetrate,  twining'.    Pods  12—18"  lonj?. .  .Nos.  2--i 
§  Leaves  pinnately  3-foliate.  Sts.  erect  or  ascending.  Petioles  longer  than  lfts..No8.  5,6 

1  G,  Elllottii  N.    Lfts.  elliptic-oblong,  obtnse;  ped.  longer  than  the  lvs.,  few-flwd.  at 

the  top  ;  upper  sep.  (double)  broad-ovate,    li  Ga.  Fla.    3— 7f.    Rose-white.    May,  Ju. 

2  G.  glabella  Mx.    St.  nearly  glabrous  ;  lfts.  elliptic-oblong,  emarginatc  at  each  end, 

shining  above,  a  little  hairy  beneath  ;  rac.  pedunculate,  about  the  length  of  the  leaves ; 
tlowers  6",  pedicellate,     n  Arid  soils,  N.  J.  to  Fla.    2— 4f.    Rose-purple. 

3  G.  mollis  Mx.    St.  softly  pubescent;  lfts.  oval,  obtuse,  nearly  smooth  above,  softly 

villous  and  whitish  beneath  ;  rac.  longer  than  the  leaves,  pedunculate,  fasciculate  ;  fls. 
4'',  on  very  short  pedicels  ;  pod  villous.     7i  Dry  soils,  Md.  to  Ga.    2— 4f. 
/3.  microphfiUa,    Lfts.  small  (4— 6'0,  oval ;  fis.  solitary,  and  nearly  sessile  iu  the 
upper  axils  ;  pods  5  or  G-seeded.    Ga.  Fla.  (Miss  S.  Keen.) 

4  G,  pilosa  N.    St.  pubescent  or  smoothish  ;  lfts.  thin,  oblong-ovatc  or  oval,  obtuse  or 

retuse  at  both  ends  ;  rac.  very  slender,  twice  or  thrice  longer  than  the  leaves,  with 
scattered,  distant  flowers,     u  Dry  soils,  S.    3— Tf.    Leaflets  1—2'.    Flowers  4''. 

5  G.  l>racli]^'poda  T.  &  G.    Slender,  branching ;  lfts.  oblong,  odd  one  petiolulate ; 

rac.  stalked,  shorter  than  the  leaves,    u  Sandy  woods,  W.  Fla.    2— 3f,  ascending. 

6  G.  sessIlifloT-a  T.  &  G.    St.  simple,  flexuous ;  lfts.  oblong-linear,  odd  one  subses- 

sile  ;  rac.  very  f  hort,  sessile.    Sandy  woods,  S.    1— 2f.    Lfts.  1'— 20".    Pod  erect. 

53.  DOLICBOS,  L.  (,'alyx  4-lobcd,  the  upper  lobe  3-tootlied  or  entire. 
Vex.  with  2  or  4  callosities  at  the  base  of  the  limb.  The  free  stamen  spur- 
red at  base.  Legume  flattened  with  a  few  oval,  flattened  seeds.  [>  Leaves 
pinnately  3-foliati.'. 

1  D.  inuItiflorT;'«t  T.  &  G.    Lfts.  ample,  orbicular,  acute,  thin,  pubescent ;  racemes 

equalling  the  prt.oles,  densely  QO-flwd.  at  the  top  of  the  stout  peduncle  ;  calyx  upper 
lip  entire  ;  pod  l-S-seeded.    n  Banks,  Ga.  to  La. 

2  I>.  Ha,lel  Wr<<l.    Lds.  ample,  round-ovate,  acuminate  ;  petioles  3  times  longer  than 

the  few-(:i-S)-«Y.'d.,  stalked  raceme  ;  pod  broad,  2-3-8eedod,  the  point  incurved.    Z(  N. 
Orleans  and  V»'.  (Dr.  J.  Hale.)    Pod  2'. 

3  I>.  SESQUiPFT  A!.is.    Pods  smooth,  Bubterete,  very  long  (If).    W.  Ind.    +  South. 

4  I>.  Cat-iaw  i.    Pods  linear,  erect,  twin  at  top  of  the  long  ped.    E.  Ind.    t  South. 

54.  CLT'T'OIIIA,  L.  Calyx  bibracteolate,  5-toothed,  segm.  acuminate. 
Vex.  largo  spreading,  roundish,  cmarginate,  not  spurred.  Keel  smaller 
than  the  Things,  acute,  on  long  claws.  Legume  linear-oblong,  torulous, 
several-scf'cied.  ^  Leaves  pinnately  3-o-foliate.  Flowers  veiy  large,  soli- 
tary, or  .'.everal  together. 

C.  Marl  Ana  L.  Glabrous;  lfts.  3,  oblong-ovate  or  lanceolate,  obtuse,  lateral  ones 
peti'^Jaiate  ;  ped.  short.  1-3-flwd. ;  bracteoles  and  bracts  very  short ;  pod  3-4-secded 
2i  ];t.y  soils,  N.  J.  to  Fla.    1— .3f.    Flowers  pale  purple.    July,  Aug. 

55  CENTROSEMA,  DC.  Sep.  lance-linear,  slightly  united,  the  lowei 
lono:''>«t  and  with  2  broad  bractlets.  Vex.  very  large,  with  a  short  spui 
en  the  back  near  the  base.  Keel  and  stamens  much  shorter,  incurved 
Le/^ume  long,  linear,  margined  and  long-pointed.  ^  Leaves  pinnately  3 
'oliate.    Flowers  very  large,  purple. 

C,  Virslnlana  Benth.  St.  very  slender ;  lfts.  oblong-ovate  to  oblong-linear,  firm,  ver/ 
veiny,  the  veins  incurved ;  ped.  1-4-riowered,  bractlets  larger  (not  longer)  than  tlu 
calyx  ;  pod  veined  along  the  margin,    n  Dry  soils,  S.    2— 5f.    July,  August. 


Okdeji  4;].-  LEGUMINOSJE.  99 

56.  KENNEDYA,  Vent.  Two  upper  lobes  of  calyx  half-united.  Ban- 
ner broad,  spreading,  keel  as  long  as  the  wings,  incurved.  Legume  linear. 
^  Australian  twiners  with  brilliant  flowers  in  clusters.     Leaves  3-natc. 

1  K.  CoMTTONiANA.     Smoothish ;  Ifts.  3,  ovate,  retuse,  veiny;  peduncle  bearing  an 

erect  raceme  of  many  bright  bine  flower?,  very  ornamental  in  the  conservatory.    12f. 

2  K.  RUBicuNiM.    Hairy ;  IftP.  ovate  ;  ped.  3  flwd.,  fls.  dark-red  or  crimson,  to  scarlet.  5f. 

57.  HARDENBERGIA,  Bentli.     Two  upper  teeth  of  calyx  united. 
Banner  broad,  spreading,  keel  much  shorter  than  wings.     Legume  linear. 
*»  Australian.    Flowers  in  racemes,  very  delicate.    Leaflet  mostly  but  1. 
H.  MONOPHYLLA.    Plant  very  smooth ;  1ft.  lance-ovate  ;  rac.  erect ;  fls.  blue-purple.  lOf. 

58.  ACACIA,  Necker.  Calyx  valvate,  4-  or  5- toothed.  Pet.  4  or  5, 
small,  distinct  or  nearly  so.  Sta.  numerous,  distinct.  Legume  not  jointed, 
dry,  2-valved,  00-seeded.  Beautiful  trees  or  shrubs,  native  of  warm  cli- 
mates. Lvs.  twice  pinnate,  or  reduced  to  phyllodia  (§  321).  Fls.  yellow 
or  yellowish,  in  spikes  or  heads,  very  numerous  and  showy. 

§  Leaves  bipinnate.    Plovrers  collected  in  heads  or  spikes Nos.  1—3 

§  Leaves  abortive— reduced  to  flattened  petioles  (phyllodia)  with  their  edge* 

vertical.    Flowers  yellow,— a;  in  globular,  solitary  heads Nos.  4,  5 

—X  in  globular,  racemed  heads Nos.  6,  7 

— X  in  cylindrical  spikes Nos.  8 — 11 

1  A.  FarncMiaita  L.    Sponge  Tree.    Tree  armed  with  straight  stipular  spines;  lvs, 

with  4—8  pairs  of  pinnaj,  leaflets  15—20  pairs,  oblong,  crowded  ;  ped.  2  or  3  together. 
Naturalized  along  the  Gulf,  Fla.  to  N.  Orleans.    Pods  2—3'  long.    (Vachellia,  C-B.) 

2  A.  ALBICANS.    Shrub  from  Mexico,  5f,  with  stipular  spines,  silvery-pubescent ;  leaves 

with  8  or  \)  pairs  of  pinnae,  leaflets  10— .30  pairs,  linear-oblong,  glabrous ;  flowers 
white,  the  heads  in  axillary  racemes,  2—5  together. 

3  A.  DEALBATA.    Shrub  thornless,  .5f,  from  N.  Holland,  all  velvety -pubescent;  pinnse 

i5  pairs,  leaflets  30—35  pairs,  linear,  crowded ;  heads  in  axillary  racemes. 

4  A,  JUNiPERiNA.    Shrub  from  N.  Holland,  spinescent ;  phyllodia  linear-subulate,  pun- 

gent ;  branches  terete,  hairy  or  downy :  heads  solitary  ;  petals  5. 

5  A.AiiMATA.    Shrub  5— 8f,  downy  or  hairy,  with  spinescent  stipules;  phyllodia  half- 

oblong-ovate,  entire,  1-veined;  heads  solitary  ;  pods  velvety.    N.  Holland. 
G  A,  VESTiTA.    Shrub  Hf,  clothed  with  a  soft  down  ;  leaves  (phyllodia)  halved,  elliptic- 
oblanccolate ;  heads  loosely  racemed  along  the  ped.,  one  being  terminal.    N.  Holland. 

7  A.  cuLTnipouMis.    Shrub  5f,  smooth  and  glaucous:  leaves  curved,  triangular-lanceo- 

late, coriaceous ;  heads  in  racemes,  panicled  at  the  end  of  the  branches. 

8  A .  VKUTieiLiATA.   Shmb  bushy,  leafy,  with  the  phyllodia  and  leaf-like  stipules  crowded 

and  irregularly  whorled  ;  spikes  oblong,  solitary,  axillarj'.    New  Holland. 

9  A,  LONGiPOLiA.    Shrub  5f,  unarmed,  with  the  phyllodia  long,  linear-lanceolate,  3- 

veined  at  base,  veiny  above  ;  spikes  axillary,  in  pairs  ;  flowers  4-parted.    N.  S.  Wales. 

10  A.  LINEARIS.    Shrub  5f,  unarmed,  with  phyllodia  very  long  (7')  and  narrowly  lin 
car,  1 -veined  ;  spikes  axillary,  many,  often  branched  ;  calyx  4-parted. 

1 1  A,  FLORiBUNDA.    Shrub  or  small  tree,  U— lOf ;  phyllodia  linear-lanceolate,  attenuate 
both  ways,  3-5-veined  ;  ppikes  simple,  axillary,  solitary ;  calyx  4-toothed.  N.  Holland. 

59.  POINCIANA,  L.     Sepals  5,  united  just  at  base.    Petals  broad,  un- 
guiculate,  spreading.    Stam.  10,  very  long,  decurved  with  the  slender  style. 
Legume  flat.     5  Tropical.    Leaflets  very  many,  no  odd  one.    Fls.  large. 
1  P.  PULCHERRiMA.  Shrub  prickly  (used  in  the  W.  Ind.  for  hedges,  hence  called  i^Awer- 

fence) \  leafleti? oval- oblong;  fis.  2'  broad,  orange,  with  crimson  ftloments  2'  long.  lOf, 


100  Okdek  43.— LEGUMINOSJ5. 

2  1*.  Gn.i.i'>ir.  From  S.  Am.  Thoralcss  ;  Ifts.  very  ?mall ;  &^.  2',ylw.,  the  pet.  snbequaL, 

gnbsest'ile.  glandular-ciliate  at  apex.  [one  ppotted.    From  Madagascar.    lOf. 

3  P.  KEGiA,  has  crimson  flowers  3'  broad,  the  petals  long-clawed,  crenate-edged,  upper 

60.  OALLISTAOHYS,  Veiit.  Calyx  2-lipped.  Banner  erect,  keel  aud 
wings  deflexc'd.  Stani.  10,  separate,  as  in  Baptisia.  Style  incurved.  Pod 
woody  before  ripening,  many-seeded.  ^)  From  New  Holland.  Leaves 
J3-foliate  but  sessile.    Flowers  yellow,  in  a  terminal  cluster. 

1  C  LANCEOLATA.    Ilairy,  half-shrubby  ;  leaflets  lanceolate,  apparently  whorled  in  3'8. 
3  C.  ovATA.    Pubescent ;  leaves  ovate,  acute ;  spike  short  and  broad,  many-flowered. 

61.  SOPHORA,  L.  Keel  obtuse,  not  shorter  than  the  wings  or  round- 
ish banner.  Pod  slipitate,  many-seeded,  moniliform,  indehiscent.  Seeds 
globular.     ^  +>.  L^'aves  odd-pinnate.    Panicles  terminal. 

1  S,  tonieutosa  L.    Shrub  4— (]f,  hoary-toraentons ;  Ifts.  about  15.  oblonjx,  thick  ;  fls. 

in  long  racemes,  yellow,  handsome  ;  calyx  obscurely  5-toothed  ;  pod  ti'.    Coast,  Fla. 

2  S.  Japonica.     Tree  30--40f,  from  Japan,  hardy  from  Philadelphia  south.     Leaflets 

about  13,  smooth  ;  panicles  large,  erect,  open,  white,  in  July  and  August. 

62.  OHOROZEMA  ilicifolia.  Shrub  from  K  Holland,  3f,  bushy, 
"with  thick  spiuescent,  holly-like,  simple  leaves,  and  a  profusion  of  deep  orange  or  scarlet 
racemes.    Calyx  2-lipped.    Keel  shorter  than  the  wings.    I'od  inflated,  many-seeded. 

63.  OROBUS,  Tourn.  Bitter  Vetch.  Calyx  obtuse  at  base,  deeper 
cleft  on  upper  side.  Cor.  long,  keel  incurved,  shorter  than  wings  or  banner. 
Sty.  terete,  downy  above.    U  Lfts.  2—13,  rachis  ending  in  a  short  point. 

1  O.  TKRNU8.    Lfts.  G,  ovate,  pointed  ;  stip.  f-sagit.,  entire  ;  fls.  blue  and  purp.   Apr.   If. 

2  O.  NiGKU.    BrauchL'd,  3f ;  lfts.  10.  ovate  to  oblong;  flowera  dark  purple.    June— Aug. 

3  O.  ATKOPUiu'UiJEUs.    Leaflets  «,  linear;  flowers  dark  purple,  in  long  1-sided  racemes. 

64.  LENS  escule]sta.  Lentil.  Herb  cultivated  for  food  at  the  East 
since  the  times  of  Esau,  seldom  seen  here.  Stem  weak,  If.  Leaves  of  many  pairs  of  ob- 
long leaflets,  ending  in  a  branched  tendril.  Eacemc  of  2  or  3  pale  flowers  succeeded  by  a 
short  broad  pod.    Seed  exactly  lens-shaped,  giving  the  name.    ® 

65.  CYTISUS,  L.  Cal.  2-lipped,  with  5  teeth,  keel  obtuse,  straightish. 
Style  incurved  or  at  length  involute.  Seeds  with  a  scale  at  the  hilum 
(strophiolate).     5  Leaves  of  a  leaflets,  the  upper  becoming  simple. 

C.  scoPARius.  Scot^k  Broom.  Shrub  with  smooth  angular,  virgate  branches  ;  lfts.  oblong : 
pedicels  solitary,  axillary  ;  flowers  yellow,  showy ;  pods  hairy  at  edge.    Europe. 

66.  TRIGONELIiA  Foenum-Gr^cum.  Fenugreek.  Herb  from  En- 
rope,  in  gardens.  Cult,  for  its  strong-scented  herbage.  2f.  Lfts.  3,  cuneate  at  base.  J*'1h. 
axillary,  sessile,  small,  white.    Pods  linear,  long,  slightly  falcate  at  point,  2  or  3  together. 

67.  OLIANTHUS,  Soland.  Cal.  bell-form,  5-cleft.  Banner  lance-ovate, 
acuminate,  rettexed,  keel  boat-shaped,  decurved,  as  long  as  the  banner, 
longer  than  the  narrow  wings.  Pod  oblong,  inflated.  5  From  New 
Zealand.    Leaves  odd  pinnate.    Flowers  large  and  splendid. 

1  C.  ruNicEUS.      Shrub  smoothish,  4f;    leaflets  about  IT,  oblong,   retuse,  alternate; 

flowers  3'  wide,  crimson-red.  in  dense  hanging  racemes  of  superb  appearance. 

2  C.  Dampikrii.    Shrub  hairy,  4f:  leaflets  about  17,  oval,  acute;    flowers  very  large. 

Bcai\et,  with  a  black  prominence  at  the  base  of  the  buuucr.    Flow  ers  freelv. 


Ordek  44.— rosacea.  101 

Order  XLIV.  ROSACEA.  Roseworts. 
Herhs^  shrubs^  or  trees^  with  alternate,  stipulate  leaves  and  regular  flow- 
ers. Sepals  5,  rarely  fewer,  united,  often  re-enforced  by  as  many  bractlets. 
Petals  5,  rarely  0,  distinct,  inserted  on  the  disk  which  lines  the  calyx  tube. 
Stamens  oo,  rarely  few,  distinct,  inserted  with  the  petals  (perigynous) 
Ovaries  1,  2,  5,  or  oo,  distinct,  or  often  coherent  with  each  other,  or  im- 
mersed in  the  tube  of  the  calyx.  Fruit  a  drupe,  or  achenia,  or  a  dry  or 
juicy  etserio  {I  158),  or  pome.  Seeds  1  or  few  in  each  carpel,  anatropous, 
cxalbuminous.  Embryo  straight.  Figs.  5,  35,  38, 117,  1.39, 158,  183-5,  188, 
197,  244,  251,  285,  297,  300-1,  307,  358,  365-6,  400,  428. 

A  Ovary  superior,  and  the  fruit  not  enclosed  in  the  tube  of  the  calyx. .  .(a) 
A  Ovary  inferior,  and  the  fruit  enclosed  in  the  calyx  tube. .  .(m) 

o  Carpel  1,  forming  a  drupe  in  fruit.    Calyx  deciduous.    Trees  or  shrubs. .  .(6) 

a  Carpels  2 —  00 .    Calyx  persistent,  bractless.    Shrubs  or  herbs. .  .(c) 

a  Carpels  4—  00.    Calyx  persistent,  with  5  bractlets  added.    Herbs  mostly. ..(/) 

h  Tkibk  I.  CHRYSOBALANE.(E.— style  lateral.    Ovules  2,  ascending Chrtsobalakus.  1 

6TkibkII.  AMYGDALE.(E.— Style  terminal.    Ovules  2,  pendulous Prcnos.  2 

t  Tribe  III.  SPIR.^E.iE.— Carpels  2—8,  several-seeded  follicles  in  fruit... (d) 

d  Petals  obovate,  equal,  imbricate  in  the  bud Spir^a.  8 

d  Petals  lance-linear,  convolute  in  the  bud Gillknia.  4 

«  Tribe  IV.  RUBEiE,— Carpels  2—  00,  1-seeded  drapes  or  achenia (e) 

«  Shrubs  unarmed.    CarpelsS— 8.    Petals  5  (or  00 ),  yellow Kkrria.  8 

€  Shrubs  unarmed.    Carpels  2— 4.    Petals  0.    Calyx  leafy Nkviusia.  6 

e  Shrubs  prickly.    Carpels  00,  drupaceous  and  juicy ..Robus.  7 

0  Herbs  not  prickly.     Carpels  5—10  (2—6  in  No.  12),  dry Dalibarda.  8 

/  Tribe  V.  FRAGARIDE.<E.— Carpels  4—  00,  1-seeded  achenia  in  fruit... (7) 

g  Style  persistent  on  the  dry  achenia.— A  Petal88or9 Drtas.  9 

—h  Petals  5 Gedm.  10 

g  Style  deciduous.— fc  Toras  pulpy,  globular,  red Fragaria.  11 

—«  Torus  spongy  or  dry.— Z  Bractlets  minute  or  0 Waldsteinia.  12 

—I  Bractlets  5 Potentilla.  13 

m  Tribe  VI.  SANGUISORBE^.— Carpels  1—3,  acheniate.     Petals  0  or  5. . .(«) 

n  Stamens  1—4.    Style  lateral.     Flowers  apetalous,  scattered Alchemilla.  14 

n  Stamens  4—  GO .    Style  terminal.     Flowers  apetalous,  spicate Poterium.  15 

n  Stamens  10— 15.    Styles  2.    Petals  5,  yellow Agrimonia.  16 

m  Tribe  VII.  BOSE^.— Carpels  00,  1-seeded,  free  in  the  calyx  tube Rosa.  17 

•  TO  Tribe  VIII.  POME^.— Carpels  2—5,  consolidated  with  the  calyx  tube. .  .(o) 

o  Petals  oblong-spatulate.    Carpels  half-2-celled Amelanciukr.  18 

o  Petals  roundish.—/)  Carpels  1-seeded Crat^gits.  19 

—p  Carpels  2-seeded Pyrus.  20 

—:P  Carpels  00 -seeded Cydonia.  21 

1.  OHRYSOBALANUS,  L.  Cocoa  Plum.  Calyx  5-cleft.  Pet.  5.  Sta. 
about  20,  in  a  single  series.  Ov.  solitary,  sessile,  the  style  arising  from  the 
base.  Ovules  2,  collateral.  Drupe  1-seeded,  with  thin  pulp.  5  With 
entire,  veiny  leaves,  minute  stipules,  and  terminal  panicles. 

C  obloiigifollns  Mx.    Lvs.  oblong,  varying  to  oblanceolate,  subeessile,  pedicels  and 
calyx  toracntous-hoary ;  filaments  and  ovary  glabrous ;  drupe  as  large  as  a  plum. 
.    Pine-barrens,  Ga.  Ala.  Fla.    8— 12f.    Leaves  shining.    Flowers  small,  vv^hite. 

2,  PRUNUS,  Tourn.  Plum,  &c.  Calyx  5-cleft,  the  tube  bell-shaped 
or  cup-shaped,  decidut»us.  Pet.  5,  spreading.  Sta.  15 — 30.  Ov.  solitary, 
with  2  pendulous  ovules.  Drupe  fleshy,  with  a  bony  nucleus.  5  b  Fruit 
jnostly  edible.  Fls.  white  or  purplish.  Figs.  51, 119-21,124^5,158,  285,  297. 


102  Okdek  41.-K0SACE.E. 

I  Pkunus.    Drupe  siviooth,  more  or  less  frlaucons  with  a  bloom.    Stone  Pmooth,  more 
or  less  flattened.    Leaves  mostly  convolute  (rolled)  in  vernation.    Plums.  . .(«) 

a  Umbels  2-5-flo\vered.    Leaves  conspicuously  acuminate No.  1 

a  Umbels  2-5-flowered.    Leaves  acute  or  obtuse  Nop.  2,  3,  4 

a  Umbels  l-2-flo\vered.    Leaves  acute,  obovate,  or  oval Nos.  5,  6 

{  Cerasus.    Drupe  smooth,  ^vithout  bloom.    Stone  smooth,  globular. 
Leaves  conduplicatc  (folded  §254)  in  vernation.    Cheuries.  .  .(b) 

b  Flowers  in  lateral  leafless  umbels.    Drupes  small.    Native Nos.  7,  8 

b  Flowers  in  lateral  leafless  umbels.    Drupes  large.    Exotic Nos.  0, 10 

b  Flowers  in  racemes— c  terminating  the  leafy  branches Nos.  11, 12 

— c  in  the  axils  of  the  evergreen  leaves No.  13 

§  Armeniaca.    Drupe  soft-velvety.    Stone  smooth,  compressed.     Lvs. 

convolute  in  bud,  expanding  after  the  flowers.    Apricots Nos.  14, 15 

§  Amtgdalus.    Drupe  tomentous  or  smooth.    Stone  rugous-furrowed, 
compressed.    Leaves  conduplicatc  in  vernation . . .  (rf) 

d  Fruit  with  a  soft  juicy  pulp.    Small  trees.    Peacu,  &c No.  Ifi 

d  Fruit  with  a  hard  dry  pulp.  Trees  or  low  shrubs.    Almonp.  .  .Nos,  17, 18, 19 

1  P,  Americana  Marsh.    lied  Plvm.  Yellow  Plvm.    Somewhat  thorny  ;  lvs.  oblong- 

oval  and  obovate,  abniptly  and  strongly  acuminate,  doubly  serrate  ;  drupes  roundish 
oval,  reddish  orange,  with  a  tough  skin.    Low  woods.    10— 15f.    May.  t 

2  P.  maritima  Wang.     Beach  Plum.     Lvs.  oval  or  obovate,  slightly  acuminate, 

sharply  serrate  ;  petioles  with  2  glands ;  umbels  few-flowered  ;  ped.  short,  pubescent ; 
fruit  nearly  round.    Sea  beach,  Me.  to  Va.    3 — 4f.    Fruit  size  of  a  grape.    May. 

3  P.  umbellata  Ell.    Lvs.  lanceolate  or  lance-oval,  acute  or  barely  acuminate,  ob- 

scurely serrulate ;  petioles  glandless ;  umbels  3-5-flowered,  precocious ;  fruit  oval, 
small,  glaucous,  red.    Dry  soils,  South.    10— 15f.    Fruit  pleasant.    May. 

4  P.  Cliicas»  Mx.     Chickasaw  Plum..    Branches  spinous;  lvs.  oblong-lanceolate  or 

oblanceolait.,  glandular  serrulate,  not  at  all  acuminate ;  pedicels  short,  smooth  ;  drupe 
globous.    Thickets,  South.    6— 12f.    Fruit  red  or  yellowish.    April. 
h  P.  spinosa  L.     ^.  innititia,    Bullace  Plum.     Branches  thoniy ;    lvs.  pubescent 
beneath ;  obovate-elliptical,  varying  to  ovate,  sharply  and  doubly  dentate ;  umbels 
1-2-flowered;  fruit  globular,  black,  glaucous.    Roadsides.    15— 20f.    § 

6  P.  domestical.     Common  Garden  Plvm.    Damson  Plum.    Branches  nnarmod ;  lvs, 

oval  or  ovate-lanceolate,  acute;  pedicels  nearly  solitary  ;  drupe  globous,  oval,  ovoid, 
and  obovoid.    Long  cultivated.    15f.    Italy. 

7  P.  piiinila  L.     Sand   Chermj.     Lvs.  oblanceolatc  or  obovate,  acute,  Bubserrati., 

smooth,  paler  beneath  ;  umbels  few-flowered,  sessile  :  dnipe  ovoid.  Shrub  trailyig  in 
sandy  soils.    1— 2f.    Fruit  small,  dark  red,  pleasant.    May. 

8  P.  Peuiisylvanica  L.     Wild  Ped  Cherry.    Lvs.  oblong-ovate,  acuminate,  hnely 

serrate,  thin,  smooth ;  umbels  corjmbous,  with  elongated  pedicels ;  drupe  small, 
ovoid-subglobous.    Woods,  N.    25f.    Bark  red-brown.    May. 

0  P.  Avium  L.     Ox-heart.    English  Chert^j.    Branches  erect  or  ascending  ;  Ivs.oblong- 

obovate,  acuminate,  hairy  beneath ;  umbels  sessile,  with  rather  long  pedicels  ;  drupe 
ovoid-globous,  subcordate  at  base.    Gardens,  parks.    30 — 50f.    t 

to  P.  Cerasus  L.  Sour  Cherry.  'Large Ped.  MoreUo,  <!tc.  Branches  spreading:  lvs. 
ovate-lanceolate,  acute  at  apex,  narrowed  at  base,  nearly  smooth  ;  fls.  with  short  pedi- 
cels ;  drupes  globous.    Tree  15— 20f.    t 

IIP.  scrotlna  Ehr.  Black  ov  Wild  Cherry.  Lvs.  firm,  oval-oblong  or  elliptic,  acu- 
minate, smooth,  shining  above,  unequally  glandular-serrate  ;  petioles  with  2—4  glands ; 
raceme  long  :  drupes  black.    Woods.    50— 80f.    Bark  black.    May. 

12  P.  Virginia  iia  L.  Choke  Cherry.  Lvs.  smooth,  oval  or  obovate,  short-pointed, 
thin,  not  shining,  with  sharp,  subulate  serratnres,  veins  bearded  at  base :  petioles 
with  2  glands  :  raceme  short.    Thickets.    5— 20f.    Fruit  blackish,  astringent.    May. 

1  3  P.  Carollniana  Ait.     CheiTy  Lavrel.    Lvs.  oblong-oblanceolate.  acuminate,  on 

short  petiole^;,  entire,  coriaceous  ;  fls.  small,  in  numerous,  dense  racemes  shorter  than 
the  leaves  ;  i]rupi;.=  persistent.  Doirouoiis.     Banks'.  S.     3i>-.^0f.     April,     t 


Order  44.— ROSACE/E.  103 

1 4  P.  ARMEN-iACA  Willd.  Apricot.  Lvs.  broadly  ovate,  acumiuate,  subcordate  at  base, 
denticulate;  stip.  palmate  ;  fls.  eessile,  eubsolitary  ;  drupe  large,  subgloboup.  From 
Armenia.    10— 15f.    Fruit  purple-yellow,  1—2'. 

1 5  P.  DASTCARPA  Ehrh.  Slack  Apricot.  Lvs.  ovate,  acuminate,  doubly  serrate  ;  peti- 
oles with  1  or  2  glands  ;  fls.  pedicellate ;  drupe  subglobous.  From  Siberia.  10— 15f. 
Fruit  dark  purple,  in  July.    Flowers  white,  April. 

1  6  P.  vuLQAius  Mill.    Peach.    Lvs.  lanceolate,  serrate,  with  all  the  serrature?  acute ; 
fls.  solitary,  subsessile,  preceding  the  leaves  ;  drupe  tomentous.    Persia.    8— 15f.    FIr. 
rose-color,  with  the  odor  of  prussic  acid.    Fruit  yellow-purple. 
/3.  LiEvis.    Nectarine.    Drupes  glabrous,  yellow,  purple,  red,  large. 

17  P.  coMMtTNis.  Almond.  Lvs.  lanceolate,  serrate,  with  the  lower  seiTatures  glandu- 
lar ;  flowers  sessile  In  pairs.    Barbary.    15f.    Varies  with  flowers  double. 

1  8  P.  NANA.  Dwarf  single-Jlowerivg  Almond.  Lvs.  ovate,  attenuate  at  base,  simply 
and  finely  serrate  ;  flowers  subsessile.    Russia.    3f.    May,  June, 

19  P.  LANCEOLATA.  Dwarf  douMe-Jlowering  Almond.  Lvs.  lanceolate,  doubly  serrate ; 
fls.  pedicellate,  covering  the  stems.    China.    2— 3f.    Roseate.    (Amygd.  puraila,  Ait.) 

3.  SPIRuEA,  L.  Calyx  5-cleft,  pci*sistent.  Pet.  5,  roundish.  Stam. 
10 — 50,  exserted.  Carp,  distinct,  3 — 12,  follicular,  1-celled,  1-2-valvGd, 
1-10-seeded.  Styles  terminal.  +>  if  Branches  and  leaves  alternate.  Flow- 
ers white  or  rose-colored.    Fig.  244. 

§  Shrubs,  with  stipulate,  simple,  lobed  leaves.    Carpels  inflated No.  1 

§  Shrubs,  with  stipulate,  pinnate  leaves.    Carpels  5,  united.    Exotic No.  2 

§  Shrubs,  without  stipules.    Leaves  simple.    Ovaries  distinct. .  .(a) 

a  Flowers  in  umbels  or  corymbs,  -b  Corymb  compound,  terminal.    Mts No.  3 

—6  Clusters  many.  Gardens.  Exotic.  .Nos.  4— 7 

a  Flowers  in  a  terminal  panicle,— c  roseate-purple Nos.  8,  0 

—c  white,  rarely  blush-colored .Noa.  10—12 

§  Herbs,  without  stipules.    Leaves  tripinnate.    Ovaries  5,  drooping No.  l:? 

§  Herhb,  stipulate.    Leaves  pinnately  divided.— rf  Flowers  rose-purple No.  14 

—d  Flowers  white Nos.  15—17 

1  S.  opullfolia  L.    Ninehark.    Lvs.  roundish,  3-lobed,  doubly  serrate ;  fls.  while,  m 

pedunculate  coiymbs ;  carp.  3—5.    By  streams.    Rare.    4f.    June. 

2  S.  SORBIFOLIA.    Lvs.  odd-pinnate :  Ifts.  lanceolate,  acuminate,  doubly  serrate,  tenni- 

nal  one  lobed  ;  fls.  white,  in  terminal  panicles.    Siberia.    6f.    May. 

3  S.  corynibosa  Raf.    Lvs.  ovate,  cut-serrate  above,  whitish  beneath ;  fls.  innumer 

able,  white  or  roseate,  in  a  dense,  level-topped  corymb;  styles  and  carpels  generally  3. 
Penn.  Ky.  and  S.    1— 2f.    May,  June. 

4  S.  HYPERiciFoLiA.    St.  Petefs  Wreath.    Lvs.  obovate-oblong,  subentirc  ;  fls.  in  many 

lateral  clusters,  on  short  branches,  white,  mostly  double.    Europe.    3f.    May. 

5  S.  PRUNiFOLiA.    Branches  virgate ;  lvs.  ovate,  petiolate,  serrate,  5-veined,  silky  be- 

neath ;  fls.  in  3''s— 5's  (very  double),  white.    Japan.    Beautiful. 

6  S.  REEVEsrANA.    Lvs.  lanceolate,  serrate,  3-lobed  or  pinnatifid,  glaucous  beneath  ;  rac. 

capitate,  pedunculate,  often  forming  long  wreaths.  •  June. 

7  S.  TKiLOBATA.    Lvs.  fouudish,  lobed,  crenate,  veiny :  fls.  eorymbed.    Alps. 

8  S.  tomentosa  L.   Hardhack.  Rusty  tomentous ;  lvs.  lance-ovate,  smoothish  above, 

sen*at«;  rac.  short,  dense,  aggregated  into  a  dense  thyrse-like,  terminal  panicle  ;  carp. 
5.    Pastures,  thickets.    Common.    2— 3f.    July,  Aug.    t 

9  S.  DouoLAsii.    Much  like  No.  8,  but  larger,  smoother,  and  with  redder  fls.    Oregon. 

1 0  S.  sallcifolia  L.  Nearly  smooth ;  lvs.  lanceolate  to  oblanceolate,  serrate ;  rac 
panicled,  dense  or  lax,  white,  often  with  a  blush  ;  carp.  5.  Meadows,  thickets.  Com 
mon.    Stem  purplish.    3— 4f.    Stam.  conspicuous  as  in  other  species.    July.    + 

lis.  ari.«f6lia.  Lvs.  elliptic-oblong,  crenately  lobed  and  toothed  ;  fls.  innumerablu 
In  large,  terminal  ranicles,  white.    Oreg.    6— 12f,    Stems  virgate.    J"jie,  July. 


104  Order  44— ROSACEA. 

12  S.  L^vioATA.    Lvs.  obovate-oblong,  very  smooth  and  entire,  seBsile.    Siberia. 

13  S.  Ar  uncus  L.  Goats  Beard.  Lvs.  tripinnate ;  Ifts.  oblong-lanceolate,  acumi- 
nate, straight-veined,  doubly  serrate,  odd  ones  lance-ovate  ;  pan.  large,  of  numeroui 
slender  racemes  ;  carpels  3—5,  glabrous,  1".    Mts.  N.  Y.  to  Ga.    3— 5f.    JtUy. 

14  S.  Sobata  L.  Queen-of-t?ie- Prairie.  Lvs.  pinnatifld,  the  term,  lobe  largest,  ped- 
ately  7-9-parted,  lobes  all  doubly  serrate ;  stip.  reniform  ;  panicle  large,  roseate,  ex- 
ceedingly delicate ;  cai-pels  6—8.    Low  prairies,  W.  &  S.    4— 8f.    June,  July,    t 

15  S.  Ulmaria.  Double  Meadow-sweet.  Lvs.  interruptedly  pinnate,  white-downy  be- 
neath ;  Ifts.  lance-ovate,  the  terminal  one  large,  palmately  3--5-lobed.    Eur.    July. 

IG  S.  FiLiPENDULA.  Pride-of-the-Meadow.  Lfts.  9—21,  piunatifid-serrate,  minute  onea 
between;  stip.  clasping,  large ;  corymbs  lax;  sep.  reflexed.    Europe.    Root  tuberous. 

ITS.  Japonica.  Lvs.  biternate ;  lfts.  oblong,  acuminate,  cordate,  their  stalks  bearded 
at  base  ;  panicle  terminal ;  flowers  with  10  stamens  and  2  styles,  pure  white.    3— 4f 

4.  GILLENIA,  Moench.  Indian  Physic.  Calyx  tubular-campanu- 
late,  contracted  at  the  orifice,  5-cleft.  Pet.  5,  linear-lanceolate,  long.  Sta 
10 — 15,  very  short.  Carpels  5,  connate  at  base.  Styles  terminal.  Follicles 
2-valved,  3-4-seeded.     U  With  trifoliate,  doubly-serrate  leaves. 

1  G.  trifoliata  Moench.  Lfts.  ovate-oblong,  acuminate  ;  stip.  linear-setaceous,  entire ; 

fls.  on  long  pedicels,  in  pedunculate,  corymbous  panicles.    In  woods,  W.  N.  Y.  to  Ga. 
2— 3f.    Flowers  axillary  and  terminal,  rose-white,  li'  broad.    June,  July. 

2  G.  stipulacea  Nutt.    Bowmari's  Root.     Lvs.  lanceolate,  deeply  incised ;   radical 

leaves  pinnatifld ;  stipules  leafy,  ovate,  doubly  incised,  clasping ;  flowers  large,  in 
loose  panicles.    W.  N.  Y.  to  Ala.    Flowers  rose-color.    June. 

5.  KERRIA,  DC.  Calyx  of  5,  acuminate,  nearly  distinct  sepals.  Cor. 
of  5  petals.  Ov.  5 — 8,  smooth,  globous,  ovules  solitary.  Sty.  filiform. 
Ach.  globous.  +)  Stems  virgate.  Lvs.  simple,  ovate,  acuminate,  doubly 
serrate,  with  stipules.  Flowers  terminal  on  the  branches,  solitaiy  or  few 
together,  orange  yellow. 

K.  Jap6nica.    Japan  Globe-flower.— Gardens.    5— 8f.    Flowers  double. 

6.  NEVIUSIA,  Gray.  Calyx  5-parted,  the  lobes  leafy,  cut-serrate, 
persistent.  Cor.  0.  Sta.  co,  filiform.  Ov.  2 — 4,  1-ovuled.  Ach.  drupa- 
ceous. 5  Lvs.  simple,  ovate,  petiolate.  Stipules  subulate,  free.  Flowers 
terminal,  numerous,  showy. 

N.  Alabanieusis  Gr.— Tuscaloosa,  Ala.  (Rev.  R.  D.  Ncvius.)    2— 3f. 

7.  RUBUS,  L.  Bramble.  Calyx  spreading,  5-parted.  Pet.  5,  decidu- 
ous. Stam.  00,  inserted  into  the  border  of  the  disk.  Ovaries  many,  with 
2  ovules,  one  of  them  abortive.  Achenia  pulpy,  drupaceous.  ^  Lo  With 
(D  stems,  armed  with  prickles.  Inflorescence  imperfectly  centrifugal 
Fruit  escident,  Julj^ — Sept.    Flowers  in  May,  June.    Fig.  185. 

§  Fruit  inseparable  from  the  juicy,  deciduous  receptacle.    Blackberries,  .(a) 

a  Stems  (mostly)  erect,  stout,  armed  with  stout,  recui'ved  prickles Nos.  1,  2 

a  Stems  procumbent,  trailing,  mostly  with  slender,  minute  prickles Nos.  3—5 

§§  Fruit  separating  from  the  dry.  persistent  receptacle.    Raspberries.  .  .(^>) 

b  Leaves  simple,  lobed.    Not  prickly Nos.  6—8 

b  Leaves  compound.  —  Stems  not  prickly,  herbaceous No.  9 

—Stems  prickly,  shrubby.— Corollas  single Nos.  10—13 

—Corollas  double No.  13 

1  K.  Tillosus  Ait.    lilif/h  Blackberry.    Pubescent,  viscid,  and  prickly;  st.  recurred 


Order  44.— ROSACEA.  105 

at  toj),  angular ;  Ifts.  3—5,  ovate,  acuminate,  serrate ;  petioles  prickly ;  calyx  acomi- 
nate ;  raceme  leafless,  QO-flowered  ;  fruit  ovoid,  small-grained,  sweet.  Thickets.  3— 6f. 
Fruit  black,  in  August. 

p.  frond'ontta,  LaiCton  B.  Smoothish  ;  rao.  leafy  at  base,  short ;  fr.  subglobouB, 
large-grained,  very  acid.    Fields  and  gardens. 

■y.  humifUsus,    Trailing ;  leaves  smaller  ;  peduncles  few-flowered. 

2  R.  cuneifollus  Ph.    Sand  B.    Pubescent;  Ivs.  .3-foliate ;  Ifts.  wedge-obovato,  en- 

tiro  at  base,  dentate  above  ;  racemes  few-flowered,  loose.  Sandy  woods,  L.  I.  to  Fla. 
2— 3f.    Pet.  white,  thrice  longer  than  calyx.    May,  June. 

3  R.  liispidiis  L.    Hispid  with  retrorse  bristles;  Ivs.  C-foliate,  smooth,  green  both 

sides;  Ifts.  obovate,  thickish,  persistent;  fls.  and  fr.  small,  corj^mbed,  on  filiform 
pedicels.    Damp  woods.    3— 7f  long.    Fruit  sour.    May,  June. 
/3.  getbaun,    Lvs.  oblanceolate ;  fruit  red.    (R.  setosus  Bw.) 

4  R.  Canadensis  L.    Northern  Dewberry.    Slightly  prickly ;  lvs.  3  (rarely  5)-foliate ; 

Ifts.  elliptic  or  rhomb-oval,  acuminate,  thin  ;  ped.  long,  hardly  in  clusters ;  fruit  large, 
black,  very  sweet  in  August.    Stony  fields.  North. 

5  R.  trlvlalls  Mx.    Southern  Dewberry.    Prickiyand  bristly;  lvs.  3-5-foliate,  thick. 

ovate-oblong  or  oval ;  ped.  1-3-flowered  ;  scp.  obtuse,  reflexed.    South. 

6  R.  odoratus  L.    Mulberry.    St.  erect  or  reclining,  unarmed,  glandular-pilous  ;  lvs. 

palmately  3-5-lobed,  middle  lobe  longest,  unequally  serrate ;  fls.  large,  in  terminal 
corymbs  ;  pet.  orbicular,  purple.    Woods :  common.    3— 5f,    Fr.  red,  sweet,  in  Aug. 

7  R.  Nutkanus  Mocino.    Somewhat  pilous ;  lvs.  broad,  5-lobed,  lobes  nearly  equal, 

coarsely  serrate ;  ped.  few-flowered;  sep.  long-acuminate,  shorter  than  the  very  large, 
round-oval,  white  petals.    Mich.,  Wis.  to  Oreg.    5~7f. 

8  R.  Cliamaemorus  L.    Cloudberry.    Herbaceous,  dioecious;  st.  decumbent  at  base, 

erect,  unarmed,  1-flwd. ;  lvs.  mostly  but  2,  cordate  reniform,  rugous,  with  5-rounded 
lobes,  serrate  ;  sep.  obtuse  ;  pet.  obovate,  white.    White  Mts.    If.    June. 

9  R.  trlflorus  Rich.    Branches  herbaceous,  green ;  lvs.  3-  or  .5-foliate ;   Ifts.  nearly 

smooth,  thin,  rhombic-ovate,  acute,  odd  one  petiolulate ;  stip.  ovate,  entire  ;  pet.  erect, 
oblong-obovate.    Hilly  woods,  N.    Fruit  few-grained,  dark  red. 

1 0  R.  strf  gosus  Mx.  Wild  Red  Raspberry.  St.  strongly  hispid ;  lvs.  pinnately  3-  or 
5-foliate^,  Ifts.  oblong-ovate  or  oval,  obtuse  at  base,  canescent-tomentous  beneath,  odd 
one  stalked;  cor.  cup-shaped,  white.    Old  fields,  N.    Common.    Fruit  red. 

11  R.  occldcntalls  L.  Black  Raspberry.  Thimble-berry.  St.  glaucous  with  bloom, 
long,  recuiTcd,  prickly  ;  lvs.  pinnately  3-foliate ;  Ifts.  ovate,  acuminate,  hoary-tomen- 
tous  beneath,  lateral  ones  sessile ;  pet.  shorter  than  sep. ;  fr.  blk.  Rky.  fields  and  gard. 

12  R.  Id^us.  Garden  R.  Hispid  or  prickly;  lvs.  pinnately  3--5-foliate ;  Ifts.  rhomb- 
ovate,  acuminate,  hoary-tomentous  beneath ;  scp.  hoary-tomentous,  pointed,  longer 
than  the  white  petals ;  fruit  red,  white,  or  yellow.    §  ?    % 

1 3  R.  Ros^FOLius.  Bindal  Rose.  Prickles  straight ;  lvs.  pinnately  3-7-foliate ;  Ifts. 
lance-ovate,  doubly  serrate,  velvety ;  flowers  large,  white.    Mauritius. 

8.  DALIBARDA,  L.  False  Violet.  Calyx  inferior,  deeply  5-6- 
parted,  spreading,  3  of  the  segm.  larger.  Pet.  5.  Sta.  oo.  Sty.  5 — 8,  long, 
deciduous.    Acli.  nearly  dry.    [^  Lvs.  undivided.    Scapes  1-2-flowered. 

D.  repens  L.  Low,  pubescent,  bearing  creeping  shoots  ;  lvs.  simple,  roundish-cordate, 
crenate  ;  stipule  linear-setaceous  ;  calyx  spreading  in  flower,  erect  in  fruit.  U  Damp 
woods,  Penn.  to  Can.    2—12-'.    Scapes  with  1  small  white  flower.    June. 

9.  DRYAS  integrifolia,  Yalil.— On  the  White  Hills  of  K  R  Prof. 
Peck  (P\irsli).     On  Pike's  Peak,  Colorado.  (A.  H.  Thompson.) 

10.  GEUM,  L.  AvENS.  Calyx  5-cleft,  with  5  alternate  segments  or 
bractlets  smaller  and  exterior.     Pet.  5.      Sta.  oo.    Ach.  oo,  aggr^ated 


105  Order  44.— ROSACE^E. 

on  a  dry  receptacle,  and  caudate  with  the  persistent,  mostly  jointed,  genic- 
ulate and  bearded  style.     U  Leaves  pinnately  divided. 

%  SiEVERSiA.    style  straight,  jointless,  all  of  it  perpistent.    Flowers  large. .  .Nop.  1,  2 
§  Geum  proper.    St3-le  bent  and  jointed  in  the  middle,  upper  part  deciduous. . .  (a) 

a  Head  of  fruits  raised  on  a  stipe.    Flowers  yellow  or  purple Nos.  3,  4 

a  Head  of  fruits  sessile  (no  stipe).— &  Flowers  yellow Nos.  5.  (i 

—6  Flowers  white Nos.  7.  S 

1  O.  trifloriim  Ph.  Villous,  erect,  about  3-flowered ;  Ivs,  mostly  radical,  interrupt- 
edly pinnate,  of  numerous  cuneate,  iucisely  dentate,  subequal  Ifts. ;  bractlets  linear, 
longer  than  the  sepals ;  styles  plumous.  very  long  in  fruit  ('i— 3').  N-W.  States,  rare 
in  the  North.  8—12'.  Flowers  purplish-white.  May.  June. 
2.  G.  radidtum  Mx.  Hirsute  or  smoothish ;  stem  erect,  nearly  leafless  ;  root  Ivs. 
lyrate,  the  terminal  leaflet  large,  reniform.  lobed  and  toothed,  lateral  ones  minute ; 
bractlets  minute;  pet.  obcordate,  yellow,  large;  styles  hairy  a*r  base.  White  Mts. 
N.  H.,  Roan  Mt.  N.  Car.    9—15'.    (G.  Peckii  Ph.) 

3  G.  vernum  T.  &  G.    Smoothish  ;  Ivs.  pinnately  divided,  incisely  lobed  and  toothed, 

the  lowest  often  simple  ;  fls.  small,  yellow ;  sep.  reflexed ;  torus  conspicuously  stipi- 
tate.    W.  and  S-W.    12— 2(K.    Stipules  large.    April— June. 

4  G.  rivale  L.    Pubescent ;  st.  subsimple  ;  radical  Ivs.  lyrate  ;  stip.  ovate,  acute  ;  fls. 

nodding,  purple;  pet.  as  long  as  the  erect  cal.  segments,  purplish-yellow  ;  upper  joint 
of  the  persistent  style  plumous.    Wet  meadows,  N.  and  M.    1— 2f.    June. 

5  G.  strictum  Ait.   Hirsute  ;  Ivs.  interruptedly  pinnate  ;  Ifts.  ovate,  lobed  and  toothed ; 

pet.  roundish,  longer  than  the  reflexed  sepals ;  torus  densely  pubescent.    Fields,  ;X. 
States  and  Can.    2— 3f.    Terminal  leaflet  largest.    July,  August. 

6  G.  macrophyllum  WiJld.    Hispid;  Ivs.  interruptedly  lyrate-pinnate,  the  termi- 

nal 1ft.  much  the  largest,  roundish  cordate,  3— 5',  all  unequally  dentate  ;  petals  longer 
than  the  calyx ;  recept.  nearly  smooth.  White  Mts.  and  Can.    1— 2f.    June,  July. 

7  G.  album  Gmel.    Smoothish  or  pubescent ;  root  Ivs.  temate  or  often  simple,  upper 

Ivs.  simple;  Ifts.  ovate,  lobed  and  dentate ;  pet.  as  long  as  calyx;  torus  white-bristly. 
Thickets.    Common.    2— 3f.    July.    (G.  Virginianum  T.  &  G.  «&c.)  (See  Addenda.) 

8  G.  Virginianum  L.    Hirsute;  Ivs.  pinnate  below,  then  ternate,  the  upper  simple; 

Ifts.  incisely  lobed,  wedge-lanceolate,  very  acute,  cut-toothed ;  pet.  shorter  than  calyx  ; 
torus  nearly  naked.    Wet  thickets.    2— 3f.    Stout.    July. 

11.  FRAGARIA,  L.  Strawberry.  Cal.  concave,  deeply  5-cleft,  with 
an  equal  number  of  alternate,  exterior  segiuents  or  bractlets.  Pet.  5, 
obcordate.  Sta.  oo.  Sty.  go,  lateral.  Ach.  smooth,  affixed  to  a  large, 
pulpy,  deciduous  receptacle.  U  [^  Stems  stoloniferous.  Leaves  trifoliate. 
Fruit  red.    Flowers  white,  in  Spring.  Figs.  5,  117,  184,  251,  428. 

§  Bractlets  entire  ;  petals  white.    Stemless,  stoloniferous Nos.  1,  2 

§  DucHESNiA.    Bractlets  3-lobed ;  petals  yellow.    Stems  trailing No.  3 

1  F.  Virglnlana  Ehrh.    Pubescent;   Ivs.  thick;  cal.  of  the  fruit  erecl -spreading; 

acii.  imbedded  in  pits  in  the  globous  receptacle  ;  ped.  commonly  shorter  than  the  Ivs. 
Fields  and  gardens,    6 — 12'.    Some  of  its  varieties  are  polygamo-dicecious. 
/3.  IlUno^ngis,    Larger,  very  villous  in  the  stems.    Prairies.     Westward. 

2  F.  vesca  L.    Alpine,  Wood,    or    English  Strawberry.    Villous-pnbescent;   cal.   cf 

the  fruit  spreading  or  reflexed  ;  ach.  superficial  on  the  conical  or  hemispherical  rec(  p- 
tacle,  which  is  without  pits  ;  Ivs.  thin.  Fields  and  woods. 
/3.  pallida.  Fruit  white.  A  var.  well  established  in  Wayne  Co.  N.Y.  (Hankenson.) 
8  F.  Indica  Ait.  Pubescent,  rooting  at  the  joints;  Ifts.  ovate,  obtuse,  incisely  cre- 
nate-serrate  ;  stip.  lanceolate,  free ;  pedicels  axillary,  solitary  1-flowercd  ;  bractloti 
leafy  In  fniit.    u  Damp  places,  Pcnn.  and  S.    §  India. 


Order  44.— ROSACEiE.  107 

12.  WALDSTEINIA,  Willd.  Dry  Strawberry.  Cal.  5-cleft,  with 
5  alternate,  sometimes  minute  and  deciduous  bractlets.  Pet.  5  or  more, 
sessile,  deciduous.  Sta.  CO.  St}--.  2— G.  Ach.  few,  dry,  on  a  dry  receptacle. 
U  Acaulescent,  with  lobed  or  divided  leaves,  and  yellow  flowers. 

1  W.  fragarloides  Traut.    Lvs.  trifoliate ;  Ifts.  ■broad-cuneiform,  incisely  dentate- 

crenatc,  ciliate;  scapos  hracteate,  many-flowered.    Hilly  woods.    8'.    Jnne. 

2  W,  lobata  T.  &  G.    Lvs.  simple,  roundish,  cordate,  3-5-lobed,  incisely  crenate; 

scapes  filiform,  bracted,  3-7-flowered.    Hills,  South.    6^    May,  June. 

13.  POTENTILLA,  L.  Cinquefotl.  Calyx  concave,  deeply  5-cleft, 
with  5  bractlets  added.  Pet.  5,  roundish.  Sta.  oo,  slender.  Ovaries  col- 
lected into  a  head  on  a  small,  dry,  hairy  torus.  Sty.  terminal  and  lateral, 
deciduous.  Achenia  go.  ©  ^  b  Leaves  compound.  Flowers  solitary 
or  cymous,  mostly  yellow.    Figs.  365-6. 

§  SiBBALDiA.    Stamens  5.    Achenia  5— 10,  styles  lateral.    Low  herbs.    Mts No.  1 

§  C6marttm.    Sta.  CO.    Flowers  brown-purple.  Torus  in  fruit  ovoid,  spongy — No.  2 
§  PoTENTiLLA proper.    Sta.  00.    Flowers  yellow  to  white.   Torus  not  enlarged,  .(a) 

a  Leaves  palmately  3-foliate Nos.  3,  4,  5 

a  Leaves  palmately  5-foliate.    Flowers  yellow Nos.  6,  7 

a  Leaves  pinnate.— &  Shrubs,  with  the  flowers  axillary  above No.  8 

—d  Herbs,  with  the  flowers  axillary,  solitary Nos.  9, 10 

— b  Herbs,  with  the  flowers  in  terminal  cymes Nos.  11,  12 

Exotic  species,  with  fls.  roseate  and  purple.. Nos.  13, 14 

1  P.  procikmbens  Clairv.    Lfts.  3,  obovate,  3-toothed  at  apex,  hairy  beneath ;  fit*. 

coryrabed.    White  Mts.  ?  (Pursh),  and  N.    (Sibbaldia  L.) 

2  P.  pal  ustrls  Scop.    Lvs.  pinnate ;  lfts.  .3—7,  lance-obiong,  obtuse,  sharply  serrate, 

hoary  beneath ;   sep.  much  longer  than  the  purple  petals ;  torus  persistent,  large, 
tasteless.    71  Swamps,  N.    1— 2f.    June.    (Comarum  L.) 

3  P.  Norveg-ica  L.    Hirsute  ;  st.  erect,  dichotomous  above  ;  lfts.  3,  elliptical  or  obo- 

vate, dentate-serrate,  petiolulate;  cymes  leafy;  cal.  exceeding  the  emarginate  pale- 
yellow  petals  ;  sty.  terminal.    @  Old  fields,  thickets,  Can.  to  Car.    1— 4f.    July— Sept. 

4  P.  tridcntuta  Ait.    Smooth;  st.  ascending,  woody  and  creeping  at  base  ;  lfts.  3- 

obovate-cuncate,  evergreen,   entire,  with  3  large  teeth  at  the  apex;  cymes  nearly 
naked  ;  petals  white,  obovate.     U  High  Mts.  N.  Eng.    6—12'.    June. 

5  P.  minima  Hallcr?    St.  pubescent,  ascending,  mostly  1 -flowered;  lfts.  3.  obovate, 

obtuse,  iucii=ely  serrate  with  5—9  teeth  above  ;  petals  yellow,  longer  than  the  sepals. 
71  White  Mountains.    1—3',  tufted.    June,  July. 

6  P.  Canadensis  L.    Villous-piibescent,  procumbent,  producing  rnnners:    lfts.  5, 

obovate,  cut-toothed  above  ;  pedicels  axillary,  solitary,  1-flowered. 
a.  pumila.    Small  and  delicate,  flowering  in  Apr.  May,  everywhere. 
p.  simplex,    Sub?imple,  ascending.  8—14',  smoothish;  fls.  June— Aug.  Oom:xjoD. 

7  P.  argentea  L.    St.  ascending,  tomentous ;  lfts.  5,  oblong-cuneiform,  with  a  few, 

lar^^e,  incised  teeth,  smooth  above,  silvery  canescent  beneath,  sessile ;  flowers  in  a 
cymous  corymb,  small  (3'0.    ^  Rocky  hills,  N.    G— 10'.    June— Sept. 

8  P.  frutlcosa  L.    St.  fraticous,  veiy  branching,  hirsute,  erect;   lfts.  5—7,  linear- 

oblong,  all  sessile,  margin  entire  and  revolutc ;  petals  large,  much  longer  than  the 
calyx.    A  low,  bushy  shrub,  N.  States.    1— 2f.    Flowers  1'.    June— Ang. 

9  P.  anserSiia  L.    Silver-tveed.     Goose-grass.    St.  slender,  prostrate,  rooting;   lvs. 

interruptedly  pinnate  ;  lfts.  many  pairs,  oblong,  deeply  serrate,  canescent  beneath  ; 
peduncle  solitary,  1-flowered,  veiy  long.   2f  Wet,  N.  Eng.  N.  and  W.  1— 2f,  Jn.— Sent. 

10  P.  paradoxa  N.  Decumbent  at  base,  pubescent ;  lvs.  pinnate  ;  lfts.  7—9,  ovat«- 
obl.  incised,  upper  ones  confluent ;  ped.  solitary,  recurved  in  fruit ;  ach.  2-lobed.  O 
Shores  of  Sodus  Bay  (Hankcnson),  \W .  to  Orcg.    If.    June— July. 


108  Ordeu  44.— rosace.^. 

11  P.  Pennsylvanlca  L.  Erect,  whitish-downy ;  Ifts.  5-0,  oblong,  obtuse,  pin- 
natifid,  upper  ones  larger ;  cyme  fastigiate,  at  length  loose,     n  N.  Eng. :  rare. 

12  P.  argiita  Ph.  Erect,  grayish,  pubescent  and  villous;  radical  Ivs.  on  long  peti- 
oles, 7-9foliate,  cauline  few,  3-7-foliate  ;  Ifts.  broadly  ovate,  cut-serrate,  crowded;  fla. 
in  dense  terminal  cymes,     li  By  streams,  N.  and  W.    2 — 3f,  stout.    May,  June. 

13  P.  Nepalensis.  Root  Ivs.  quinate  ;  stem  temate  ;  Ifts.  wcdge-oblong,  serrate  ;  stip. 
large,  adnate,  entire,    u  Nepal,    lif.    Flowers  large,  rose,  scarlet,  orange,  &c. 

IIP.  ATROSANGUINEA.  Lvs.  tcrnatc  ;  Ifts.  obovate,  cut-serrate,  white-downy  beneath; 
8cp.  elliptic ;  pet.  obcordate.    u  Nepal.    IK-    Flowers  crimson,  often  double. 

14.  ALCHEMILLA,  L.  Ladies'  Mantle.  Calyx  4-tootliGcl,  with  4 
external  bractlets.  Petals  0.  Sta.  1 — 4.  Carp.  (1 — 4)  mostly  solitary,  with 
the  style  lateral.  Stig.  capitate.  Seed  suspended.  Low  herbs,  with  pal- 
mately  lobed  oi  incised  leaves  and  small  green  flowers.    Fig.  38. 

1  A,  arvensls  Scop.    Parsley  Piert.    Lvs.  crenate  at  base,  incisely  3-lobed  or  parted, 

the  segm.  2-3-cleft,  pubescent ;  fls.  axillary.    (T)  E.  Va.    A  small  weed.    §  Europe. 

2  A.  alpinus  L.    Lvs.  radical,  silky  beneath,  5-7-parted,  cut-serrate  at  apex ;  fls.  co- 

rymbed.    High  Mts.  of  N.  Eng.  (Pursh,  1816.)    t  Europe. 

15.  POTERIUM,  L.  Burnet.  Calyx  tube  contracted  at  the  top. 
Lobes  4,  imbricated,  petaloid,  deciduous.  Pet.  0.  Sta.  4 — go  ,  exserted. 
Styles  slender,  1 — 3.  Stig.  penicillate.  Ach.  included  in  the  hardened,  4- 
angled  calyx  tube.  If  Lvs.  unequally  pinnate,  with  long  stalks  and  ad- 
nate stipules.  Lfts.  petiolulate,  serrate.  Fls.  in  a  spike  or  head,  on  a  long 
peduncle  or  scape,  often  8  .    (Includes  Sanguisorba  L.) 

1  P.  Canadense  (L.)    Glabrous ;  lfts.  many,  ovate  or  oval,  obtuse,  cordate,  with 

serrate  stipels  and  stipules ;   spikes    cylindric  (30  ;    stam.  4,  long  exserted.    Wet 
meadows  along  the  mountains.    Can.  to  Ga.    2— 4f.    Flowers  green-white.    Aug. 

2  P.  Sanj^uisorba  L.    Glabrous ;  leaflets  many,  ovate  or  roundish,  deeply  serrate , 

heads  subglobous  ;  sta.  QO,  in  the  lower  fls.   L.  Huron  {Hooker)  and  W.   Purp.  t  Aug. 

16.  AGRIMONIA,  L.  Aghtmony.  Calyx  tube  turbinate,  contracted 
at  the  throat,  muricate,  limb  5-cleft,  connivent  in  fruit.  Pet.  5.  Sta.  12— 
15.  Ov.  2.  Styles  terminal.  Ach.  included  in  the  indurated  tube  of  the 
calyx.     IC  Lvs.  pinna tely  divided.     Fls.  yellow,  in  long,  slender  racemes. 

1  A.  Eiipatoria  L.    Lfts.  5  to  7,  lance-oval  or  obovate,  with  small  ones  interposed, 

coarsely  dentate  ;  stip.  large,  dentate ;  pet.  twice  longer  than  the  reflexed  calyx.    Dry 
soils,  common.    1— 3f.    Rac.  spicate,  6'— If.    Fls.  3 — i"  broad.    July,  Aug. 

2  A.  parvlflora  Ait.    Lfts.  9— 17,  crowded,  pubescent  beneath,  lanceolate,  cut-serrate, 

with  smaller  ones  interposed  ;  pet.  small.   Woods,  &c..  Pa.  S.  and  W.  PLint  fragrant, 
8— 4f,  with  spreading  brownish  hairs.    July,  Aug. 
^.  Incisa,    Lfts.  incisely  piunatifid.    South.    (A.  incisa  T.  &  G.) 

17.  ROSA,  Tourn.  Rose.  Calyx  tube  urceolate,  contracted  at  the  ori- 
fice, lined  with  the  fleshy  disk.  Petals  5  (greatly  multiplied  by  cultiva- 
tion). St.  00,  inserted  into  the  rim  of  the  disk.  Ach.  (»,  bony,  hispid, 
borne  free  within  the  calyx  tube.  +)  Prickly.  Lvs.  odd-pinnate.  Stip. 
mostly  adnate  to  the  petiole.    Figs.  35,  139, 197,  301. 

Ohx.  Our  innumerable  varieties  of  garden  Roses  have  mostly  originated  with  the  few  species  men- 
tioned below.  To  define  these  varieties  in  order  to  their  recognition  would  generally  be  impossible,  for 
their  forms  are  as  evanescent  as  their  names  are  arbitrary.  All  that  we  propose  is  to  aid  the  learner  in 
tracing  back  each  form  to  the  species  whence  it  sprung.  This  will  be  easily  done  in  all  cases  except  vith 
the  hybrid! 


Order  44.— ROSACEA.  109 

♦  Wild  Roses,  with  simple,  5-petalled  flowers,  open  in  June  and  July. .  .(§) 

§  Leaflets  3,  rarely  5,  smooth.    Branches  long,  climbing  or  trailing Noe.  1,  3 

§  Leaflets  5— 9,— a  rusty  glandular  and  fragrant  beneath Nos.  3,  4 

—a  not  glandular.    Erect.— 6  Prickles  stout,  falcate No.  5 

—b  Prickles  weak,  straight Nos.  G,  7,  8 

•  Garden  Roses,  with  either  simple  or  double  flowers..  .(§§) 

§§  Styles  cohering  in  an  exsorted  column.    Climbers. . .  (a) 

a  Leaflets  3—5,  mostly  3.    Prickles  stout,  deflexed No.  1 

a  Leaflets  5 — 9.-6  Stipules  and  sepals  moi?tly  entire Nos.  9,  10 

—b  Stipules,  or  sepals,  dissected.    Prickles  slender Nos.  11,  12 

$$  Styles  separate.— c  Stipules  nearly  free,  and  caducous Nos.  2,  13,  14 

— c  Stipules  adnate  to  the  petiole.— (i  Prickles  falcate.,  .{e) 
—d  Prickles  straight. . .  (/) 

e  Leaflets  not  at  all  glandular.    Shrubs  erect,  often  slender Nos.  15,  1(5, 17 

e  Leaflets  glandular  and  fragrant  beneath,  downy  or  not Nos.  3,  18, 19 

/  Lvs.  and  often  the  calyx,  glandular.    Fls.  roseate  or  yellow.  .Nos.  20,  21 
/  Lvs.  not  at  all  glandular.    Prickles  numerous,  weak,  or 0.  .Nos.  22,  23,  24 

I  R.  setigera  Mx.    Prairie  Rose.    Spines  strong,  straightish ;  Ifts.  ovate;  stip.  adhe- 

rent ;  fls.  in  corymbs,  deep  roseate,  becoming  pale,  scentless ;  styles  united  in  an  ex- 
serted  column.    Prairies,  «fec.,  N.  Y.  W.  and  S.    12— 20f.    June,  July,    t 
Var.  Praii'ie  Queen,  Baltimore  Belie,  Rosa  Superba,  &c. 
8  R.  Isevlgata  Mx.     Cherokee  R.  Prickles  very  strong,  recurved  ;  Ifts.  elliptical,  ever- 
green, polished ;  stip.  free,  setaceous  ;  fls.  solitary,  large,  white ;  calyx  bristly  ;  styles 
separate.    Tenn.  to  Fla.    15— 30f.    §  ?    In  hedges  and  gardens. 

3  R.  rublginosa  L.   Sweet  Brier.  Eglantine.   Prickles  strong,  recun'ed,  many  weak 

ones  intermixed ;  Ifts.  broad-oval;  fls.  solitary;  fruit  obo  void  and,  with  the  pedicels, 
glandular  hispid.    Fields,  roadsides.    4— 8f.    Fls.  light  red,  single  or  double. 
Var.  Clementine,  Maiden,  Royal,  Scarlet,  Tree-doviMe,  White,  &c. 

4  R.  micrantha  Smith.    Prickles  strong,  recurved,  few  and  equal ;  Ifts.  ovate ;  fls. 

solitary,  small  (IS'O,  mostly  white.    Pastures,  &c.    N.  Eng.  6— 8f.    June. 

5  R.  Carolina  L.    Swamp  R.  Tall,  erect,  glabrous  ;  Ifts.  elliptical,  glaucous  beneath, 

not  shining;  fls.  corymbed  ;  fr.  depresse'^-globous,  dark  red,  with  hispid  peduncles. 
Damp  woods.    4— 8f.    Fls.  varying  from  red  to  white.    June,  July. 

6  R.  luclda  Ehrh.     Wild  R.    Prickles  scattered,  setaceous  ;  Ifts.  elliptical,  simply  ser- 

rate, shining  above ;  fls.  in  pairs  (1—3) ;  fr,  depressed-globous  and,  with  the  pedi- 
cels, glandular-hispid.    Dry  woods.    1— 3f.    Branches  greenish.    Fls.  red. 

7  R.  nitida  Willd.     Wild  R.    Stems  reddish  with  very  numerous  reddish  prickles  ; 

Ifts.  narrow-lanceolate,  smooth  and  shining ;  fls.  solitary ;  calyx  hispid.    Swamps,  N. 
Eng.    1— 2f.    Fls.  red.    Fr.  scarlet.    Perhaps  a  variety  of  No.  6. 

8  R.  blanda  Ait.    Thomless  IWd  R.    Prickles  few,  slender,  deciduous ;  Ifts.  oblong, 

obtuse,  not  shining ;  stip.  broad ;  ped.  short,  and  with  the  calyx  smooth  and  glau- 
cous ;  fr.  globous.    Dry  hills,  N.  and  M.    2— 3f.    Petals  reddish. 

9  R.  SEMPfiRViRENS.    Pricklcs  subequal ;  Ifts.  thick,  evergreen ;  fls.  clustered,  mostly 

white  ;  fr.  round-ovoid,  yellow,  glandular-hispid.    S.  Eur.    &— 12f. 

10  R.  ARVENSis.  Ayreshire  R.  Prickles  unequal,  falcate  ;  Ifts.  ovate,  acute,  deciduous, 
glaucous  beneath  ;  fls.  solitary  or  clustered,  white  to  purple.    Eur.    20f. 

Var.  Dundee  Rambler,  Virginia  Lass,  Weeping-tree  R.,  &c. 

I I  R.  MoscHATA.  Musk  R.  Lfts.  lanceolate,  acuminate  ;  stip.  very  narrow  ;  sep.  long- 
appendaged,  pinnatifld  ;  fls.  panicled,  peculiarly  fragrant,  white.    Asia.    10— 12f. 

12  R.  MULTiFLoRA.  Japan  R.  Lfts.  lance-ovate,  rugous,  soft ;  stip.  pectinate-fringed  ; 
fls.  corymbed  ;  sep.  short  and  ped.  tomentous.   South.  15— 20f.  Pet.  wh.  topurp,    §  t 

Var.  Boiirsault,  Seven  Sisters,  RusseTs,  &c. 

13  R.  BRACTEATA.  Mocurtney  R.  £rect;  prickles  recurved;  lfts.  5— 9,  obovate,  shin- 
ing ;  stip.  bristle-fringed ;  fls.  solitary,  with  large  bracts  under  the  tomontous  calyx. 
China.    2— 3f.    Fls.  white,  creamy,  &c.    §  S. 


110  Ordeu  44.-IlOSACE^. 

14  R.  BANKSiiB.  Thornless  R.  Prickles  none;  Ifts.  lanceolate,  3—5,  subentire;  fls. 
small,  in  umbels  ;  fruit  globular,  nearly  black.    China. 

15  R.  Indica.  Chinese  Monthly  Ji.  Bengal  It.  Lfts.  3—5,  ovate,  pointed,  shining; 
6tip.  very  narrow  ;  sep.  subentire  ;  stam.  inflexed  ;  fruit  top-shaped.  China.  1— 8f. 
Fls.  white  to  crimson.    April  to  November. 

/3.  Lawrenciana.    Miss  Lawrence's  R.    Aculeate;  fls.  small  (10  pink-purple. 
Other  var.  Noisette,  Youland  of  Ar agon,  Giant  of  Battles,  Cloth  of  Gold  (sulphur- 
yellow),  and  the  favorite  Tea  Roses. 

16  R.  CANiNA.  Dog  R.  Prickles  strong,  compressed;  lfts.  5—0,  with  acute,  incurred 
serratures  ;  stip.  rather  broad,  serrulate  ;  sep.  deflexed  after  flowering,  deciduous  ;  ft. 
ovoid,  red.    Eur.    4— 8f.    Fls.  often  simple,  red.   Often  runs  wild. 

/3.  BouRBONiANA.    Lfts.  ovate,  subcoi-date,  glossy ;  fls.  doable  and  semidouble,  pur- 
ple.   Numerous  subvarieties,  everblooming. 
1  7  R.  ciNNAMOMEA.     Cinnamon  R.    Lfts.  5—7,  oval-oblong,  grayish-downy  beneath ; 

stip.  broad,  involute,  pointed ;  ped.  and  cal.  glabrous  ;  sep.  as  long  as  the  petals,  closed 

and  persistent  on  the  fruit.    Eur.    6— 12f.    Purple. 
18  R.  DAMASCENA.    Damxisk  R.     Prickles  broad,  unequal;  lfts.  large,  broad-elliptic, 

whitish-downy  ;  sep.  reflexed.    Levant.    3 — 4f.    Fls.  pale  roseate,  very  fragrant.  The 

common  Monthly  is  a  variety. 
1  9  R.  ALBA.     ^Vhite  R.    Erect,  tall ;  prickles  slender,  or  0 ;  Ifts.  round-ovate  ;  petioles 

and  veins  downy,  glandular;  sep.  pinnatifid;  fr.  ovoid.    Eur.    Stout,  4 — 8f.    Flowers 

large,  clustered,  sweet-scented,  pure  white,  semidouble. 

20  R.  CENTiFOLiA.  Proveus  R.  Cabbage  R.  Very  prickly ;  leaflets  5—7,  ovate,  edges 
gland. -ciliate ;  cal.  and  ped.  gland-hispid,  viscid  and  frag.  S.  Eur.  2— 4f.  Fls.  pink,  &c. 

Var.  very  numerous,  among  which  is  the  incomparable  Moss  Rose. 

21  R,  EGLANTERiA.  Yellow  R.  AustHan  Eglantine.  Branches  red,  all  prickly;  lfts. 
5—7,  small,  broad-oval,  or  obovate  ;  sep.  smooth,  entire  ;  pet.  large,  yellow.  Aust.  3f. 

Var.  The  Copper  Austrian,  single  ;  Persian  Yellow,  double,  and  others. 

22  R.  ALPiNA.  Boursault  R.  Climbing;  lfts.  5—11,  ovate  or  obovate,  sharply  serrate; 
ped.  deflexed  after  flowering,  and  sep.  connivent  on  the  ovoid  hip.  Alps.  10 — 20f. 
Older  stems  thornless.    Fls.  clustered,  pink,  blush,  crimson,  &c. 

23  R.  Gallica.  Common  French  R.  Erect ;  leaflets  5— 7,  oval  to  lanceolate,  thick ;  fls. 
trect,  with  large  spreading  red  petals ;  sep.  ovate,  some  viscid.    Eur.    2— 5f. 

Var.  300  or  more ;  as  the  Velvet,  Carmine,  Carnation.    Some  are  variegated,  as 
York-and-Lancaster,  THcolor,  Picotee,  Nosegay,  &,c. 

24  R.  PiMPiNELLirbLiA.  Scotch  R.  Burnet  R.  Very  prickly,  erect ;  lfts.  5-9,  round- 
ovate,  obtuse,  smooth;  sep.  entire,  finally  convergent  on  the  fruit;  fls.  small,  rose- 
ate ;  but  there  are  varieties  with  purple  and  even  yellow  flowers. 

18.  AMELANOHIER,  Medic.  Shad-flower.  >Yild  Sekvicb.  Cal. 
5-cleft.  Pet.  5,  oblong-obovate  or  oblanceolate.  Sta.  short.  Sty.  5,  some- 
what united  at  base.  Pome  3-5-celled,  cells  partially  divided,  3-seeded. 
^  5  Leaves,  simple,  serrate.    Flowers  racemous,  white. 

A.  Canadensis  T.  &  G.    Lvs.  oval  or  oblong-ovate,  sharply  serrate,  smooth;  raceme 
loose;  calyx  segments  lance-triangular;  fruit  globous,  purplish.    Woods:  common. 
5— 35f.    Flowers  showy,  in  early  Spring.    Fruit  pleasant,  ripe  in  June. 
p.  oblong-i folia.    Shrub;  lvs.  oblong-oval,  mucronate ;  pet.  oblong-obovate. 
y.  rotundifbUa,    Lvs.  broad-oval ;  pet.  linear-oblong.    Shrub  10— 20f. 
&.  ainifblia,    Lvs.  round-oval,  serrate  near  apex  ;  pet.  linear-oblong.    15— 30C 
£'  oltg-ocarpa.    Shrub;  lvs.  elliptic-oblong,  cuspidate ;  rac.  2-4-flowered.  North. 

19.  ORAT.ffIGUS,  L.  Thorn.  Hawthorn.  Calyx  iirceolate,  limb 
5-cletTt.  Pet.  5.  Sta.  oo.  Ov.  1 — 5,  with  as  many  styles.  Pome  fleshy, 
containing  1 — 5  bony,  1-seeded  carpels,  and  crowned  at  the  summit  by  Ihfl 


OiiDEu  44.— IlOSACEiE.  Ill 

pcrsislcnl  calyx  and  disk.     5  b  Armed  with  thorns.     Lvs.  simple,  often 
lobed.     Bracts  subulate,  deciduous.    Fls.  corymbous,  white  or  purplish. 
$  Corymbs  6-33-flwcl..  appearing  with  the  leaves.    Fruit  red  or  yellowit^h..  .(a) 

a  Villous  or  pubescent.    Leaves  plicate  or  sulcate  along  the  veins Nos.  1,  2 

a  Pubescent.    Leaves  plain,  not  at  all  plicate,  cleft  or  not Nos.  3,  4 

a  Glabrous  throughout.— Z*  Leaves  abrupt  at  base,  lobed,  petioled Nos.  5—7 

—b  Leaves  attenuate  at  base,  seldom  lobed  . .  .Nos.  8,  9 

$  Corymbs  1-6-flowered,— c  appearing  before  the  downy  leaves No.  10 

—c  appearing  with  the  leaves,— d  pubescent No.  11 

—d  glabrous Nos.  12, 13 

1  C,  tomcntosa  L.    Black  Tlvom.    Lvs,  broad-ovate  or  oval,  abrupt  at  base,  doubly 

serrate  or  cut-lobed,  villous  beneath  Avhen  young,  and  plicate  ;  fls.  large,  in  compound 
l)ubescent  corymbs  ;  ft-uit  oval,  large  (8'0,  2-5-seeded,  red.  Can.  to  Ky.  and  Car.  Mts. 
15 — 2i5f.    Flowers  white,  April,  May.    Fruit  July,  Aug.    Varies  greatly. 

/3.  plicata,    Lvs  small,  glabrous,  strongly  plicate.    Vt.,  N.  H.,  N.  Y. 

■y.  pyrifoUa,    Lvs.  elliptic,  acute  at  base,  thinly  pubescent.    Styles  3.    W. 

5.  Aabellata,    Lvs.  fan-shaped ;  corymbs  glandular-pubescent.    W. 

£  molltg,  Lvs.  large,  soft-villous,  subcordate,  many-lobed ;  corymbs  cancscently- 
villous  ;  fruit  downy  when  young.    Ohio  to  Iowa. 

2  C.  punctata  Jacq.  Lvs.  cuneiform-obovate,  doubly  and  often  incisely  serrate,  entire 

at  base,  and  narrowed  to  a  short,  winged  petiole,  veins  straight  and  prominent,  co- 
rymbs villous-downy ;  styles  3  ;  fruit  globous,  punctate.  Woods,  12— 25f.  April- 
June.   (See  Addenda.) 

3  C.  arborescens  Ell.    Thomless ;  lvs,  lanceolate,  acute  at  each  end,  deeply  serrate ; 

calyx  hairy  ;  segments  subulate,  obtuse,  entire ;  corymbs  very  numerous ;  styles  5 ; 
fruit  ovoid,  red,  3".    Ga,  Fla.  and  W,    20— 30f.    March,  April, 

4  C.  apiirolia  Mx.    Thorny.    Lvs.  deltoid,  truncate  at  base,  cut-lobed  and  toothed  ; 

petioles  slender ;  styles  2  or  3.    Woods,  S.    8— 12f,    March,  April, 

5  €.  Oxyacaiitha  L.    Hawthorn.    Lvs.  wedge-obovate,  3-5-lobed  at  apex  ;  corymbs 

glabrous,  white  to  jxirple  ;  styles  1—3 ;  fruit  small,  red.    Hedges,  &c,    8— 18f.    § 

6  C.  cocciiiea  L.    White  Thorn.    Lvs.  broadly  ovate,  acutely  serrate,  7-9-lobed  (lobes 

shallow),  thin,  abrupt  at  base  ;  petioles  long,  slender,  and  (with  the  calyx)  subglandu- 
lar;  styles  3— 5.    Thickets:  common.    10— 20f.    May. 

7  ('.  corduta  Ait.     Washington  Thwn.     Lvs.  cordate-ovate,  somewhat  deltoid,  in- 

cisely  and  often  deeply  3-5-lobed,  serrate,  with  long  petioles ;  sep.  short ;  sty.  5  ;  fr. 
Hmali.  globous-depressed.    Banks,  Va.  to  Fla.    15—201*.    % 

8  C  C'riis-galli  L.     Cock-spur  Thorn.    Lvs.  obovate-cuueiform,  tapering  to  a  short 

l)etiole.  serrate,  coriaceous,  shining  above  ;  spines  very  long;  corymbs  glabrous  ;  eep, 
lanceolate,  subserrate  ;  styles  1  (2  or  3),    Thickets.    10— 20f.    Fruit  pyriform.    June. 

9  C.  spathuliita  Mx.    Lvs.  small,  coriaceous,  shining,  oblong-spatulatc,  attenuated 

to  the  subsessilc  base,  creuate  above,  sometimes  lobed ;  corymbs  numerous,  lateral, 
20-2.5-tlowered ;  sepals  very  short ;  fruit  very  small,  scarlet.    Soutli.    10— 15f,    June, 

10  C  aestivalis  T.  &  G.  Apple  Haw.  Young  lvs.  rust-downy,  older  smooth  above, 
elliptic,  repaud,  short-stalked ;  corymbs  glabrous,  2-5-flowered ;  fruit  large  (8— IKO, 
globular,  red.    Wet  shores,  S.    20— :JUf,    Fruit  pleasant,  in  May.    (See  Addenda.) 

11  C.  parviflora  Ait.  Thorns  straight  and  slender;  lvs.  cuneate-obovate,  subscs- 
sile  ;  lis.  subsolitary,  villous-tomentous  ;  sep.  incised,  leafy,  as  long  as  the  petals  ;  sty. 
5 ;  fr.  large,  roundish,  yellowish.    Sanely  woods,  N.  J.  and  S.    4— 7f.    April,  May. 

12  C  flava  Ait.  Summer  Haw.  Thorns  straight  or  arcuate;  l\-s.  rhombic-obovate, 
attenuate  into  a  glandular  petiole ;  corymbs  1  (often  2  or  3>flowered ;  etyles  4  or  5  ; 
fruit  large,  pear-shai)ed,    Va.  to  Fla.    15— 25f.    April,  May. 

13  C  viridis  L,  Thorns  few  and  short;  lvs.  roundish  or  oval,  acute  at  each  end, 
sharply  and  doubly  toothed  above  :  petioles  glandless ;  corj'mbs  S-G-ilowcred ;  styles 
2or  3;  fruit  lat^e.  globular.     Iowa  to  Fla.     12— 18f.     April,  May. 


112  OuDKR  45.— SAXIFRAGACE.E. 

20.  PYRUS,  L.    Pear,  Apple,  &c.    Calyx  iirceolate,  limb  5-cleft.  Pet, 

5,  roundish.  Styles  5  (2  or  3),  often  united  at  base.  Pome  closed,  2-5- 
carpelled,  fleshy  or  baccate.  Carp,  cartilaginous,  2-seeded.  ^  t>  Lvs.  simple 
or  pinnate.    Flowers  white  or  rose-colored,  in  cymous  corymbs. 

$  Pybtjs.    Leaves  simple,  glandless.   Styles  distinct.  Pome  pyriform No.  1 

§  Malus.    Leaves  simple,  glandless.    Styles  united  below.    Pome  globous     .Xos.  2—4 

§  Aronia.    Leaves  simple,  glandular  on  the  midveui.    Styles  united,  &c No.  .'5 

§  SoRBUs.    Leaves  pinnate.    Styles  2—5,  distinct.    Pome  small  (scarlet) No3  G,  7 

1  P.  COMMUNIS.     Pear-tree.     Lvs.  ovate-lanceolate,  obscurely  crenate,   glabrous  and 

polished  above,  acute  or  acuminate ;  corymbs  racemous ;  cal.  and  pedicels  pubesi  ent ; 
styles  5,  distinct  and  villous  at  base.    Europe.    20— 35f. 

2  P.  Malus.    Common  Apple-tree.     Lvs.  ovate  or  oblong-ovate,   serrate,   not  lobej, 

downy,  the  veins  all  incurved ;  corymbs  subumbellate  ;  pet.  with  short  claws  ;  styles 
5,  united  and  villous  at  base.    Europe.    20— 30f.    Nearly  §. 

3  P.  corouarla  L.    Wild  Crab-tree.    Lvs.  ovate,  rounded  at  base,  cut-serrate,  often 

sublobate,  straight-veined,  soon  smoothish ;  sep. subulate ;  fls.  large,  roseate,  corymbed, 
fragrant ;  pome  large  (18'0,  sour.    Glades.    10— 20f.    May. 

4  P.  angustifolla  Ait.    Lvs.  lanceolate,  often  acute  at  base,  crenate-serrate  or  sub- 

entire,  short-stalked  ;  sep.  ovate ;  styles  distinct.    Pa.  and  S.    20— 30f.    March. 

5  P.  arbutirblla  L./.    Choke  Berry.    Downy ;  lvs.  oblong  or  obovate,  crenate-serra-- 

late,  narrowed  at  base  into  a  short  petiole ;  fruit  pyriform  or  subglobous,  dark  red. 
Damp  woods.    5— 8f.    Fruit  size  of  currants.    May,  June. 
^.  melanocarpam    Nearly  smooth ;  fruit  blackish  purple.    Swamps.    2 — 4f. 

6  P.  Americana  DC.    Mountain  Ash.    Lfts.  oblong-lanceolate,  acuminate,  mucro- 

nately  serrate,  smooth,  subsessile  ;  cymes  compound,  with  numerous  flowers  ;  pome 
small,  globous  ;  styles  3—5.    Mountain  woods,  Can.  to  Ga.    15— 20f.    May.    t 

7  P,  AucuPARiA.    English  Mountain  Ash.    Lfts.  as  in  P.  Americana,  except  that  they 

are  always  smooth  on  both  sides,  and,  with  the  serratures,  less  acute  at  apex ,  flowers 
corymbous;  fruit  globous.    Europe.    20— 40f.    t 

21.  OYDONIA,  Toum.  Quince.  Flowers  and  leaves  as  in  Pyrus. 
Carpels  cartilaginous,  many-seeded.  Seeds  covered  with  mucil  j.ginous 
pulp.     ^  +)  Flowers  mostly  solitary. 

1  C.  VULGARIS.  Lvs.  oblong-ovate,  obtuse  at  base,  acute  at  apex,  very  entin ,  smooth 
above,  tomentous  beneath;  fls.  solitary,  large,  roseate;  pome  tomentous,  obovoid. 
Europe.    8 — 12f.    Stems  crooked.    April,  May. 

3  C.  Japonica.  Japan  Quince.  Lvs.  glabrous,  shining,  coriaceous,  ovate-lJ»nceolate, 
acute  at  each  end,  serrulate  ;  stlp.  reniform  ;  spines  short,  straight ;  fls.  axillary,  sub- 
sessile,  crimson.    Japan.    5— 6f.    Very  bushy.    April,  May. 

Order  XLV.    SAXIFRAGACEtE.    Saxifrages. 

Herbs  or  shrubs.  Leaves  alternate  or  opposite,  sometimes  stipulate. 
Sepals  4  or  5,  cohering  more  or  less,  and  partly  or  wholly  adherent.  Pe- 
(uls  as  many  as  the  sepals,  inserted  between  the  lobes  of  the  calyx. 
Stamens  as  many  as  the  petals,  and  alternate  with  tliem,  oi  2  to  10 
times  as  many.  Ovary  mostly  inferior,  usually  of  2  (2 — 4)  carpels  cohering 
at  base  and  distinct  or  united  above.  Fruit  generally  capsular,  1-2-celled. 
Seeds  small,  many,  albuminous.    Figs.  25,  52,  53,  132,  250,  273 

A  large  order,  now  including  Ribes  and  Parnassia,  each  often  regnrdetl 
as  constituting  separate  orders. 


OiiDEK  45.— SAXIFRAGACE^.  113 

I.  SAXIFKaGE.E.    Herbs.     Stipules  uoiie  or  aduate.     Petals  Imbricate,  rarely 
convolute  in  the  bnd.     Calyx  free  or  partly  adherent. .  .(a) 

•  Petals  wautinjc.     Ovary  adherent,  1-celled.    Stamens  10 CHRVsosPtSNiUM.  1 

•  Petals  pinnatifid.    Ovary  half  adherent,  1-celIed.    Stamens  5  or  10 Mk.hlla.  2 

•  Petals  entire. — d  Stam.  10. — e  Ovary  1-celled,  nearly  free Tiarella.  3 

— «  Ovary  2-celled.     Fls.  perfect.    Lvs.  simple Saxifraga.  4 

—«  Ovary  2-celled.    Fls.  polyg.   Lvs.  compound... Astilbe.  .1 

— d  Stam.    6.—/ Ovary  2-celled,  adherent.    Seed  rough BorKijfiA.  6 

— /  Ovary  2-celled,  free.    Seed  wing-margined Sullivantia.  7 

— /  Ovary  1-celled.— jy  Styles  and  carpels  2 Hkuciikra.  8 

—g  Styles  and  carpels  S Lepuropktalox.    9 

—<j  Stigmas  and  cancels  4 Parnassia.  10 

n    ESCALL0NIE.i1^.     Shrubs  with  alternate  leaves,  no  stipules,  and  a  valvate  corolla  bud. .  .(/>) 

6  Calyx  free  from  the  2-celled  ovary.     Stamens  5.    Capsule  00 -seeded Itea.  11 

6  Calyx  adherent  to  the  ovary.    Stam.  5.   Berry  00 -seeded.   (From  S.  Am.) Escallonia.  12 

HI.  HYDRANGEA.     Shrubs  with  opposite,  simple  leaves,  and  no  stipules. .  .(c) 

c  Corolla  valvate  in  the  bud.— /i  Cymes  radiate.    Shrub  erect IIydrangka.  I'i 

—A  Cymes  naked.    Shrub  climbing Decumaria.  14 

c  Corolla  convolute  in  the  bud. — 7c  Stamens  20 — 40     Petals  4 Philadelphus.  15 

—Jc  Stamens  10.    Petals  5.    (Asiatic) Deutzia.  16 

IV.  RIBESIE^.    Shrubs  with  alternate,  palmately-lobed  leaves,  and  baccate  fr.,.BiBES.  17 

1.  CHRYSOSPIiENIUM,  Toum.  Water  Carpet.  Calyx  adnate 
to  the  ovary,  4-5-lobed,  colored  inside.  Cor.  0.  Sta.  8 — 10,  short.  Sty.  3. 
Caps,  obeordate,  1-celled,  2-valved,  many-seeded.    ^  Prostrate,  small. 

C.  Amerlcanum  Schw.    Lvs.  opposite,  roundish,  slightly  crenate,  tapering  to  the 
petiole;  cal.  4-cleft.    Cool  springs.  Northward.    3 — 6'.    Calyx  yellowish.    Apr.  May. 

2.  MITELLA,  Tourn.  Mitre-wort.  Calyx  5-cleft,  adherent  to  the 
base  of  the  ovary.  Pet.  5,  pectinately  pinnatifid,  inserted  on  the  throat  of 
the  calyx.  Sta.  5  or  10,  included.  Sty.  3,  short.  Cai>s.  2-beaked,  1-celled, 
with  two  equal  valves.     U  Flowers  small,  in  a  slender  raceme  or  spike. 

1  m,  dlpli^lla  L.    Lvs.  cordate,  acnte,  sublobate,  serrate-dentate,  radical  ones  on 

long  petioles,  the  cauline  2,  opposite,  subsessile ;  fls.  white,  in  a  long,  loose  spilje. 
Woods,  N.  Eng.  to  Car.    If.    May,  June.    Curious. 

2  M.  nnda  L.    Lvs.  orbicular-reniform,  doubly  crenate,  with  scattered  hairs  above ; 

scape  filiform,  few-flwd.,  naked  or  with  a  single  leaf;  pet.  pinnatifid  with  filiforui 
segments.    Damp  woods,  N.  Eng.  N.  Y. :  rare.    6'.    Very  delicate.    June.    ' 

3.  TIARELLA,  L.  Bishop's  Cap.  Calyx  5-parted,  the  lobes  obtuse. 
Pet.  5,  entire,  the  claws  inserted  on  the  calyx.  Sta.  10,  exsertcd,  inserted 
into  the  calyx.  Sty.  2.  Caps.  1-celled,  2-valved,  one  valve  much  larger. 
U  Flowers  white. 

T,  cordlfolla  L.    Lvs,  cordate,  acutely  lobed,  mucronate-dentate,  pilous ;  scape  ra- 
cemous  ;  stolons  creeping.    Rocky  woods,  Can.  to  Ga.    Common  North.    If. 
/ 

4.  SAXIFRAGA,  L.     Saxifrage.     Sep.  5,  more  or  less  united,  often 

adnate  to  the  base  of  the  ovary.  Pet.  5,  entire,  inserted  on  the  tube  of  the 
calyx.  Sta.  10.  Anth.  2-celled,  with  longitudinal  dehiscence.  Caps,  of 
2  connate  carpels,  opening  between  the  2  diverging,  acumuiate  beaks 
(styles).     Seeds  go.     U 

{  Leaves  opposite  (small)  on  the  prostrate  stem.    Flowers  purplish No.  1 

I  Leaves  alternate  on  the  ascending  stem.    Flowers  yellow  or  white Nos.  3,  3,  4 

S  Leaves  rosulate  at  the  base  of  the  mostly  leafless  scape. .  .(a) 


114  OiiDEii  io.— SAXIFllAGACE^. 

a  Calyx  entirely  free  from  the  ovar}'  (inferior) Nos.  5,  6,  7 

a  Calyx  adherent  to  the  base  of  the  ovary  (half  superior) Nos,  8,  9, 10 

Exotic  species,  cultivated Nos.  11, 12 

1  S,  opi>08itlrolia  L.    Lvs.  opposite,  obovate,  carinate,  obtuse,  punctate,  persist- 

ent ;  dBs.  solitary  ;  cal.  free ;  pet.  lar<?e,  obovate,  5-veined,  longer  than  the  stamens. 
Eocky  cliffs,  Willoughby  Lake,  Vt.    June. 

2  S.  aizoidcs  L.    Casspitons,  leafy;  lvs.  linear-oblong,  thick,  flat;  sep.  ovate,  slightly 

adherent ;  pet.  oblong,  yellow,  longer  than  the  sepals ;  capsules  as  long  as  the  styles. 
With  No.  1,  and  N.  W.    June. 

3  S.  rivula.ri)9  L.    St.  weak,  ascending,  3-5-flowered ;  radical  lvs.  petiolate,  reniform, 

rrenatelv  lobed,  cauline  lanceolate,  subentire  ;  cal.  lobes  broad-ovate,  nearly  as  Ions 
as  tne  white,  ovate  petals.    White  Mts.  and  N, 

4  S.  tricuspidata  Retz.    St.  thick,  erect;  lower  lvs.  crowded,  oblong,  3-cuspidate; 

fls.  few,  large,  somewhat  corymbed ;  sep.  thick,  ovate,  shorter  than  the  oblong-obo- 
vate,  yellow,  dotted  petals.    Lake  shores,  Can.  and  N. 

5  S.  leiicantliemifolla  Mx.  Viscid-pubescent ;  lvs.  radical,  spatulate,  cut-dentate, 

tapering  to  a  petiole  ;  scape  diffusely  paniculate  ;  calyx  free,  reflexed ;  pet.  unequ^U, 
white,  3  of  them  spotted.    Mts.  S.    IS''. 

6  S.  erosa  Ph.    Viscid-pubescent ;  lvs.  radical,  thin,  oblong-lanceolate,  acute,  with 

erose  teeth  ;  panicle  oblong,  loose,  with  leafy  bracts  ;  cal.  free,  with  reflexed,  obtuse 
sepals  as  long  as  the  equal,  obtuse  white  petals.    Mts.  Pa.  to  Car.    15'. 

7  S.  €areya,na  Gr.    Lvs.  round-ovate  to  deltoid,  coarsely  dentate,  abrupt  at  base ; 

panicle  difi"use ;  pet.  equal,  ovate  or  oblong,  white,  dotted,  twice  longer  than  tha 
recurved  sepals.    Mts,  S.  (and  S.  Caroliniana  Gray). 

8  S.  aizoon  Jacq.    Lvs.  spatulate,  obtuse,  bordered  with  white  cartilaginous  teeth, 

and  a  marginal  row  of  impressed  dots  ;  flowers  corjTnbous  paniculate ;  pet.  obovate, 
white.    Eocky  shores,  N.  Ver.  to  Mich,  and  N.    5—10'.    July. 

9  S,  Vlrglnlensis  Mx.    Earlij  Saxifragfi,.    Lvs.  spatulate  obovate,  crenately  toothed, 

shorter  than  the  broad  petiole ;  scape  nearly  leafless,  paniculately  branched ;  petals 
white,  oblong,  much  exceeding  the  calyx.    Rocks,  common.    4—12'.    April,  May. 

10  S,  Pennsylvanlca  L.  Lvs.  oblong-lanceolate,  rather  acute,  tapering  at  base, 
denticulate ;  scape  forming  a  diffuse  panicle ;  fls.  pedicellate ;  pet.  greenish,  linear- 
lanceolate,  but  little  longer  than  the  cal.  Wet  meadows,  N.  Eng.  to  O.  1— 2f.  May,  Ju, 

lis.  SARMKNTosA.    With  Creeping  runners  ;  leaves  roundish  ;  pet.  white,  2  longer  than 

the  other  3  ;  scapes  naked ;  plant  hairy.    China.    Pretty  for  baskets. 
12  S.  CKASSiFoLiA.    No  Tunuers  ;  lvs.  thick,  oval ;  sc.  naked  ;  fls.  pk.   Siberia.  Jn.JL 

5.  ASTILBE,  Don.  5  5  $  Calyx  obconic,  witli  4  or  5  erect  segmeuls. 
Pet.  4  or  5,  spatulate.  St.  8  or  10,  exserted.  Ov.  2-ceHe(l.  Carpels  in  fr. 
separating  and  dehiscing  lengthwise  inside.  Seeds  1 — 4  in  each  cell.  il 
Coarse,  weed-like  plants.  Leaves  bi-  or  tri-ternate.  Fls.  small,  yellowish- 
white,  in  spicate  rac.  forming  a  compound  panicle  (like  Spii-yea  Aruncus). 
A.  decandra  Don.    St.  tall,  angular  ;  Ifts.  subcordate,  incisely  lobed,  mncronate-ser- 

rate  ;  sterile  flowers  mostly  apatelous  ;  sta.  10.    Mts.  South.    4— 6f.    June— August, 

6.  BOYKINIA,  Nutt.  Calyx  turbinate,  adherent,  5-cleft.  Pet.  5,  deci- 
duous. Sta.  5.  Ov.  2-celled,  2-beaked.  Capsule  invested  with  the  calyx, 
dehiscent  between  the  beaks.  U  Lvs.  alternate,  petiolate,  palmate.  Fls. 
cymous,  white. 

It.  aconitifolla  Nutt,  St.  viscid-glandular;  lvs.  smoothish,  deeply  5-7-lobed  (like 
those  of  Aconitum) ;  cyme  fastigiatc,  the  fls.  secund.    Mts.  S.    1— 2f.    July. 

n    SUIililVANTIA,  T.  &  G.     Calyx  adherent  to  the  base  of  the  ovary 


Ordek  45.— SAXIFRAGACE^.  115 

Segm.  ovate,  acute.  Pet.  oval-spatulate,  twice  as  long  as  the  calyx.  Sta. 
5,  shorter  than  the  calyx.  Capsule  2-beaked,  2-celled.  Seeds  wing-mar- 
gined.  U  Lvs.  mostly  radical,  palmate-veined.  Fls.  in  a  loose  pan.,  small,  wh. 
S.  Oliionis  T.  &  G.— Ohio,  Wise.  Stem  weak,  ascending,  6—12'.  Lvs.  roundish,  cor- 
date, lobed  and  toothed.    May,  June. 

8.  HEUCHERA,  L.  Alum  Root.  Calyx  of  5  obtuse  segm.  Cor. 
of  5  small,  entu-e  petals,  inserted  with  the  5  stamens  on  the  throat  of  the 
calyx.  Cap.  1-celled,  2-beaked,  dehiscent  between  the  beaks.  Seeds  many, 
with  a  rough,  close  testa.  U  Lvs.  radical,  long-petioled,  petioles  with  ad- 
nate  stipules  at  base. 

§  FIs.  email  (1—2'''  long),  regular ;  stamens  and  style  much  exserted Nos.  1—3 

§  Fls.  larger  (3—5'''  long),  oblique ;  stamens  and  style  short Nos,  4,  5 

1  II,  Americana  Willd.  Viscid-pubescent ;  leaves  roundish,  cordate,  somewhat  7- 
lobed ;  pan.  elongated,  loose,  divaricate ;  cal.  obtuse,  short,  about  equalling  the  spata- 
late  petals  ;  stam.  much  exserted.    Shades,  W.  and  S.,  rare  N.    2 — 4f.    May,  June. 

a  H.  villosa  Mx.  Villous,  with  rusty,  spreading  hairs  ;  radical  lvs.  round-cordate,  thin, 
glabrous  above,  7-9-lobed  ;  pan.  loose,  filiform;  pet.  white,  about  as  long  and  narrow 
as  the  filaments,    Mts,  Md,  to  N.  Car.  and  Ky,    1 — 3f.    June,  July, 

3  H.  caulescens  Ph,    Smooth  or  nearly  so  ;  lvs,  5-7-lobed,  dentate;  pan. loose,  slen- 

der ;  scape  bearing  one  or  two  leaves  below ;  pet.  linear-spatulate,  twice  longer  than 
the  calyx,    Mts,  Car,  Tenn,  Ky,    1— 2f.    (H.  Curtisii  Gr,) 

4  H.  pubescens  Ph,    Lvs,  glabrous,  round-cordate,  7-9-lobed;  panicle  dichotomous, 

geniculate;  style  exserted,  stam.  included  ;  pet,  white,    Mts.  Middle  States, 

5  H.  liispida  Ph,    Lvs.  hispid-rough,  5-7-lobed,  lobes  very  obtuse ;  fls,  scattered ;  pet. 

spatulate,  purple ;  sta.  a  little  exserted.    Mts,  S.  and  prairies  W.    June, 

9.  LEPUROPETALON,  Ell,  Calyx  5-partcd,  lobes  obtuse,  tube  tur 
binate,  adherent  to  the  base  of  the  3-carpelled  ovary.  Petals  5,  minute, 
spatulate,  persistent.  Sta.  5,  short.  Capsule  globous,  1-celled,  3-valved, 
many-seeded.  Placentae  opposite  the  stigmas,  (i)  A  minute,  succulent 
herb,  growing  in  tufts.    Lvs.  entire,  dotted.    Fls.  terminal. 

Ii.  spatulatnin  Ell,— Hard  soils  S.  Stems  scarcely  1';  leaves  spatulate,  veiuless  ;  fla. 
large  in  proportion,  white.    March,  April. 

10.  PARNASSIA,  Tourn.  Grass  of  Parnassus.  Sep.  5,  uniied  at 
base,  persistent.  Pet.  5,  persistent,  with  a  bundle  of  sterile  fil,  at  tlie  base 
of  each,  and  5  perfect  stamens  alternating.  Caps,  1-celled,  4-valved.  Pla- 
centae opposite  the  stigmas,  in  the  middle  of  each  valve.  Seeds  winged 
l(  Glabrous.  Lvs.  radical.  Scape  1-flowered,  often  with  one  sessile  leaf. 
Pet.  white,  with  green  veins, 

1  P.  Carollnldna  L.    Sterile  filaments  3  in  each  group,  each  with  a  httle  round 

head  ;  pet.  sessile;  lvs.  broad-oval,  rounded  at  base,  one  sessile  on  the  scape.    Wet 
meadows.    10 — 15',    Flower  handsome,  1'  broad,    June — August, 

2  P.  asarifolia  Vent.    Sterile  fil.  3  in  each  set ;  pet.  abruptly  clawed ;  lvs,  renlform. 

Mts.  Va.  and  Car,    1(K,    Lvs,  large  (1—20. 

3  P.  palustrlsL.    Sterile  fil,  pellucid,  setaceous,  9— 15  in  each  set;  cauline  leaf,  if 

any,  sessile ;  radical  lvs.  all  cordate.    Bogs,  Mich.  N.  and  W.    6^.    Fls.  1',    AxigUBt. 

11.  ITEA,  L.  Calyx  small,  with  5  subulate  segm.  Pet,  5,  lance-linear, 
inflexed,  inserted  with  the  5  stam.  on  the  calyx.    Styles  united.    Caps.  3- 


116  Ordek  45.— SAXIFRAGACEiE. 

celled,  2-furrowed,  8-12-seeded.     +>  With  alternate,  simple  leaves,  ana  a 

simple,  spicate,  terminal  raceme  of  white  flowers. 

I.  VtrginlcaL,— Swamps,  Pa.  to Fla.  6f.  Lvs.  oval,  acuminate,  short-stalked.  May,Ca. 

12.  ESCALLONIA  rubra  and  E.  glandulosa  are  handsome  shrubs, 
with  evergreen  leaves  and  scarlet  flowers,  prized  in  the  greenhouse.  S.  Am. 

13.  HYDRANGEA,  L.  Hydrangea.  Marginal  fls.  sterile,  neutral— 
an  enlarged,  rotate  5-lobed,  colored  calyx  only.  5  Calyx  tube  hemispheri- 
cal, adherent.  Limb  4-5-toothed,  persistent.  Pet.  ovate,  sessile.  Stamens 
twice  as  many  as  the  petals.  Caps.  3-beaked,  opening  between  the  beaks. 
Seeds  oo,     +)  With  opposite  leaves.    Fls.  cymous,  generally  radiant. 

§  Cymes  paniculate.    Lvs.  sinuate-lobed.    Fls.  rose-white No.  1 

§  Cymes  corymbous,  level-topped.    Leaves  undivided Nos.  2,  3,  4 

1  H,  quercIfoliaBartram.    Lvs.  deeply  sinuate-lobed,  dentate,  tomentous  beneath, 

and  on  the  petioles  and  veins  above  ;  cymes  paniculate,  radiant,  the  sterile  fls.  very 
large  and  numerous.    Shady  banks,  S.    4 — 8f.    A  superb  plant.    + 

2  H,  arborescens  L.    Lvs.  ovate,  obtuse  or  cordate  at  base,  acuminate,  serrate-deu 

tate,  paler  beneath,  nearly  smooth  ;  fls.  white-red.    Banks,  S.  and  W.    5 — 6f. 

3  H.  radlata  Walt.    Lvs.  ovate,  abrupt  or  cordate  at  base,  acuminate,  serrate,  silvery- 

tomentous  beneath ;  fls.  white.    Uplands,  S.    6— 8f. 

4  H.  noRTENSis  L.     Changeable  Hydrangea.    Lvs.  elliptical,  narrowed  at  each  end,  den- 

tale-serrate,  strongly  veined,  smooth.    China  ?    1— 3f.    In  cultivation  the  fls.  are  gen- 
erally all  neutral,  of  varying  hues,  white,  blue,  pink,  &c. 

14.  DE  CUM  ARIA,  L.  Calyx  7-10-toothed,  tube  adherent  to  the 
5-10-celled  ovary.  Pet.  as  many  as  calyx  teeth,  valvate  in  the  bud.  Sta. 
3  times  as  many  as  the  petals,  in  one  row.  Stig.  radiate.  Caps,  many- 
ribbed,  crowned  with  the  style,  oo-seeded.  "^  With  rootlets,  opposite 
leaves  and  cymes  of  white,  fragrant  flowers. 

D.  barbara  L.— A  beautiful  climber,  in  damp  woods,  S.    15— 30f. 

15.  PHILADELPHUS,  L.  False  Syringa.  Calyx  4-5-parted,  halt 
superior,  persistent.  Cor.  4-5-petalled.  Sty.  4-cleft.  Sta.  20 — 40,  shorter 
than  the  petals.  Caps.  4-celled,  4-valved,  with  loculicidal  dehiscence.  Sds. 
many,  arilled.     5  Handsome.     Leaves  opposite,  exstipulate. 

1  p.  inodorns  L.    Lvs.  ovate,  acute  or  pointed,  3  (rarely  5)-veined,  smooth,  entire 
or  with  remote  slender  teeth  ;  calyx  lobes  ovate,  acute,  as  long  as  the  tube  ;  styles 
united ;  fls.  scentless,  1  or  several  together,  pure  white,  1'.  Uplands,  S.  5— 8f.  May-Jl. 
/3.  g-randtnoruK,  Pubescent;  flowers  larger  (l^^O  ;  sepals  acuminate.    Cultivated. 
y.  hirautus.    Hairy  ;  leaves  and  flowers  smaller,  the  latter  1".    Mt.  woods. 
%  P.  coRONARius.    Mock  Orange.    Glabrous ;  lvs.  ovate,  remotely  serrate  above,  5-7- 
veined ;  flowers  in  dense  clusters,  cream-white,  very  fragrant ;  styles  separate.    S. 
Europe.    5— Sf.    June,  July. 

16.  DEUTZIA,  Thunb.  Pet.  5,  valvate  or  imbricate  in  bud.  Sta.  10, 
Ihj  alternate  longer,  fil.  dilated,  3-toothed,  middle  tooth  antheriferous.  Ov 
inferior.     Caps.  3-5-celled.     +)  Leaves  opposite.    Fls.  numerous,  white. 

1  I>.  scABRA.    Lvs.  ovate,  acute,  serrate,  rough-hairy ;  racemes  terminal,  dense  ;  styles 

3 ;  flowers  bell-shaped.    Japan.    5— 8f.    Very  fragrant.    June. 

2  D.  GRACILIS.    Foliage  similar  to  the  other  bul  smoof  er.    Shrub  only  3— 3i,  branches 

covered  with  flowers  in  June. 


Order  46.— CRASSULACE^.  117 

17.  RIBES,  L.  Currants.  Calyx  tube  ovoid,  adherent  to  the  one- 
celled  ovar}^  limb  tubular  or  bell-shaped,  4-5-cleft.  Pet.  4— o,  small,  in- 
serted with  the  4 — 5  stamens  on  the  top  of  the  calyx  tube.  Sty.  2.  Berry 
filled  with  pulp,  with  2  parietal  placentae.  Seeds  oo,  albuminous.  +;  5 
Leaves  alternate,  palmately  lobed.     i3— 6f.    Styles  often  united. 

§  RiBKSiA.    Currants.    Stems  and  berries  not  prickly.    Flowers  in  racemes ...  (a) 

a  Flowers  greenish  or  red.    Lvs.  plicate  in  the  bud. — b  Fruit  smooth Nos.  1,  2,  3 

— b  Fruit  hairy Nos.  4,  5,  6 

a  Flowers  bright  yellow.    Leaves  convolute  in  the  bud No.  7 

§  Grossularia.     Gooseberries.    Stems  spinescent.    Leaves  plicate.,  .(c) 

c  Peduncles  5-8-flowered.    Style  2-cleft.    Berries  small,  hispid No,  8 

c  Peduncles  1-3-flowered.— cf  Calyx  tube  and  fruit  prickly Nos.  9, 10 

—d  Fruit  smooth.— e  Leaves  cordate  at  base No.  11 

— e  Leaves  not  cordate Nos.  12, 13, 14 

1  R.  rubrum  L.    Com,mon  Red  C    Lvs.  obtusely  3-5-lobed,  pubescent  beneath,  sub- 

cordate  ;  rac.  smoothish,  pendulous ;  calyx  limb  rotate ;  bracts  short ;  fr.  globous, 
glabrous,  red,  rarely  amber.    Woods,  Vt.  Wise,    t 

2  R.  floridum  L'Her.     Wild  Black  C.    Lvs.  acutely  3-5-lobed,  resinous-dotted,  sub- 

cordate  ;  rac.  pubescent,  pendulous ;   cal.  cylindrical ;  bracts  long ;    fruit  obovoid, 
smooth,  black.    Copses,  Can.  to  Ky.    3— 4f.    May,  June. 

3  R.  NIGRUM.    Black  C.    Lvs.  3-5-lobed,  resinous-dotted  beneath,  not  cordate ;  rac.  lax, 

hairy ;  calyx  bell-shaped ;  fruit  roundish,  black.    Eur.    4 — 5f. 

4  R.  SANGUiNEUM.    Lvs.  3-5-lobed,  white-downy  beneath,  cordate ;  rac.  long,  lax,  all 

rose-red;  calyx  segments  spreading ;  styles  united;  fruit  blue.    Oregon. 

5  R.  prostratum  L'Her.    Mountain  C.    Stems  reclined;  lvs.  5-7-lobed,  rugous,  cor- 

date ;  rac.  erect,  lax  ;   cal,  rotate  ;  berries  globous,  glandular-hispid,  red,  ill-scented. 
Rocks,  N.  Eng.  to  Car.    Raceme  becoming  erect.    May. 

6  R.  reslnosiim  Ph.    Clothed  with  resinous-glandular  hairs ;  lvs.  3-5-lobed,  round 

ish  ;  raceme  erect ;  calyx  spreading.    Mts.  Car.    (Lost.) 

7  R.  AUREUM  Ph.    Glabrous  ;  lvs.  3-lobed,  subentire,  shorter  than  their  stalks  ;  raceme 

lax ;  calyx  limb  tubular,  longer  than  the  pedicels ;  ft'uit  oval,  yellow,  soon  brown. 
Mo.  to  Oreg.    6— lOf.    Flowers  fragrant. 

8  R.  laciistre  Poir.    Spiny  and  prickly;  lvs.  deeply  3-5-lobed  and  incised,  cordate; 

raceme  hairy  ;  style  2-cleft ;  fruit  hispid.    Swamps,  Northward. 

9  R.  Cynosbatl  L.    Prickly  G.    Spines  in  pairs,  prickles  few  or  none  ;  lvs.  cordate, 

lobed,  pubescent,  cut-dentate ;  styles  united  to  the  top  ;  fruit  brown-purple,  with  long 
spines,  eatable.    Thickets,  Northward.    May. 

1 0  R.  sPECiosuM.  Glabrous ;  lvs.  roundish,  lobed,  crenate,  polished ;  spines  long,  in 
3'e ;  flowers  nearly  solitary,  pendulous,  scarlet.    California.    Very  handsome. 

1 1  R.  lilrtellum  Mx.  Spines  few  and  short,  prickles  0  ;  lvs.  roundish,  lobed,  toothed ; 
calyx  limb  bell-shaped,  lobes  twice  longer  than  the  petals ;  stamens  exserted ;  style 
2-cleft.    Rocky  woods,  N.  Eng.  to  Wise.    Fruit  purple. 

12  R.  rotundlfollum  Mx.  Spines  few  and  short ;  prickles  few  or  0 ;  lvs.  roundish, 
lobed,  cut-crenate-dentate,  smooth  or  downy  ;  calyx  lobes  linear,  reflexed  ;  stamens 
and  styles  much  exserted.    Rocky  woods.    May. 

1  3  R.  UvA-CRisPA.  English  G.  Spiny ;  lvs.  roundish,  short-stalked,  hairy  beneath ; 
peduncle  hairy,  1-flowered;  fruit  oval  or  globous,  large  (8— 12'0,  red,  green,  amber, 
white,  &c.    Europe. 

Order  XLVI.    CRASSULACE^.    House-leeks. 

Plants  herbaceous  or  shrubby,  succulent.  Leaves  entire  or  pinnatifid, 
Stipules  0.    Flowers  sessile,  usually  in  cymes -and  perfectly  symmetrical. 


118  Order  40.— CRASSULACEiE. 

Sepals  3 — 20,  more  or  less  united  at  base,  persistent.  Petals  as  many  as  the 
sepals.  Stamens  as  many  as  the  petals,  and  alternating  with  them,  or  twice 
as  man3\  Ovaries  as  many  as  the  petals.  Filaments  distinct.  Anthers 
2-celled,  bursting  lengthwise.  Pitiit  distinct  follicles  or  a  capsule,  many- 
seeded.    Figs.  8,  9,  468. 

S  Carpels  distinct,  forming  a  circle  of  follicles. .  .(*) 

•  Petals  distinct. — a  Flower.s  all  3- or  4-parted.    Stamens  3  or  4 TiLi,.fl:A.  i 

— a  Flowers  5-,  or  4- and  5-parted.    Stamens  8  or  10 Sedum.  » 

—a  Flowers  all  6-parted.     Stamens  5 Ckassula.  3 

—a  Flowers  6-12-parted,  with  cleft  hypogjnous  scales Sempkkvivum.  4 

Petals  united  at  base. — ?j  Flowers  4-parted.    Stamens  8 ..Bkyophyllum,  5 

— 6  Flowers  5-parted.    Stamens  5 Rochka.  6 

— b  Flowers  5-parted.     Stamens  10 EchikvkriA.  7 

S  Cftrpels  united  into  a  many-seeded  capsule... (x) 

X  Flowers  4-parted,  with  8  stamens Diamorpha.  8 

X  Flowers  5-parted,  with  10  stamens.     Petals  often  wanting Penthokum.  9 

1.  TILIjiBA,  Mx.  Pigmy-weed.  Calyx  of  3  or  4  sepals  united  at  base. 
Petals  3  or  4,  equal.  Sta.  3  or  4.  Caps.  3  or  4,  distinct,  follicular,  openmg 
by  the  inner  surface,  2-  or  many-seeded.    >^  Very  small.    Lvs.  opposite. 

T.  simplex  Nutt.  St.  ascending  or  erect,  rooting  at  base ;  lvs.  connate  at  base,  linear- 
oblonsr,  fleshy  ;  flowers  axillary,  solitary,  subsessile,  their  parts  in  4'e  ;  "pct.  greenish ; 
carpels  8-10-seeded.    (i)  Muddy  banks,  Ct.  tx)  Md.    1—2'.    July— Sep 

2.  SEDUM,  L.  Stone-crop.  Sep.  4  or  5,  united  at  base.  Pet.  4  or 
5,  distinct,  spreading.  Sta.  8 — 10.  Carp.  4 — 5,  distinct,  many-seeded,  with 
an  entire  scale  at  the  base  of  each.     If  Lvs.  fleshy.    Inflorescence  cynious. 

§  Fls.  in  scorpoid  racemes  or  spikes,  or  axillary,  the  latter  often  4-parted Nos.  1 — 4 

§  Fls.  in  corymbous  cymes,  all  5-parted.— a  Leaves  mostly  alternate Nos.  5—7 

—a  Leaves  opposite,  and  whorled No.  8 

1  S.  tcrnatunt  Mx.  Leaves  scattered,  flat,  obovate,  the  lower  mostly  in  whorls  of  3, 
the  upper  spatulate  ;  spikes  3,  rarely  2—4,  radiating,  secund  ;  central  flower  5-parted, 
the  rest  4-parted,  white.    Damp  woods.    3—8'.    May,  June. 

5i  S.  Nevil  Gr.  Stem  weak,  branched,  3 — 5';  leaves  alternate,  imbricated,  small,  obo 
vate-spatnlate  ;  petals  lance-linear,  white.    Mts.,  Va.  (Porter),  and  S.    June,  July. 

3  S.  pulcliellum  Mx.    Leaves  linear,  alternate,  crowded ;  spikes  radiating,  dense 

flowered,  secund,  central  flower  5-,  the  others  4-parted,  rose-purple.    Rocks,  Va.  to 
Tex.    4—12'.    May— July.    Very  pretty  in  gardens. 

4  S.  acre  L.    English  Moss.    Procumbent,  diffuse  ;  leaves  very  small,  fleshy,  crowded, 

alternate,  appressed  :  cyme  leafy,  somewhat  trifid  ;  fls.  yellow.    Gardens.    Jl.    §  Eur. 

5  S.  Rliodiola  DC.    Stems  clustered,  erect.  5—10';  leaves  mostly  scattered,  obovate, 

with  several  angular  teeth  or  entire,  crowded ;  flowers  4-parted,  in  a  small  cyme  at 
top,  yellowish,  dioecious.    Rocks,  Penn.  (Prof.  Porter),  Me.,  and  Can. 
G  S.  tclepliloides  Mx.    Ascending,  tall ;  lvs.  roand-oval  to  lance-oval,  narrowed  to 
the  base,  subdentate.  alternate  ;  pet.  acuminate,  pink.    Rocks,  Md.,  and.  S,    Stoma  If, 
leaves  1-2'.    Flowers  numerous,  in  a  terminal  branching  cyme.    June. 

7  S.  Telepliiiim  L.    Live-foi'ever.    Clustered,  erect,  very  leafy  ;  lvs.  otA-ng-ovate,  ob 

tuse.  dent-serrate  ;  corymb  dense,  leafy,  blue-purple.  Waste  grounds,  &c.    Stems  l-2f, 
round,  simple,  with  a  compact  pale-purple  cyme  at  top.    August.    §  Europe. 

8  S.  Sieb6lt)ii.  Lvs.  opposite,  or  in  3"s,  roundish,  glaucous,  seseile ;  cymes  der.sc,  leafy; 


Order  46.— CRASSULACEJE.  119 

flu.  ^-parted,  small,  blnish-purple,  blooming  in  October.  Japan.  In  dense  tufts.  A 
pretty  plant,  and  one  of  the  last  to  flower  in  the  {garden.  Like  most  of  the  Sednms 
its  severed  stalks  will  grow  even  if  suspended  in  air. 

i.  ORASSULA,  Haw.  Parts  of  the  flower  all  in  5's,  distinct  and  free 
Scales  at  base  of  ovaries  5.  jjU  Fleshy  plants,  from  S.  Africa,  remark 
able  for  the  perfect  symmetry  of  their  flowers. 

1  C  AKBORE8CEN8.    Stem  shrubby,  terete,  erect ;  Ivs.  opposite,  fleshy,  roundish,  cuspi 

date,  flattish,  glaucous,  dotted  above ;  cyme  3-parted  ;  flowers  handsome,  roseate. 

2  C.  LACTEA.    Stem  erect,  twisted  below,  branched ;  Ivs.  ovate,  narrowed  to  the  conna  o 

bases,  dotted  along  the  margin ;  cyme  panicled,  with  many  white  star-like  flowers. 
Leaves  bright  green.    From  S.  Africa,  as  are  many  other  species. 

4.  SEMPER VI VUM,  L.  Live-forever.  House-leek.  Sep.  G— 20, 
nearly  distinct.  Petals  and  pistils  as  many,  and  stamens  twice  as  many. 
Scales  lacerated.     5  U  Leaves  thick  and  fleshy,  crowded. 

8.  TECTORUM.  Lvs.  oval-obovate,  ciliate-fringed,  densely  packed  at  the  ends  of  the  ofl"- 
sets,  scattered  on  the  stems;  flowers  purplish,  usually  12-parted.  Europe.  Will 
grow  on  walls  and  on  the  roofs  of  houses  (tectorum),  or  in  borders. 

5.  BRYOPHYLLUM  calycinum.  ^  Evergreen,  fleshy,  2f.  Leaves 
opposite,  3-.o-foIiate,  with  thick,  oval,  crenate  leaflets.  Flowers  in  a  loose,  terminal 
panicle,  with  an  inflated  calyx  and  a  tubular,  exserted,  purplish  corolla,  which  has  a 
4-lobed  limb.  The  plant  is  propagated  from  the  leaves,  which  produce  buds  on  their 
margins  becoming  new  plants,— like  ovules  from  a  carpellary  leaf. 

6.  ROCHEA,  DC.  Corolla  funnel-form,  5-cleft.  Sepals,  stamens,  ova 
rics,  and  hypogynous  scales  each  5.     ^  Fleshy.     S.  African. 

1  R.  FALCATA.    Shrub  2f ;  leaves  opposite,  the  pairs  some  united  at  base,  glaucous,  ob- 

long, deflexed-falcate  ;  flowers  in  corymbous  cymes,  red,  open,  fragrant. 

2  R.  cocciNEA.    Leaves  connate-sheathing,  ovate-oblong ;  cymes  scarlet.    Beautiful. 

7.  ECHEVERIA,  DC.  Corolla  tubular  to  bell-form,  5-lobed  or  parted. 
Calyx  5-cleft.     Stamens  10.     Ovaries  5,  with  5  scales.     }j  U  Fleshy. 

1  E.  GRANDiroLiA.  Plant  2f,  erect,  glaucous  with  a  bloom ;  lvs.  spatulate  to  obovate,  acut  e, 

the  lowest  large,  rosulate ;  flowers  urn-shaped,  panicled,  orange-red.    From  Mexico. 

2  E.  COCCINEA.    Plant  2f,  erect ;  leaves  obovate-cuneate,  acute,  scattered ;  flowers  car- 

mine outside,  yellow  within,  in  a  tall  leafy  spike.    Mexico. 

8.  DIAMORPHA,  N.    Fls.  4-parted,  with  8  stamens.    Carp.  4,  united 
below,  at  length  spreading,  opening  by  an  kregular  valve  on  the  back, 
4-8-seeded.    (2)  Small,  fleshy,  tufted,  with  cymes  of  white  or  pink  flowers. 
D.  piisilla  N.— Sunny  rocks,  S,    1 — 3'.    Leaves  oval,  sessile,  1''.    March,  Apr U. 

9.  PENTHORUM,  L.  Virginla.  Stone-crop.  Calyx  of  5  sepals 
united  at  base.  Pet.  5  or  0.  Sta.  10.  Caps,  of  5  united  carpels,  5-angled, 
5-celled,  5-beaked,  dehiscent  by  an  obliquely-terminal  valve.  Seeds  oo, 
minute.     U  Not  succulent.    Lvs.  alternate.    Fls.  yellowish,  cymous. 

P.  sedoides  L.    Stem  branched  and  angular  above ;  leaves  nearly  sessile,  lanceolate, 
acute,  serrate ;  fls.  in  secund,  radiating  raceme'        3t  paces.    10— 16^.    July— Sept. 


120  Okdeii  48.— IIOLORAGE^. 

Order  XLVIL    HAMAMELACEiE.    Witch  Hazelworts. 

Shrubs  or  ii^ees  with  alternate  simple  leaves  and  deciduous  stipules. 
Flowers  in  heads  or  spikes,  often  6^2  or  8 .  Calyx  adherent.  Potals 
linear,  or  0.  Stamens  twice  as  many  as  the  petals,  the  opposite  sterile  and 
scale-like,  or  oo.  Ovaries  of  2  carpels,  2-celled,  2-styled,  ovules  2  or  oo. 
Fruit  a  woody  capsule,  2-beaked,  2-celled,  1-2-seeded. 

§  Petals  4.    Calyx  4-lobed.    Stamens  4.     Flowers  mostly  g IIamamei.is       1 

§  Petals  0.    Calyx  truncate.    Stamens  20— 28.    Flowers  g Fothkrgii.la.  2 

S  Petals  9.    CalyxO.    Stamens  CO.    Flowers  j,  in  globular  heads Liquidambar.  3 

1.  HAMAMELIS,  L.  Witch  Hazel.  Calyx  with  an  involucel  of 
2 — 3  bracts  at  base.  Pet.  veiy  long,  linear.  Sterile  stamens  scale-like, 
opposite  the  petals,  altei-nating  with  the  4  fertile  ones.  Caps,  nut-like, 
2-celled,  2-beaked.     5  b  Flowers  yellow. 

H.  Vlrginlaua  L.  Lvs.  oval  or  obovate,  acuminate,  crenate-dcntate,  obliquely  cm- 
date  ;  fls.  sessile,  3 — 4  together,  blooming  in  late  autumn  and  winter.  Woods.  Stems 
crooked,  10— 15f.    Pet.  twisted,  9'-'  long. 

2.  FOTHERGIIiLA,  L.  Jilius.  Calyx  campanulate,  truncate  and  ob 
scurely  5-7-toothed,  bearing  the  stamens  in  one  marginal  row.  Styles 
distinct.  Caps.  2-lobed.  +>  Lvs.  oval  or  obovate,  expanding  after  the 
dense  spikes  of  flowers. 

F.  alnlfolla  L./.— Swamps,  Va.  to  Fla.  2— 4f.  Calyx  white,  fringed  with  the  long 
white  or  pink  filaments.    Styles  long,  recurved.    March,  April. 

3.  LIQUIDAMBAR,  L.  Sweet  Gum  Tree.  Involucre  4-parted, 
deciduous.  $  Ament  conical.  $  Ament  globular.  Calyx  a  scale,  if  any. 
Fruit  a  globular  sorosis  (§  171),  woody,  consisting  of  the  scales,  and 
capsules  which  open  between  their  beaks.  Ovules  go,  1  or  2  maturing. 
f)  Leaves  and  gum  fragrant.    Twigs  winged  with  corky  bark. 

I^.  styraciflua  L.  Lvs.  palmate,  with  5  acuminate,  serrate  lobes;  veins  villous  at 
their  bases.    A  large  and  handsome  tree,  Conn,  to  111.  and  S.    60f.    May. 

Order  XLVIII.    HALORAGE^.    The  Hippurids. 

Herbs  mostly  aquatic,  with  incomplete  or  minute  ^ — y  flowei-s.  Calt/x 
tube  adherent.  Petals  0 — 4.  Stamens  1 — 8.  Pollen  4-grained.  Ovary  1-4- 
celled.  Styles  1 — 4,  distinct,  one  pendulous  ovule  in  each  cell.  Fniit  in- 
dehiscent,  1-4-cellcd,  1-4-seeded.  Seed  pendulous,  anatropous,  albuminous. 
(Formerly  joined  to  Onagraceae.) 

*  Flowers  3-parted,  apetalons,  perfect Proserpikaca.       1 

*  Flowers  4-parted,  moncecious  ;  petals  4  or  0 Myriophtllum.     2 

*  Flowers  1-parted,  apetalons,  perfect ...Hippuris.  3 

1.  PROSERPINAOA,  L.  Mermaid  Weed.  Calyx  tube  adherent  to 
the  ovary,  3-sided,  limb  3-parted.  Pet.  none.  Sta.  3.  Stig.  3.  Fruit  3- 
ungled,  3-celled,  bony,  crowned  with  the  calyx,  /sr  Roots  creeping.  Lvs. 
alternate.    Fls.  gi'eenish. 


Order  51.— MYRTACE^.  121 

1  P.  palikstris  L.    Lvs.  linear-lanceolate,  sharply  serrate  above  the  water,  those  be 

low  (ifany)  pinnatifid.    2X  Swamps  :  common.    6— 20^    Lvs.  1—2'.    June,  July. 

2  P.  pectinacea  Lam.    Lvs.  all  pectinate,  with  linear-subulate  segm. ;  fr.  obtusely 

3-angled.    if  Sandy  swamps,  Ms.  (rare)  to  Fla.  5—W ;  long  creepers  at  base.  Jl.  Aug, 

2.  MYRIOPHYLLUM,  Vaill.  Water  Milfoil.  Flowers  $  ,  or  fre- 
qucntly  ^ .  Calyx  4-tootlied  in  the  5  and  $  flowers,  4-parted  in  the  $ . 
P3t.  4,  often  inconspicuous  or  none.  Sta.  4 — 8.  Stig.  4.  pubescent,  sessile. 
Fr.  of  4  nut-like  carpels,  cohering  by  their  inner  angles.  j:^U  Submersed 
lvs.  parted  into  capillary  segments.  Upper  fls.  usually  $ ,  middles  ones 
5  ,  lower  ?  ,  greenish,  emerging  in  summer. 

§  Stamens  8.   Carpels  smooth  and  even.  Leaves  whorled  in  3'8,  rarely  in  4''8.  .Nos.  1,  2 

§  Stamens  4.— Carpels  ridged  on  the  back.    Leaves  whorled  in  4's  and  S's Nos.  3,  4 

—Carpels  smooth  and  even.    Leaves  alternate  or  wanting Nos.  5,  6 

1  M.  splcatum  L.    Floral  lvs.  ovate,  entire,  shorter  than  the  flowers,  the  rest  all  piu- 

nately  capillary  ;  fls,  in  term,  spikes.    Deep  waters,  fls.  emerging.    lOf. 

2  Jtt.  vertlcillatum  L.    Floral  lvs.  pectinate-pinnatifid,  much  longer  than  the  flow  • 

ers,  the  lower  pinnately-setaceous.    Spikes  leafy,  terminal.    Slow  waters. 

3  M.  heleropli^llum  Mx.    Floral  lvs.  ovate-lanceolate,  serrate,  longer  than  the  fls. 

crowded,  the  rest  pinnately  or  pectinately  capillary.    Ponds :  rare. 

4  M.  scabratum  Mx.    Floral  lvs.  linear,  pectinately  toothed  ;  fr.  roughened,  sharply 

angled ;  verticils  axillary.    Shallow  waters.    6—12'.    Capillary  segments  few. 

5  in,  tenellum  Bw.    Erect  and  almost  leafless ;  floral  leaves  or  bracts  alternate,  mi- 

nute, entire,  obtuse  ;  fls.  s  ;  petals  linear.  Water  edges,  N.  Eng.  N.  Y.  and  N.  Scapes 
4—12',  from  long  creeping  rhizomes.    Fls.  purplish-white,  sessile. 

6  in.  umbiguum  Nutt.    Lvs.  many,  submersed  ones  pinnate,  with  capillary  seg- 

ments, middle  ones  pectinate,  upper  linear ;  fls.  mostly  s .    Floating  in  ponds  and 
ditches.    Ms.  to  Ga. 

/3.  limoaum.    Small,  procumbent,  rooting,  in  muddy  places  ;  lvs.  all  linear. 

■y.  capillaceutn.    Very  slender ;  lvs.  all  immersed  and  capillary,  in  ponds. 

3.  HIPPURIS,  L.  Mare's  Tail.  Calyx  with  a  minute,  entire  limb 
crowning  the  ovary.  Cor.  0.  Sta.  1,  inserted  on  the  margin  of  the  calyx. 
Anth.  2-lobcd,  compressed.  Style  1,  longer  than  the  stamen,  stigmatic  the 
whole  lengtli.  Seed  1.  aT  2^  St.  simple.  Lvs.  verticillate,  entire.  Fls.  ax- 
illary, greenish. 

H.  vulgaris  L.    Lvs.  in  verticils  of  8  to  12,  linear,  acute,  smooth,  entire ;  fls.  solitary, 
minute.    Borders  of  ponds,  marshes.  N.  and  W. :  rare.    1— 2f.    Dakotah  (Matthews) 

Order  LI.    MYRTACE.E.    Myrtleblooms. 

Trees  and  shrubs,  without  stipules.  Leaves  opposite,  entire,  punctate, 
usually  with  a  vein  running  close  to  the  margin.  Calyx  adherent  below  to 
the  compound  ovary,  the  limb  4-  or  5-cleft,  valvate.  Petals  as  many  as  the 
segments  of  the  cnlyx.  Skimens  numerous.  Anthers  introrse.  Style  and 
stigma  simple.     Fruit  with  many  seeds.    Albumen  none. 

Our  Myrtleblooms  are  either  tender  exotics,  or  indigenous  far  South 
The  following  table  must  suffice  for  their  recognition. 

«  Calyx  truncate.     I'etals  connate  into  a  caducous  calyptra  or  lid.  ..(a) 

a  Fru.t  a  capsule.     Stani.  free.    Australian  trees,  alternate-leaved Eucaltptos. 

a  Fruit  a  berry.    Stain,  free.     Leaves  opposite.    Small  trees  in  .S.  Florida Calyptranthks 

•  Cal.  4-lobed.  Pet.  4,  spreading.  Fr.  bac.  Lvs.  opp.  Trees,  shrub.s.  S.  Fla.  AlhyiW,  Ac.  .Evgehix.         1 

•  Col.  Mobed.    Pet.  5,  siireading.    Stam.  long-cxserted.    Shrubs.    Cultivated.  ..(i; 


122  Ordeu  52.-MELAST0MACE^. 

i  Stameus  united  into  5  sets.    Fruit  cap.«ular.    Lvs.  alternate  or  opposite,   .vustrl.  .Mklalecca.  3 

b  Stamens  distinct.— <r  P'lowers  ir.  dense  lateral  cymes.    (Lvs.  alternate.)    Austrl.  .Oallistkmon.  3 

— c  Flowers  solitary,  axilliirj-.     Sepals  equal,     l^vs.  opposite... Myktos.  4 

— c  Mowers  solitary,  axillary,     iiep.  unequal.    0pp.    6'(/«ta.  ..Psidilu.  5 

1.  EUGflNIA  Jambos.  Eoiie  Apple.  Tree  (20— 30f  in  India),  witli 
lanceolate  leave?*.  Flowers?  white,  in  terminal  showy  cymes.  Fruit  round-ovoid,  crowned 
with  the  calyx,  1\'  diam.,  yellow,  with  a  thick  rind,  which  has  a  sweetish,  rose-like  flavor. 

2.  MELALEUCA  iiYPEiiiciFOLiA.  Shrubby,  of,  with  opposite,  ellip- 
tic-oblong, Kliiniiig,  3-veinert  leaves  on  the  drooping  branches.  Flowers  of  a  splendid 
red,  ill  slender  spikes,  with  innumerable  stamens  (1' long)  radiating  in  all  direttione-.— 
JH.  LKUCAitENUKON,  the  fanujiis  Vajeiiut  Tree  of  the  East,  has  long  lance-linear  leaves, 
white  lis.  spiked  on  the  pendent  branchlets.    The  trunk  is  black  and  the  branches  white. 

3.  OALLISTEMON  lakceo[,atum.  Bottle-brush.  Beautiful  shrub, 
with  long,  thick,  lanceolate  leaves,  and  the  flowers  in  dense,  cylindric  spikes,  crimson  sta- 
mens innumerable,  radiant  at  right  angles,  suggesting  the  English  name.  Often  cultivated. 

4.  MYRTUS  COMMUNIS.  Myrtle.  Evergreen  shrub  or  tree  of  S.  Eu- 
rope, emblematic  of  victory  in  honorable  contests.  The  leaves  are  long,  ovate,  shining, 
♦he  flowers  pure  white  or  rose-tinged,  with  innumerable  stamens,  and  the  berries  black. 

Order  LII.     MELASTOMACEvE.    Melastomes. 

Trees^  shrubs,  or  Ii£rbs,  with  square  branches  and  usually  no  stipules. 
Leaves  opposite,  undivided,  dotless,  and  3-5-veined.  Calyx  tube  urceolate, 
adherent,  at  least  to  the  angles  of  the  ovary.  Petals  4 — 6,  convolute  in  bud. 
Stamens  definite.  Anthers  opening  by  terminal  pores.  Fruit  capsular  or 
baccate. — Genera  more  than  a  hundred,  all  tropical  except  the  following. 

1.  RHEXIA,  L.  Deer-grass.  Calyx  4-cleft,  swelling  at  the  base. 
Petals  4.  Stamens  8,  1-celled.  Styles  declined.  Capsules  4-celled,  nearly 
free  from  the  iiivesting  calyx  tube.  Seeds  numerous,  if  Leaves  opposite, 
exstipulate,  3- veined.    Flowers  showy.    June — September. 

§  Anthers  curved,  saccate  and  appendaged  at  base.    Flowers  purplish. .  .(a) 

a  Stem  square,  winged.     Ltiaves  ovate  to  lanceolate,  bristly-serrate Nos.  1.  2 

a  Stem  terete  or  teretish.     Leaves  lanceolate  to  linear Nos.  3,  4 

S  Anthers  straight,  oblong.— 6  Stems  simple,  with  purple  flowers Nos.  5.  6 

—b  Stems  brachiate,  with  yellow  flowers No.  7 

1  R.  Virginica  L.    Meadow  Beauty.    Stem  narrowly  4-winged  ;  leaves  sessile,  and 

with  the  stem  clothed  with  scattered  hairs  ;  calyx  hispid.    Wet  grounds,  E.  Mass., 
S.  and  W.     12— 1(/.     Cymes  corymbed.    Flowers  purple.    July,  August. 

2  K.  stricta  Ph.   Stem  tall,  strongly  4-winged,  glabrous  ;  leaves  acuminate,  glabrous  ; 

calyx  glabrous,  tube  very  short.    Bogs,  S.    3 — 4f.    Purple.    June,  July. 

3  K.  Jnariaiia  L.    Hairy;  leaves  lanceolate  and  lance-linear,  acute,  bristly-serrate, 

tapering  to  a  short  petiole.    Sandy  bogs,  N.  J.  to  Fla.    1— 2f.     Purple. 
/3.  linearis,    DifTusely  branched  ;  lvs.  almost  linear.    South.    (R.  lanceolata  Walt.) 

4  R.  glabella  Ph.    Glabrous,  glaucous;  lvs.  lanceolate,  subserrulate,  acute,  sessile; 

cal.  glandular-hispid.    Damp  woods,  S.    2— 3f.    Fls.  few,  large,  purple.    June— Aug. 

5  R.  cilioiiia  Mx.    Stem  1— 2f,  squarish;  leaves  broad-ovate,  sparsely  hispid  above, 

margin  ciliate  with  long  bristles  ;  flowers  few,  subsessile,  terminal ;  calyx  glabrous, 
lobe^i  acute.    Damp  woods,  Md.  to  Fla.    Petals  roundish.    Jv.ne— August. 

6  R.  serruiata  N.    Stem  6—8',  square;  leaves  small,  roundish-oval,  glabrous  Iwtb 

gides,  serralate  ciliate  ;  calyx  glandular  hispid,  lobes  obtuse.    Swamps,  S. 


Order  08.— l. X  IHKACE^.  123 

7  R.  littea  \^!ilt.    Leaves  obloug-linear ;   flowers  paaicled ;  calyx  much  constricted 
above  the  ovary,  limb  bell-form,  with  cuspidate  teeth.    Damp  woods,  S.    18'. 

2.  OENTRADENIA  rosea,  from  Mexico,  is  often  seen  in  conservato- 
ries. A  small  shrub,  with  opposite,  lanceolate  leave?  (one  of  each  pair  much  smaller  or 
obsolete).  Fls.  4-parted,  roseate,  in  numerous  hanc:in;j  clusters.  Sta.  8,  anthers  append- 
8;?cd.— C.  GRANDiPoLiA  has  the  lar<,'c  lanceolate  leaves  crimson  beneath,  and  cymes  erect. 

Order  LIU.    LYTHRACEiE.    Loosestrifes. 
Plants  with  entire,  exstipitlatc,  mostly  opposite  leaves,  with  a  tubular 
calyx  bearing  the  (4 — 7)  petals  and  stamens  in  its  throat,  and  a  compound 
ovaiy  and  style.    Stamens  4 — 14,  rarely  oo.    Fruit  capsular  and  free,  or 
baccate,  2 — 6-,  or  by  abortion,  1-cclled,  GO-seeded.    Albumen  0. 

g  Shrubs,  with  alternate  leaves,  00  stamens,  and  a  bell-shaped  calyx Lagerstr(Exiia.  1 

S  SbrubB,  with  opposite  leaves,  00  stamens,  and  a  tubular,  adherent  calyx Tunica.  2 

%  Herbs— a  Flowers  irregular     Calyx  inflated,  tribbous  at  base Cuphea.  3 

—a  Flowers  regular.— *  Calyx  cylindrical,  striate,  with  5  minute  horns Lytuhum.  t 

—6  Calyx  campanulate,— c  5  teeth  with  5  long  horns.  ...Nasjea.  5 

— c  4  teeth  with  4  short  horns..  .Ammannia.  6 

—c  4  teeth.  HorusO.  Petals  O..Didifli8.  7 

1.  LAGERSTRCEMIA  Indica.  Crape  Myrtle.  Petals  6,  crisped, 
on  claws  inserted  into  the  calyx  tube.  Sta.  00.  Lvs.  round-ovate,  thick,  smooth.  Branches 
winged.    Flowers  blue-purple,  in  panicles.    Common  S.  t  and  §.    From  E.  India. 

2.  PUNIOA  GRANATUM.  POMEGRANATE.  Lvs.  lanceolate.  Pet.  5,  oval, 
obtuse,  erect,  scarlet,  large.  Fr.  lara;e,  crim.,  crowned  with  the  calyx,  eatable,  of  singulai 
structure,  being  3-celled  below  and  5-celled  above,  10— 20f.    Hardy  in  Fla.  and  La.    (Eur.) 

3.  CUPHEA,  Jacq.  Calyx  tubular,  13-veined,  gibbous  at  base,  with  G 
•Tcct  teeth,  and  often  as  many  intermediate  processes.  Pet.  6  or  7,  unequal. 
Stam.  about  12,  unequal.     Sty.  filiform.    Caps,  thin,  1-2-celled,  few-seeded. 

1  C.  viscosissima  Jacq.    (J)  "Viscid-pubescent ;  branches  alternate ;  lvs.  opp.,  lance- 

ovate  ;  flowers  violet-purple,  short-stalked,  1  in  each  axil ;  capsules  bursting  laterally 
before  ripe.    Wet  gronnds,  Mass.,  W.  and  S.    Not  common.    9—18'.    August. 

2  €.  PLATYCENTRA.    Low,  bushy  perennial ;  leaves  lanceolate;  fls.  with  a  scarlet  calyx 

tube  and  short,  purple  petals,  produced  in  profusion  all  Sum.  From  Mex.  Not  hardy, 

3  C.  STRiGULoSA.   Shrubbj',  hispid  and  viscid  ;  lvs.  oblong-ovate ;  cal.  scarlet,  gibbous 

at  base ;  i)etal8  fi,  subeqital,  large,  violet-purple,  varying  to  yellow  ;  sta.  11,  hairy. 

4  C.  siLENoiuES.    Lvs.  lanceolate  ;  cal.  green  and  red  ;  pet.  5,  purple,  2  large  and  3  small. 

4.  LYTHRUM,  L.  Loosestrife.  Calyx  cylindrical,  striate,  limb 
4-6-toothed,  with  as  many  intermediate,  minute  processes.  Pet.  4 — 6, 
equal.  Stam.  as  many  or  twice  as  many  as  the  petals,  inserted  in  th© 
calyx.  Style  filiform.  Capsule  2-celled,  many-seeded.  U  Mostly  with 
entire  leaves  and  purple  or  pale  flowers.    June — Aug. 

§  stamens  as  many  as  the  petals.    Flowers  axillary,  solitary Nos.  1—4 

§  Stamens  twice  as  many  as  the  petals.   Flowers  spicate  or  racemed Nos.  4,  /* 

1  I<.  liyssopitolium L.  Grass-iX)ly.  Glabrous,  slender;  branches  square;  lvs.  alter- 

nate or  opposite,  linear  or  oblong-lanceolate,  obtuse  ;  fls.  solitary,  axillary,  subsessile: 
pet.  and  stam.  5  or  6.    Low  grounds,  coastward,  Ms.,  N.  Y.    Rare.    6 — 10'. 

2  L.  alatum  Ph.    Glabrous,  erect,  branched ;  stem  winged  below ;  lvs.  lance-ovate. 

acute,  sessile,  broadest  at  base,  alternate  and  opposite;  flowers  axillary,  solitary 
with  6  wavy  petals  and  6  short  stamens.    Damp.    S.  and  W.    1— 2f. 

3  L*  lineare  L.    St.  slender,  somewhat  4-angled,  branehed  above  ;  lvs.  linear,  mostly 

opposite,  obinee;  fls.  nearly  sesfile  ;  pet.  and  sta,  6.    Swamps,  N  J.  to  Fla.    8— 4f. 


124  OiiDEu  54.— ON^iGRACE.E. 

4  li.  Salicdria  L.    More  or  loss  pubescent ;  Iv?.  lanceolate,  cordate  at  baee ;  fla 

nearly  sessile,  in  a  long,  somewhat  verticillate,  interrupted  spike  ;  pet.  B  or  7  ;  stara. 

twice  as  many.    Wet  meadows,  N.  Eng.,  N.  Y.    Rare.    2— 5f.    Fls.  showy,  purple,    -f 

p.  RosEUM.    Flowers  rose-red,  in  many  spikes,  all  summer.    A  fine  garden  variety. 

5.  NES.SIA,  Juss.  Calyx  short,  broadly  campanulate,  with  5  erect 
teeth,  and  5  elongated,  spreading,  hornlike  processes.  Sta.  10,  alternate 
ones  very  long.  Sty.  filiform.  Caps,  globous,  included,  co-seeded,  if  Lvs. 
opposite  or  verticillate.    Flowers  axillary,  purple. 

Rf,  Tcrticlllata  Kunth.  Swamps,  common.  Stems  woody  at  base,  stoloniferous, 
2— 4f,  angular ;  lvs.  lanceolate,  acuminate,  opposite  or  in  whorls  of  3's  ;  fls.  in  a  long, 
leafy,  shoAvy,  slender  panicle  of  umbels.    (Decodon  verticillatum  Ell.) 

6.  AMMANNIA,  L.  Calyx  campanulate,  4-5-toothed  or  lobed,  gen- 
erally with  as  many  hornlike  processes,  alternating  with  the  lobes.  Pet 
4  or  5.  Sta.  as  many,  rarely  twice  as  many  as  the  calyx  lobes.  Capsule 
globular,  2-4-celled,  oo-seeded.  ®  Stems  square  and  leaves  opposite, 
entire.    Flowers  axillary. 

A.  liiiniilis  Mx.    St.  branched  from  the  base,  ascending ;  lvs.  lanceolate,  obtuse, 

tapering  at  base  into  a  short  petiole  :  fls.  solitary,  closely  sessile,  all  the  parts  in  4's  ; 

sty.  very  short.    Ditches.    A  low  herb,  with  inconspicuous  flowers.    Aug.,  Sept. 

2  A.  latifolia  L.    St.  erect,  branching;  lvs.  linear-lanceolate,  acute,  dilated  and  au- 

ricled  at  the  sessile  base ;  cal.  4-angled,  4-horned  ;  fls.  crowded.  Wet,  W.  1— 2f.  Pnrp. 

7.  DIDIPLIS,  Raf.  Calyx  4-lobed,  without  accessory  teeth.  Pet.  0. 
Sta.  2 — 4.  Ov.  2-celled.  Stig.  2-lobed,  subsessilc.  Caps,  globous,  burst- 
ing irregularly,  QO-seeded.  ^■■X'  Leaves  opposite,  crowded,  linear.  Flowers 
axillary,  sessile,  minute.     (Hypobrichia,  Curt.) 

D.  dlandra.— Ponds  and  sluggish  streams,  111.  and  S.  10—20'  long.  Jn.-Aug. 

Ordek  LIV.    ONAGRACE^E.    Onagrads. 

Herbs,  rarely  shrubs,  with  the  flowers  4-(sometimes  2  or  3)-parted,  with 
the  calyx  tube  adhering  to  the  2-4-celled  ovary,  and  teeth  valvate  in  tlie 
bud ;  the  -petals  convolute  in  the  bud,  sometimes  obsolete  as  well  as  the 
calyx  teeth.  Stamens  as  many  or  twice  as  many  as  the  petals  or  calyx 
teeth.  Ovary  2-4-celled,  styles  united,  and  stigmas  capitate  or  4-lobed. 
Fi-uit  capsular  or  baccate,  2-4-celled.  Seeds  witli  little  or  no  albumen. 
Figs.  13,  54, 138,  317,  385. 

•  stamens  8,  or  twice  as  many  as  the  petals  or  sepals. . .(«) 

a  Calyx  tube  not  prolonged  above  the  ovary. — b  Seeds  comous Epilobium.  1 

— b  Seeds  glabrous Jnssi^A.  2 

a  Calyx  tube  prolonged, — c  the  free  summit  slender. — d  Seeds  comous,  GO Zauscuneria.  3 

— d  Seeds  glabrous,  CO (Enothera.  4 

—d  Seeds  glabrous,  1-^ Gaura.  .5 

— c  the  free  summit  enlarged, — e  short.    Pet.  clawed Clarkia.  6 

— «  long.    Pet.  sessile Fuchsia.  7 

*  Stamens  4  or  2,  as  many  as  the  sepals. — d  Flowers  4-parted Ludwigia.  S 

— cZ  Flowers  2-parted Circjea.  9 

1.  EPILOBIUM,  L.  Willow-herb.  Rose  Bay.  Cal.  tube  not  pro- 
longed beyond  the  ovary,  limb  deeply  4-cleft,  deciduous.    Sta.  8.    Stig 


Order  54.— ONAGRACE^.  125 

often  with  4  spreading  lobes.  Ov.  and  caps,  linear,  4-corncred,  4-cellcd, 
l-valved.  Seeds  oo,  comous  with  long  silky  hairs.  If  Flowers  purple 
to  white.    July — Sept. 

•  Lvs.  alternate.  Fls.  showy,  expanding.  Stig.  with  4  long  lobes.  Sty.  declined  .No.  1 

♦  Lvs.  opposite.    Fls.  small.    Stigma  undivided. — a  Petals  entire Nos.  2,  3 

— a  Petals  2-lobed Nos.  4,  5 

1  E.  angustifolium  L.    St.  simple,  erect ;  lvs.  lanceolate,  subentire  with  a  mat 

ginal  vein  ;  rac.  long,  terminal,  spicate  ;  pet.  unguiculate,  purple;  stig.  with  4  linear, 
rovolute  lobes.    In  newly-cleared  lands,  fence-rows,  «fec.,  E.  and  W.    4— 6f. 
p.  cnnescens.    Flowers  pure  white  throughout ;  ovaries  silvery  canescent. 

2  E.  alpinuin  L.    St.  creeping  at  base,  usually  with  2  pubescent  lines,  few-flwd. ;  lvs. 

glabrous,  oblong-ovate,  obtuse ;  caps,  glabrous.  HighMts.  N.  6 — 12'.  Fls.  pale-roseate. 
/3.  nutanc.  Taller  (If),  nodding  at  the  summit ;  lvs.  oblong,  denticulate.  White  Mts. 

3  E.  palustre  L.    /3.  albiAbrtun,    Minutely  downy,  branching;  lvs.  sessile,  linear 

or  narrowly  lance-lin. ;  caps,  pubescent.  Swamps,  Pa.,  N.  &  W.  6'— 2f.  Fls.  nearly  wh. 

4  E.  molle  Torr.    Velvety-pubescent,  strict,  branched  above ;  lvs.  sessile,  crowded, 

lanceolate- to  linear-oblong,  subentire;  pet.  deeply-emarginate,  rose-color.    Swamps. 
E.  and  W.    1— 2f.    Varies  to  nearly  smooth,  and  less  leafy.    (N.  Y.,  Hankenson.) 

5  E.  coloratum  Mnhl.    Nearly  smooth,  much  branched;  lvs.  lance-oblong,  dent- 

serrulate,  some  petiolate,  often  with  reddish  veins ;  pet.  2-cleft,  rose-color.  Wet.  l-3f 

2.  JUSSIiEA,  L.  Calyx  tube  long,  but  not  produced  beyond  the 
ovary ;  the  lobes  4 — 6,  leafy,  persistent.  Pet.  4 — 6,  spreading.  Sta.  8 — 12. 
Pod  4r-6-celled,  long,  opening  between  the  ribs.  Seeds  very  numerous.— 
Herbs  with  alternate  leaves  and  yellow  flowers. 

1  J.  decurrens  DC.    Glabrous;  fls.  4-parted,  O'';  st.  erect,  branched,  winged  by  the 

decurrent,  lanceolate  lvs. ;  pod  clavate,  4-angled.    n  Wet.  Pa.,  and  S.  6-20'.  Jl.-Sep. 

2  J.  repens  L.    Smooth,  or  hairy  above,  creeping,  with  erect  branches  ;  fls.  5-parted, 

2' ;  lvs.  oblanccolate  to  oblong,  narrowed  to  the  slender  pet. ;  ov.  much  shorter  than 
the  ped.   U  Ponds,  ditches.  Pa.  to  111.,  and  S.  2— 3f.   May— Aug.  (J.  grandiflora  Mx.) 

3  J.  leptocarpa  N.    Hairy ;  fls.  mostly  6-parted,  small  (9'0  ;  lvs.  lanceolate,  subses- 

sile  ;  pod  slender,  much  longer  tlian  the  ped.    (I)  Marshes,  Fla.  to  La.    1— 2f.    June. 

3.  ZAUBOHNERIA  Californica.  U  Bushy,  hairy-viscid,  with  lan- 
ceolate leaves  and  scarlet  (varying  to  white)  flowers  resembling  Fuchsias.    Sta.  exserted. 

4.  CENOTHERA,  L.  Evening  PREvmosE.  Calyx  tube  prolonged 
Deyond  the  ovary,  deciduous.  Segm.  4,  reflexed.  Pet.  4,  equal,  obcordate 
or  obovate.  Sta.  8.  Caps.  4-celled,  4-valved.  Stig.  4-lobed.  Seeds  many, 
without  a  coma.— Herbs  with  alternate  leaves.     Summer. 

*  Native.    Fls.  nocturnal,  yellow.    Pods  sessile,  oblong,  terete Nos.  1—3 

*  Native.    Fls.  diurnal,  yellow.    Pods  clubshaped,  4-angled  and  4-ribbed. .  (a) 

a  Calyx  tube  not  longer  than  the  ovary.    Fls.  5"  or  6"  diameter Nos.  4,  5 

a  Calyx  tube  about  twice  longer  than  the  ovary.    Fls.  IS''- 18" Nos.  0—8 

a  Calyx  tube  3  or  4  times  longer  than  the  ovary.    Fls.  2'— 4^ Nos.  9,  10 

♦  Exotic— 6  Fls.  yellow,  large.    Tube  much  longer  than  the  ovary Nos.  11,  12 

—6  Fls.  white,  very  large.    Pods  4-winged  and  4-ribbed. . .  Nos.  13,  14 

—6  Fls.  purple  or  roseate.    Tube  short,  funnel-form.   Godetia..Nos.  15—18 
1  OS,  biennis  L.  St.  erect,  hirsute ;  lvs.  ovate-lanceolate,  repand-denticulate ;  fls.  in 
a  terminal,  leafy  spike;  cal.  tube  2  to  3  times  longer  than  the  ovary;  stam.  shortel 
than  the  obcordate  or  obtuse  petals ;  pod  oblong,  obtneely  4-angled.    Com.    a-5f. 


126  Order  54.— ONAGRACE^. 

p.  muricata.    Stem  rough-hirsute  ;  petals  but  little  longer  than  the  stair  enp. 

y.  g-randiAbra,    St.  branching  ;  pet.  much  longer  than  stam.,  deei)ly  ob(ordatc,  t 

i.  parvill'ora.    Calyx  tube  elongated  ;  petals  small,  as  long  as  the  stamens. 

f.  cruciala.    Petals  linear-oblong,  shorter  than  the  stamens. 

C.  caniscenx.    Petals  enlarged  ;  whole  plant  canesccntly  hairy. 

2  <E.  rliombip^tala  N.    St.  erect,  tall,  smooth ;   Ivs.  lance-linear ;   pet.  rhombic- 

elliptical,  pointed  ;  cal.  tube  S-^  times  longer  than  ovary.    @  Prairies,  W.    2— 3f.    -t 

3  <E.  sinua.ta  L.    Pubescent,  decumbent  at  base  ;  Ivs.  oval-oblong,  sinuate-dentate, 

or  incised ;  fls.  axillary,  solitary  ;  tube  twice  longer  than  ovary.  'I)  N.  J.  and  S.  3—8'. 
-    /3.  minima.    Low,  simi)le,  1-flowercd  ;  Ivs.  subentire.    Pine-barrens,  N.  J.  and  S. 

4  <E.  pumila  L.    Low,  pubescent,  half-erect ;  Ivs.  lanceolate  ;  fls.  fi'',  in  a  leafy  spike  ; 

calyx  tube  shorter  than  the  oblong-clavate  ovary.    @  Meadows,  Can.  to  Car.    6 — 10'. 

5  <E.  clirysantlia  Mx.    Ascending,  slender;  fls.  small  (5")  crowded,  spicate;  Ivs. 

lanceolate ;  cal.  tube  as  long  as  the  ovary ;  pet.  emarginate.  @  N.  Y.  to  Wis.   12— IS'. 

6  <E.  frutlcbsa  L.    St.  rigid,  hairy  or  downy ;  Ivs.  lance-oblong;  rac.  corymbed  ;  fls. 

l-3'''diam. ;  pod  oblong-clavate,  4-winged,  4-ribbed,  pedicellate,    n  Hard  soils.    1— 3f. 

7  CE.  riparia  N.    St.  slender,  branched,  purple,  and  polished  ;  Ivs.  lin. -lanceolate,  peti- 

olate,  denticulate  ;  rac.  corymbed ;  fls.  large  (18").   Banks,  N.  J.,  and  S.  1— 2f.  A>ay-h. 

8  CE.  linearis  Mx.    Iloary-pnberulent,  subsimple;  Ivs.  linear,  subentire,  obtuse  ;  fls. 

large,  corymbed  ;  pod  obovold.    U  Montauk  Pt.  to  Tenn.,  and  S.    1— Hf.    May,  June, 

9  €E.  g^laiica  Mx.    Smooth, glaucous  ;  Ivs.  ovate,  sessile,  pointed;  fls.  large,  clustered 

at  the  ends  of  the  branches  ;  pod  oval,    n  Va.  to  Ky.,  and  S.    2— 3f.    May— July. 

10  OS.  MissouRiENSis  Sims.    Simple,  decumbent;  Ivs.  thick,  lanceolate,  petiolate;  iia. 
very  large  (40,  tube  very  long;  pod  very  large,  4-winged.    Dry  hills.  Mo.    July— Oct. 

11  (E.  NOCTURNA.    St.  erect,  downy ;  Ivs.  lanceolate,  repand-dentate.    @  S.  Af.    2f. 

12  <E.  LONGiFLORA.    Simple,  hairy ;  Ivs.  lanceolate,  denticulate  ;  pet.  2-lobed.  ®  S.  Am. 

1 3  GE.  SPECiosA.    Lvs.  pinnatifid  below  ;  fls.  diurnal,  white,  fading  red.    n  Ark.    18'. 
1-4  CE.  TETKAPTERA.    Lvs.  pinnatifid  below  ;  fls.  nocturn.,  large,  pure  wh.  (T)  Mex.  l-2f. 

OE.  RUBicuNDA.    Erect;  lvs.  lance-linear ;  pet.  rose-purp.,  orange  at  base.  (I)  Cal.  2f. 

6  CE.  LiNDLEYi.    Diffusely  branched  ;  lvs.  lance-lin. ;  pet.  lilac,  red  at  base,  fi)  Cal.  If. 

17CE.  viNOSA.    Erect ;  lvs.  linear-oblong ;  pet.  white-roseate  ;  fls.  2' broad.    ®Cal.    2f. 

18  CE.  LEPiDA.    Erect,  simple;  lvs.  lance-obl. ;  pet. pjile-purp..  crimson-spotted  at  edge. 

5.  GAURA,  L.  Calyx  tube  much  prolonged  above  the  ovary,  cylin- 
dric,  limb  4-cleft.  Pet.  4,  unguiculate,  somewhat  unequal.  Sta.  8,  decli- 
natc,  alternate  ones  a  little  shorter.  Ovary  oblong,  4-celled,  nut  usually  by 
abortion,  1-celled,  1-4-seeded. — Herbaceous  or  shrubby.  Lvs.  alternate. 
Flowers  white  and  red,  in  slender  spikes.    July,  August. 

1  <J,  biennis  L.    St.  branched,  pubescent ;  lvs.  lance-oblong,  spikes  dense;  cal.  tube 

as  long  as  the  segments,  the  pet.  rather  shorter.    (2)  Dry  bluffs,  rare,  handsome.  3— .5r. 

2  G.  filipes  Spach.    Paniculate  and  naked  above;   lvs.  linear-oblong,  tufted  at  the 

base  of  the  slender  racemes ;  calyx  segments  longer  than  the  tube  or  petals ;  pod.s 
obovoid-clavate,  on  slender  pedicels.    Dry  soils,  S.  and  W.    3— 5f. 

3  G.  angustifolia  Mx.    Pubesccct;  lvs.  linear,  very  acute  ;  calj'x  seg.  much  longer 

than  tube  or  pet. :  pod  sessile,  ovoid,  sharply  4-angled.   S.  Car.  to  Fla.  Fls.  small,  wh 

4  G.  LiNDHEiMERi.   Ercct,  much  branched  ;  lvs.  lin. ;  cal.  red  ;  pet.  blush,  long  in  bloom. 

6.  CLARKIA,  Ph.  Calyx  tube  slightly  prolonged  beyond  the  ovary, 
limb  4-parted,  deciduous.  Pet.  4,  unguiculate,  3-lobed  or  entire,  claws 
with  3  minute  teeth.  Sta.  8.  Sty.  1,  filiform.  Stig.  4-lobed.  Capsule 
largest  at  base,  4-celled,  4-valved,  many-seeded.  -@  Herbs  (from  Oreg.  and 
Cal.)  with  showy,  axillary  flowers. 

1  C.  PULCHELLA.  Lvs.  lin, -lanceolate  ;  pet.  Sparted  ;  4  Sterile  Sta.  Fls.  wh.,ro9e,  or  lila<! 


Order  54.— ONAGRACE^.  127 

2  C  £legans.    Lv8.  lance-ovate ;  pet.  rhombic-ovate  ;  sta.  all  fertile.    Purple  to  white. 

3  C.  KHOMBOiDBA.  Lvs.  ovate-obl. ;  pet.  rhomb.-ovate,  2-toothed,  lilac,  with  purple  spots, 

7.  FUCHSIA,  L.  Ladies'  Eardrop.  Calyx  tubular- funnel-form, 
colored,  deciduous,  limb  4-lobcd.  Pet.  4,  in  the  throat  of  the  calyx.  Sta. 
8,  exserted.  Disk  glandular,  8-furrowed.  Baccate  capsule  oblong,  obtuse, 
4-sided.     ^  S.  American,  beautiful.    Fls.  drooping,  axillary.    Figs.  54, 138. 

1  F.  cocciNEA.   Smooth ;  lvs.  opp.  or  3-whorled,  ovate,  denticulate ;  pet.  convolute,  vio- 

let-purple, hah"  as  long  as  the  scarlet  sepals,  quarter  as  long  as  the  purple  stamens. 

2  F.  GRACILIS.    Half-shrubby;  lvs.  ovate,  glandular-dentate;  pet.  nearly  as  long  as  sep. 

3  F.  FULGENS.    Lvs.  cordatc-ovate ;  cal.  tube  long,  trumpet-shaped,  bright  red.— Many 

hybrid  varieties  of  the  above  three  species  are  in  cultivation. 

8.  LUDWIGIA,  L.  Bastard  Loosestrife.  Calyx  tube  not  pro- 
longed beyond  the  ovary,  limb  4-lobed,  mostly  persistent.  Pet.  4,  equal, 
obcordate,  often  minute  or  none.  Sta.  4,  opposite  the  sepals.  Sty.  short. 
Caps,  short,  4-celled,  4-valved,  many-seeded,  and  crowned  with  the  persist- 
ent calyx  lobes.     U  and  mostly  aT.    Leaves  entire.    Flowers  in  summer. 

$  Leaves  opposite.    Stems  creeping. — a  Petals  none.    Flowers  very  small. .  .Nos.  1,  S 

—a  Petals  yellow,  showy Nos.  3,  4 

§  Leaves  alternate,  sessile.    Stems  mostly  erect. .  .(6) 

b  Petals  large,  yellow.    Pods  pedicellate,  short Nos.  5—7 

b  Petals  small,  yellowish.    Fo^»  sessile,  elongated,  smooth Nos.  8,  9 

b  Petals  0  or  minute.— <;  Pods  elongated,  hairy  or  smooth Nos.  10, 11 

— c  Pods  short,  rounded,  shorter  than  the  sepals.. Nos.  12,  l.S 

— c  Pods  short,  square,— rf  axillary Nos.  14 — 16 

—d  capitate No.  17 

1  Ii.  palustrls  Ell.     Water  Pvrslane.    Creeping  or  floating,  smooth,  some  tieshy ; 

lvs.  ovate-spatulate,  on  winged  petioles  ;  fls.  sessile,  solitary,  apctaloue  ;  pod  ol)long 
(2'0,  with  4  green  angles.    Stem  10— 18^  round,  reddish, 

2  Ii.  spatulata  T.  &  G.    Ascending,  branched,  downy,  not  fleshy ;   lvs.  obovatc- 

spat.,  on  winged  petioles  ;  fls.  very  small,  sess. ;  pod  ovoid,  4-sided,  downy.  Fla.  6-12^. 

3  Ii.  natans  Ell,    Creeping  or  floating,  smooth;  lvs,  oblong,  on  margined  petioles; 

fls,  sessile  ;  pet,  as  long  as  the  calyx  ;  ov,  with  2  bractlets  at  base.  Swamps,  S.  Pod  4". 

4  Ii.  arcuata  Walt,    Creeping,  smoothish ;   lvs.  linear-oblanceolate,  tapering  to  the 

slender  base  ;  fls.  solitary,  on  ped,  twice  longer  than  the  lvs. ;  petals  bright  yellow, 
longer  than  the  nan-ow  sepals  ;  pod  clavate,  finally  arcuate,    Va.  to  Fla,    3—10', 

5  Ii.  alternifolia  L,    Seed  Box.    Erect,  glabrous ;  lvs.  lanceolate,  acute;  ped,  axil- 

laiy,  2-bracted  ;  sep,  large,  purplish,  crowning  the  4-winged  pod.    Swamps.    1— 3f. 

6  Ii.  liirtella  Raf.    Erect,  hairy;  lvs.  ovate-oblong,  obtuse;  ped.  axillary,  2-bracted ; 

sep.  shorter  than  the  yellow  petals;  pod  4-winged,  subglobous.  Wet.  N.J.  to  Fla.  l-3f 

7  Ii.  vlrgata  Ph.    Erect,  with  virgate  branches,  smoothish  ;  lvs.  oblong  to  linear,  ob- 

tuse ;  fls.  large  ;  pet.  longer  than  the  leafy  calyx,  which  is  finally  persistent  and  re- 
flexed  on  the  roundish-cubical  4-winged  pod.    Dry  soils,  S,    2— 3f,    Flowers  V. 

8  Ii.  linearis  Walt,    Slender,  with  erect  branches  ;  lvs.  lance-linear,  acute;  fls.  axil 

lary,. sessile  ;  pet.  obovate-obl. ;  pod  clavate,  4-sided,  longer  than  sep.  N.J.  and  S.  2f 

9  L.  Ilnifolla  Poir.    Simple,  erect  from  a  creeping  base ;  lvs.  spreading,  lin.,  attenu 

ate  at  base  ;  sep.  ovate,  pointed,  equalling  the  pet.  and  oblong  pods.  Mud,  S.  If.  Lvs.  V. 

1 0  Ii.  cylindrlca  Ell.    Smooth  ;  lvs.  lanceolate  ;  fls.  minute,  1—3  together,  apetalous ; 
pod  slender,  cylindrical,  blunt,  longer  than  the  calyx  eegm.   S.  Car,  to  Fla.  and  La.   .3f 

11  Ii.  pilosa  Walt    Villous-pubescent ;  lvs.  lanceolate ;  fls.  axillary  and  spiked  above  ; 
pod  villous,  oblong,  4-sided,  as  long  as  the  ovate,  pointed  sepals.    Swamps,  S.    2f, 


]^28  Order  56.— TURNER ACE^. 

12  li.  spliaerocarpa  Ell.  Lvs.lanccolatc,  attennate  tobase;  ped.  subsol.,bractlc88, 
phort ;  eep.  as  long  as  the  small  subglobous  pod.  Wet  swamps,  Mass.  to  Ga, :  rare.  3f. 

13  li.  microcarpa  Ms.  Ascending  from  a  creeping  base;  Ive.  spatulate-obovate • 
sep.  roundish,  acuminate,  larger  than  the  very  small  obovoid  pod.  Wet,  S.   If. 

14  li.  ala.ta  EU.  St.  slender,  strongly  4-angled ;  Ivs.  wedge-lanceolate;  fls.  in  the  up- 
per axils  few,  white,  apet. ;  pod  cubic-obconic,  winged  ;  sds.  ovoid.  Marshes,  S.  2-3f. 

15  li.  lanceolata  Ell,  ?  (Chapm.)  St.  stout,  terete;  Ivs.  lanceolate;  fls.  in  all  the 
axils  green,  apetalous  ;  pod  cubical,  with  sharp  angles.  Swamps,  Ga.  Fla.  l-2f,  bushy. 

I  6  li.  polycarpa  Short  &  Peter.  Lvs.  lance-linear,  on  the  runners  oblanccolate ;  fls 
solitary,  with  2  subulate  bractlets  at  base  ;  pod  cubical-obconic.    Swamps,  W.    1— 3f. 

1  7  li.  capttata  Mx.  Erect ;  lvs.  lance-linear  to  lance-obl.,  obtuse  at  the  sessile  base ; 
flowers  sessile,  crowded  in  a  tei-minal  bracted  head  or  spike.    Wet  barrens,  S.    2 — 3f. 

9.  CIRCffiA,  L.  Enchanter's  Nightshade.  Calyx  slightly  pro- 
duced above  the  ovary,  deciduous,  limb  2-parted.  Pet.  2,  obcordate.  Sta. 
2.  Caps,  obovoid,  uncinate-hispid  or  pubescent,  2-celled,  2-seeded.  Sty. 
united,     if  Leaves  opposite.    Flowers  small,  racemed.    Figs.  13,  317,  385. 

1  C.  liUtetlana  L.    St.  erect,  pubescent  above ;  lvs,  ovate,  subcordate,  acuminate, 

slightly  repand-dentate,  opaque,  longer  than  the  petioles  ;  bracts  none  ;  fr.  reflexed, 
hispid-uncinate.    Damp  shades.    1— 2f.    Rac.  slender.    Fls.  rose-colored.    June,  Jl. 

2  C.  alpina  L.    Smooth  ;  st.  ascending  at  base,  weak  ;  lvs.  broad-cordate,  diaphanous, 

duntate,  as  long  as  the  petioles ;   bracts  setaceous ;   caps,  pubescent.    Wet,  rocky 
woods,  N.  Eng.  to  Oreg.    6—10'.    Fls.  white.    Plant  small  and  delicate.    July,  Aug. 

Order  LY.    LOASACE^.    Loasads. 

Herbs  often  hispid  with  stinging  hairs,  with  leaves  opposite  or  alternate 
and  no  stipules.  Calyx  adherent  to  the  ovary,  4  or  5-parted,  lobes  persist- 
ent, equal.  Petals  5,  or  10  in  2  circles.  Stamens  oo.  Ovary  1-celled,  with 
several  parietal  placentoe. 

1.  MENTZELIA,  L.  Calyx  tubular,  limb  5-parted.  Pet.  5—10,  flat, 
spreading.  Sta.  oo,  20  to  200.  Ov.  inferior.  Sty.  3,  filiform,  connate,  and 
often  spirally  twisted.  Stig.  simple,  minute.  Caps.  1-celled,  many-seeded. 
— Branching  herbs.    Leaves  alternate. 

1  OT.  oligosperma  Nutt.    Very  rough,  with  barbed  hairs ;  stem  dichotomous  ;  Ivb. 

ovate-lanceolate,  lobed  or  incisely  tootheCi ;  pet.  entire,  cuspidate,  longer  than  the  20  + 
sta. ;  caps.  3-5-secded.    %  Dry  rocks.  111.  Mo.  and  S.  If.  Fls.  deep  yellow,  WK  May-Jl. 

2  M.  Flurldana  N.   Slightly  roughened ;  lvs.  deltoid-ovate,  unequally  toothed,  petio- 

late ;  pet.  wedge-oval,  obtuse  ;  sta.  30 ;  caps.  6-seeded.    Fla.    If.   Fls.  small,  yellow. 

3  M.  LiNDLEYi.  Golden  Bartonia.  Hispid  ;  lvs.  lance-ovate,  pinnatifid,  lobes  often  den- 

tate ;  pet.  broad  obovate ;  seeds  GO  ;  stamens  200.    (i)  California.    Fls.  golden,  2— 3^ 

2.  LOASA,  Adans.  Cal.  5-parted.  Pet.  5,  concave.  Scales  5,  petaloid, 
2-3-lobed,  connivent,  with  2  sterile  filaments  inserted  at  base.  Sta.  oo,  in 
many  fascicles.     Style  3-fid.    Caps.  1-celled,  half  3-valved. 

!«.  LATERfxiA.  Brick-red  L.  Climbing,  stinging ;  leaves  palmately  lobed,  cordate ;  fls. 
large,  on  long  stalks,  brick-red  to  orange.    Chili.    20f.    June— October. 

Order  LVI.    TURNERACE^. 
Herbs  with  alternate,  exstipulate  leaves,  solitary,  5-parted  flowers,  a  free 
calyx  bearing  the  5  petals  and  5  stamens  in  its  throat.     Ovary  1-celled,  with 


Order  58.— CUCURBITACE^.  129 

3  parietal  placentae.    Styles  3,  distinct.    Fruit  a  3-valved  capsule.    Seed: 
albuminous,  stropliiolate. 

TURNERA,  L.  Calyx  campanulate.  Styles  8.  Stigmas  2-5-  oo- 
parted  or  fringed.  Caps,  of  8  valves  separating  to  the  base.  Herbs  pubes- 
cent or  tomentous.    Flowers  on  jointed  pedicels,  yellow.   (Piriqueta,  Aub.) 

1  T.  clstoides  L.    Hairy,  erect ;  Ivs.  lanceolate,  obtuse,  denticulate  ;  the  upper  bract- 

like, shorter  than  the  peduncles  ;  pet.  obovate,  cor.  1'.    Dry.    S.    If.    June,  July. 

2  T.  tomentosa,    Tomentous  ;  Ivs.  oblong  (10,  longer  than  the  peduncles.    Fla.    If. 

3  T.  glabra  (Chapm.)    Smooth,  branched  ;  ped.  2—3  times  longer  than  lin.  Ivs.    Fla. 

Order  LVII.    PASSIFLORACE.^.    Passionworts. 

Plants  often  woody,  climbing  by  tendrils,  with  alternate  leaves  and  leafy 
stipules.  Flowers  perfect,  5-parted'.  Calyx  tubular,  the  throat  crowned 
with  several  rows  of  sterile  filaments,  and  the  corolla  above  them.  Sta- 
mens 5,  monadelphous,  sheathing  the  stipe  of  the  ovaiy.  Fr.  fleshy,  00- 
seeded.    Figs.  Ill,  112,  848. 

PASSIFLORA,  L.  Passion-flower  {L  e.,  emblematic  of  our  Saviour's 
passion).  Cal.  colored,  deeply  5-parted,  the  throat  with  a  complex  fila- 
mentous crown.  Ov.  raised  on  a  stipe.  Stig.  3,  with  5  large  anthers.  Fr. 
a  pulpy  berry.     "^  ^  Fls.  large,  wonderful  and  beautiful.    May — July. 

1  p.  lutea  L.    Lvs.  glabrous,  cordate,  3-lobed,  obtuse ;  petioles  glandless ;  ped.  mostly 

in  pairs ;  pet.  gr.-yel.,  narrower  and  much  longer  than  sep.    Of  Woods,  O.,  and  S.  lOf. 

2  P.  Incarnata  L.    Lvs.  deeply  3-lobed,  serrate ;  petioles  with  2  glands  above  ;  in- 

volucre .3-leaved ;  crown  triple,  roseate,    n  Dry  fields,  Va.  to  Fla.    20— 30f.    Pet.  wh. 

3  P.  C(ERULBA.    Shrubby ;   lvs,  palmately  5-parted,  entire ;  invol.  3-bracted ;  petioles 

glandular ;  pet.  longer  than  the  crown,  blue,  purple,  and  white.    Brazil,    Not  hardy 

Order  LVIII.    CUCURBITACE^.    Cucurbits. 

Herhs  succulent,  creeping  or  climbing  by  tendrils,  with  alternate  leaves. 
Fhwers  monoecious  or  polygamous,  never  blue.  Calyx  5-toothed,  adherent. 
Petals  5,  often  united,  inserted  on  the  calyx.  Stamens  5,  generally  cohering 
in  3  sets.  Anthers  united,  contorted.  Ovary  1-celled,  with  3  parietal  pla- 
centae often  filling  the  cells.  Fruit  a  pepo  or  membranous.  Seeds  flat,  with 
no  albumen,  often  arilled.    Figs.  186,  476,  482. 

§  corolla  white,— a  6-cleft.    Stigmas  2.    Fruit  echinate Echinocystis.  1 

—a  5-petalled.    Pepo  smooth,  many-seeded Lagenaria.  2 

— o  5-parted.    Berry  smooth,  few-seeded Bryonia.  S 

— aS-lobed.    Frnit  prickly,  1-seeded SiCYOS.  4 

I  Corolla  yellow, — &  5-lobed.    Berry  small,  smooth,  00-seeded Melothria.  6 

— 5  5-lobed.     Pepo  large.     Seeds  thick  at  edge Cucurbita.  6 

— &  5-cleft.    Pepo  large,— c  Seeds  colored,  thick-edged Citrulltjs.  7 

— c  Seeds  white,  acute-edged Cucumis.  8 

1.  ECHINOCYSTIS,  T.  &  G.  Flowers  8.  Calyx  of  6  filifonn-subu- 
late  segments,  shorter  than  the  corolla.  Petals  6,  united  at  base  into  a  ro- 
tate-campanulate  corolla.     3  Sta.  3,  diadelphous.     $  Abortive  fil.  8,  dis- 


130  Order  58.— CUCURBITACE^. 

tinct,  minute.     Style  very  short    Stig.  2,  large.    Fruit  roundish,  inflated, 
echinate,  4-scedcd.    ®  Climbing,  with  branched  tendrils. 

E.lobata  T.  &  G.    Alluvion,  Can.  to  Penn.  and  W.    Smoothish.    Lvp.  thin,  palmately 
5-lobed.    Fls.  small,  white,  the  barren  in  large  racemes,  fertile  few  below.    Jl.— Sep. 

2.  LAGSNARIA,  Ser.  Gourd.  Fls.  8 .  Calyx  campan.,  5-toothcd. 
Pet.  5,  obovate.  $  Sta.  5,  triadelphous.  $  Stig.  3,  thick,  2-lobed,  subscs- 
sile.  Pepo  ligneous,  1-celled.  Seeds  arilled,  obcordate,  compressed,  mar- 
gin tumid. — Mostly  climbing  by  tendrils. 

li.  VUL6ARE.    Stem  soft-pubescent ;  tendrils  branched  ;  Ivs.  roundish,  cordate,  2  gkindJJ 
beneath  at  base  ;  fls.  solitary,  peduncled,  white ;  pepo  bottle-shaped.    @  Gardens. 

3.  BRYONIA,  L.  Bryony.  Fls.  8  or  $2.  Cal.  5 -toothed,  teeth 
short.  Cor.  5-cleft  or  -parted.  $  Stamens  5,  triadelphous,  with  flcxuous 
anthers.    $  Sty.  trifid.    Berry  small,  globular.    ^  Fls.  greenish-wh.  June. 

B.  Boykinll  T.  &  G.    Scabrous  pubescent;  Ivs.  deeply  3-5-lobed,  cordate;  flowers 
small,  axillary,  mixed,  on  short  pedicels ;  berries  3-8eeded,  bright  red.  Ga.  to  La.  lOf. 

4.  SIOYOS,  L.  Single-seed  Cucumber.  Fls.  <?.  Cal.  5-toothed. 
Pet.  5,  united  at  base.  Anthers  cohering,  contorted.  Styles  8,  united  at 
base.  Fruit  ovate,  membranous,  hispid  or  echinate,  with  one  large,  com- 
pressed seed.     ^  With  compound  tendrils.     Flowers  axillary,  mixed. 

S,  aiij^ulatiis  L.    Hairy,  branched ;  Ivs.  roundish,  5-angled  or  lobed,  lobes  pointed  ; 
fls.  wh.  with  gr.  veins,  the  i  in  long  rac,  the  $  smaller,  capitate.  Thickets.  Jl.— Sep. 

5.  MELOTHRIA,  L.  Fls.  ?  $  6  or  <?.'  Calyx  bell-form,  limb  in  5 
subulate  segments.  Pet.  5,  united  into  a  bell-form  corolla.  Sta.  5,  triadel- 
phous. Style  1,  stig.  3.  Berry  ovoid,  small,  oo-seeded.    ^  Tendrils  simple, 

Ifl.  pendula  L.    Lvs.  roundish,  small,  5-lobed  or  angled,  pointed  ;  fls.  axillary,  $  in 
small  rac,  ?  solitary,  on  long  peduncles.   N.  Y.  to  Ga.   Delicate.    Fls.  yellowish.  Jl. 

6.  CUCURBIT  A,  L.  Squash.  Fls.  6' .  Cal.  5-toothed,  limb  decidu- 
ous after  flowering  in  ? .  Cor.  bell-shaped,  cohering  with  the  calyx, 
Stam.  5,  anth.  connate,  straight.  Stig.  3.  Pepo  fleshy.  Seeds  thick  at 
margin,  smooth,     ^  Flowers  yellow. 

1  C  Pkpo.    Pumpkin.    Rough-hispid ;  lvs.  very  large,  cordate,  5-Iobed  or  angled ;  fls. 

large,  i  long-stalked  ;  fr.  very  lafge,  rounded,  smooth,  torulous,  finally  yellow,    (i) 

2  C.  Melopepo.    Flat  Squash.    Hairy ;   lvs.  cordate,  5-lobed ;  fr.  depressed-orbicular, 

margin  torulous,  smooth  or  warty,  whitish.    ®  Hybridizes  with  No.  1. 

3  C.  VEnRucosA.     Crookneck  S.    Hairy  ;  lvs.  cordate,  deeply  5-lobed  ;  fr.  oblong  or  cla- 

vate,  often  elongated  and  curved  at  base.    (T)  The  varieties  are  numerous. 
/3.  MEDULLosA.     Vegetable  Marrow.    Lvs.  triangular  in  outline,  deeply  3-lobed ;  fr. 
oblong  or  club-form,  dark-green  and  wh.,  10 — 20'  long.  Highly  prized  in  England. 

4  C.  maxima.    Mammoth  S.    Winter  S.    Rough-hairy  ;  lvs.  round-reniform,  obtusely 

5-lobed;  fruit  10'— 3f!  diam.,  with  a  lobed,  yellowish-white  surface  and  dense  pulp. 

7.  CITRULLUS,  Neck.  Wateradelon.  Citron.  Cal.  deeply  5-cleft, 
segm.  linear-lanceolate.  Pet.  5,  united  at  base.  Sta.  triadelphous.  Style 
trifid.  Stig.  reniform-cordate.  Fr.  rounded  or  oblong,  the  succulent  pla- 
centa? filling  the  cell.    Seeds  colored,  truncate  at  base.     ^ 


Ordek  59.~BEG0NIACE^.  131 

C«  vulj^ilrls  Sclirad    Hirsute ;  Ivs,  pomcwhat  5-lobed,  the  lobes  einuate-pinnatifid, 
giaucus  beueath  ;  fls.  with  a  bract ;  fr.  dark-spotted.    (D  India.  Africa. 

8,  OUCUMIS,  L.  Fls.  8  or  ^ .  Cal.  tubular-campanulate,  with  sub- 
ulate segments.  Cor.  deeply  5-parted.  Sta.  triadelplious.  Style  short 
Stig.  3,  thick,  2-lobed.  Pepo  elongated.  Seeds  lance-oblong,  white,  acute, 
not  margined  at  the  edge.     ^  Fls.  axillary,  solitary,  yellow. 

*  Leaves  angular,  not  lobed,  subcordate.    Tendrils  simple Nos.  1,  3 

*  Leaves  doeply-lobed  or  cleft.    Tendrils  simple  or  forked Nos.  3—8 

1  C.  SATivus.     Cucumber.    Rough  ;  If.  angles  acute  ;  fr.  oblong,  prickly  when  young.  (I) 

2  C.  Melo.    Musk  Melon.    Hairy  ;  If.  angles  obtuse  ;  fr.  globular,  torulous.    (J)  Asia. 

3  C.  Anguria.    Prickly  C.    Lvs.  sinuate-lobed ;  tendrils  simple  ;  fr.  ovoid,  echinate. 

4  C  CoLOCTNTHis.    ColocyntJi.    Lvs.  cut-lobed  ;  tend,  short ;  fr.  round,  yel.,  very  bitter. 
6  C»  ANGUiNUS.    Serpent  0.    Lvs.  3-5-lobed ;  tendrils  forked  ;  fr.  long,  coiled,  snake-like. 

Order  LIX.    BEGONIACE^.    Begoniads. 

Herhs  or  shrubby  plants^  with  alternate,  inequilateral  leares,  and  dicli- 
nous, unsymmetrical  flowers.  Perianth  of  3 — oo  lvs.,  all  petaloid  or  the  in- 
ner only.  Stamens  go,  anth.  connate.  Ovary  inferior,  3-angled  or  winged, 
3-celled,  the  placentas  in  the  angles.  Styles  united  at  base.  Albumen  0,  oi*  thin. 

BEGONIA,  L.  $  Sepals  2.  Pet.  2,  rarely  more,  or  0.  $  Sepals  2, 
larger  than  the  4  petals.  Cap.  with  3  angles  unequally  winged,  opening 
below  the  apex.  Sds.  go,  minute.  U  ^  Lvs.  alternate,  stipulate,  with  the 
sides  unequal,  margins  toothed  or  lobed.  Fls.  often  showy.  Species  320, 
mostly  tropical,  often  found  in  the  greenhouse.    Much  mixed. 

§  Leave?  feather-veined,  and  glabrous  as  well  as  the  whole  plant Nos.  1 — 4 

§  Leave;*  palmi-veined,  with  5-9  veins  from  near  the  base.  ..(a) 

a  Plant  glabrous  throughout.    Leaves  toothed  or  crenulate Nos.  h—1 

a  Leaves  hairy,  at  least  on  the  deeply  5-9-1-obed  margins Nos.  8,  9 

a  Leaves  hairy,  at  least  on  the  undulate  or  toothed  margins. .  .(6) 

b  Starainate  flowers  with  2  sepals  only,  the  petals  usually  0 Nos.  10,  11 

h  Stamiuate  flowers  with  2  sepals  and  2  petals.    E.  India Nos.  12— 15 

1  B.  MACULATA.    Very  smooth  ;  lvs.  ovate-oblong,  wavy,  cordate,  white-spotted  above, 

purple  beneath  ;  fls.  white  or  flesh-colored,  in  forked  cymes.    Brazil.    (B.  argentea.) 

2  B.  FUcusioiDES.    Smooth  ;  lvs.  oblong  to  obovate,  obtuse  at  base,  serrulate  ;  fls.  bright 

red,  drooping  like  Fuchsias,  in  many  terminal  cymes,  very  handsome.    N.  Granada. 

3  B.  SEMPKKVinENs.    Lcavcs  bristly  on  the  crenate  edges,  ovate,  subcordate;  fls.  white 

to  rose-colored,  1'— 18",  in  an  open  panicle,  with  scarious,  persistent  bracts.    Brazil. 

4  B.  INCARNATA.     Leaves  bristly-serrate,  ovate  to  oblong;  fls.  roseate,  large,  in  com- 

pound, pendulous  cymes,  with  caducous  bracts  or  0.    Mexico.     (B.  insignis.) 
6  B.  NiTiDA.    Leaves  ovate,  half-cordato,  subcrenate,  shining,  green  as  well  as  the  stip- 

'I'es  ;  flowers  purplish-white,  with  caducous  bracts,  on  axillary  peduncles.     W.  Ind. 
6  B.  SA.VGuiNEA.    Leaves  oblique-ovate,  deeply  cordate,  crenulate,  red  beneath,  large; 

flowers  white,  small,  many,  in  cymes  longer  than  the  leaves.     Stalks  red. 
•y  B.  cocciNEA.    Leaves  oblique  oblong,  half  cordate,  dentate ;  stipules  obovate,  cadu- 
cous ;  flowers  scarlet,  pendulous,  8"  broad,  in  cymes  equalling  the  leaves  (5'). 

8  B.  HiERACiFOLiA.    Leaves  roundish,  palmately  7-cleft,  lobes  toothed  ;  fringed  scales 

on  the  petiole  above  ;  scape  long,  with  many  roseate  flowers,  1'  diameter.    Mexico. 

9  B.  PARViFLORA.    Shrub  rnety-dowuy ;  leaves  ample,  roundish,  subcordate,  7-9-lobcd, 

lobes  serrulate  ;  cymes  If  long,  with  numerous  email  pale  flowers.    Peru. 


132  OiiDER  GO.— CACTACE^. 

10  B.  MANicATA.  Leaves  oblique-ovate,  cordate,  angular,  toothed,  with  purple-frinp;ed 
scales  on  the  petioles  ;  flowers  flesh-colored,  in  open  cymes,  on  long  peduncles.  Mex. 

11  B,  PHTLLOMANicATA.  Stem  covered  with  leaf-like  bulblcts  ;  leaves  broad-ovate, 
cordate,  doubly  dentate  :  peduncles  longer  than  the  leaves  ;  flowers  roseate.    BraziL 

12  B.  EvANsiANA.  Leaves  ovate,  eubcordate,  bristly  denticulate,  purple  beneath; 
flowers  rose-colored,  1',  in  cymes  on  long  stalks.    Our  oldest  species,  from  China. 

1 3  B.  Rex.  Leaves  ample,  ovate,  cordate,  variegated  with  zones  of  dark-green,  silvery- 
gray,  and  purple,  sinuate-crenate  ;  scape  I — 2f,  with  large  roseate  flowers.    E.  Ind. 

14  B.  Griffithii.    Like  No.  13,  but  densely  downy  all  over,  oven  the  large  whitish  fls, 

1 5  B.  XANTuiNA.    Lvs.  like  No.  13,  but  varied  with  metallic  spots  ;  scape  with  yellow  fls. 

Order  LX.  CACTACE.^.  Indian  Figs. 
Plants  yviih.  a  green  fleshy  caudex  or  stock,  angular  or  jointed,  mostly 
leafless,  armed  with  numerous  prickles  and  terrible  spines.  Flowers  soli- 
tary, mostly  very  showy.  Sepals  oo  on  the  surftice.  Petals  and  stamens  oo 
on  the  top  of  the  ovary  or  calyx  tube.  Fruit  fleshy,  1-celled,  with  parie- 
tal placentae.    Style  filiform,  with  stellate  stigmas.    Figs.  472,  487. 

*  Calyx  tube  not  produced  above  the  ovary.    Stock  jointed,  branching Opcntia.  1 

*  Calyx  tube  produced  above  the  ovary. — a  Joints  flat,  leaf-like,  spineless. .  .(x) 

— fi  Stocks  3-00  -angled  or  grooved,  spiny. . .  (y) 

X  Flowers  rose-red,  oblique,  from  the  top  of  the  short  truncated  joints Epiphyllum.       2 

X  Flowers  pink  to  red,  regular,  from  the  notches  of  the  long  juints Phyi.locactus.  3 

y  Stock  long-cylindrical,  many-ridged.    Flowers  lateral,  long-tubed Cerecs.  4 

y  Stock  depressed-globular  to  oblong.     Flowers  subterminal.  sliort-tubed Echi.nocactus. 

y  Stock  globular  to  conical.     Flowers  terminal,  small,  woolly-tubed Melocactus.       6 

y  Stock  globular  to  cylindrical,  covered  with  tubercles.     Flowers  lateral Mammillar'A. 

1.  OPUNTIA,  Mill.  Indian  Fig.  Sep.  and  pet.  oo  aduate  to  the 
ovary,  not  produced  into  a  tube  above  it,  longer  than  the  stamens,  the  in- 
ner obovate.  Stig.  4 — 10.  Berry  smoothish  or  prickly.  J)  Brandies  com- 
posed of  fleshy,  mostly  flattened  joints.  Lvs.  small,  deciduous,  alternate, 
with  tufts  of  prickles  in  their  axils.    Flowers  large,  yellow. 

§  Joints  obovate  or  broadly  oval.  Stigmas  8—10.  Seeds  many.  Fr.  eatable.  ..Nos.  1—4 
§  Joints  oblong  or  nearly  cylindrical.    Stigmas  4— 6.    Seeds  1— (5 Nos.  5,  6 

1  O.  Ficus-Indicus  Haw.  Stock  branches  stout,  erect-spreading,  pale-glaucous ; 
lvs.  subulate,  with  pungent  bristles,  no  spines  ;  fr.  bristly,  obovoid,  purple.  Florida  1 
to  San  Diego!    3— 20f.    Joints  If.    Fruit,  pleasantly  acid.     §  Trop.  Am. 

3  O.  vulgaris  Mill.  Stock  prostrate,  pale-glaucous;  lvs.  minute,  scale-like,  with  GO 
bristles  and  few  spines  ;  fr.  nearly  smooth,  ovoid,  eatable,  crimson  when  ripe.  Dry 
rocks,  &c.,  Ct.  to  Fla.    1— 2f,  the  joints  4— 0^    Flowers  2^—4'  broad.   Pet.  7—10.   Jn. 

3  O.  Bafiuesquii  Eng.  Stock  prostrate,  bright  green  ;  lvs.  spreading,  subulate,  longer 

(3—4");  spines  1-5  in  each  axil ;  petals  10-1'2,  often  purplish  at  base.  Ky.  to  111.,  and  W. 

4  O.  Missouriensis   DC.     Stock  prostrate;  leaves  minute,  the  axils  bristly  and 

with  whorl  of  many  spines  ;  fruit  prickly,  dry.    Wis.,  along  the  rivers,  and  W,    June. 

5  O.  polyantlia  Haw.    Erect ;  joints  oblong,  the  upper  bearing  many  dowers  at  top; 

spines  strong,  yellow,  unequal ;  stigmas  G  ;  fruit  small,  G-seeded.   Waysides,  Fla.  Ju. 

6  O.  Pes-Corvi  Leconte.  Stk.  prostrate ;  joints  compressed-cylindric,  small  (20;  spines 

in  pairs,  unequal ;  pet.  few,  spatulate ;  stig.  4  ;  fr.  small,  prickly,  1-4-seeded.  Ga.,  Fla. 

7  O.  Brasilexsis.   Stock  cylindrical,  6— lOf ;  branches  short,  bearing  ovate  joints,which 

are  thin  and  somewhat  leaf-like  ;  spines  1—3  together,  sharp  and  strong.    Brazil. 

2.  EPIPHYLLUM  tkuncatum.  Stock  consisting  of  short,  flat,  notched 
joints,  truncate  at  top  ;  flowers  at  top  of  the  joints,  2—3'  long,  conspicuously  obliqne. 
Style  longer  than  the  stamens  or  6—8—10  reflexed  petals.    From  Brazil.    If. 


Order  63.— UMBELLIFER^.  133 

3.  PHYLLOOAOTUS  phyllanthoides.  Stock  consisting  of  narrow, 
ciisiform,  crenate  joints,  fleshy  but  leaf-like.  Flowers  4'  long,  open  by  day,  with  many 
rose-colored  petals  and  sepals  longer  than  the  tube,  gradually  spreading.    Mexico. 

2  P.  AcKERMANNi.    FIs.  scarlet ;  pet.  channelled,  pointed,  very  many,  3—4'.    Mexico. 

3  P.  PHTLLANTHUS.    SpleemvoH.    Joints  eusiform,  serrate ;  fls.  9—12',  the  white  fun- 

nol-form  cor.  much  shorter  than  the  slender  tube,  opening  by  night,  fragrant.  S.  Am. 

4.  OEREUS,  DC.  Sep.  and  pet.  imbricated,  adnate  to  and  prolonged 
into  a  long  tube  above  the  ovary.  Sta.  and  style  filiform,  adnate  to  the 
tube.  Stig.  10.  Berry  scaly  with  the  remains  of  the  sepals.  +>  "^  Stock 
fleshy,  green,  prismatic,  often  jointed,  with  f:\scicles  of  spines  on  the  ridges. 

1  C.  GRANDiFLORUS.    Mght-blooming  C.    Stock  long,  about  5-angled  ;  flowers  very  large, 

nocturnal;  pet.  spreading  6—8',  pearl-white  ;  sep.  yellow.  Mex.  A  magnificent  flower. 

2  C.  TRIANGULARIS.    Stock  3-angled,  prickles  bristly;  fl.  very  large,  white;  sep.  green. 

3  €.  FLAGELLir6RMis.    Stock  slender,  long,  prostrate,  10-angled,  hispid  ;  fls.  pink-color, 

smaller,  open  by  day  many  days  in  succession  ;  tube  longer  than  the  petals. 

4  C.  SEKPENTiNUS.    Stock  12-angled,  4f ;  spines  white,  bristly  ;  fls.  pale,  open  by  night. 

5  C.  sPECiosfssiMus.    Stock  3-  or  4-angled,  erect,  4f ;  angles  winged,  undulate  ;  fls.  large 

(4'  long),  with  many  red  or  crimson  petals  and  white  stamens,  diurnal.    Common. 

6  C.  SENILIS.  Old-Man  C.   Stk.  erect,  oblong,  with  tufts  of  long,  white,  hair-like  bristles. 

5.  MELOOACTUS  communis.  Stock  very  succulent,  roundish  ovate, 
If,  12-18-ribbed,  surmounted  by  a  sort  of  spadix,  consisting  mostly  of  dense  wool,  in 
which  at  the  top  the  small  red  flowers  are  imbedded.    W.  Indies. 

Order  LXI.    FICOIDE^.    Mesembryanthb. 

Plants  fleshy,  of  forms  variously  singular,  with  entire,  mostly  opposite 
leaves,  and  solitary,  regular  flowers,  remarkable  for  their  profusion  and 
duration.  Calyx  lobes  4  or  5.  Petals  oo — 5,  or  rarely  0.  Stamens  oo,  dis- 
tinct, perigynous.  Ovary  more  or  less  adherent.  Stigmas  2 —  oo.  Cap- 
sules 1-  oo-celled,  oo-seeded.    Embryo  curved. 

§  Petals  and  stamens  00,  in  several  rows.    Capsule  fleshy,  valvate Mkskmbrtakthkmum.  1 

§  Petals  none,  stamens   00— 5.    Capsule  S-6-celled,  circumsessile Sesuvium .  ,2  (&  p.  446) 

1.  MESEMBRYANTHEMUM,  L.  Ice  Plant.  Calyx  lobes  5.  Pet 
linear,  inserted  with  the  filiform  stamens  on  the  calyx  tube.  %  ^  Air  bub- 
bles beneath  the  epidermis  appear  like  dew  or  frost. 

1  OT.  CRTSTALLiNUM.    Procumbcnt,  fleshy ;  Ivs.  large,  ovate,  acute,  wavy  at  the  margin, 

3-veined  beneath.    ii  Greece.    Stem  If.    Flowers  white,  all  summer.    Not  hardy. 
a  M.  GRANDiFLORUM.    Procumb. ;  Ivs.  cord,  ovate  ;  cal.  4-cleft,  2-horned ;  pet.  pink.  Afir. 

2.  SESUVIUM,  L.  Sea  Purslane.  Sep.  5,  united  at  base,  colored 
Inside.  Sta.  5—50,  inserted  on  the  calyx  tube.  Ov.  free,  3-5-celled.  Sty, 
3—5.    Pyxis  opening  transversely  by  a  li<il.     if  Prostrate  sea-side  herbs. 

S.  Portulacustrnm  Toum.    Lvs.  linear-spatulate  ;  fls.  on  short  peduncles  ;  sta.   co^ 
Sandy  coasts,  N.  C.  to  Fla.  If ->-.  Plant  very  smooth  and  fleshy.  Fls.  axil.,  roseate.  J1.+. 

Order  LXIII.     UMBELLIFERJi.    Umbelworts. 
Herbs  with  hollow,  striate  stems,  sheathing  petioles,  and  flowers  in  um- 


134  Order  63.— UMBELLIFERiE. 

bels.  Calyx  adherent  to  the  ovaiy.  Petals  5,  usually  inflected  at  the  point 
Stamens  5.  Ovaries  2-carpelled,  surmounted  by  the  fleshy  disk  which  hears 
the  petals  and  stamens.  Styles  2,  distinct,  or  united  at  their  thickened 
bases.  Fruit  a  creraocarp  (§151),  consisting  of  3  coherent  achenia  called 
mericarps,  which  separate  along  the  middle  space,  which  is  called  tho 
commissure. 

CarpopJiorCy  the  elender,  simple,  or  forked  axis  attaclied  to  and  supporting  the  merl- 

carps  at  top,  enclosed  between  them  at  the  commissure. 
Bibs^  5  ridges  traversing  each  mericarp  lengthwise,  and  often  4  intermediate  or  aecond- 

ary  ones,  some,  all,  or  none  of  them  winged. 
Viitce,  little  tubular  receptacles  of  colored  volatile  oil  imbedded  in  the  substance  of 
the  pericarp,  just  beneath  the  intervals  of  the  ribs,  and  also  sometimes  in  tie  face  of 
the  commissure. 
Endm/o  in  the  base  of  abundant,  homy  albumen. 
Figs.  42, 177,  235,  238,  303,  a34-5,  360,  442-3. 

A  large  and  well-defined  Order.  As  the  flowers  in  all  are  nearly  alike,  the  genera  arc 
best  distinguished  by  characters  taken  from  the  fruit— the  number  and  form  of  the  ribs, 
the  presence  or  absence  of  vittee,  the  form  of  the  albumen  at  the  commissure,  &c.  These 
parts,  therefore,  minute  as  they  are,  will  require  the  special  attention  of  the  student. 

§  Flowers  in  simple  umbels,  sometimes  spicate.  Leaves  simple... (a) 
§  Flowers  iu  capitate  umbels,  i.  e.,  sessile,  forming  dense  heads... (6) 
§  Flowers  in  regnlarly-compound  umbels,  not  sessile  in  lieads. .  ;(2) 

2  Fruit  flattened  on  the  back,  singly-winged  on  the  margin  only...(«> 
2  Fruit  flattened  on  the  back,  doubly- winged  on  the  margin  only.  ..((t) 
2  Fruit  flattened  on  the  sides,  or  terete  and  not  flattened  either  way... (3) 

3  Fruit  slender,  teretish,  2 — 3  times  longer  than  wide.     Flowers  white. .  .(e) 
3  Fruit  nearly  as  broad  as  long.— //i  Flowers  yellow. . .(/) 
— m  Flowers  white... (4) 
4  Ribs  of  the  fruit  either  muricate,  or  crenulate-winged...(.7.) 
4  Ribs  smooth,  entire,  winged  or  sharply  prominent... (/j) 
4  Ribs  obtuse  or  obsolete.— n  Calyx  teetli  obsolete  or  0. .  .(A.) 
— n  Calyx  teeth  prominent. .  .(I) 

a  Fruit  flat,  orbicular.     Leaves  round  or  roundish Hydrocottiji.     1 

o  Fruit  globular.     Leaves  linear,  fleshy  phyllodia Crantzia.  2 

6  Flowers  partly  sterile.     Fruit  densely  muricate,  few Sanicula.  3 

6  Flowers  all  fertile.     Fruit  scaly,  many  in  the  head Ektngium.  4 

e  Flowers  of  two  sorts,  the  marignal  with  enlarged  corollas,  radiant Hkracleum.         5 

e  Flowers  all  alike. — o  Fruit  with  a  thick,  corky  margin.    Vittse  GO Folvt.«nia.         6 

— o  Fruit  with  a  thin  margin.    Vittse  single PECCKDAHaM.      7 

d  Seed  adherent  to  the  pericarp.    Intervals  with  single  vittac Angelica.  8 

J  Seed  loose  in  the  pericarp.    Intervals  with  numerous  vittae ArchancTRlica.   9 

«  Beak  slender,  longer  than  the  fruit,  all  without  vittae.     South Scandix.  10 

•  Beak  short  or  none.— J)  Fruit  clavate,  upwardly  hispid Osmorhiza.        11 

—p  Fruit  smooth,  linear-oblong.    Styles  very  short CHJSROPHYLLDM.ri 

—p  Fruit  smooth,  elliptical.    Styles  very  slender Cryptot^nia.   13 

/  Involucels  of  5  ovate,  entire  bracts.    Leaves  simple,  entire Bupleurum.       14 

/  Involucels  of  3  subulate  bracts.— r  Fruit  laterally  compressed Carum.  15 

—r  Fruit  subterete  transversely Thaspidm.  16 

/  Involucra  none. — «  Fruit  laterally  compressed.    Vitlie  GO I'impinella.       17 

— .1  Fruit  transversely  subterete.    Vittaj  single Fceniculum.       18 

<7  Calyx  teeth  prominent.     Ribs  of  the  fruit  murioMe Daucus.  19 

g  Calyx  teeth  obsolete.     Ribs  of  the  fruit  crenulate-undulate Co.viUM.  20 

A  Marginal  wings  twice  broader  than  the  dorsal Selinum.  21 

ft  Marginal  and  dorsal  ribs  alike  sharp,— «  with  GO  vittae  Ligusticum         22 

—ft  with  single  vittic JEravsA.  23 

It  Pniit  a  double  globe.     Petals  not  inflected.    Low,  early-flowering Erigenia  24 

i  Fruit  o\  ttte-oblong.     Petals  emargiuate-intiected.     luvolucraO Carum.  16 


OuDEii  63.— UMBELLIFERiE.  135 

k  Fruit  roiiivi-ovate.— V  Petals  concave,  not  emjirginate.    Vittaj  single Ar.  OM.  25 

— p  Petals  inflected,  emarginate.    Vitt»  CO Pimpisella.  17 

I  Ribs  of  the  carpels  obsolete.     Fruit  ovate,  covered  with  large  vittae Eulophds.  26 

I  Ribs  of  each  carpel  9.    Fruit  globular.    Outer  flowers  radiant Coriaudrom,  30 

J  Bibs  of  each  carpel  5.— X  Fruit  round,  didjmous Cicuta.  27 

—X  Fruit  oval.     Leaves  pinnate Sl0M.  28 

—X  Fruit  ovate.    Leaves  capillaceous Discofleura.  29 

1.  HYDROCOTYLE,  L.  Pennywort.  Calyx  limb  obsolete.  Pet. 
siireacling,  the  point  not  inflected.  Fr.  laterally  flattened,  the  commissure 
narrow.  Carpels  5-ribbed,  without  vittse.  ^  Low,  smooth,  creeping.  Umb. 
simple.    Invol.  few-leaved.    Fls.  small,  white.    June — Aug.    Figs.  334r-o. 

*  Leaves  reuiform  or  cordate,  the  base  lobes  not  united Nos.  1—3 

*  Leaves  peltate,  orbicular,  the  base  lobes  united Nos.  4,  S 

1  H,  Americana  L.   St.  filiform  ;  Ivs.  round-reniform,  slightly  lobed,  crenate  ;  umb. 

sessile,  3-5-flvvd. ;  fr.  orbicular,  u  Damp  shades.  2—6''.  Plant  very  smooth  and  shining. 

2  H.  raiiunculoides  L.  /.    Lvs.  round-renifomi,  deeply  3-5-cleft,  lobes  crenate ; 

ped.  1—2',  branched ;  umbels  .5-9-flwd.,  capitate.  Ti  Waters. Pa.,  and  S.  Lvs.  veiny,  4-8^ 

3  H.  repanda  Pers.    Lvs.  broad-ovate,  cordate,  rounded,  mart?in  repand-dentate ; 

ped.  2—8',  simple  ;  umb.  capitate,  3  or  4-flwd. ;  invol.  2-bracted.    n  Muddy  shores,  S. 

4  H.  iinibellata  L.    Lvs.  crenate,  with  a  notch  at  base,  long-stalked  (4—60  ;  scapes 

4—6',  bearing  a  simple  (rarely  proliferous)  umb.  of  20-30  fls.  7t  Ponds,  bogs.  Ms.  to  La. 

5  H.  interruptaMuhl.   Lvs.  crenate ;  umb.  proliferous,  5-flvvd.    2{  Wet.   Ms.  toGa. 

2.  ORANTZIA,  Nutt.    Calyx  margin  obsolete.    Pet.  obtuse.    Fr.  sub- 
globous.  Carpels  unequal,  5-ribbed,  with  a  vitta  in  each  interval,  z::^  Small, 
creeping,  with  linear  or  filiform,  entire  lvs.     Umbels  simple,  involucrato. 
C  lineAta  Nutt.    Lvs.  cuneate-linear,  sessile,  obtuse  at  apex,  and  with  transverse 

veins,  shorter  than  the  peduncles.    U  Muddy  banks,  coastward.    Umb.  4-8-flowered. 

3.  SANIOULA,  Tourn.  Sanicle.  Fls.  2  ^  S.  Cal.  segm.  acute, 
leafy.  Pet.  obovate,  erect,  with  a  long,  inflected  point.  Fr.  subglobous, 
armed  with  hooked  prickles.  Carpels  without  ribs.  Vittse  numerous. 
If  Umbel  nearly  simple.  Rays  few,  Avith  many-flowered,  capitate  umbel- 
lets.     Involucre  of  few,  often  cleft  leaflets,  involucel  of  several  entire. 

1  S.  mrarllandica  L.    Lvs.  5-7-parted,  digitate,  mostly  radical ;  segm.  thick,  oblong, 

incisely  serrate;  sterile  fls.  many,  pedicellate,  fertile  ones  sessile  ;  cal.  segm.  entire  ; 
styles  slender,  conspicuous,  recurved.    Woods  :  common.    2— 3f.    May— July. 

2  S.  Canadensis  L.    Lower  lvs.  5-parte(i,  upper  .3-parted ;  segm.  cuneate-obovate, 

mucronate-serrate ;  sterile  fls.  few,  much  shorter  than  the  fertile ;  sty.  shorter  than 
the  prickles.  Woods,  thickets :  com.   l-3f.    Lvs.  thin,  1-3'.    Umb.  few-flwd.    Jn.-Ang. 

4.  ERYNGIUM,  Tourn.  Fls.  sessile,  collected  in  dense  heads.  Cal 
lobes  somewhat  leafy.  Pet.  inflexed.  Sty.  filiform.  Fr.  scaly  or  tubercu 
late,  obovate,  terete,  without  vittie  or  ribs.  2^  (2)  Fls.  blue  or  white,  brac- 
teate;  lower  bracts  invol ucrate,  the  others  smaller  and  chaffN'.    Summer. 

*  Scales  and  chaff"  of  the  heads  entire,  often  spinescent Nos.  1—3 

*  Scales  and  chafl'  of  the  heads  tricuspidate.— a  Flowers  white Nos.  4,  5 

—a  Flowers  blue Nos.  6,  7 

I  E.  yuccaefolium  M.x.  Erect ;  lvs.  broadly  linear,  parallel-veined,  ciliate  with  re- 
ciote,  solt  spihes ;  invol.  bracts  entire,  spinescent,  shorter  than  the  ovoid-glob,  heads, 
at  Prairies  and  pine-banvus,  W.  and  S.    2— 5f.     Fla.  white,  iucouspicuous.    Jl.,  Aug. 


136  OuDER  G3.— UMBELLIFER^. 

2  E.  Baldwinii  Spr.    Sts.  prostrate,  filiform  ;  rt.  Ivs.  wedge-oblong,  st.  Ivs,  3-parted, 

segm.lance-liu.,  cut-toothed;  invol.  scales  and chaft' alike  :  hds.  oblong.  Fla.  KT.  Bine. 

3  E.  prostrutum  Baldw.    Sts.  prostrate,  filiform,  rooting  ;  Ive.  of  two  forms  at  the 

same  node,  small,  some  ovate,  some  3-parted  with  lance-linear  segm. ;  invol.  scales 

linear,  longer  than  the  small  oblong  heads  ;  fls.  blue,  n  Swamps,  Ga.  Fla.  6-12'.  Jn.+ 

p.  foUosum,    Bracts  of  the  invol.  leafy,  twice  longer  than  the  heads,    Fla.  La. 

4  E.  aromat'icuiu  Baldw.    Sts,  assurgent ;   vs.  short  (10,  pinnate,  witi  cuspidate 

segm.,  the  3  terminal  largest;  hds.globous  (6— S'O;  invol.  scales  5.    Dry.    Fla.  9— ly. 

5  E.  itlcttaikcri.    Erect,  tall ;  Ivs.  linear-terete,  consisting  chiefly  of  the  fistulous, 

jointed  midvein,  barely  winged  and  toothed  ;  bracts  8—10.  leafy.  Wet.   Fla.  4-Gf. 

6  E.  Virgiulanum  Lam.    Erect;  Ivs,  lance-oblong  to  linear,  flat,  the  lower  long. 

stalked,  upper  uncinate-serrate ;  bracts  longer  than  the  roundish  head,    u  Swamps. 
2— 4f,  Hds.  in  umbel-like  cymes,  numerous,  5—6''',  Varies  with  Ivs.  all  linear.  Jl.  Aug. 

7  E.  vlrgatum  Lam.    Erect;  Ivs,  oval  or  oblong,  thin,  petiolate,  dentate,  the  upper 

sessile ;  bracts  6—8,  longer  than  the  depressed,  cymous  heads,    u  Wet,  S.    2 — if. 

5.  HERACLEUM,  L,  Cow  Parsnip.  Calyx  5-toothed.  Pet.  often 
radiant  in  the  exterior  flowers,  and  apparently  deeply  2-deft.  Fruit  com- 
pressed, flat,  with  a  broad,  flat  margin,  and  3  obtuse,  dorsal  ribs  to  each 
carpel ;  intervals  with  single  vittae.  Seeds  flat.  U  Stout,  with  large  um- 
bels.   Involucre  deciduous.    Involucels  many-leaved. 

H.  lanatnm  L.    Villous ;  Ivs.  temate,  petiolate,  tomentous  beneath ;  Ifts.  petioled, 
round-cordate,  lobed  ;  fr.  orbicular.   Can.  to  N.  Car.  and  W.  4f.   Lvs.  very  large.  Jane. 

6.  POLYTJENIA,  DC.  Calyx  5-toothed.  Fruit  oval,  glabrous,  com- 
pressed on  tiie  back,  with  a  thickened,  corky  margin.  Commissure  with  4 
to  6  vittae.  Seeds  plano-convex.  2^  A  smooth  herb,  with  bipinnately- 
divided  leaves.    Involucre  0.    Involucel  of  setaceous  bracts. 

P.  Niittallil  DC— Prairies,  W.    2— 3f.    Smoothish,   Lower  leaves  long-stalked.  Um 
bels  2'.    Fruit  3".    May. 

7.  PEUOEDANUM,  L.  Fruit  ovate,  oval,  or  roundish,  compressed 
on  the  back,  the  margin  acute  or  broadly  winged,  carpels  plane  or  convex, 
intervals  with  single  vittae.  Seeds  plano-convex.  U  (D  Smooth,  rarely 
pubescent.  Lvs,  pinnately  or  ternately  divided  or  decompound.  Umbels 
compound,  with  or  without  involucra.     Fls,  yellow  or  white.     Fig,  338, 

§  EuPEUCEDANUM.  Cal.  5-toothed.  Lvs.  pinnatisect.  Fr.  narrowly  winged.  Yellow...!,  2 
§  Archemora.  Cal.  5-toothed.  Lfts.l— 11,  narrow,  Fr.  narrowly  winged.  Fls.  white.  8-5 
§  Fastinaca.    Calyx  teeth  0.   Lfts.  oval.   Fruit  broadly  winged.  Flowers  yellow.... No.  G 

1  P.  fcenlculaceiini  N.  and  other  species  with  radical,  pinnatisect  leaves  grow  in 

Kansas,  and  W,  (Rev.  J.  H.  Carruth.) 

2  P,  graveolens.  JHU.  Lvs.  cauline,  tripinnate ;  seg.  capillary ;  umb.  on  long  stalks  ;  fr, 

oval,  flat,  brown,  aromatic,  pungent,  medicinal.    @  Spain.    2f.     (Anethum,  C-B.) 

3  P.  rigldum  Cowbane.    St.  rigid,  striate  ;  lvs.  pinnate  :  lfts.  3— 11,  lance-ovate,  sub 

entire ;  umb,  2  or  3,  spreading,  with  slender  rays  ;  fr.  with  large  purp.  vittae.  ii  Swamps, 
N.  y.,  W.  and  S.    2-5f.    August. 
|3.  ambig-tta^  has  the  leaflets  linear  and  entire. 

4  P.  ternatum.    Stem  slender,  smooth;  lvs.  on  long  petioles,  ternate ;  segm,  very 

long,  linear,  entire,  3-veined ;  invol.  0-3-leaved  ;   involucel  4-0-leaved.    Swamps,  in 
pine-barrens.  S.    2— 3f.     Sept.— Nov.     (Neurophylhim  longifolium.  C-B.) 
6  P.  teretifolium.    Tall,  slender,  smooth  ;  lvs.  reduced  to  fistular.  jointed  phyllodia, 
terete,  tapering,  0— 16Mong;  fr.  Z"  \  invol.  5-C-leaved.    n  Wet,  S.   (Tie:  nannia,  C-B.? 


Ordeu  63.— UMBELLIFER^.  137 

6  P.  sativum.  Root  fusiform;  stem  farrowed:  Ivs.  pinnate,  downy  beneath ;  Ifts. 
oblong,  iucisely  toothed,  the  terminal  3-lobed :  umbels  large ;  iuvohicra  near.y  0. 
@  Fields,  gardens,    3 — if.    July— Sept.    t   Wild  and  Common  Parsnip. 

8.  ANGELICA,  L.  Calyx  teeth  obsolete.  Fruit  doraally  compressed, 
doubly  winged.  Carpels  5-ribbed,  the  3  dorsal  ribs  filiform,  the  2  marginal 
winged,  intervals  with  single  vittaj.  Carpophore  2-parted.  Seed  semi- 
terete.  U  Leaves  bi-  or  tri-ternate,  sessile.  Umbels  termmal.  luvol.  0  or 
few-leaved.    Involucels  many-leaved. 

A.  Curtisil  Buckley.  Lvs.  bitemate  or  with  3  quiuate  divisions;  Ifts.  thin,  ovate  or 
lance-ovate,  acuminate,  incisely  toothed ;  fr.  broadly  winged.    Mts.  Pa.,  &  S.  Aug. 

9.  ARCHANGELICA,  Hoffm.  Angelica.  Calyx  teeth  short.  Fr. 
dorsally  compressed,  with  3  carinate,  thick  ribs  upon  each  carpel,  and  2 
marginal  ones  dilated  into  membranous  wings.  Seed  loose  in  the  ripe  car- 
l)el,  covered  with  vittse.  U  Petioles  usually  large,  inflated  and  3-parted. 
Umbels  perfect.    Involucels  many-leaved.    Fls.  greenish  white.    Fig.  177. 

*  Involucels  less  than  half  the  length  of  the  pedicels.   Fruit  3''  long,  winged No.  1 

*  Involucels  about  as  long  as  the  pedicels. — a  Fruit  scarcely  winged No.  2 

—a  Fruit  broadly  winged Nos.  3,  4 

1  A.  atropurpurea  Hoffm.    St.  dark  purple,  furrowed  ;  petioles  3-pai'ted,  the  divi- 

i<ions  quinate  ;  Ifts.  incisely  toothed,  terminal  1ft.  rhcmboidal,  sessile,  the  others  do 
current ;  involucels  setaceous.    Meadows,  E.  and  W.    4— 6f.    Stout,  aromatic.   June. 

2  A.  peregrrina  N.    St.  striate ;  If.  divisions  teruate,  segm.  incisely  serrate  ;  involu- 

eel  of  many  bracts,  as  long  as  the  pedicels  ;  fruit  ribs  corky,  thick.    Sea-coast,  Mass. 
to  Labrador.    2— 3f.    July.    (A.  Graelini  DC.) 

3  A.  lilrsuta  T.  &  G.    Stem  striate,  the  summit  with  the  umbels  tomentous-hlrsntc ; 

lvs.  bipinnately  divided,  the  divisions  quinate  ;  segm,  oblong,  acutish,  the  upper  pair 
connate,  but  not  decurrent  at  base.    Dry  woods,  N.  Y.  to  Car.    2 — 5f.    July. 

4  A.  dentata  Chapm.    Slender,  smooth  ;  lvs.  1-2-ternatc ;  segm.  lance-ovate,  incised ; 

umbels  few-raj-ed  ;  involucel  5-6-leaved,  as  long  as  the  pedicels.   Ga.  Fla.  2— 3f.  Jl.  -»• 

10.  SCANDIX,  L.  Venus's  Comb.  Cal.  hmb  obsolete.  Fr.  laterally 
compressed  or  nearly  terete,  attenuated  into  a  beak  which  is  longer  than 
the  seed.  Carpels  with  5  obtuse,  equal  ribs.  Vittae  0,  or  scarcely  any.  (i)  or 
(2)  Lvs.  finely  dissected.,  Invol.  0.  Involucel  5-7-leaved.  Flowers  white. 
S.  aplculata  Willd.  Petioles  and  peduncles  slender;  lvs.  finely  dissected  Into  subu- 
late segments ;  umbels  3-rayed ;  fruit  with  beak  and  forked  style  y.   Ga.   If.    §  Eur. 

11.  OSMORHIZA,  Raf.  Sweet  Cicely.  Calyx  margin  obsolete.  Sty. 
conical  at  base.  Fr.  linear,  very  long,  clavate,  attenuate  at  base.  Carpels 
with  5  equal,  acute,  bristly  ribs.  VittaE  0,  Commissure  with  a  deep, 
bristly  channel,  if  Leaves  biternately  divided,  with  the  umbels  opposite, 
Involucels  4-7-leaved.    Flowei-s  white.     May,  June.    Figs.  42,  442-3. 

1  O,  longistylls  DC.    Sty.  filiform,  nearly  as  long  as  the  ovary  ;  fr,  clavate  ;  rt.  spicy 

and  sweet-flavored  ;  st,  and  lvs.  smoothish.   Rich  woods,  Can.  to  Va.   1— 3f.  Fruit  V. 

2  O.  brevistylls  DC.    Sty.  conical,  scarcely  as  long  as  the  breadth  of  the  ovary  ;  fr. 

somewhat  tapering  at  the  summit ;  root  nauseous ;  plant  hairy.   Woods.    1— 3f. 

12.  CHiEROPHYLLUM,  L.  Chervil.  Calyx  limb  obsolete.  Fruit 
laterally  compressed,   linear  or  oblong,  contracted  above  but  scarcely 


138  OuDEii  G;3.— UJNIBELLIFER^. 

beaked.     Carpels  with  5  obtuse,  equal   ribs,   iutervuls  with  siiip;le  \ittte. 

Commissure  deeply  suleate.    ®  (2)  Leaves  2-3-pinnately  divided.    Segm. 

incisely  cleft  or  toothed.  Invol.  0,  or  few-leaved.  Involucel  many- 
leaved.    Flowers  mostly  white.     Umb.  mostly  sessile. 

1  C  procumbeiis  Lam.  Slender,  Bprcading,  smoothish ;  If.  ee£;m.  trifid  and  pin- 
ratifid,  lobes  oblong,  obtuse;  umb.  few-rayed,  sessile  or  pedunculate;  fr.  acute,  ribs 
narrower  than  the  intervals.    Damp  woods,  111.  to  Penn.,  and  S.    1— 2f.    April,  May. 

S  C.  Tainturleri  Hook.  Ascending  or  erect,  some  hairy ;  If.  segm.  crowded,  again 
pinnatifld  or  bipinnatifid,  Hltimate  segm.  acute  ;  fr.  short-beaked,  ribs  broader  than 
the  intervals.    Ga.  to  Fla.  and  La.    10—20',    Much  branched.    Fruit  4".    March,  Apr, 

3  C  SATIVUM,    Garden  C.    Lf,  segm.  ovate,  cut  or  cleft ;  fr,  smooth,  shining.   Eur.   18', 

13.  ORTPTOT.5INIA,  DC,  Hokew^out,  Margin  of  the  calyx  obso- 
lete. Fruit  elliptical,  with  slender  styles.  Carpels  with  5  obtuse  ribs.  Car- 
pophore free,  2-parted.  Vittae  very  narrow,  twice  as  many  as  the  ribs.  % 
Leaves  '3-parted,  lobed  and  doubly-serrate.  Umbels  compound,  with  very 
unequal  rays.    Invol.  0.    Involucels  few-leaved.    Flowers  white. 

C«  Canad^nsl-s  DC— Common  in  moist  woods.  Plant  smooth,  2— 3f,  with  large  Ifts. 
(3'  by  20.   Umb.  panicled,  slender,  involucels  minute.  Fr,  2^'  long,  styles  V.  Jn.-Sept. 

14.  BUPLEURUM,  Tourn,  Thorough- wax.  Calyx  teeth  0.  Fruit 
laterally  compressed.  Carpels  5-ribbed,  lateral  ones  marginal.  Seed  terete- 
Jy  convex,  flattish  on  the  foce. — Herbaceous  or  shrubby.  Lvs.  (or  phyllo- 
dia)  entire.    Involucra  various.    Flowers  yellow. 

B.  rotundlfollum  L,  Lvs,  (phyllodia)  roundish-ovate,  entire,  perfoliate ;  invol,  0 , 
involucels  of  5,  ovate,  mucronate  bracts.    ®  Fields,  N.  Y,  to  Va.    Itare.    §  Europe. 

15.  OARUM,  L.  Cakaway.  Alexanders.  Cal.  teeth  minute  or  0. 
Disk  broad-conic.  Fr.  ovate  or  oblong,  laterally  compressed.  Carpels  5- 
angled,  with  5 — 10  prominent,  filiform,  equal  ribs,  the  two  lateral  border- 
ing the  commissure.  Intervals  w'ith  a  single,  rarely  2,  vittaj.  Seeds  sub- 
terete. — Leaves  ternate  to  decompound.    Involucra  various. 

§  ZiziA.    Lvs.  simple,  or  1-2-ternatc,  ovate.  Cal,  teeth  minute.  Pet. yellow... Xos,  1,  2 
§  Cauum,    Lvs.  pinnately  or  ternately  dissected,    Cal,  teeth  0,    Pet.  white, .  ,Nos,  8,  4 

1  €.  aureuni.     Golden  Akxandej's.    Lvs.  1-2-ternate  ;  Ifts,  thin,  lance-oblong,  sharp- 

ly serrate  ;  umb.  rays  1';  invol.  0;  involucels  3-lvd.  ;  fr.  oval,  tlie  ribs  acute  or  winged, 
71  Meadows  and  banks.  1— 2f.  Smooth  throughout.  Fls.  deepyel.  Jn,  (Thaspium,  N.) 

2  C.  cordtttum.    Root  lvs.  simple,  cordate,  crenate,  on  long  stalks  ;  st.  lvs.  becoming 

8-parted,  ternate,  or  quinate,  serrate:  fr.  roundish-oval,  with  acute  or  winged  ribs; 
fls.  yellow,  varying  to  brownish.    Rocky  shades,    2— .3f,    May,  June,    (Thaspium,  N.) 

3  C.  Petrosklinum  B,  &  H.    Parsley.    Leaf  segm.  numerous,  wedge-ovate  to  lance-ob- 

long, acute,  incised  ;  invol.  lvs,  few  or  0  ;  involucels  subulate,    ■«  Greece,   2— 3f,  Jn. 

4  C.  Carvi.     Caraway.    Lf,  segm,  numerous,  linear  to  filiform  ;  invol,  1-lvd,  or  0;  invo- 

lucels 0,    71  Europe,    2— 3f,    Lvs.  largo.    Fls,  white.    Fr.  oblong,  aromatic.    June. 

16.  THASPIUM,  Nutt.  Golden  Alexanders.  Calyx  margin  5- 
toothed.  Fruit  ovoid,  transversely  subterete.  Carpels  semiterete,  with  5 
prominent  or  winged  ribs,  the  lateral  margined.  Intervals  with  single 
vittiv.     2r  Umbels  without  an  invol.   Invol  acels  3-lvd.,  lateral.   Fls.  yellow 


Order  63.— UMBELLIFER^.  139 

1  T.  barbiuode  N.    St.  pubescent  at  the  nodes ;  Ivs.  tritemate  and  biternate ;  Ifts. 

wedge-ovate,  cut-serrate :  fr.  large  (3'0.  elliptical,  6-winged.    River  banks.    St.  %—8f, 
angular  and  grooved.    Rays  2',  each  20-flowered.    Flowers  deep  yellow.    June. 

2  T.  "Walter!  Shutt.    Stem  rough-puberulent  above ;  Ivs.  tritemate  to  ternat*  ;  Ifls. 

pinnatifid  with  linear -oblong  segments  ;  fruit  oblong,  narrowly  8-10-winged.  Barrens, 
Ky.  to  E.  Tenn.  and  W .  Car.    ^Zizia  pinnatifida  Buckley.) 

17.  PIMPINELLA,  L.  Anise.  Zizia.  Calyx  teeth  obsolete.  Fruit 
orate,  oval,  or  roundish,  laterally  compressed  and  contracted  at  the  com- 
missure, ribs  very  slender,  with  many  vittae.  Styles  slender.  Seeds  teretely 
o-angled.     U  Leaves  decompound.    Involucra  0,  or  scarcely  any. 

1  P.  Integrifolia  (B.  &  H.)    Smooth,  glaucous  ;  Ivs.  bi-  or  tri-ternate,  with  elliptic- 

oblong,  entire,  acute  Ifts.  (10  ;  umb.  (yellow)  with  13  very  slender  (2 — 30  rays  ;  fr.  oval, 
with  3  vittsE  in  each  interval.    Rocky  woods.    l-Sf.    May — July.    (Zizia,  DC.) 

2  P.  Anisum.    Anise.    Smooth,  shining;  root  Ivs.  criftd,  cauline  multifid,  with  narrow- 

ly-linear segments  ;  umbels  large,  many-rayed.    Egypt.    Richly  aromatic. 

18.  FOEiNIOULUM,  Adans.  Fennel.  Fruit  elliptic-oblong,  sub- 
terete.  Carpels  each  with  5  carinate  ribs,  intervals  with  single  vittae. 
Involucra  0.    Leaves  biternately  dissected.    Flowers  yellow. 

P.  VULGARE.  Leaf  segm.  linear-subulate,  elongated,  or  filiform ;  umb.  of  15 — 30  unequal 
rays.    (D  Europe.    3— 5f.    The  turgid  seeds  are  warmly  aromatic.    (Anethum,  C-B.) 

19.  DAUOUS,  Toura.  Carrot.  Calyx  limb  5-toothed.  Pet.  the  3 
outer  often  largest  and  deeply  2-cleft.  Fr.  oblong.  Carpels  with  5  pri- 
mary, bristly  ribs,  and  4  secondary,  the  latter  more  prominent,  winged, 
and  divided  each  into  a  single  row  of  prickles,  and  having  single  vittSB 
beneath,  (g)  Invol.  pinnatifid.  Involucels  of  entire  or  3-cleft  bracts.  Fls. 
white,  the  central  one  abortive. 

1  D.  Carota  L.    Stem  hispid ;  Ivs.  tripinnatifid,  the  segm.  linear,  cuspidate-pointed ; 

umbels  dense,  concave  ;  invol.  pinnate.    Fields,  waysides :  common.   3f.    §  Eur. — In 
cultivation  the  root  becomes  conical,  fleshy,  red  to  yellow,  and  nutritious.    Jl.— Sept. 

2  D.  pusillus  Mx.    Slender,  retrorsely  hispid;   Ivs.  bipinnatifld,  divisions   deeply 

lobed  with  linear-oblong,  merely  acute  segments ;  invol.  bipinnatifld.    Dry  soils,  S. 
Car.  to  Fla.,  and  W.    1— 3f.    June. 

20.  CONIUM,  L.  Poison  Hemlock.  Calyx  margin  obsolete.  Fruit 
ovate,  laterally  compressed.  Carpels  with  5  acute,  equal,  undulate-crenu- 
late  ribs,  lateral  ones  marginal.  Vittae  0.  Seeds  with  a  deep,  narrow  groove 
on  the  face.  (2)  Poisonous.  Leaves  decompound.  Involucra  and  involu- 
cels 3-5-leaved,  the  latter  unilateral.    Flowers  white. 

C«  macnlatnin  L.  St.  spotted;  Ivs.  tripinnate ;  Ifts.  lanceolate,  pinnatifid;  involn- 
ce]  short ;  fruit  smooth.  Waste  grounds,  waysides,  if.  Much  branched.  An  ill- 
sconted  narcotic.    July.    §  Europe. 

21.  SEIjINUM,  L.  Calyx  teeth  obsolete.  Fr.  ovoid  to  oblong,  terete. 
Carpels  slightly  compressed  on  the  back,  semitertte,  with  5  winged  ribs, 
the  lateral  wings  broadest,  inteivals  with  1  (rarely  2)  vittae.  it  Glabrous, 
tall,  branched.  Lvs.  pinnately  decompound.  Un.b.  rays  oc.  Invol.  bracts 
0-  -few.    Involucels  QO-bracted.    Fig.  303. 


140  Order  63.— UMBELLIFER^. 

B.  Canadense  B.  &  H.  Petioles  large,  sheath-like,  inflated ;  If.  eegm.  linear-oblonj?, 
very  acute,  or  acuminate  ;  umb.  12-rayecT,  long-stalked ;  bracts  lin.-flliform  ;  fls.  white, 
conspicuous.  Wet-woods,  Me.  to  Va.  and  Wis.,  rare.  3-5f.  Aug.,  Sept.  (Couioselinum.i 

22.  LIGUSTICUM,  L.  Lovage.  Calyx  teeth  minute.  Fruit  as  in 
ISelinum,  except  that  the  intervals  are  filled  with  numerous  vittse.  If  Gla- 
brous.   Lvs.  ternately  divided.    Involucra  few-  co-bracted.     Fls.  white. 

1  li,  Scoticiim  L.    Sea  L.    Lvs.  2-1-temate ;  Ifts.  rhombic-ovate,  cut-dentate,  some 

oblique;  invol.  bracts  GO-linear;  Ir.  oblong.  Sea-coast,  northward.  2f.  Fruit  5''.  July. 

2  li.  actaefolium  Mx.    Angelica.    Lvs.  tritemate,  with  ovate,  dent-serrate  leaflets ; 

umbels  panicled  or  triply  compound  ;  involucra  about  3-bracted  ;  fruit  short.  Woods, 
Ms.  to  Tenn.    3— 6f.    May— July. 

23.  ^THUSA,  L.  Fool's  Parsley.  Calyx  margin  obsolete.  Fruit 
globous-ovate.  Carpels  with  5  acutely-carinated  ribs,  lateral  ones  mar- 
ginal, broader.  Intervals  acutely  angled,  with  single  vittae,  commissure 
with  2.  ®  Poisonous  herbs.  Leaves  ternately  or  pinnately  decompound. 
Involucra  0.    Involucels  one-sided,  3-leaved,  deflexed.    Flowers  white. 

JEm  Cynapium  L. — Waste  grounds,  N.  Eng.  to  Penn. :  rare.  2f.  Stem  green.  Leaf 
fcegm.  numerous,  wedge-shaped,  uniform.    Plant  ill-scented,  dark  green.    Jl.    §  Eur. 

24.  ERIGENIA,  Nutt.  Daughter-of-Spring.  Calyx  limb  obsolete. 
Pet.  not  inflexed,  entire.  Fr.  contracted  at  the  commissure.  Carpels  8- 
ribbed,  ovate-reniform.  U  Rt.  tuberous.  Radical  leaf  triternately  decom- 
pound. Involucrate  lvs.  solitary,  biternately  compound.  Involucels  of 
3 — 6  entire,  linear-spatulate  bracts.    Figs.  235,  369. 

E.  bulbosa  Nutt.  A  small,  early-flowering  herb,  4— -C^  Shady  banks,  Penn.,W.  N.Y. 
and  W.  Tuber  roundish,  deep  in  the  ground.  Pet.  white,  anth.  brown-purple  (henc« 
called  Pepper-and'Sall).    March,  April. 

25.  APIUM,  L.  Celery,  &c.  Calyx  teeth  obsolete.  Pet.  not  emar- 
ginate.  Fr.  ovate  or  globular,  laterally  compressed,  often  didymous.  Car- 
pels 5-angled,  ribs  equal,  obtuse.  Vittae  single  in  each  interval.  Carpophore 
undivided.  Seed  terete.  @  U  Smooth.  Leaves  pinnately  decompound. 
Involucra  various.    (Flowers  white.) 

§  Helosciadium.    Lvs.  simply  pinnate.  Involucels  GO-bracted.  Fr.  roundish.. Nos.  1—8 
§  EuAPiuM.    Lvs.  pinnately  decompound.  Involucels  0.  Involucre  1-leaved..  .Nos.  4— 6 

1  A.  lineare.    Stem  angular,  tall ;  Ifts.  9—11  (3  above),  linear-oblong  or  linear,  taper- 

ing to  a  very  acute  point,  serrate  ;  umb.  pedunculate ;  invol.  OO-bractcd ;  fr.  globular 
with  very  prominent  ribs.    tj.  Wet.    2 — df.    July.  Aug.     ^Sium,  C-B.) 

2  A,  Carsbnii  (Darand).    Erect,  branched  ;  Ifts.  3—7,  lin.  to  ovate,  serrate  to  gashed 

fr.  broadly  ovate,  the  ribs  filiform,  with  broad  intervals.   Wet.  Couu.  to  Penu.   Jn.,Jl. 

3  A.  nodiflbrum.    Stems  procumbent ;  lvs.  pinnate  ;  Ifts.  lance-oblong,  equally  ser- 

rate ;  umb.  opposite  the  lvs.,  subsessile ;  invol.  0-2-lvd.  (J)  Wet.  S.  Car.  1— 2f.  Apr.  ( 
1  A.  leptopliyllnm.    Erect  or  diffuse;  If.  segm.  linear  to  filiform ;  umb.  opp.  the 

hs..  sessile  ;  fr.  very  small  (i'^,  globular,  with  thick  ribs,  (i)  Ga.  to  La.  Jn.   (Helosc.) 
6  A.  divarlcaCum.    Small  and  slender;  If.  segm.  filiform  or  capillary, obtuse  ;  umb. 

ver>  small,  pedunculate,  3-5-rayed ;  fr.  rough  with  minute  scales,    (J)  Dry  sands,  S. 

2—8'.    March,  April.    (Leptocaulis,  N.) 
t)  A.  uUAVEOLENS.    Cderi/.    Lvs.  on  long  petioles,  segm.  broad-cnneate,  incised,  uppei 

lv8.  3-parted  and  cat-lobed ;  invol.  0 ;  ft-,  roundish,    (g)  Eur.    Well  known  as  a  salad. 


Order  G3.— UMBELLIFER^.  141 

26.  EULOPHUS,  N.  Calyx  limb  5-tootlied,  deciduous.  Fr.  contracted 
laterally,  somewliat  double.  Carpels  surrounded  with  large  vittse,  riba 
obsolete.  Seed  channelled  on  the  inner  face.  U  Smooth,  branched.  Lvs, 
ternately  decompound.  Invol.  nearly  0.  Involucel  setaceous.  Fls.  white. 
E.  Americana  N.    Lvs.  mostly  radical ;  segm.  lance-lin.,  1'  loug,  acute,  upper  lv8.  in 

3  long,  entire  seg. ;  umb.  long-stalked,  3-10-rayed.  Prairies,  O.  to  111.  and  Tenn.  3— 4f. 

27.  OIOUTA,  L.  Water  Heimlock.  Calyx  margin  of  5  broad  seg- 
ments. Fr.  subglobous,  didymous.  Carpels  with  5  flattish,  equal  ribs,  2 
oi^  them  marginal,  intervals  filled  with  single  vittas.  Seeds  terete.  ^  U 
Poisonous.  Leaves  compound.  Stems  hollow.  Umbels  perfect.  Invol. 
few-leaved  or  0.    Involucels  many-leaved.    Flowers  white. 

1  C  macnlata  L.    St.  streaked  with  purple ;  lower  lvs.  tritemate  and  quinate,  up- 

per biternate ;  segments  lanceolate,  mucronately  serrate,  the  veins  running  to  the 
notches.  Wet  meadows.  3-6f.  Smooth,  glaucous.  Leaflets  1—3'.  Fruit  U",  10- 
ribbed.    Umbels  3'.    July,  August, 

2  C  bulbifera  L.    Lvs.  biternate  ;  Ifts.  linear,  with  remote,  divergent  teeth  ;  lvs.  of 

the  branches  3-cleft  or  simple,  subopposite,  bearing  bulblets  in  their  axils.  Swamps, 
Can.  to  Penn.  and  W.    3— 4f.    Leaflets  2—4'  by  1—4".    Umbels  few.    August. 

28.  SIUM,  L.  Water  Parsnip.  Calyx  teeth  acute.  Pet.  obcordate, 
with  an  inflexed  point.  Fr.  nearly  oval,  laterally  compressed.  Carpels 
with  5  obtusish  ribs,  and  several  vittas  in  each  interval.  Carpophore  undi- 
vided. "U  Leaves  pinnate,  dentate.  Umbels  perfect,  with  many-leaved 
involucra.    Flowers  white. — Stout  herbs. 

S.  latlfolium  L.  St.  angular,  sulcate;  Ifts.  oblong-lanceolate,  acutely  and  coarsely 
serrate,  barely  acute ;  cal.  teeth  conspicuous.  Swamps,  Ind.  (Green  Co. !)  and  Can. 
3— 4f,    Lfts.  4— G'  by  1—2',  2-10-toothed.  Umb.  with  20—30  long  (3-40  rays.    Jl.,  Aug. 

29.  DISOOPLEURA,  DC.  Bishop-weed.  Cal.  teeth  subulate,  per- 
sistent. Fr.  ovate,  often  didymous.  Carp.  5-ribbed,  the  3  dorsal  ribs  fili- 
form, subacute,  prominent,  the  2  lateral  united  with  a  thick,  accessory 
margin  ;  intervals  with  single  vittae.  Sds.  subterete.  (i)  Lvs.  capillaceous 
dissected.    Umbels  compound.    Bracts  of  the  invol.  cleft.    Fls.  white. 

1  D,  caplllacea  PC.    Erect  or  procumbent ;  umbels  3-10-rayed ;  lfts.  of  the  invol. 

3— 5,  mostly  3-cleft ;  fi\  ovate.    Swamps  near  the  coast,  Mass.  to  Ga.    1 — 2f.    Juue  +  . 

2  D.  costata  Hale  (18.50).    Branched,  erect ;  umbels  7-15-rayed ;  bracts  of  the  invol. 

10 — 12,  2-5-parted ;  If.-segm.  filiform,  numerous,  apparently  verticillate ;  fr.  with  riba 
and  vittae  strongly  contrasted.   Swamps,  Ogeechee  R.  and  W.  1— 2f,  stout.  Oct.,  Nov. 

3  D.  Nuttallil  DC.    Erect,  tall ;   umbel  15-20-rayed ;  invol.  few-bracted,  bracts  en 

tire  ;  fr.  broadly  cordate-ovate.    Wet  prairies,  Ky.  and  S.    Slender,  2— 4f. 

30.  CORIANDRUM,  L.  Coriander.  Cal.  with  5  conspicuous  teeth. 
Outer  petals  radiant,  infiex-bifid.  Fr.  globous.  Carp,  cohering,  with  the 
5  depressed,  primary  ribs,  and  4  secondary  more  prominent  ones,  seeds 
concave  on  the  f\ice.  (i)  Smooth.  Invol.  0  or  1-leaved.  Involucels  3 
leaved,  unilateral. 

C,  sativum  L.  Lvs.  bipinnate,  lower  ones  with  broad-cnneate  lfts.,  upper  with  Mn 
ear  Ifls. ;  carp,  hemispherical.    Europe.    2f.    Cultivated  for  its  spicy  fruit. 


142  Order  G5.— CORNACE^. 

Order  LXIV.    ARALIACE^.    Araliads. 

Trees,  shrubs  or  herbs  closely  allied  to  the  Umbel  worts  in  the  leaves,  in- 
florescence and  flowers,  but  the  styles  and  cells  of  the  ovary  are  usually  more 
than  2  (3  to  5),  cells  1-ovuled.  Fruit  baccate  or  dry,  3-5-celled,  with  1  al- 
buminous seed  in  each  cell,  and  the  petals  not  inflected.    Fig.  243. 

§  Styles  and  carpels  5.    Umbels   00.    Flowers  perfect.    Leaves  alternate,  pinnate Aralia.     1 

I  Styles  and  carpels  2— 3.    Umbel  1.    Flowers  dioecious.    Leaves  verticillate,  palmate Ginseng.  2 

I  Styles  5,  united  into  L    Umb.   00.    Flowers  polygamous.    Lvs.  simple.    Climbing Helkra.   3 

1.  ARALIA,  L.  "Wild  Sarsaparilla.  Cal.  tube  adherent,  limb  5- 
toothed.  Pet.  5,  ovate,  spreading.  Stam.  5,  epigynous.  Styles  5,  recurved 
above,  persistent.  '  Fr.  a  berry,  5-celled,  5-seeded,  and  5-angled  when  dry, 
U  5  Lvs.  pinnately  compound,  alternate.  Umbels  several  or  many,  white 
or  greenish,  in  summer. 

*  Plant?  low  (1—20,  with  few  (3—7)  umbels  corymbouisly  arranged Nos.  1,  2 

*  Plants  tall  (3—120,  with  numerous  umbels  in  racemes — Nos.  3,  4 

1  A.  nudicaulis  L.     Nearly  stemleps,  with  1  ternate-pinnate  leaf  longer  than  the 

tcape.  which  bears  3  umbels  at  top  ;  plant  smooth,    U  Rich,  Rocky  wds.  E.  &  W.   If. 

2  A.  Iiispida  L.     Wild  Elder.    Stem  shrubby  and  hispid-prickly  at  base,  herbaceous 

above ;  lvs.  1-2-pinuate  ;  Ifts.  ovate,  cut-serrate,  often  lobed ;  umbels  about  5,  long- 
stalkod.  forming  a  terminal  corymb,    n  Dry  fields.  N.  Eug.  to  Va.  1— 2f.  Fr.  blue-blk. 

3  A.  raoeniosa  L.    Pettymorrel.    Herbaceous,  smooth,  branched;  lvs.  large,  bi-ter- 

nate-pinnate,  Ifte.  ovate,  serrate  ;  umb.  small,  GO,  in  a  panicle  of  racemes.    "U.  Rocky 
woods.    3— 5f.    Root  aromatic,  an  ingredient  in  smcdl-beer. 

4  A.  spinosa  L.    Angelica-tree.    Hercules'  Club.    Shrub  prickly ;  lvs.  bi- and  tri-pin- 

nate.  Ifts.  thick,  ovate,  cusp-pointed,  glaucous  beneath.    Damp  woods,  O.  to  Fla.    8— 
12— 20f.    Trunk  usually  simple,  bearing  all  the  lvs.  and  panicles  at  the  top. 

2.  GINSENG.  (Panax,  L.  in  part)  Dioecious-polygamous.  Cal.  tube 
adherent,  limb  obsolete.  Pet.  5,  ovate,  obtuse.  Stam.  o,  ejoigynous.  Sty. 
2  or  3,  distinct,  erect.  Fruit  baccate,  2-  or  3-seeded.  $,  Styles  obsolete. 
U  Root  tuberous.  Stem  simple,  bearing  3  leaves  in  a  whorl  and  one  um- 
bel.   Flowers  white.    Fig.  242. 

1  G.  trffoliam.     Grmnd-nut.    Root  a  round  tuber ;  stem  low  (3— fiO  ;  lvs.  palmately 

.3-5-foliate,  Ifts.  lance-oblong,  serrate,  subsessile  ;  peduncle  longer  than  the  petioles  ; 
sty.  3 ;  berries  3-lobed,  greenish-yellow.    Low  woods  :  com.    May.    Root  farinaceous. 

2  G.  qiilnquefoliiim.     True  Ginseng.    Root  fusiform,  fleshy ;  st.  taller  (If +) ;  lvs. 

palmately  5-foliate,  1ft?.  ample,  obovate,  petiolulate,  acuminate,  serrate ;  peduncle 
shorter  than  the  petioles  ;  sty.  2 ;  berries  2-seeded,  bright  red.  Rocky  woods.  Jn.-Ang. 

3.  HEDERA.  L.  European  Ivy.  Calyx  5-toothed.  Pet.  5,  valvate. 
Sta.  5.  Sty.  united  into  1.  Fr.  ovoid,  baccate,  5-seeded.  t?  Lvs.  coriace- 
ous, simple.    Flowers  green. 

11 ,  Helix.    Stems  woody,  slender,  climbing  high  by  radicating  fibres ;  lvs.  dark  green, 
wit'::  whitish  veins,  roundish  ovate,  5-angled ;  umbels  corymbed  ;  fr.  black.    Europe. 

Order  LXV.    CORNACE^.    Cornels. 

Trees  and  shrubs,  seldom  herbs,  without  stipules.  Leaves  opposite  or 
rarely  alternate,  simple,  with   pinnate  veinlcts.     Calyx  adherent  to  the 


Order  65.— CORNACE^.  143 

ovaiy,  the  limb  minute,  toothed  or  lobed.  PetaU  distinct,  alternate  with 
the  calyx  teeth,  valvate  in  the  bud,  often  0.  Stamens  same  number  aa 
petals,  inserted  on  the  margin  of  the  epigynous  disk  (in  the  §  flowers.)  Ovai'y 
1-  or  2-celled.   Fruit  a  baccate  drupe,  crowned  with  the  calyx.  Fig.  4oC. 

1.  CORNUS,  L.  Dogwood.  Flowers  perfect.  Calyx  limb  of  4  minute 
segments.  Pet.  4,  oblong,  sessile.  Sta.  4.  Style  somewhat  club-shaped. 
Drupe  baccate,  with  a  2-  or  3-celled  nut.  ^  t)  ^  IuY^.  entire.  Flowers  in 
cymes,  often  involucrate.  Floral  envelopes  valvate  in  aestivation.  Bark 
bitter,  tonic.    Fig.  430. 

§  Cymes  enbtended  by  a  4-leaved,  white  involncre.    Fruit  red No?.  1.  2 

§  Cymes  naked.— a  Lvs.  alternate,  clustered  at  the  ends  of  the  branches No.  3 

— a  Lvs.  opposite.— &  Twigs  and  cymes  pubescent Nos.  4,  5 

—b  Twigs,  &c.,  glabrous. — c  Dnnes  blue. Nos.  6,  7 
—c  Drupes  wh...No8.  8,  9 

1  C.  Canadensis  L.    Lmo  Cornel.    Herbaceous,  low;  upper  lvs,  whorled,  veiny,  on 

short  petioles  ;  st.  simple  ;  invol.  lvs.  ovate.    K  Damp  woods,  N.   4—8'.    May,  June, 

2  C.  florlda  L,    Flowering  Dogwood.    Arboreous ;  lvs.  opposite,  ovate,   acuminate, 

entire ;  fls.  small,  in  a  close,  cymous  umbel  or  head,  surrounded  by  a  very  large,  4-lvd. 
obcordate  involucre.    Tree  in  woods,  20— 30f,    Invol,  showy.    May.    Bark  tonic, 

3  C.  altcrnif6]ia  L.    Lvs.  alternate,  oval,  acute,  hoary  beneath ;  branches  alternate, 

warty  ;  drupes  purple,  globous.    Shruo  or  tree,  8 — 20f,  with  a  flattened  top.    June, 

4  C.  sericea  L.    Branches  spreading,  purplish,  branchlets  woolly :  lvs.  ovate  or  ellip- 

tical, acuminate,  silky-pubescent  beneath  ;  cymes  depressed,  woolly  ;  cal.  teeth  lance- 
olate ;  drupes  light  blue.    Shrub  5— 9f.    Flowers  yellowish  white,  crowded.    June. 

5  C  aspcrifolia  Mx.    Branches  erect,  brownish,  branchlets  rough-downy  ;  lvs.  lance- 

oval,  scabrous  above,  downy  beneath;  cymes  hispid;  eep.  minute.  W.  and  S.   May  +  . 

6  C.  stricta  Lam.    Branches  erect,  brown,  smooth;  lvs.  ovate  to  lanceolate,  smooth 

and  green  both  sides,  long-acuminate ;  cymes  loose,  smooth  ;  sepals  subulate,  half  as 
long  as  the  ovary  ;  anth.  and  fr.  pale  blue.    Swamps,  Va.  to  Fla.    8— 12f.    April, 

7  C.  circinata  L.   Branches  warty ;  lvs.  round-oval,  white-tomentous  beneath  ;  cj-mea 

spreading,  depressed ;  drupes  light  blue.    Shrub  5— lOf,  E.  and  W,    Lvs,  large,   June. 

8  C  paniculclta  L'Her.    Branches  erect,  grayish,  smooth ;  leaves  ovate-lanceolate, 

acuminate,  hoary  beneath  ;  cymes  and  drupes  small,  paniculate,  white,    (jf.    May,  Jn. 

9  C  stolonirera  Mx,   Bed  Osier.    St.  often  stoloniferous  ;  branches  smooth:  shoots 

virgate,  reddish-purple ;  lvs.  broad-ovate,  acute,  pubescent,  hoary  beneath ;  cyraea 
naked,  flat ;  berries  bluish-white.    Small  tree,  E.  and  W.    8— lOf.    May,  June. 

2.  NYSSA,  L.  Tupelo.  Gum-tree.  Fls.  dioecious  or  polygamous. 
^  Calyx  tube  very  short,  limb  truncate.  Pet.  5,  oblong.  Sta.  mostly  10, 
inserted  in  the  bottom  of  the  calyx,  Ov,  0.  $  Calyx  tube  oblong,  adhe- 
rent to  the  1-celled  ovary,  limb  as  in  $  .  Pet.  2 — 5,  oblong,  often  0.  Sly. 
large,  stigmatic  on  one  side.  Drupe  oval,  1-seeded,  ^  with  small  green 
fls,  clustered  on  axillary  peduncles,  the  sterile  more  numerous,  Apr,  June. 

1  N.  mnltiflora  Wang,    Lvs.  oblong-obovate,  acutish  or  obtuse  at  each  end,  entire ; 

the  petiole,  midvein,  and  margin  villous  ;  fertile  peduncles  3-(3-5)-flowered ;  sty.  revo- 
lute ;  nut  short,  obovate,  striate,  obtuse.    Tree  30 — 70f.    Drupe  blue-black,    t 

2  N.  unlflora  Walt.    Swamp  Tupelo.    Lvs;  green,  oblong-ovate  or  ovate,  long-petio- 

late  ;  fertile  fls.  solitary,  3-bracted,  on  slender  peduncles  ;  sty.  nearly  straight ;  sterile 
fls.  5—10  ;  drupe  oblong,  as  large  as  a  plum.    Tree  50— 80f,  in  swamps,  S. 

3  N.  capita  ta  Walt.     OgeecliM  Livie.    Leaves  oval  or  oblong,  short-petiolatc,  entire, 


144  Order  66.— CAPRIFOLIACE^. 

whitened  beneath,  obtuse  at  apex,  acute  at  base ;  fertile  fls.  solitary,  on  short  pedun 
cles,  downy,  3-4-bracted,  with  5  petals  and  10  stamens ;  sterile  fls.  20—30  in  each  dense 
globular  head ;  fruit  large,  oblong.    River  banks,  S.    20— 30f. 

COHOKT    2,   GAMOPETAL^, 

Or  Mokopetalous  Exogei^s.— Plants  having  a  double  peri- 
anth, consisting  of  both  calyx  and  corolla,  the  latter  composed 
of  petals  partially  or  wholly  united.     (Cohort  3,  page  278.) 

Order  LXVI.    CAPRIFOLIACE^.    Honeysuckles. 

Shrubs,  rarely  Jierbs,  often  twining  with  opposite  leaves;  no  stipules. 
Flowers  clustered  and  often  fragrant,  5-parted  and  often  irregular.  Corolla 
raonopetalous,  tubular  or  rotate.  Stamens  inserted  on  the  corolla  tube, 
rarely  one  less  than  the  lobes.  Ovary  adherent  to  the  calyx.  Style  1,  5%- 
mas  3  to  5.  Fruit  a  beriy,  drupe,  or  capsule.  Embryo  small,  in  fleshy 
albumen.    Figs.  67,  383,  390,  466,  471,  477. 

I.  LONICERE^.    Corolla  tubular,  with  a  filiform  style... (a) 

n  Herbs.— 6  Corolla  5-lobed,  the  stamens  but  4 Li.nn^A.  1 

—h  Corolla  5-lobed,  the  stamens  5 Triosteum.  2 

a  Shrubs.— c  Corolla  bell-shaped,  regular.    Berry  4-celled,  2-seeded SyMPHORiCARrns.  3 

— c  Corolla  tubular,  lobes  unequal.    Berry  2-.'5-celled Lonickra.  4 

—f  Corolla  funnel-form.     Capsule  2-celled,  00 -seeded.  (Addenda.).. Dieb\-illa.  5 
IT.  SAMBUCII^E.     Corolla  rotate,  deeply  5-lobed.     Stigmas  ses.sile...(Z») 

?>  Shrubs  with  pinnate  leaves.     Berry  3-seeded Rambucds.  6 

h  Shrubs  with  simple  leaves.    Drupe  1-seeded Viburnum.  7 

1.  IiINN.S]A,  Gron.  Twin-flower.  Calyx  tube  ovate,  limb  5-parted, 
deciduous.  Bractlets  at  base  3.  Cor.  campanulate,  limb  subequal,  5-lobed. 
Sta.  4,  two  longer  than  the  others.  Berry  dry,  3-celled,  indehiscent,  1-seed- 
ed (two  cells  abortive).  \^  Lvs.  roundish,  petiolate.  Ped.  filiform,  erect, 
2-flowered.    Inhabits  the  IN.  temperate  zone  of  both  hemispheres. 

JL,  borealis  Gron.— Moist  rocky  shades,  N.  J,  to  Oreg.  and  N.    Filiform  stems  5— 6f. 
Ped.  3,  bearing  at  top  a  pair  of  nodding,  bell-shaped,  roseate,  fragrant  flowers.    June. 

2.  TRIOSTEUM,  L.  Feverwoiit.  Calyx  tube  ovoid,  limb  5-parted, 
segm.  linear,  nearly  as  long  as  the  corolla.  Cor.  tubular,  gibbous  at  base, 
limb  5-lobed,  subequal.  Sta.  5,  included.  Stig.  capitate,  lobed.  Fr.  drupa- 
ceous, crowned  with  the  calyx,  3-celled,  containing  3  ribbed,  bony  seeds. 
U  Coarse,  hairy,  with  large,  connate  leaves  and  axillary  flowers. 

1  T.  perfoliatnni  L.    Hirsute :  lvs.  oval,  acuminate ;  fls.  verticillate  or  cliistorod, 

sessile,  brownish-purple.    Rocky  woods.    2— 4f.    Fruit  orange-colored,  &".    June. 

2  T.  angustifolium  L.    Hispid ;  lvs.  lanceolate,  acuminate,  scarcely  connate :  flg. 

mostly  solitary,  short-stalked,  yellowish  or  straw-colored.  L.I.,W.&S.  2— 3f.    May. 

3.  SYMPHORIOARPUS,  Dill.  Snowberry.  CalyJc  tube  globous. 
limb  4-5-toothed.  Cor.  funnel-  or  bell-shaped,  the  limb  in  4 — 5  e-qual  lobes, 
8ta.  4  or  5.  Stig.  capitate.  Berry  globous,  4-celled,  2-seeded  (two  oppo 
site  cells  abortive).     5  Leaves  oval,  entire.    Flowers  small,  roseate. 


Order  66.— CAPRIFOLIACE^.  145 

1  S.  racemosus  Mx.    Fls.  in  terminal,  loose,  interrupted,  often  leafy  rac. ;  cor.  cam- 

panulate,  densely  bearded  within  ;  sty.  and  sta.  included  ;  berries  snow-white.  W.  Vt. 
to  Wis.  and  Pa.,  on  rocky  banks.    2— 3f.    A  smooth,  handsome  shrub.    July— Aug.   ■\ 

2  S.  occidentalis  R.  Br.     WoJfberry.    Lvs.  ovate,  obtusish ;  spikes  dense,  axillary 

and  terminal,  nodding ;  cor.  densely  bearded  inside  ;  sta.  and  bearded  style  exserted : 
berries  white.    Woods,  Mich.  Wis.  and  N.    2 — 4f.    July. 

3  S.  vulgaris  Mx.     Lvs.  roundish-oval ;   spikes  axillary,  subsessile,  capitate,  and 

crowded ;  cor.  lobes  nearly  glabrous ;  sta.  and  bearded  style  included ;  berries  dark 
red.    River  banks,  Penn.  to  Iowa,  and  S.    2— 3f.    Flowers  greenish-red.    July. 

4.  LONICERA,  L.  Honeysuckle.  Woodbine.  Calyx  5-toothed, 
tube  subglobous.  Cor.  funnel-  or  bell-form,  limb  5-cleft,  often  labiate.  Sta. 
5,  exserted.  Ov.  ^3-celled.  Berry  few-seeded.  Stig.  capitate.  "^  5  Lvs. 
entire,  often  connate.    Fls.  fragrant  and  beautiful.    May-Jl.    Figs.  67,  390. 

§  Xtl6steon.    Shrubs  erect.    Leaves  never  connate.    Flowers  in  pairs.,  .(a) 

a  Corolla  gibbous  at  base,  lobes  somewhat  irregular Nos.  1 — 3 

a  Corolla  not  gibbous,  lobes  spreading,  equal,  roseate No.  \ 

§  Caprif6lium.    Shrubs  climbing.    Flowers  sessile,  mostly  whorled. .  .(6) 

b  Leaves  all  distinct.    Corolla  ringent.    Cultivated  exotics Nos.  5,  6 

b  Leaves  (the  upper  pair)  connate-perfoliate . .  .(c) 

c  Corolla  subequal,  both  tube  and  limb  scarlet No.  7 

c  Corolla  limb  ringent, — d  tube  equal  (not  gibbous)  at  base Nos.  8 — 10 

— d  tube  gibbous  at  the  base Nos.  11, 12 

1  li.  cllla.ta  Muhl.    Fly  Honeysuckle.    Lvs.  ovate,  subcordate,  ciliate  ;  cor.  limb  with 

short  and  subequal  lobes,  tube  saccate  at  base ;  sty.  exserted  ;  berries  distinct,  red. 
Woods,  Me.  to  O.  and  N.    3 — 4f.    Flowers  straw-yellow,  on  short  ped.    May. 

2  li.  oblongiiolia  Hook.    Lvs.  oblong  or  oval,  velvety  beneath ;  cor.  limb  deeply 

bilabiate;  ped.  long,  filiform,  erect ;  berries  connate  or  united  into  one,  globous,  pur- 
ple.   Swamps,  N.Y.,  W.  and  N.    2— 3f.    Purple-yellow,    t 

3  li.  coeriilea  L.  Lvs.  oval-oblong,  ciliate,  obtuse,  villous  both  sides,  at  length  smooth- 

ish ;  ped.  short,  reflexed  in  fruit ;  bracts  longer  than  the  ovaries ;  cor.  lobes  short, 
subequal ;  berries  connate,  deep  blue.    Rocky  woods,  Ms.  N.  Y.  and  N.    2— 3f. 

4  li*  Tartarica.    Tartarian  Honeysuckle.    Much  branched ;  lvs.  ovate,  cordate,  polish- 

ed ;  cor.  segm.  oblong,  obtuse,  purple-white.    Russia.    4— lOf. 

5  li.  Japonica.    Chinese  Honeysuckle.    Sts.  soft-pubescent ;  lvs.  ovate  and  oblong ;  ped. 

axillary,  2-bracted  and  2-flowered  ;  flowers  orange,  &c.    China.    15f. 

6  JL.  Periclt MENUM  Toum.   Woodbine.   Lvs.  deciduous,  elliptical,  acute,  on  short  peti- 

oles ;  fls.  in  dense,  terminal  heads,  red,  yellow.    Europe.    15f. 
p.  QUERCiFOLiuM.    Lcavcs  sinuate-lobed. 

7  li.  sempcrvirens  Ait.    Trumpet  Honeysi/ckle.   Lvs.  oblong,  evergreen;  flowers  in 

nearly  naked  spikes  of  distant  whorls ;  cor,  trumpet-shaped,  nearly  regular,  ventri- 
cous  above.    Moist  groves,  N.  Y.,  W.  and  S.    15f.    May— Sept.    t 

8  li.  flava  Sims.    Yellow  Honeysuckle.   Lvs.  ovate,  glaucous  both  sides ;  spikes  termi- 

nal, of  about  2  close  whorls ;  cor.  smooth,  slender,  bright  yellow ;   stam..  exserted. 
N.  Y.,  W.  and  S.    Shrub  scarcely  twining.    Corolla  15".    t 

9  li.  grata  Ait.    Evergreen  Honeysuckle.    Lvs.  evergreen,  obovate,  smooth,  glaucous 

beneath  ;  fls.  in  sessile,  terminal,  and  axillary  whorls  ;  cor.  ringent,  long,  slender,  red- 
dish without,  yellowish  within.    Damp  woods,  M.  and  W.  States.    12f. 

10  li.  Caprifolium.  Italian  Honeysuckle.  Lvs.  deciduous;  fls.  in  a  single,  terminal 
verticil ;  lips  of  corolla  revolute,  red,  yellow,  white.    Europe. 

11  li.  parTiflora  Lam.  Lvs.  smooth,  shining  above,  glaucous  beneath,  oblong,  all 
sessile  or  connate,  the  upper  pair  perfoliate  ;  fls.  in  heads  of  1  or  more  approximate 
whorls ;  cor.  glabrous,  short,  yellow-red  :  fil.  bearded.    Rocky  woods.    8— lOf. 

/3.  Ifoug'ldaH,      Lvs.  large,  pubcs.  beneath,  lower  petiolate  ;  fls.  pubes.  O.,  and  W. 

10 


140  Order  66.— CAPRIFOLIACE.f:. 

12  li.  lilrsuta  Eaton.  Lvs.  ha'ry  above,  pofi-vhlous  beneath,  veiny,  broad-oval,  tty- 
ruptly  acuminate ;  fls.  in  verticillate  spikes,  pjreenish-yellow ;  fil.  bearded.  WoodR. 
N.  Eng.  to  Mich,  and  N.    15— 20f. 

5.  DIERVILLA,  Tourn.  Bush  Honeysuckle.  Cal3'x  tube  oblong, 
limb  of  5  linear  segni.  Cor.  twice  as  long,  funnel-shaped,  limb  5-cleft  and 
nearly  regular.  Sta.  5.  Capsular  fr.  2-celled,  S-vahed,  crowned  with  the 
cal.,  many-seeded.  }j  Lvs.  acuminate,  serrate,  deciduous.  Ped.  axillary.  .In. 

1  D.  triflda  Moeuch.    Lvs.  ovate,  on  di?tinct  petioles;  ped.  1-3-flwd. ;  pod  atteunato 

at  top  beneath  the  calyx  limb.  Thickets,  Can.  to  Car.  2f,  bushy.  Fls.  greenish-yellow. 

2  D.  sessilifolia  Buckley.    Lvs.  lance- oblong,  sessile  or  subamplexicaul ;  pedunclee 

3--5-flwd.,  crowded  in  the  axils  above ;  caps,  short-beaked.    High  Mts.  N.  Car.    2— 4f. 

6.  SAMBUOUS,  L.  Elder.  Calyx  small,  5-parted.  Cor.  5-cleft,  segm. 
obtuse.  Sta.  5.  Stig.  obtuse,  small,  sessile.  Berry  globous,  pulpy,  3-seeded. 
+)  If  Lvs.  odd-pinnate  or  bipinnate.    Fls.  in  cymes,  white.     Figs.  4G6,  477. 

1  S.  Canadensis  L.    Woody,  with  large  pith ;  Ifts.  7—11,  oblong-oval,  acuminate, 

smooth  ;  cymes  fastigiate  ;  berries  dark-purple.    Hedgerows,  thickets  :  common.   S— 

12f.    Cymes  broad,  white.    May— July. 
a  S.  pubens  Mx.    Woody ;  Ifts.  lance-oval,  acuminate,  5—7,  downy  beneath  :  cymes 

paniculate ;  berries  scarlet.     Copses.     Can.  to  Car.    5— lOf.     June.— Berries  rarely 

white.    CatskiU  Mountains. 

7.  VIBURNUM,  L.  Calyx  small,  5-toothed,  persistent.  Cor.  rotate, 
limb  5-lobed,  scg.  obtuse.  Stam.  5.  Stig.  1—3,  sessile.  Fr.  a  drupe,  1- 
celled,  1-seeded,— a  stony  nut  covered  with  soft  pulp.  +)  5  Lvs.  simple, 
petioles  often  minutely  stipulate.  Fls.  white,  in  compound  flat  cymes, 
which  are  often  radiant.    Fig.  383. 

f  Cymes  radiant, — the  outer  flowers  sterile  and  showy.    Leaves  stipuled  Nos.  1,  2 

§  Cymes  not  radiant.— the  flowers  all  alike  perfect.. (a) 

a  Leaves  3-lobed,  palmately  3-5-veined,  with  setaceous  stipules Nos.  3,  4 

a  Leaves  not  lolied,— 6  coarsely  toothed,  straight-veined.    Cyme  stalked  ..  .Nos.  5—7 
~-b  finely  and  sharply  serrate.    Cymes  sessile.    June — Nos.  8,  9 

—b  entire,  or  nearly  so. — c  Species  native Nos.  10.  11 

—c  Species  exotic Nos.  12,  13 

1  V,  lantanoidcs  L.    Hobble-bush.    Leaves  round-cordate,  abruptly  acuminate,  un- 

equally serrate  ;  petioles  and  veins  rusty-downy  ;  cyme  sessile  ;  fruit  ovate.    Rocky 
woods,  N.    M.    Shoots  often  reclined  and  rooting.    Handsome.    May. 

2  V.  Opulus  L.    Hig/i  Cranberry.    Smooth  ;  lvs.  3-lobcd,  3-veined,  broader  than  long, 

rounded  at  base,  lobes  acuminate,  crenate  dentate  ;  petioles  glandular  ;  cymes  pet'  ui- 
culate.    Borders  of  woods,  N.    8— 12f.    Fruit  bright  red,  very  acid.    June. 
/3.  KOSEUM.    Snow-ball.    Fls.  all  neutral,  in  globous  cymes,  t 

3  V.  acerifolium  L.    Dockmackie.    Leaves  subcordate,  3-veined,  lobes  acuminate, 

acutely  dentate,  downy  beneath  ;  stam.  exsertcd  ;  fr.  purple.    Woods.    4— 6f.    June. 

4  V,  pauciflorum  Pylaie.    Lvs.  roundish,  5-veined  at  base,  with  3  short  lobes,  ser- 

rate ;  cymes  few-flowered  ;  stamens  included  ;  fr.  red.    Mts.  N. :  rare.    2— 3f. 

5  v.  dentatum  L.    Arrow-ivood.    Smooth ;  lvs.  round-ovate,  acutely-toothed,  often 

with  downy  tufts  in  the  axils  of  the  stout  veins  beneath  ;  petioles  slender ;  fr.  blue ; 

nut  concavo-convex.    Damp  woods.  Can.  to  Ga.    8— 12f.    Branches  virgate.    June. 
e  v.  pubescens  Ph.    Lvs.  ovate,  acuminate,  broadly  dentate,  hairy  most  beneath ; 

petioles  short,  downy  ;  fr.  black,  nut  plano-convex,  grooved.  Rocks,  Can.  to  Car.  2— 3f, 
T  V.  inoUe  Mx.    Poison.  HavK    Downy  throughout,  with  forked  or  stellate  hairs  ;  lvs. 

bro:tl  oval,  acute,  crenat"  dontate  ;  fr.  blue,  nut  grooved.  NVoods.  Ky.  toFla.  lOf.  May 


OiiDER  GT.— RUBIACE/E.  147 

8  V.Iientago  L.    Siceet  Vibvrmim.    Lve.  ovate  and  oval,  long-aciirainatc,  acutely  and 

finely  uncinate-serrate  ;  petiole  with  undulate  margins  ;  fr.  glaucous-black,  oval,  eat 
able.    Rocky  woods,  Can.  to  Ga.  and  Ky.    10— 20f.    A  small,  handsome  tree.    June. 

9  V.  prunifolium  L.    Black  Haw.    Sloe.    Lvs.  shining,  oval  or  ovate,  obtuse,  sharply 

uncinate-serrulate ;    petioles  slightly  margined ;   cymes  sessile ;   fr.  blackish,  oval, 
sweet.    Woods,  N.  Y.  to  Ga.  and  111,    10— 20f.    A  small  tree.    Lvs.  2— 3^ 
/3.  ferrug-ineum,    Possum  Haw.    Lvs.  lance-oval,  rusty  beneath  ;  fr.  tasteless.  S. 

10  V,  nudum  L.  Smooth  ;  lvs.  oval-oblong,  or  lance-oval,  subrevolute  at  edge,  en- 
tire or  subcrenulate,  not  shining,  veiny  and  dotted  beneath;  petioles  not  winged; 
cj-mcs  on  short  stalks.   Thickets.   10— 20f.   Lvs.  3— 4'.  Drupes  blue,  eatable.  Apr.-Jn. 

/3.  ang-uHt  folium,    Lvs.  lance-oblong,  acute  at  both  ends,  subentire.    S. 

y.  casHinoideft,    Lvs.  ovate  or  oval,  denticulate,  obtuse,  acute,  &c.    N. 

5.  ovale,    Lvs.  small  (lo'O,  oval,  obtuse,  very  entire.    South. 
J  1  v.  obova.tum  Walt.    Lvs.  small  (0—12"),  obovate,  obtuse,  entire  or  nearly  so, 
subsessile,  dotted  ;  C3'mes  small,  many,  sessile.  River  banks,  S.  12f.  Fruit  black.  Ap. 
1  2  V,  TiNUS.    Laureftine.    Lvs.  lance-ovate,  entire,  thick,  shining.    Eur.    5f. 
13  V.  ODORATissiMUM.    Lvs.  elliptic-oblong,  repand-dentate,  thick.    China. 

Order  LXVII.    RUBIACE^.    Madderworts!. 

Plants  with  opposite  or  verticillate,  entire  leaves.  Stipules  between  the 
petioles  sometimes  leaflike  or  0.  Cali/x  tube  adherent  to  the  ovary ;  limb  4- 
to  5-cleft.  Corolla  regular,  inserted  upon  the  calyx  tube,  and  of  the  same 
number  of  divisions.  Stamens  inserted  upon  the  tube  of  the  corolla,  equal 
in  number  and  alternate  with  its  segments.  Ovaines  2-(rarely  more)-celled. 
Style  single  or  partly  divided.     Fruit  various. 

I  STELLATyE.     Herbs  with  the  leaves  in  whorls  of  4 — 8  and  no  stipules.. (<«) 

a  Flowers  4-parted.     Fruit  twin,  separating  into  2  nutlets.   Galium.  1 

a  Flowers  5-parted.     Fruit  twin,  separable,  baccate,  smooth Rubia.  2 

CINCIIONEiE.    Leaves  opposite  or  in  whorls  of  3,  with  stipules. — h  Herbs,  .(r) 

—b  Shrubs  or  trees..  (<f) 

r  Flowers  in  pairs,  with  a  double  ovary.     Berry  double Mitchella.         3 

e  Flowers  separate.    Carpels  2, — e  each  1-seeded,  separating  in  fruit.. (/) 
— e  each  00 -seeded,  forming  a  capsule,  .(y) 

/  Fls.  in  clusters.— /t  Both  carpels  open  after  separating BoRRERiA.  S.  Fla. 

— /(  One  carpel  open,  the  other  indehiscent Spermacoce.       4 

/  Flowers  snbsolitary.    Both  carpels  indehiscent, — /c  dry Diodia.  5 

—&  baccate Ernodea  littoralin.  S.  Fla. 

g  Corolla  funnel-form.    Seeds  16 -f,  cup-shaped Hocstonia.         6 

g  Corolla  wheel-shaped.    Seeds  80  + ,  angular Oldknlandia.    7 

d  Flowers  capitate,  ip  round,  dense  heads.    Leaves  often  ternatcCD 
d  Flowers  not  capitaie. — m  Carpels  2 — 10,  each  1-seeded.    In  S.  Florida.. (ti) 
—in  Carpels  2— 5,  each  00 -seeded.    Florida.. (o) 
fi  Carpels  2 — t,  fewer  than  the  lobes  of  the  corolla.    Fruit  fleshy,  .{ji) 
n  Carpels  4 — 10,  symmetrical  with  the  corolla  lobes., ((7)  * 

/  Flowers  4-parted,  white.    Fruit  compacted  but  distinct,  dry CEPHALANTHca.  3 

I  Flowers  5  parted,  red.    Drupes  united  into  a  compact  berry Morinda  Roioe.  S.  Fla. 

p  Leaves  opposite.    Racemes  axillary.    Carpels  flattened Chiococca  racemosa. 

p  Leaves  opposite.    Corymbs  terminal.    Carpels  angular Pstcotria. 

p  Leaves  in  3's,  linear,  rigid.    Racemes  axillarj-.    Shrub Strhmpfia  marHima. 

q  Spikes  axillary,  forked.    Anthers  on  the  throat  of  corolla Guettarda. 

q  Panicles  axillary.    Filaments  inserted  on  the  base  of  corolla Erithalis /ru^Ko«a. 

o  Fruit  baccate,  5-celled.    Corolla  tubular.    Stigma  entire Hamelia  patens. 

o  Fruit  baccate,  2-celled.  Cor.  funnel-form,  white.  t..Ca/)eJ«tsonttne.  .Gardenia,  p.  445. 

>j  Fruit  capsular.— ^  Flowers  in  radiant  cymes.    A  slender  tree Pi.vckneta.         9 

—,s  llowers  in  cymes,  not  radiant,  red.     Shrub.  f...BouvARDiA.        10 
—*  Flowers  solitary,  axillary.     Shrub  6~10f Excstemma.  S.  Fla. 


148  Order  67.— RUBIACEiE. 

1.  GALIUM,  L.  Cleavers.  Bedstraav.  Calyx  limb  minutely  4- 
toothecl.  Cor.  rotate,  4-cleft.  Sta.  4,  short.  Sty.  3.  Carpels  3,  united, 
separating  into  3  1-seeded,  indehiscent  nutlets. — Herbs  with  slender,  4- 
angled  stems.    Yerticels  of  4,  6,  or  8  leaves,  rarely  of  5. 

a  Flowers  yellow.    Leaves  in  whorls  of  about  8.    Fruit  smooth No.  1 

a  Flowers  dull-purple.    Leaves  (large)  in  whorls  of  4.    Fruit  hispid  or  not.  .Nos.  2- -4 

a  Flowers  white — b  Leaves  in  4"s  only.    Fruit  dry.    Panicle  terminal No.  5 

— i  Leave?  in  4's  only.    Fniit  smooth,  purple  berries Nos.  G.  7 

—1/  Leaves  in  4's — G's.— c  Fruit  hispid  with  hooked  hairs No.  8 

— c  Fruit  smooth  or  nearly  so,  dry.  .Nos.  9 — 11 
—b  Leaves  in  S's,  long  and  narrow.    Fruit  hispid No.  12 

1  G.  verum  L.    Yellow  Bedslraw.    Erect;  Ivs.  in  S*s,  gi-ooved,  entire,  rough,  linear; 

fls.  densely  paniculate.    Of  Dry  soils,  Mass.    1— 2f.    Branches  short.    June.    §  Eur. 

2  Cr.  pllosum  Ait.    Hirsute  ;  Ivs.  in  4's,  oval,  punctate  with  pellucid  dots  ;  ped.  several 

times  2-  or  3-forked ;  fls.  pedicellate,  densely  hispid.    21  Dry  thickets.    1— 2f.    June. 

3  G.  circsBzans  Mx.    Wild  Liquatice.    Smoothish  ;  Ivs,  oval  or  ovate-lanceolate,  ob- 

tuse, 3-veincd,  ciliate  on  the  margins  and  veins ;  ped.  divaricate,  few-flowered ;  fr. 
eubsessile,  nodding,  hispid.    11  Woods :  common.    8 — 12'.    July. 

/3.  lanceolattim.    Very  smooth ;  leaves  lanceolate.  2'  long ;  fruit  sessile. 

y.  monthnum.    Dwarf ;  leaves  obovate.    White  Mountains.    (Oakes.) 

4  G.  latlfolium  Mx.    St.  erect,  smooth;  Ivs.  lanceolate,  3-veined,  very  acute ;  ped. 

axillary  (leafy)  and  terminal,  about  twice  3-forked  ;  purple  flowers  and  smooth  fruit 
on  filiform  pedicel^',    n  Woody  hills,  Pa.  S.  and  W.    2f.    July. 

5  G.  boreale  L.    Erect,  pmooth  ;  Ivs.  linear-lanceolate,  rather  acute,  3-veined,  smooth  ; 

fls.  in  a  terminal  pyramidal  panicle,    if  Shaded  rocks,  N.    If.    July. 

6  G.  liispiduluni  Mx.    Diffuse,  minutely  hispid  ;  Ivs.  oval,  thickish,  mostly  acute; 

ped.  axillary,  1-3-flwd.  ;  fr.  large,  bluish-purple,     if  Sandy.    S.    2f.    May— Oct. 

7  G.  uniflorum  Mx.    Glabrous,  ciespitons,  slender ;  Ivs.  linear,  acute ;  ped.  axillary, 

solitary,  mostly  1-flwd.  bracted  ;  fr.  purple,     il  Damp  woods,  S.    If.    May, 

8  G.  triflorum  Mx.    Stems  weak,  rough  on  the  angles  ;  Ivs.  in  S's  and  G's,  lance-el- 

liptic, cusp-pointed,  1-vcined ;  ped.  mostly  3-flowered.    il  Moist  woods.    1— 3f.   July. 

9  G.  asprelliim  Mx.    Bough  Cleavers.   St.  diftiise,  very  branching,  rough  backward  , 

Ivs.  in  6's,  5's,  or  4's,  lanceolate,  acuminate,  or  cuspidate,  margin  and  midvein  re- 
trorsely  aculeate  ;  ped.  short,  in  2'8  or  3's.    li.  Thickets,  N.    2— 5f.    July. 

10  G.  trifidiim  L.  Dyer's  Cleavers.  Goose-grafts.  St.  decumbent,  very  branching, 
ronghish  with  retrorse  prickles  ;  Ivs.  in  6's  and  4's,  linear-oblong  or  oblanceolate,  ob- 
tuse, rough-edged  ;  flowers  mostly  3-parted.    2f  Swamps.    6^    July.— Variable. 

/3.  tinctbrium,    Ped.  3-6-flowered;  parts  of  the  flower  in  4's.    The  root  dyes  red. 
y.  latifhUum,    Lvs.  in  4's,  oblanceolate  ;  ped.  3-flowcred  ;  fls.  4-parted. 

11  G.  coiiciiinuiii  T.  &  G.  St.  decumbent,  diff"use,  scabrous;  lvs.  in  6's,  linear, 
glabrous,  1-veincd,  scabrous  upward  on  the  margins ;  ped.  filiform,  twice  or  thrice 

0   3-forked,  panicled.    2f  Dry  woods.  Pa.  Va.  111.    If.    June. 
1*2  G.  Aparine  L.    St.  weak,  procumbent,  retrorsely  prickly  :  lvs.  in  8's,  7's,  or  G's, 
linear-oblanceolatc,  mucronate  ;  ped.  axillary,  1-2-flwd.  (i)  Wet  thickets,  N.  3-5f.  Jn. 

2.  RUBIA,  Tourn.  Madder.  Like  Galium,  but  its  flowers  are  mostly 
6-merous,  and  its  fruit  always  smooth  and  berry-like. 

R»  tinct6rum  L.  Stem  weak,  rough  backward ;  lvs,  in  6*s,  lanceolate,  aculeate ;  fls, 
brownish-yellow,  paniculate  above,  with  3-forked  peduncles.    Europe.    3— 5f. 

3.  MITCHELLA,  L.  Partridge  Berry.  Flowers  2  on  each  double 
nvaiT     Cal.  4-parted.    Cor,  funnel-shaped,  haiiy  Avithin.    Stam.  4,  short. 


Order  67.— RUBIACEJ5.  149 

insci  ted  on  the  corolla.    Stlg.  4.    Berry  composed  of  the  2  united  ovaries, 
each  4-seeded.    Lo  Smooth.    Leaves  opposite. 

WL,  rctpens  L.— Woods  :  com.  Sts.  creeping,  6-18'.  Lvs.  roundish-ovate,  petiolate,  ever- 
green. Cor.  reddish-white,  fragrant.  Berry  red,  seeds  (nutlets)  bony.  Very  pretty.  Jn. 

4.  SPERMACOOE,  L.  Cal.  2-4-parted.  Cor.  tubular,  limb  4-lobed. 
Stam.  4.  Stig.  2-clcft.  Fr.  dry,  2-celled,  crowned  with  the  calyx,  separat- 
ing into  1  open  and  1  indehiscent  carpel.  Sds.  2. — Low  herbs.  Stip.  bristly. 
Flowers  small,  in  dense,  axillary,  sessile  whorls,  or  clusters,  white. 

1  S.  glabra  Mx.    Glabrous ;  lvs.  lanceolate ;  cal.  4-toothed ;  cor.  funnel-form,  short, 

throat  hairy  ;  anth.  included  in  the  tube ;  stig.  subsessile.    it  River  banks,  W.   1— 2f. 

2  S.  Chapmanil  T.  &  G.   Nearly  glabrous  ;  lvs.  oblong-lanceolate  ;  cor.  funnel-form, 

thrice  longer  than  the  calyx  ;  stam.  and  sty.  exscrted.    Fla.  Ga.    10'. 

3  S.  Involucrata  Ph.    Hispidfy  hairy ;  lvs.  ovate-lanceolate ;  heads  terminal,  invo- 

lucrate  ;  stam.  exserted.    Carolina  (Fraser).    If.    Leaves  oblique. 

5.  DIODIA,  L.  Carpels  2,  rarely  3,  separating,  each  1-seeded  and  inde- 
hiscent. Fls.  otherwise  as  in  Spennacoce. — Herbs.  Stip.  fringed  with 
bristles.  Fls.  few  or  solitary,  axillaiy,  sessile,  small,  white  ;  the  tube  often 
slender.    Summer. 

1  I>,  Vlrginlca  L.    Procumbent ;  lvs.  lanceolate,  sessile ;  corolla  tube  slender,  with  a 

broad,  spreading  limb  ;  sta.  exserted.    U  Damp  places.    1— 2f.    Varies  with  the  lvs. 
ovate-lanceolate  ;  also  with  the  leaves  more  or  less  hairy. 

2  D.  teres  Walt.    Erect  or  ascending,  nearly  terete ;  lvs.  lance-linear,  rigid,  sessile ; 

bristles  long ;  cor.  reddish-white,  with  a  wide  tube  and  short  limb  ;  sta.  scarcely  ex- 
serted.   (T)  Sandy  fields,  N.  J.  to  111.,  and  S.    5— l^. 

6.  HOUSTONIA,  L.  Bluets.  Cal.  4-toothed  or  cleft,  persistent.  Cor. 
tubular,  the  4  lobes  spreading.  Fil.  4,  inserted  on  the  corolla.  Stylo  1. 
Anth.  and  stig.  dimorphous,  that  is,  in  some  plants  the  former  exserted 
and  the  latter  included — in  others  the  style  exserted  and  anthers  included. 
Caps.  2-lobed,  the  upper  half  free,  cells  few-  (8-20)-seeded. — Herbs.  Stip. 
connate  with  the  petiole,  entire.  Fls.  solitary  or  in  cymes,  white,  bluish,  &c. 

§  Corolla  salver-form,  glabrous.    Peduncles  1-flowered — a  terminal Nos.  1,  2 

—a  axillary Nos.  3,  4 

§  Corolla  funnel-form.    Peduncles  GO-flowered,  cymous. — b  Lvs,  lance-ovate No.  5 

—b  Lvs.  lance-linear.. Nos.  6,7 

1  H.  Cflerulea  L.    Dwarf  PinJc.   Innocence.    Caespitous ;  radical  lvs.  ovate-spatulate, 

petiolate  ;  sts.  erect,  numerous,  dichotomous ;  ped.  filiform,  1-2-flowered.    @  Moist 
soils.    3—5'.    Flowers  5",  pale  blue,  with  a  yellow  centre.    May,  June.    Pretty. 
/3.  minor.    Branches  divaricate ;  flowers  smaller  (3 — 4"  wide).    South. 

2  H.  serpylllfolia  Mx.    Csespitous;  sts.  filiform,  procumbent;  lvs. roundish-ovate, 

petiolate,  ciliolate ;  ped.  terminal,  very  long,    if  Mts.  of  Car.,  Tenn.   6 — 12'.   May — Jl. 

3  H.  minima  Beck.    Glabrous  ;  lvs.  linear-spatulate ;  ped.  at  first  nearly  radical,  at 

length  axillary,  often  not  longer  than  the  leaves  ;  seeds  concave,  smooth.  ®  Prairies, 
111.  to  La.    1—3'.    Flowers  rose-color,  3 — 4".    March— May. 

4  H.  rotundifolla  Mx.    Procumbent,  creeping,  leafy ;  lvs.  roundish-oval,  abrupt  at 

base,  petiolate ;  ped.  mostly  longer  than  the  leaves ;  caps,  emarginate,  few-seeded. 
2f  Sandy,  damp  places,  S.    In  patches.    2—5'.    Flowers  white.    Mar.— Dec. 

5  H.  purpurea  L.    Erect ;  lvs.  3-5-veined,  closely  sessile  ;  cymes  3-7-flowered,  often 

clustered;  calyx  segm.  lance-linear,  longer  than  the  pod.    2f  Penn.,  S.  and  W.    If. 
Whitc-purplc.    May— July.    Very  pretty. 


150  OitLEii  G8.— VALERIANACE.E. 

6  H.  lougifolia  Gaert,    Radical  leaves  oval-elliptic,  cauline  linear  or  aucclincar,  1 

veined  ;  fls.  in  small,  paniculate  cymes  :  sepals  shorter  than  the  pod. 
p.  tenuifoUa,    Much  branched  ;  leaves  very  narrow ;  ped.  filiform, 
y.  cilioldta.    Leaves  oblong-linear,  obtuse,  often  ciliate  ;  branches  erect.    N.  and 
W.,— all  the  forms,  on  river  banks  and  prairies,    if.    June,  July. 
•y  H,  angustit'olla  Mx.    Slender,  tall,  strictly  erect ;  Ivs.  narrowly  linear,  1-veined  ; 
fls.  very  numerous,  short- pedicelled,  in  compact,  terminal  cj'mules  ;  cal.  lobes  subu- 
late;  caps,  obovoid  or  top-shaped,    2:  Prairies,  111.  to  La.    1— 2f.    June— rTuly. 

7.  OLDENLANDIA,  L.  Calyx  4-  or  o-Iobed,  persistent.  Cor.  fimnel- 
f(*rm,  with  a  short  tube,  little  longer  than  the  calyx,  4-5-lobed.  Sta.  4—5. 
Sty.  short  or  0.  Stig.  2.  Caps,  wholly  adherent.  Seeds  very  numerous 
and  minute  (40—60  in  each  cell).— Herbs  erect  or  prostrate.  Stipules  with 
2 — 4  subulate  points  each  side.    Flowers  small,  axillaiy,  white. 

1  O.  glomerata  Mx.  Creeping  Greenhead.  Stems  assurgent ;  Ivs.  ovate-lanceolate, 
pubescent,  narrowed  at  the  base  ;  fls.  glomerate  in  the  axils  and  terminal ;  cor.  shorter 
than  the  leafy  calyx  teeth.    Swamps,  N.  Y.  to  La.    1—12'.    June— Sept. 

!4  O,  Boscli.  Erect,  much  branched  :  Ivs.  lance-linear,  acute  ;  fls.  snbsolitary,  axillary, 
sessile.    •«  Banks  of  rivers,  S.    6—10'.    Corolla  purplish.    July,  Aug. 

3  O.  Halel.  Weak,  diffuse,  succulent ;  Ivs.  oval-oblong,  acute  ;  fls.  subsolitary,  white, 
pentamerous.    n  River  banks,  Fla.  to  La.    8—10'. 

8.  CEPHALANTHUS,  L.    Button  Bush.    Calyx  limb  4-toothed. 
Cor.  tubular,  slender,  4-cleft.    Sta.  4.    Sty.  much  exserted. — Shrubs  with 
opposite  Ivs.  and  short  stip.    Fls.  in  globous  heads,  without  an  involucre. 
C,  occideiitalls  L.    Lvs.  opposite  and  in  3's,  oval,  acuminate,  entire,  smooth ;  heads 

pedunculate.    Margins  of  streams.    6f.    Heads  nearly  1'  diam.    July. 

9.  PINCKNEYA,  Mx.  Calyx  5-parted,  one  of  the  scgm.  in  the  outer 
flowers  changed  to  a  large,  rose-colored  bract.  Cor.  tubular,  lobes  5,  spread- 
ing. Sta.  5,  exserted.  Stig.  2-lobed.  Caps.  2-valved,  00-seeded.  ^  Lvs. 
large,  ovate.  Cymes  corymbous,  terminal,  splendidly  ra(fia?if.  Cor.  purplish. 

p.  pubescens  Mx.— Swamps,  S. :  common.  15 — 25f.  Pods  size  of  a  hazel-nut.  May, 
June.— In  cultivation  it  is  a  shrub,  flowering  when  8— 12f  high. 

10.  BOUVARDIA,  H.  K.  Calyx  toothleted  between  its  4  lobes.  Cor. 
tubular.  Anth.  4,  included.  Caps.  2-partible,  go  seeded.  Sds.  margined. 
.'3  Glabrous.    Leaves  lanceolate,  coriaceous.  (See  p.  445.) 

1  B.  TRiPHYixA.    Lvs.  in  whorls  of  3's  ;  cymes  corymbcd ;  fls.  scarlet.    Mexico.    2f. 

2  B.  VER«;ooLOR.  Lvs.  opp. ;  cymes  racemed;  cor.  clavate,  curved,  red  and  purp.  S.Am. 

Okder  LXVIII.    VALERIANACE^E.    Valerlvns. 

Herhs  with  op]>osite  leaves  and  no  stipules.  Calyx  adherent,  the  limb 
either  membranous  or  resembling  a  pappus.  Corolla  tubular  or  funnel- 
form,  4-o-lobed,  sometimes  spurred  at  base.  Stamens  distinct,  inserted  into 
the  -rorolla  tube  alternate  with,  and  generally  fewer  than  its  lobes.  Ovary 
inferior,  with  one  perfect  cell  and  two  abortive  ones.  Seeds  solitary,  pen- 
dulous, in  a  dry,  indehiscent  pericarp. 

1.  VALERIANA,  L.    Valerias'.    Calyx  limb  at  first  very  small,  in- 


Order  69.— DIPSACE^.  151 

volute,  at  length  evolving  a  plumous  pappus.  Cor.  funnel-fonn,  regular, 
5-cleft.  Sta.  3.  Fruit  1-cellecl,  l-seedcd.  U  Leaves  opposite,  mostly  pin- 
nately  divided.    Flowers  in  close  cymes.    June,  Jul3^ 

§  Stems  climbing  and  twining.    Leaves  temately  divirlecl,  long-stalked No,  1 

§  Stem  erect, — a  Leaves  and  leaflets  broad,  somewhat  ovate.  Root  fibrons...No9.  2,  3 

~~a  Leaves  and  leaflets  narrow,  nearly  linear.  Root  fusiform No.  4 

t  Garden  exotics,  native  of  Europe Nos.  5—8 

1  V,  scandens  L,    Glabrous  ;  Ifts.  ovate,  thin,  entire,  pointed  ;  cymes  diffusely  pani- 

cled,  axillary  and  terminal ;  corolla  very  short.    E.  Fla,    4— 6f,  slender. 

2  V,  panclflora  Mx.    Rt.  Ivs.  ovate,  cordate,  crcnate-serrate ;  cauline  of  .3—7  ovate, 

toothed  Ifts. ;  cor.  tube  long  (7— S'O  and  slender,  rose-white.    O.  to  Va.  and  W.   1— 2f. 

3  V.  sylvatlca  Richd.    Rt.  Ivs.  ovate  or  oblong,  never  cordate,  entire  ;  cauline  of  5— 

11  lancc-ovate,  entire  Ifts, ;  cor.  short  (.3 — i'O*  roseate.    Swamps,  Vt.  and  W. 

4  V,  edulls  N.    Smooth,  thickish  ;  root  Ivs.  linear-spatulate,  entire  ;  cauline  of  3—7 

lance-linear,  acute  segm.,  the  margins  ciliate ;  cor.  white,  short  (2— ;3"),  in  a  dense 
panicle.    Low  grounds,  O.  Wis.  and  W.    The  thick  root  is  edible.    1— 3f. 

5  V.  DioicA.    Root  Ivs.  undivided ;  cauline  pinnatifid ;  fls.  panicled,  $  $,  blush.    If. 

0  V.  Piiu.    Root  Ivs.  undivided  ;  cauline  pinnate  ;  fls.  corjTubed,  5  ,  white.    3f. 

7  V.  OFFICINALIS.    Lvs.  all  pinnate  and  toothed ;  fls.  corymbed,  blush-colored.    3f. 

8  V.  Pyrenaica.    Lvs,  cordate,  toothed,  upper  pinnate  ;  fls.  corymbed,  pink-red.  1— 2f. 

2.  VALERIANELLA,  Moench.  DC.  Calyx  limb  obsolete.  Cor.  tube 
short,  not  spurred,  limb  5-lobed,  regular.  Sta.  3.  Stig.  3-clcft  or  entire. 
Fr.  3-celled,  1-seeded,  2  cells  empty,  (i)  Stems  forked  above.  Lvs.  oppo- 
site, oblong  or  linear,  entire  or  toothed,  sessile.  Fls.  in  dense,  terminal 
cymelets.  The  specific  characters  are  afforded  mainly  by  the  fruit.  (Fedia, 
Gaert.  T.  &  G.) 

*  Flowers  pale  blue.    Fruit  orbicular,  fertile  cell  larger  than  the  empty No.  1 

*  Flowers  white.— a  Fruit  ovoid,  fertile  cell  larger  than  the  2  empty Nos.  2.  3 

—a  Fniit  subglobous,  empty  cells  lar^rer  than  the  fertile  —  Nos.  4,  .5 

1  v.  olltorla  Mopnch.    Lamb  Leftvce.    Fr.  Anally  broader  than  long  ;  fertile  cell  with 

a  corky  back,  seed  laterally  compressed.    Fields,  N.  Y.  to  Va. :  rare.    S— 12'.    June. 

2  V.  Fagopyrum,    Fruit  smooth,  ovoid-triangular,  the  empty  cells  at  the  obtuse 

angle,  and  no  groove  between  ;  fls.  large  (li'O-    W.  N-Y.  to  Wis.    If.    June. 

3  V.  radlata  Dufr.    Fruit  pubescent,  ovoid,  somewhat  4-angled,  1-toothed  at  apex  ; 

empty  cells  with  a  groove  between  ;  fls.  small  (i'O.    N.  Y.  (Howe)  to  Mich.,  andS. 

4  V.  nmbilicata.    Fr.  inflated,  apex  1-toothed,  the  anterior  face  deeply  umbilicatn 

and  perforated  into  the  empty  cells,  which  are  much  larger.    Ohio  (Sullivant). 

5  v.  patellarla.    Fruit  orbicular,  flattened,  the  empty  cells  widely  divergent,  at 

length  forming  a  winged  margin  to  the  fertile  cell.    N.  Y.  to  O.  (Hou'e,  Svlliranf.) 

Order  LXIX.    DIPSACE^.    Teaselworts. 

Herb8  with  whorled  or  opposite  leaves  and  no  stipules.  Flowers  in  dense 
heads,  surrounded  by  an  involucre  as  in  Compositse.  Calyx  adherent,  pap- 
pus-like, surrounded  by  a  special  scarious  involucel.  Corolla  tubular.  Sta- 
mens 4,  alternate  with  the  lobes  of  corolla,  and  distinct.  Ovary  inferior, 
1-celled,  1-ovuled.  Style  1,  simple.  Fruit  dry,  indehiscent,  with  a  single 
suspended  seed.    Fig.  441. 

1.  DIPSAOUS,  L.    Te.\sel.    Fls,  in  heads.    Involucre  many-leaved. 


152  Order  70.— COMPOSITE. 

Involucel  4-sided,  closely  investing  the  calyx  and  fruit.  Cor.  4-cleft,  lobes 
erect.  Fruit  1-seeded,  crowned  with  the  calyx.  (2)  Stout,  prickly.  Leaves 
connate  *it  base.     Hds.  oblong,  the  middle  zone  of  florets  first  expanding. 

1  D,  sylv^strls  Mill.     Wild  T.    Lvs.  sinuate  or  jagged ;  bracts  slender,  erect,  pun- 

gent, longer  than  the  heads ;  chaff  pungent,  with  a  straight  point.    Waysides  and 
hedges,  Mass.  to  Cal. !    5f.    Flowers  bluish.    July.    §  Europe. 

2  !>•  FurxoNUM.    Fullers'  T.    Leaves  serrate  or  entire  ;  bracts  of  the  involucre  spread- 

ing ;  chaff  rigid,  erect,  with  sharp,  hooked  points.    Europe.    4f.    July. 

2.  SCABIOSA,  L.  Scabish.  Fls.  in  heads.  Involucre  many-leaved. 
Involucel  nearly  cylindrical,  with  8  little  excavations.  Calyx  limb  con- 
sisting of  5  setae,  sometimes  partially  abortive,     if  Mostly  European. 

S.  ATROPJRPUREA.    Mouming  Bride.    Leaves  pinnatifld  and  incised ;   heads  radiant ; 
receptacle  cylindric.    India  ?    3f.    Purple.    Beautiful. 
/3.  CANDiDissiMA.    Flowers  pure  white. — There  are  many  other  varieties. 

Order  LXX.    COMPOSITE.    Asterworts. 

Planii:  Herbaceous  or  shrubby,  with  compound  flowers  (of  the  old  bota- 
nists), i. «.,  the  flowers  in  dense  heads  (capitula)  surrounded  by  an  involucre 
of  many  bracts  (scales),  with  5  united  anthers,  and  the  fruit  an  achenium 
(cypsela).  Leaves  alternate  or  opposite,  exstipulate,  simple,  yet  often  much 
divided.  Flowers  (florets)  oo,  crowded,  sessile,  on  the  receptacle  with  or 
without  pales  (chaff").  Calyx  adherent,  the  limb  wanting  or  divided  into 
bristles,  hairs,  &c.  (pappus).  Corolla  tubular,  of  5  lobes  with  a  marginal 
vein,  often  ligulate  or  bilabiate.  Stamens  5,  alternate  with  the  lobes  of  the 
corolla,  anthers  cohering  into  a  tube.  Ovary  1-celled,  with  1  erect  ovule. 
Style  single,  with  2  stigmas  at  summit.  Fruit  a  cypsela  (^  151),  dry,  inde- 
hiscent,  1-seeded,  often  crowned  with  a  pappus.    (See  §  104,  348,  362.) 

Figs.  68,  72-7, 103,  146,  160,  178,  261,  319,  341-6,  387-8,  433-4,  446-8,  492. 

An  immense  and  perfectly  natural  assemblage,  of  about  1000  genera  and 
9000  species.     In  the  United  States  very  few  are  shrubby. 

The  flowers  are  perfect  or  variously  diclinous.  If  the  head  has  all  ita 
flowers  of  one  kind,  whether  5  ,  or  ^  ,  or  5  ,  it  is  Iwmogamous  ;  if  of  dif- 
ferent kinds,  it  is  Jieterogamous. — The  following  are  De  Candolle's  Subor- 
ders and  Tribes,  with  a  convenient  artificial  analysis  appended. 

I,  TUBUiilFLORJE.— Co»*oW«  of  the  perfect  notcera  tubular^  5'lobed,    (A.) 
Tribe  1,  VERNONIACE^.     Brunches  of  the  style  long,  slender,  terete,  and  hispid  all 

over     Heads  discoid.     Flowers  all  alike,  perfect Nos.  1—3 

Tribe  2,  EUPATORIACE^.    Branches  of  the  style  clavate,  obtuse,  flattened,  minately 

pubescent.     Heads  discoid.     Flowers  all  alike,  perfect Nos.  i — 15 

Tribes,  ASTEROIDE^l     Branches  of  the  style  flat,  linear,  downy  above  and  opposite 

the  distinct,  stiKmatic  lines,  appendaged  at  top.     Heads  discoid  or  radiate Nos.  16—34 

Tribe  4,  SENECIONID^.    Branches  of  the  style  linear,  fringed  at  the  top,  truncate  or 

extended  into  a  conical,  hispid  appendage Nos.  35 — 89 

Tribe  5,  CYNARE^.    Style  thickened  or  node-like  at  top.    Branches  not  appendaged, 

the  siigmatic  lines  not  prominent,  reaching  the  apex Nos.  90—93 

II.  IjlGUljlVJjOJlJE.—t'orollag  all  lig-ulate  {radiant)^  notcera  all  perfect,  (B.) 
Tribe  6,  CICHORACEjE.    Branches  of  the  style  long,  obtuse,  pubescent  all  over  ;  stig- 

matic  lines  conimenchig  below  their  middle.    Juice  milky Nob.  99—115 


Okder  70.— composite.  153 

III.  LA  Bl ATIFIjOU^,— Corolla  of  the  perfect  flowers  bilabiate^    (C.) 
Tribe  7,  MULISIACE^.    Style  nearly  as  in  Cynarese,  the  branches  obtuse,  very  convex 

outside,  minutely  downy  at  the  top No.  lit 

A.  Suborder  TUBULIFLOR^. 

(  Heads  discoid,  that  is,  -without  rays...(l) 

i  Heads  radiate,  i.  e.,  the  outer  flowers  ligulate. .  .(8) 

1  Receptacle  naked,  i.  c,  with  no  pales  or  bristles  among  the  flowers...® 

1  Receptacle  chaCFy,  bearing  pales  among  the  flowers... (6) 

1  Receptacle  bearing  bristles,  or  deeply  alveolate  (honeycombed)... (7) 
2  Pappus  a  circle  of  3 — 20  chafiFy  scales... (a) 

2  Pappus  none,  or  a  short,  toothed  margin . . .  (h) 

3  Pappus  composed  of  many  capillary  bristles... (3) 

.3  Leaves  opposite.    (Heads  homogamous)...(d) 
3  Leavea  alternate... (4) 

4  Heads  homogaraous,— flowers  all  perfect. .  .(c) 
4  Heads  heterogamous, — flowers  not  all  perfect... (5) 
5  Scales  herbaceous,  often  deciduous. .  .(e) 
5  Scales  scarious,  persistent,  often  colored... (/) 
6  Leaves  alternate... C?) 
6  Leaves  opposite... (^) 

7  Pappus  none,  or  consisting  of  scales. .  .(i) 
7  Pappus  composed  of  many  bristles... (j) 
8  Receptacle  naked  (not  chafiy),  or  (in  No.  67)  deeply  honeycomb-celled.  ..(9) 
8  Receptacle  chaffy,  with  pales  among  the  flowers... (13) 

9  Pappus  of  5—12  scales,  which  are  1-awned  or  (in  No.  62)  clefl-bri8tlf...p» 
9  Pappus  none,  or  of  a  few  short  awns..  .(O 
9  Pappus  of  many  capillary  bristles... (10) 
10  Rays  cyanic,  in  a  single  row. .  .(vi) 
10  Rays  cyanic,  in  several  rows...()0 
10  Rays  yellow,  in  about  one  row. .  .(11) 

11  Pappus  double,  or  of  very  unequal  bristles... (o) 
11  Pappus  simple,  the  bristles  all  similar. .  .(12) 

12  Involucre  scales  imbricated,  the  outer  shorter... (p) 
12  Involucre  scales  equal,  not  imbricated... (r) 
13  Disk  and  ray  flowers  both  fertile,  the  latter  pistillate. .  .(14) 
13  Disk  flowers  sterile,  ray  flowers  fertile.  ..('<) 
13  Disk  flowers  fertile,  ray  flowers  sterile... (15) 
14  Rays  yellow... (s) 
14  Rays  cyanic... (<) 

15  Achenia  obcompressed,  often  beaked... fu) 

15  Achenia  compressed  laterally,  or  not  at  all. .  .(x) 

a  Corolla  lobes  one-sided.    Head  large,  many-flowered •• Stokksia.  2 

a  Corolla  lobes  one-sided.    Heads  4-^-flowered,  aggregated ELEPHANTOrna     3 

o  Corolla  lobes  equal.— Leaves  opposite.    Pappus  awned Ageratum.  4 

— Leaves  whorled.    Pappus  obtuse Sclerolefis.        5 

—Leaves  alternate.— Pappus  scales  8—10 Palafo-xia.  65 

-Pappus  scales  12— 20 Hymenopapfus.  66 

b  Leaves  opposite.    Flowers  dioecious,  obscure Ambrosia.  47 

h  Leaves  alternate.— Flowers  yellow.    Disk  conical Matricaria.       73 

—Flowers  yellow.    Disk  convex Tanacetum.         74 

—Flowers  whitish.— Erect,  leafless  above Adenooaulow.    16 

—Fls.  8  ....Artemisia.  76 Fls.  0  ....Humka.      (82a)116 

—Low  and  depressed Solita.  77 

c  Scales  of  the  involucre  in  one  row.— Flowers  cyanic Cacalia.  86 

—Flowers  yellow.— Receptacle  flat Senecio.  87 

—Receptacle  convex Rugelia.  89 

c  Soak*  imbricated.— Flowers  yellow (No.  89,  or) Bigelovii.  27 

—Flowers  whitish Eup.\TOUiUiM,  10,  and. Kuhnia.  8 

— Flowers  purple.— Pappus  simple.    Involucre  not  radiate... Liatris.  7 

—Pappus  simple.    Involucre  dry,  radiate... RnonANTJiK.        82 
—Pappus  double Vkunoni a.  1 


154  Order  70.— COMPOSITE. 


d  Achenia  10-8triate.    Flowers  purple ...Brickellia.  9 

d  Achenia  5-angled.— Receptacle  conical.    Flowers  bine Conoclinidm.  12 

— Receptacle  flat. — Scales  4  or  5 Mikania.  11 

—Scales  S— 20 Eupatorium.  10 

e  Shmbs.    Flower  dioecious,  the  $  and  ^  in  different  heads Baccharis.  'M 

•  Herbs.— Stem  winged.    Heads  spicate Pterocaulojt.  35 

— Stem  wingless.— Heads,  corymbous,  purplish Fluchea.  S:i 

—Heads  paniculate.— Pappus  reddish Oo.vyza.  31 

—Pappus  white Eukchtitks.  85 

f  Receptacle  chaffy  except  in  the  centre Filago.  8<) 

/  Receptacle  naked. — Head.s  dioecious Antex.varia.  79 

— Heads  heterogamous.— Involucre  erect Gxaphalium  78 

—Involucre  radiatr Hei.ichrysum.  83 

^  Scales  dry,  fadeless.    Pappus  4  tc^th.    Stem  winged : .\mmobium.  81 

^  Scales  dry,  fadeless.    Pappus  of  scale-like  awns Xeranthkmum.  84 

g  Scales  herbaceous.— Flowers  heterocephalous.     Fruit  a  burr   Xanthium.  48 

—Flowers  all  perfect.— Pappus  of  5  or  6  scales Marshall! A.  60 

—Pappus  of  many  bristles Carphephorus.    6 

A  Flowers  yellow.    Pappus  2  inversely  hispid  awns Bidens.  59 

A  Flowers  yellow.    Pappus  2  erectly  hispid  awns Coreopsis.  58 

A  Flowers  whitish,— heterocephalous.    Anthers  yellowish Amhrosia,  47 

— monoecious.    Anthers  yellow IvA.  46 

—all  perfect.    Anthers  black Melanthera.  49 

t*  Outer  scales  of  the  invol.  leafy.    Pappus  none Carthamus.  94 

t  Outer  scales  pectinate  or  ciliate-fringed,  or  entire Centaurea.  93 

/  Pappus  plumous.    Achenia  obovate Ctnara.  90 

/  Pappus  plumous.    Achenia  oblong Cirsium.  97 

i  Pappus  scabrous,— triple,  each  row  by  lO's Cnicds.  95 

—simple.— Scales  spinescent,  (Corduus,  p.  392,  or) Onopordox.  96 

— Scales  hooked Lappa.  98 

ft  Leaves  opposite.    Pappus  scales  deeply  cleft  into  bristles Dvsodia.  62 

%  Leaves  alternate.- Receptacle  with  deep  horny  cells Baldwixia.  GS 

— Receptacle  with  shallow  fringed  cells Gaillardia.  63 

— Receptacle  areolate. — Rays  all  yellow Hellknium.  67 

—Rays  spotted  at  base  + Gazania.  64 

J  Leaves  opposite.    Involucre  double,  outer  8  united Dahlia.  23 

I  Leaves  opposite.    Involucre  single.    Scales  united Tagetes.  91 

I  Leaves  alternate. — Pappus  of  a  few  short  awns  or  bristles Boltoxia.  24 

— Pappus  a  membranous  margin Matricaria.  73 

—Pappus  0.— Rays  fertile,  disk  sterile Calendula.  91 

— Flowers  all  fertile.— Involucre  scales  equal Bellis.  22 

— Invol.  broad,  flat Leucaxthemcm.  72 

— Invol.  hemispherical Chrysaxthemum.  75 

n  Rays  4  or  5     Involucre  oblong,  imbricated.    Cypsela  very  silky Sericocarpus.  17 

wi  Rays  5— 75     Involucre  loosely  or  closely  imbricated.    Pap.  simple,  copious... Aster.  18 

r»»  Rays  8 — 12     Involucre  imbricated.    Pappus  double,  the  outer  very  short Diplopappus.  19 

VI  Rays  40— 200.    Involucre  scarcely  imbricated,  scales  nearly  equal Erigerox.  20 

n  Flowers  dioecious,  purplish.    Leaves  all  radical Nardosmia.  14 

n  Flowers  all  fertile.— Native.    Scales  subequal,  flat.     Fruit  smoothish Erigerox.  20 

— Exotic.    Scales  subequal,  keeled.    Fruit  hairy Agatiiea.  16 

—Exotic.    Scales  imbricated,    fuppus  double Callistephus.  21 

o  Pappus  double  in  the  disk  flowers,  none  in  the  rays Heterotheca.  29 

o  Pappus  double  in  both  disk  and  ray  flowers Chrysopsis.  30 

p  Heads  large,  about  20-rayed.    Pappus  in  one  row. Ixula.  32 

p  Heads  very  small,  1-15-rayed. — Pappus  1  row,  shorter  than  achenia. . . Brachych.ETA.  '.5 

— Pappus  1  row,  tawny,  longer  than  achenia Isopappus.  28 

— Pappus  irregularlj'  2-rowed,  white Solidago.  26 

r  Head  solitary,  on  a  scape  with  alternate  bracts Tussilago.  13 

r  Heads  corymbed,  Ac— Leaves  alternate Sknecio.  87 

—Leaves  opposite Arxica.  8rf 

a  Shrubby.    Pappus  4-toothed,  obscure Borrichia.  'M 

s  Herbaceous.— Scales  (the  4  outer)  united  iuto  a  cup , Tktragoxotiikca.  52 


Order  70.— COMPOSITE.  155 

—Scales  distinct.— Cypselse  4-angled.    Pappus  0 Heliopsis.  51 

— CypseliB  flattened.     Pappus  0. ...  : Spilanthes.  60 

— CypseliB  flat,  "with  a  2-ft\vned  pappus Vkrbksina.  61 

I  lieares  alternate.    Pappus  none.    Awlienia  terete Anthemis.  70 

I  Leaves  alternate.     Pappus  none.    Achenia  obcompressed Achillea.  71 

(  Leaves  opposite.— Pappus  n  me Ecltpta.  37 

—Pappus  of  fringed  scales Galinsoga.  38 

—Pappus  ot  the  disk  a  single  awn,  of  the  ray  0 Zinnia.  50 

•  Leaves  opposite.    Rays  yelloiv.     Pappus  none Polymnia.  39 

M  Leaves  opposite.    Rays  yellow.    Pappus  a  2-  or  3-toothed  crown.    Gen.  41,  &  Chrysogonum.    10 

V  Leaves  alternate.— Rays  whitish,  very  short,  5  only Parthenium.  45 

—Rays  yellow,  disk  dark-purple.    Leaves  entire Madia.  4^ 

— Rays  yellow,  disk  brown.    Leaves  cut Spiiexogyne.  44 

—Rays  and  disk  yellow.— Fruit  winged Silpiiium.  41 

—Fruit  wingless Berlandiera.     12 

V  Cypsela  with  erectly  hispid  awns,  or  awnless,  never  rostrate Coreopsis.  5S 

V  Cypsela  with  retrorsely  hispid  awns,  often  attenuated  above  Bidens.  59 

K  Rays  white,  spreading.     Pappus  none Anthemiis.  70 

X  Rays  purple,  pendent.    Pales  sharp,  elongated Echi.vacea.  53 

«  Bays  yellow.— Pappus  none.    Cypsela  quadrangular Rudbeckia.  54 

— Pappus  none.    Cypsela  compressed Lkpachis.  55 

— Pappus  of  2  awns. — P'ruit  wingless Hklianthus.  56 

—Fruit  broad-winged Actinomkris.  67 

B.   Suborder  LIGULIFLOR.E. 

g§  Papp"s  none,  or  consisting  of  little  scales... (a) 

S$  Pappus  double  (of  scales  and  bristles),  or  simple  and  plamous...(ft) 

§§  Pappus  composed  of  capillary  bristles,  not  plumous...(*) 

♦  Achenia  terete  or  angular,  not  flattened... (c) 

•  Achenia  evidently  flattened. ..(<i) 

a  Flowers  yellow.    Pappus  none.     Heads  paniculate LahpsanA.  99 

o  Flowers  yellow.    Pappus  none.     Heads  solitary  or  umbellate Apogon.  100 

a  Flowers  blue. — Pappus  of  many  little  scales.    Receptacle  naked Cichorium.  101 

—Pappus  of  5  scales.    Receptacle  chaffy Catananche.  107 

b  Flowers  purple.    Feathery  pappus  on  a  lung  filiform  beak Tragopogox.  105 

h  Flowers  yellow.  Feathery  pappus  on  a  short  beak  or  sessile Leo.ntodox.  104 

b  Flowers  yellow.— Pappus  of  many  bristles  with  the  scales Cynthia.  103 

—Pappus  of  5  bristles  and  5  scales Kkigia.  102 

c  Flowers  whitish  or  purplish,  mostly  nodding.     Stem  leafy Nabalcs.  108 

c  Flowers  rose-purple,  erect.     (Stem  almost  leafless) Lygodesmia.  109 

e  Flowers  yellow.— Achenia  long-beaked.    Pappus  white Taraxacum.  112 

—Achenia  long-beaked.     Pappus  reddish Pyrropappus.  HI 

— Achenia  not  beaked.— Pappus  dull-white  or  tawny 11  ieracium.  106 

— Pappus  bright  white Tkoximon.  1 10 

d  Achenia  contracted  into  a  slender  beak.     Flowers  mostly  yellow Lactuca.  113 

d  Acheniiv  scarcely  beaked.— Flowers  mostly  blue Mulgedicm.  114 

— Flowers  yellow.    Pappus  silky Sonchus.  115 

C.   Suborder  LABIATIFLOR^. 

3§g  Head  radiate,  solitary,  nodding  in  bud.     Pappus  capillary Chaptalia.  117 

1    VERNONIA,  Sclireb.    Iron  Weed.    Fls.  all  tubular,  perfect.    In« 

vol.  of  ovate,  imbricated  scales,  the  inner  longest.     Recept.  naked.    Pap. 

double,  the  exterior  chaffy,  the  interior  capillaiy.     U  b  Leaves  alternate. 

Fls.  purple  (in  our  species).     Cymes  coiymbed.    Figs.  446-8. 

§  Scales  of  the  involncre  all  obtuse  and  closely  appressed.    Stem  tall,  grooved.  ..No.  1 

§  Scales  of  the  in  vol.  (usually  all)— a  with  slender,  flexuous  points Nos.  2,  8 

—a  with  acute  or  mucronatc  points.   South. .  .Nos.  4-6 


156  Order  70.— COMPOSITE. 

1  V.  fastclculata  Mx.    Lvs,  narrowly  lanceolate,  serrulate  ;  cyme  fastigiate  ;  invol. 

ovoid-bell-shaped,  half  as  long  as  the  showy,  dark-purple  fls.  Com.  W.  3— lOf.  Jl.  Au^. 

2  V,  Noveboracense  Willd.    Lvs.  many,  lanceolate,  serrulate,  rough;  cyme  fas- 

tigiate :  mvol.  scales  filiform  at  the  ends,  or  the  upper  cuspidate.    Com.    3— 6f.   Aufj. 

3  V.  scaberriina  N.    Lvs.  all  sessile,  lanceolate  and  lance-linear,  margins  revolnte, 

subentire  ;  hds.  20-30-flowercd  ;  scales  lanceolate,  ciliate,  protracted  into  long,  flexu 
ous  points.    Pine-barrens,  S.    2 — 3f.    June— August. 

4  V.  aiigustilolia  Mx.    Lvs.  linear  and  lance-linear,  margins  revolute ;  hds.  10-15- 

flowered;  lower  scales  some  filiform-pointed.    Barrens,  S.    2f.    September. 

5  V,  ovallfolia  T.  &  G.    Lvs.  many,  the  lower  oval  or  oblong ;  invol.  bell-form,  20- 

llowered  ;  scales  acute  or  mucronate,  short.    Dry  woods,  Fla.    2— 3f.    June,  July. 

6  V,  ollgophylla  Mx.    Lvs.  mostly  radical,  oblong-obovate,  the  2  or  3  cauline  bract- 

like, lanceolate  ;  scales  spreading,  acuminate.    S.    2f.    June,  July. 

2.  STOKE SIA,  L'Her.  Fls.  all  tubular,  the  marginal  larger,  ray-like, 
irregular ;  scales  of  the  invol.  imbricated,  in  several  rows,  the  outer  spinu- 
lous  and  leaf-like.  Recept.  naked.  Cypsela  4-angled.  Pap.  of  4  or  5  awn- 
like, rigid,  deciduous  scales.  U  Erect,  with  a  downy  stem,  alternate  lvs., 
and  large  terminal  heads  of  showy  blue  flowers. 

S.  cyama  L'Her.— -Wet  woods,  S.  Car.  and  W. :  very  rare.    2f.    Lvs.  glabrous,  entire. 
Bracts  spinulous  at  base,  gradually  becoming  scales,    t 

3.  ELEPHANTOPUS,  L.  Elephant's-foot.  Heads  3-5-flowered, 
glomerate  into  a  compound  head  witli  leaf}'-  bracts.  Fls.  all  5  and  equal. 
Invol.  scales  about  8,  in  2  series.  Cor.  deeply  cleft  on  one  side.  Fr,  rib- 
bed. Pap.  chaffy-setaceous.  71  Erect,  with  large,  alternate,  subsessile  lvs. 
Cor.  purple  or  white.     July — September. 

1  E.  Caroliiiiaiius  Willd.    St.  much  branched,  leafy,  hairy;  lvs.  somewhat  haii^, 

ovate  or  oval-oblong,  obtuse,  crenate-serrate.    Dry  soils.  Pa.  S.  and  W.    2f. 

2  E.  tomentosus  L.    St.  hirsute,  nearly  leafless,  simple  or  dichotomous  above  ;  root 

lvs.  hirsute-tomentous,  oblong-obovate.    Woods,  S.    1— 2f.    Flowers  whitish. 

4.  AGERATUM,  L.  Heads  Go-flowered,  5,  discoid.  Scales  linear, 
imbricated,  pointed.  Recept.  naked.  Corollas  all  tubular.  Cyp.  5-angled, 
narrowed  at  base.  Pap.  5  or  10,  chafiy,  awned  scales.  (T)(2)  Mostly  tropi- 
cal, with  opposite,  petioled  lvs.  and  corymbed  heads.    Fig.  75. 

A.  conyzo'des  L.    Branching ;  lvs.  ovate,  tooth-crenate,  acute  or  cordate  at  base, 
somewhat  rugous  ;  pap.  scales  5,  as  long  as  the  corolla,  but  much  shorter  than  the 
conspicuous  styles.    Wet  places,  near  Savannah.    1— Ijf.    Blue  or  white.    Apr.— Jn. 
p.  Mexicana.    Lvs.  all,  or  nearly  all,  cordate.    Fls.  light  blue,  perpetual,    t 

6.  SCLEiiOLEPIS,  Cass.  Head  co-flowered,  5 ,  discoid.  Scales 
equal,  linear,  in  2  series.  Recept.  naked.  Cor.  5-toothed.  Styles  much 
exserted.  Cyp.  S-anglcd,  crowned  with  a  cup-shaped  pappus  of  5  obtuse, 
horny  scales.  ^  Glabrous,  simple,  with  1 — 3  terminal  hds.  Lvs.  verticil- 
late.    Flowers  purple. 

S.  verlicilla.i,a  Cass,    n  In  shallow  water,  N.  J.  to  Fla.    Erect,  1— 2f,  from  a  decum- 
bent base.  Lvs.  lin.,  entire,  1^  in  whorls  of  5's  and  6'8.  Hds.  mostly  solitary.  Jl.— Sep. 

6.  OARFHEPHORUS,  Cass.  Heads  (about  20-flowered),  involucre, 
flowers,  and  fruit  as  in  Liatris.    Recept.  chaffy.    Pales  narrow,  3-veined 


Order  70.— COMPOSITE.  157 

ngid,  shorter  than  the  flowers.     U   Sts.  simple,  leafy,  corymbous  at  top, 
with  middle-sized  heads  of  purple  flowers  in  Autumn.    (Liatris,  Mx.  Ell.) 

*  Scales  of  the  involucre  acute,  downy- toraentous.    Leaves  acute No?.  1,  2 

*  Scales  of  the  involucre  rounded-obtuse,  nearly  glabrous.    Leaves  obtuse  ..Nos.  3,  4 

1  C.  pseudo-liatris  Cass.    Lvs.  linear-subulate,  rigid,  closely  appressed  to  and  cov- 

ering the  stem  ;  hds.  few,  rac.  or  cor. ;  plant  downy,  erect.    W.  Fla.  to  La.    2f. 

2  C.  tomentdsus  T.  &  G.    Lvs.  lanceolate,  petiolate,  the  cauline  lance-ovate,  sessile, 

small,  erect ;  plant  tomentous,  corymb  loose.    Swamps,  S.    2f. 

3  C.  bclliditolius  T.  &  G.    Low,  nearly  smooth,  tufted ;  lvs.  spatulate  below,  linear 

above  •,  hds.  few,  in  a  loose  corymb  ;  scales  herbaceous.    Sand  hills,  N.  Car.    If. 
1  <J.  coryinbosus  T.  &  G.    St.  single,  stout,  erect,  hairy  ;  lvs.  oblanceolate,  the  up- 
per oblong,  sessile  ;  corymb  dense  ;  scales  scarious-edged.    Swamps,  S.    3f. 

7.  LIATRIS,  L.  Fls.  all  5 ,  tubular.  Invol.  oblong,  imbricate.  Re- 
cept.  naked.  Pap.  of  oo  capillary  bristles.  Cyp.  tapering  to  the  slender 
base,  10-striate.  Styles  much  exserted.  if  With  simple,  erect  stems,  al- 
ternate, entire  lvs.,  and  handsome  rose-purple  flow^ers  in  spicate,  racemed, 
or  paniculate  heads.    August — November. 

$  Heads  in  a  corymb  or  thyrse-like  panicle.    Root  fibrous,  no  tuber Nos.  1-3 

§  Heads  in  a  spike  or  a  simple  raceme.    Root  a  roundish  tuber. .  (a) 

a  Scales  of  the  involucre  colored  and  petaloid  at  their  lengthened  ends No.  4 

a  Scales  not  petaloid,  green  or  slightly  tinged  at  the  end. .  {b) 

b  Pappus  evidently  plumous.    Corollas  (13  to  60)  hairy  within Nos,  5,  6 

b  Pappus  evidently  plumous.    Cor.  (3  to  5)  smooth  within.    South,... Nos.  7,  8 
b  Pappus  only  barbellate  (smooth  to  the  naked  eye)..(c) 

c  Heads  20-40-flowered,  roundish,  with  rounded  scales No.  9 

c  Heads  7-15-flowered.— cZ  Scales  all  similar,  obtuse , .  .Nos,  10, 11 

— d  Scales  all,  or  the  inner  only,  acute..  ..Nos.  12, 13 

c  Heads  3-7-flowered,— e  in  a  regiilar  spike,  raceme  (or  panicle). .  .Nos.  14-16 

— e  in  one-sided  spikes  or  racemes No,  17 

1  li.  odoratissima  Willd.    Vanilla  Plant.    Deer's  Tongm.    Smooth ;  lvs.  obovate- 

spatulate,  obtuse,  thick,  the  cauline  oblong ;  heads  7-8-flowered,  in  a  loose,  compound 
corymb.    Pine-barrens,  Va,  to  Fla.    1— 3f.    Used  to  perfume  tobacco. 

2  li.  paniculata  Willd,    Viscid-tomentous  ;  lvs.  lance-spatulate,  the  cauline  small, 

pointed  ;  hds.  5-flwd.,  in  an  oblong,  dense  panicle,  white-purple.    Damp,    S,    2— 3f. 

3  li.  frutlcosa  N.    Shrubby,  smooth ;  lvs.  obovate,  fleshy,  veinless,  the  lowest  op- 

posite ;  hds.  coi-yrabed,  5-flowered  ;  scales  lanceolate,  acute,  dotted.   E.  Fla.   Lvs.  l-', 

4  li.  elegans  WiUd.     Hairy  above;  lvs.  oblanceolate,  cauline  linear;  rac.  dense,  If; 

hds.  4-5-flowered,  scales  longer  and  more  showy  than  the  flowers.    Woods,  S.    4f. 

5  li.  squarrosa  Willd.    Blazing  Star.    St.  2— 3f :  lvs.  linear,  the  lower  narrowed  at 

base ;  rac.  leafy ;  hds.  few,  15-40-flowered,  9—12-'''  long,  scales  squarrous-spreading, 
the  outer  leafy,  inner  sharp-pointed.    Dry  soils,  Penn.  to  Fla  and  W. 

6  li.  cyllndracea  Mx.    St.  low  (6—180,  slender;  lvs.  linear,  rigid;  hds.  few,  cylin- 

drical, 15-20-flowered  ;  scales  short,  rounded,  appressed.    Dry.    N.  Y.  and  W. 

7  li.  Boykinii  T.  &  G.    Lvs.  linear,  dotted  ;  hds.  3  or  4-flowered  in  a  close,  virgate 

epike  ;  scales  pointed  and  spreading  at  the  tips.    Near  Columbus,  Ga.    1— 2f. 

8  li.  tGniiifolla  L.    Lvs.  narrowly  linear  or  filifoi-m  ;  hds.  5-flwd.,  crowded  iu  a  .ong 

raceme  ;  scales  oblong,  obtuse-mucronulate.    Woods,  S.    2 — 4f.    Fine. 

9  li.  scarlosa  L.     Gayj  Feather.    Scabrous-pubescent ;  lvs.  lanceolate,  the  lower  on 

long  petioles,  upper  linear  ;  hds.  remotely  racemed  ;  invol.  hemispherical,  with  obo- 
vate, very  obtuse  scales.    Dry  soils.    4— 5f.    Beautiful, 

10  li.  spicd.ta  Willd.    Lvs.  lance-linear,  the  lower  narrowed  at  base;  hds.  sessile,  In 
a  long  apikd ;  scales  oblong,  obtuse,  narrow-margined.    N.  J.,  W.  and  S.    8— fif. 


158  Order  70.— COMPOSITE. 

11  I«.  graniiiiil'olla  Willd.  Leaves  linear,  1-veined ;  hds.  mostly  pedicellate,  rac 
rarely  paniculate  below :  invol.  acute  at  base,  scales  obovate-spatulate,  obtuse,  ap- 
pressed  ;  cyp.  hairy.    Sandy  soils,  N.  J.  and  S.    Variable. 

12  li.  pilo-sa  Willd.  Downy  and  hairy,  stout ;  Ivs.  linear  and  lance-linear ;  hds.  loosely 
racemed,  scales  linear-oblong,  obtuse,  the  inner  linear.    N.  Car.     Rare. 

13  L<.  lieteropliylla  R.  Br.  Glabrous;  Ivs.  lanceolate,  the  upper  greatly  dirainished ; 
hds.  spiked,  scales  lance-acuminate,  spreading.    N.  Car.  to  Ga.    Rare. 

14  li.  gracilis  Ph.  Pubescent;  Ivs.  linear,  1-veined,  the  lower  lanceolate  ;  heads  on 
slender  stalks,  in  a  long  virgate  rac. ;  scales  oblong,  obtuse.    Dry.    Ga.  Fl.    2— 3f. 

15  li.  pyclinostaclila  Mx.  Hirsute;  Ivs.  rigid,  lanceolate,  the  upper  narrow-lin. 
ear;  spike  dense,  thick,  of  numerous  cylindric  heads  ;  scales  appresscd,  with  acu:e, 
scarious,  colored  and  spreading  tips.    Prairies.    111.  to  Tex.    3 — 5f.    Spike  10—20'. 

1 6  li.  Cliapmanll  T.  &  G.  Tomentous  ;  Ivs.  linear,  obtusish,  the  upper  very  short ; 
hds.  cylindric.  3-flowered,  densely  spiked ;  scales  acum. ;  fr.  hairy.    Fla.    1— 2f. 

17  Ij.  pauciflora  Ph.  St.  pubescent,  recurved;  Ivs.  linear,  short,  the  lowest  lance- 
linear  ;  rac.  recurved,  with  the  hds.  all  turned  to  the  'ipper  side  ;  hds.  4-5-flowerecl  i 
scales  lance-oblong,  acute.    Dry  sand-hills,  S.    1— .Sf.    (L.  secunda  Ell.) 

8.  KUHNIA,  L.  Heads  10-25-flowered,  ^  .  Scales  lanceolate,  loosely 
imbricated.  Recept.  naked.  Cor.  slender,  5-toothed.  Pap.  in  a  single  series, 
plumous.  Fr.  cylindrical,  striate,  pubescent.  U  With  alternate,  resinous- 
dotted  Ivs.,  and  corymbed  heads  of  pale  yellow  florets.    September. 

K..  eupatorioid.es  L.  St.  somewhat  viscid-pubescent ;  Ivs.  lance-ovate  to  lance-lin., 
re&inous-dotted,  petiolate,  toothed  or  entire.    Dry  soils,  N.  J.,  W.  and  S. 

9.  BRICKELLIA,  Ell.  Heads  many-flowered,  5  .  Scales  imbricated, 
lanceolate  or  linear,  striate.  Receptacle  naked,  flat.  Cor.  tube  slightly  ex- 
panded above,  5-toothed.  Branches  of  the  style  clavate.  Fr.  10-striate, 
contracted  above.  Pap.  setaceous,  in  one  series.  U  With  opposite,  3- 
veined  leaves  and  large  heads  of  purple  florets  in  corymbs. 

B.  cordifolla  Ell.  Pubescent ;  Ivs.  triangular,  truncate  or  cordate,  crenate,  petiolate ; 
hds.  ;i0-40-llowered,  scales  obtuse  ;  pap.  purple.    Ga.  Fla.    2— 4f.    August. 

10.  EUPATORIUM,  Tourn.  Boneset.  Fls.  all  tubular,  $  .  Invol.  im- 
bricate, oblong.  Style  much  exserted,  deeply  cleft.  Anth.  included.  Re- 
cept. naked,  flat.  Pap.  capillary,  simple,  scabrous.  Cyp.  5-angled.  U 
Generally  with  opposite,  simple  Ivs.  and  corymbous  hds.  Fls.  of  the  C}- 
anic  series — that  is,  white,  blue,  red,  &c.,  never  yellow.    July — September. 

§  Leaves  mostly  alternate,  pinnately  dissected.    Heads  paniculate,  very  00 Nos.  1, 2 

§  Leaves  mostly  opposite  or  verticillate,— c  pinnately  dissected.    Hds.  corymbed. .  .No.  8 

— c  undivided.    Heads  corymbed . .  (*) 

*  Scales  imbricated  in  several  rows,  the  outer  gradually  shorter. ..(a) 

a  Flowers  bluish.    Leaves  opposite.    Scales  strongly  striate No.  4 

a  Flowers  purplish.    Lvs.  whorled.    Scales  streaked  and  flesh-colored ..  Nos.  5-- 7 
a  Flowei«  white,  5  only  in  each  head.    Lvs.  subsessile.    (exc.  No.  18;.  .(6) 

b  Leaves  acute  at  base.    Scales  with  acute  white  points Nos.  8—10 

b  Leaves  acute  at  base.    Scales  obtuse,  &hort,  do  wny Nos.  1  ]  —14 

b  Leaves  obtuse,  roundish  or  truncate  at  the  ba!?e No«.  13—18 

a  Flowers  white,  7—15  in  each  head.    Leaves  various Nos.  11>— 22 

*  Scales  all  of  equal  length,  in  about  1  row.    Leaves  petiolate Nos.  23—23 

1  £.  foenlculaceuni  Willd.  Very  branching;  lvs.  all  alternate,  compoundly  pin- 
nate, in  linear-filiform  segments,  the  upper  setaceous,  simple ;  heads  3-5-flowere«l. 
Fields,  Pa.  (rare)  to  Fla.    ^3— lOf.    Flowers  yellowish-white.  1—2"  long. 


OuDER  70.— COMPOSIT^^.  159 

il  E.  corouoplloliuin  Willd.  Much  brauchod,  pubet?cent;  leaves  mostly  altemato 
(the  lower  opp.),  twice  pinnatifld,  with  lance-linear  lobes  and  segm.,  the  upper  linear. 
Pimple  ;  hds.  5-flowered,  scales  10.    Dry  soils,  S.    3— of.    Flowers  white,  2". 

3  E.  piuHatifidum  Ell.    Pubescent;  Ivs.  laciniate-pinuatifid,  segni.  linear,  toothed 

or  entire,  the  lower  whorled  in  4's,  middle  opp.,  upper  alteru.  ;  corymb  fastigiate  ; 
hds.  small,  00,  5-9-flowered ;  scales  oblong,  mucronate.    Pine  woods,  S.    3 — it'. 

4  E.  ivaeloliuin  L.    Lvs.  opposite,  lanceolate,  tapering  to  each  end,  3-veiued ;  heads 

pedicellate,  15-20-flowered ;  scales  20,  imbricated,  erect,  obtuse,  with  3—5  distinct 
str'ue.    Woods,  Miss,  and  Fla.    3— 5f.    Blue. 

5  E.  purpureum  L.    Stem  solid,  purple  at  the  joints  ;  lvs.  feather-veined,  in  whorls 

of  3's— 5's,  thin,  ovate  to  lanceolate,  coarsely  serrate.    Dry.    3— Of. 

6  E.  fistulosum  Barratt.     Tinijnpet-iceed.    Stem  hollow,  striate,  glabrous,  glaucous- 

purple  ;  lvs.  lance-oblong,  in  5"s,  O's,  finely  serrate  ;  corymb  globous,  with  whorled 
rays.    Thickets.    G— lOf.    Lvs.  W.    Corymbs  If.    (E.  purpureum.    /3.  T.  &  G.) 

7  E.  luacula-tuxn  L.    Stem  solid,  marked  with  purple  glands  and  lines ;  leaves  3- 

veined.  ovate,  in  3'8—5'8.    Low  grounds:  common.    3— 5f.    (E.  purpureum.    /3.  Darl.) 

8  E.  scabridum  Ell.  ?  (Chapm.)   St.  stout,  tomentous ;  lvs.  lance-ovate,  acute,  ser., 

3-veined  from  base  ;  scales  lance-obl.,  cuspidate,  edged,  shorter  than  fls.   Car.  Fla.  2f. 

9  E.  album  L.   Rough-downy  ;  lvs.  lance-oblong,  acutish  ;  hds.  oblong,  5-lluwered  ; 

scales  white-scarious  at  the  point,  longer  than  the  fls.    Sands,  N.  J.  and  S.    2f. 

10  E.  leucolepis  T.  &  G.  Nearly  smooth  ;  lvs.  lance-linear,  obtuse  ;  heads  5-flwd. ; 
scales  white-scarious  at  the  tip,  as  long  as  the  fls.    Sands,  L.  I.  and  S.    2— .3f. 

HE.  ttyssoplfollum  L.  Lvs.  linear-lanceolate,  1-3-veincd,  punctate,  lower  ones 
subserrate,  upper  ones  entire  ;  scales  oval.    Dry.    Mass.,  W.  and  S.    2f.    Hds.  3''. 

1 2  E.  parvlflorum  Ell.  Lvs.  lanceolate,  sessile,  acutely  serrate  above,  3-veined ; 
heads  2",  crowded  ;  outer  scales  very  short,  inner  linear.    Damp.    Va.  to  Fla.    2— 3f. 

13  E.  altisslmum  L.  Tall,  downy;  lvs.  lanceolate,  few-toothed  above,  conspicu- 
ously 3-veined  ;  scales  8— 12,  elliptical,  Si''';  fls.  5'^    Dry.    Pa.  to  Car.,  and  W.    3— 7f. 

14  E.  cuuclfolium  Willd,  Downy;  lvs.  small,  glaucous,  obovate-oblong,  3-veined. 
apex  obtuse  and  subserrate ;  scales  oval,  2";  fls.  4'-'.    Rich  shades,  S.  Car.  to  Fla.    2f, 

1  5  E.  teiicrlfollum  Willd.  Rough-downy  ;  leaves  sessile,  ovate,  veiny,  the  lowi  r 
doubly  serr. :  scales  elliptical,  faintly  striate,  rather  acute.  Damp.  Mass.  to  La.  2— 3f. 

16  E.  sessilllolium  L.  Smooth;  leaves  half-clasping,  lance-ovate,  serrate;  inner 
scales  oblong-obovate,  obtuse.    Rocky  woods,  Mass.  to  Ind.,  and  S.    2 — If.    Lvs.  3—5'. 

17  E.  rotundifolium  Willd.  Hoarhcnmd.  Downy;  lvs.  roundish  ovate,  subcor 
date,  3-veined,  sessile,  coarsely  toothed  ;  inner  scales  acuminate,  as  long  as  the  fls.  Dry 
fields,  N.  J.  and  S.    A  compact,  bushy  plant.    3f. 

1 8  E.  inlkaulotdes  Chapm.  St.  creeping  at  base,  ascending ;  lvs.  deltoid,  truncate 
at  base,  petioles  subconnate  ;  scales  lanceolate,  acute.    Isl.  St.  Vincent,  Fla.    1— 2f. 

19  E.  pubescens  Muhl.  Hairy;  lvs.  distinct,  sessile,  ovate,  acute,  blunt-toothed; 
hds.  about  8-flwd. ;  scales  lanceolate,  acute,  short.  Dry.  N.  H.  to  N.  J.,  and  Ky.  3 — 4f. 

20  E.  reslnosiim  Torr.  Viscid-resinous ;  leaves  distinct,  closely  sessile,  lin.-lanceo- 
late,  long-pointed  ;  hds.  lO-15-flwd. ;  scales  obtuse,  white-downy.  Barrens,  N.J.  2-3f. 

21  E.  pcrfollatum  L.  Thoroughwort.  Boneset.  Hairy;  lvs.  lanceolate,  each  paij 
united  at  base  around  the  stem ;  heads  about  1-^flowered,  in  a  large,  dense  corymb ; 
scales  lance-oblong,  acute.    Low  grounds :  common.    3— 4f.    A  powerful  tonic. 

22  E.  serotiiium  Mx.  Soft-puberulent ;  lvs.  petiolate,  lance-ovate,  sharp-serrate.  3- 
veined;  hds.  12-15-flwd. ;  scales  9— 11,  similar,  very  downy,  obtuse.  Md.,S.  andW.  5f. 

23  E.  ageratoides  L.  Smooth;  lvs.  long-petiolate,  ovate,  acuminate,  sharp-sen-., 
3-veined  ;  hds.  10-20-flwd.,  in  a  compound  corymb  ;  scales  oblong,  obtusv.  Woods.  3f. 

24  E.  aroinaticum  L.  Rough-downy;  lvs.  petiolate,  lance-ovate,  acute.  3-veined, 
blunt-scrr.  ;  hds.  10-15-flwd.,  in  small  corymbs  ;  scales  lance-linear.    Low  woods.    2f. 

25  E.  Incarnatum  Walt.  Difl'usely  branched  ;  leaves  long-petioled,  deltoid-ovate, 
pointed,  coarsely  crenate-dentate  ;  hds.  on  slender  pad.,  15-20-flwd.  ;  scales  lin. -subu- 
late, 3-striate  ;  lobes  of  the  corolla  pale  purple.    Damp  soils,  X.  Car.  to  Fla.    3f. 


160  Ordeu  70.— COI^IPOSIT^O. 

1 1.  MIkAnIA,  Willd.  CLiMBrNG  Boneset.  Fls.  all  tubular,  5  .  In 
volucre  4-leaved,  4-flowered.  Receptacle  and  flowers  as  in  Eupatorium, 
U  Climbing  and  twining.    Leaves  opposite. 

M.  scandens  Willd.  Smooth  ;  Ivs.  cordate,  repand-toothed,  acuminate,  the  lobes  di- 
varicate ;  hds.  in  pedunculate,  axillary  corymbs.  Thickets,  Ms.  to  Ga.  Not  common. 
Clusters  on  the  short,  lateral  branches,  of  white  or  pink-colored  flowers.    Aug.  Sept. 

12.  CONOOLINIUM,  DC.  Heads  many-flowered.  Receptacle  coni- 
cal. Character  otherwise  as  in  Eupatorium.  if  5  Leaves  opposite,  peli:^- 
late,  serrate.    Flowers  sky-blue,  in  crowded  coiymbs. 

C.  coelestinum  DC.  Much  branched  ;  Ivs.  deltoid-ovate,  truncate  or  subcordate,  cro- 
nate-serrate,  petiolate  ;  scales  linear,    u  Copses,  Pa.,  S.  and  W.    1— 2f.    Aug.  Sept. 

13.  TUSSILAGO,  Tourn.  Colt's-foot.   Head  radiate,  many-flowered. 
Flowers  of  the  ray  ?  ,  those  of  the  disk  $  .    Invol.  simple.    Recep.  naked. 
Pappus  capillary,     it  Lvs.  radical.    Fls.  yellow,  with  very  narrow  raj^s. 
T.  Farfara  L. — Cold,  clayey  banks,  N.  and  M.    Scape  5^,  appearing  with  its  single  head 

of  yellow  flowers  in  March  and  April,  before  the  large  angular  leaves. 

14.  NARDOSMIA,  Cass.  Heads  radiate,  oo-flowered,  somewhat  ?  $  . 
Fls.  of  the  ray  ?  ,  of  the  disk  ^  ,  but  abortive  in  the  sterile  plant.  InvoL 
simple.  Recep.  flat,  naked.  Pappus  capillary.  U  Leaves  radical.  Fls. 
cyanic.  The  ray  flowers  of  the  sterile  heads  are  in  a  single  row  ;  of  the 
fertile  in  several  rows,  but  very  narrow. 

N.  palmata  Hook.  Scape  with  a  thryse  or  corymb ;  lvs.  roundish-cordate,  5-T-lobed, 
woolly  beneath,  coarsely  dentate.    Swamps,  N.  Eng.  and  W.    Rare.    May. 

15.  ADENOOAULON,  Hook.  Fls.  few,  all  tubular,  of  the  margin  ?  , 
of  the  disk  S  .  Scales  equal,  in  one  series.  Recep.  naked.  Cyp.  clavate, 
exserted,  bearing  stalked  glands  above.  Pap.  0.  %  Nearly  acaulescent,  with 
alternate  leaves,  and  small,  paniculate  heads,  also  gland-bearing. 

A.  bicolor  Hook.  Lvs.  deltoid,  cordate,  angular-toothed,  decurrent  on  the  petlolof*, 
white-downy  beneath.    Shores  of  Lake  Superior,  and  W.    (Common  in  Oregon.)    2f. 

16.  AGATHiEA,  Cass.  Heads  as  in  Erigeron,  but  the  scales  are  1- 
veined,  keeled  or  channelled,  and  the  cypselae  rough-haired.  (D  5  S.  Afr. 
Leaves  opposite.    Disk  flowers  yellow,  rays  blue.    (Cineraria,  L.) 

A.  AMELLoiDES.  Lvs.  ovate  or  oval,  petiolate,  entire,  scabrous.  Not  hardy.  A  beau 
tiful  shrub,  often  cultivated  in  the  greenhouse.    1— 2f.    Heads  solitary. 

17.  SERIOOOARPUS,  Nees,  White-tipped  Aster.  Ray  fls.  4—0, 
?  :  disk  fls.  6 — 10,  5  .     Invol.  oblong,  imbricated.     Scales  appressed,  white 

with  green,  spreading  tips.    Recep.  alveolate.    Cyp.  obconic,  very  silky. 
Pap.  simple.     U  With  alternate  lvs.  and  close  corymbs.     Rays  white. 

1  S.  soUdaginons  Nees.    Smooth:  lvs.  linear-oblanceolate,  obtuse,  entire,  sessJo; 

heads  subsessile  ;  scales  obtuse  ;  pap.  white.    Vt'oods:  com.    2f.    Rays  long.    Jl.  ins. 

2  S,  conyzoid.es  Nees.    Some  pubescent ;  lvs.  lunce-oval,  acute,  serrate,  the  lower 

narrowed  into  a  petiole  ;  rays  short ;  pappus  rusty.  Woods,  M*.  to  Fla.   l-2f.  Jl.  Aug. 

3  S.  tortifolius  Nees.    Grayish  pubescent ;  lvs.  short,  oblong-obovate.  sess.,  t'vi«ted 

to  a  vertical  position,  both  sides  alike ;  pappus  white.    Woods,  Va.  to  Fla.    2f.    Sept. 


URDER  70.~CO]MPOSIT.E.  161 

18.  ASTER,  L.  Invol.  oblong,  imbricate.  Scales  loose,  often  with 
gi-een  tips,  the  outer  spreading.  Disk  fls.  tubular,  ?  ,  ray  fls.  $  ,  in  one  row, 
ligulate,  3- toothed  at  apex,  finally  revolutc.  Rccep.  flat,  alveolate.  Pap. 
simple,  capillary.  Cypsela  compressed.  U  Very  abundant  in  tlie  U.  S., 
flowering  in  late  summer  and  autumn.  Lvs.  alternate,  diminishing  gra^l- 
nally  upward.  Disk-flowers  yellow,  changing  to  purple ;  ray-flowers  blue-, 
purple,  or  white,  never  yellow.    Figs.  140,  388.  (See  also  p.  446.) 

A  Scales  of  the  involucre  tipped  with  green  or  wholly  green..  .(§  1,  2,  3) 

B  Scales  destitute  of  green  tips,  white  or  scarious.  Lvs.  never  cordate. .  .(§  4-/;) 

§  1.  BioTiA.    Heads  corj'mbous,  large.    Kays  6—15,  white.    Lvs.  cordate Nos.  1,  2 

§  2.  Calliastrum.    Heads  corymbous  or  few,  large.    Rays  12—30,  violet- 
blue.   Pap.  bristles  unequally  thickened.    Lvs.  rigid,  not  cordate (a) 

a  Lvs.  ovate  to  lanceolate,  serrate  more  or  less.    Fr.  smoothish Nos.  3—5 

a  Leaves  lance-linear  to  linear,— J  entire,  merely  acute Nos.  6,  7 

—b  bristly-fringed,  pungent Nos.  S,  9 

{  }.  AsTERiA.    Hds.  panicled  or  racemed,  rarely  few.    Pap.  equal,  soil. . .  (c) 

c  Leaves  petiolate,  the  lower  cordate,— cZ  evidently  serrate Nos.  10, 1 1 

—d  entire  or  obscurely  serrate. .  .Nos.  V2  -15 
c  Leaves  all  sessile,  entire,  silky-canescent  both  sides.    Pap.  tawny... .Nos.  16,  17 
e  Lvs.  not  silky,— cj  clasping  with  a  cordate  or  auriculate  base. . .(/) 
— d  clasping  with  a  broad  base  not  cord,  or  auric. . .  (A) 
—d  sessile  with  a  narrow  base,  not  clasping. .  .(/?i) 

/  Lvs.  very  small  (1''— 3'0»  entire.    Scales  with  spreading  tips Nos.  18,  19 

/  Leaves  ordinaiy  (1'— 60.— *  Scales  with  abrupt,  appressed  tips Nos.  20,  21 

—e  Scales  loosely  spreading.    Lvs.  entire Nos.  22—25 

—e  Scales  very  loose.    Lvs.  long,  gerratc Nos.  26,  27 

ft  Scales  of  the  involucre  closely  imbricated  (obtuse,  No.  20),  acute Nos.  28—31 

h  Scales  loose,  or  spreading,  or  recurved.— A;  Pappus  bright-colored..  .Nos.  32  -3-J 

—k  Pappus  tawny-brown Nos.  35,  36 

m  Sc&les  squarrous-spreading  at  the  tips.— o  Hds.  large  (6"-10,  purple. .Nos.  37,  33 

-o  Hds.  small  (2-4"), whitish.  .Nos. 4.5-47 

m  Scales  loosely  divergent,  straight.    Heads  medium  size,  rays  pale No.  43 

rn  Scales  erect,  straight,  in  1  row.    Heads  2—3,  or  solitary,  rays  wliite No.  43 

m  Scales  closely  imbricated.— n  Hds.  medium  (3-6'0,  purp.  or  pale. .  .Nos.  43,  44, 31 

—n  Heads  small  (2— 3'0,  white  or  pale Nos.  39—41 

§4.  ScARidsi.— p  Lvs.  lanceolate,  broadly  or  narrowl}-.  Scales  obtusish Nos.  49— 51 

~p  Lvs.  subulate  or  lin.  Scales  very  acute.— t*  Hds.  large,  few.  .Nos. .52, 53 

— s  Hds.  small,  many . . .  54-59 

1  A.  corymbosus  Ait.   Nearly  smooth  ;  lvs.  thin,  ovate-acuminate,  serrate,  the  peti- 

oles wingless  ;  rays  6— 9.    Dry  woods,  N.,  M.    1— 2f.    Heads  oblong,  4".    Lvs.  large. 

2  A.  macropli^llus  Willd.    Rough-p<ibescent ;  leaves  thickish,  ovate,  serrate  witW 

close  teeth,  petioles  some  winged  ;  rays  8-15.  Woods,  N.  l-2f.  Lvs.  very  large.  Hds.C"". 

3  A.  mlrabllls  T.  &  G.    Lvs.  ovate,  serrate,  the  lowest  petiolate,  the  ramial  round 

ish  ;  invol.  hemispherical,  scales  obtuse ;  rays  about  20.    S.  Car.    Very  rare. 

4  A.  raldula  Ait.  Lvs.  lanceolate,  acuminate,  sessile,  sharp-serrate,  rough  and  rugou^j, 

invol.  pquarrous  with  the  spreading  scale-tips  ;  rays  20.    N.    1 — 3f. 

5  A.  spectabilis  Ait.   Lvs.  lance-oblong,  sessile,  entire,  the  lower  Bubserrate ;  invol 

hemispherical,  scales  linear-spatulate,  ciliate.    Sands,  Mass.  to  Fla.    1— 2f. 

6  A.  surculosus  Mx.  Root  a  creeping,  knotted  rhizome  ;  lvs.  lance-linear  and  linear 

heads  1—5  ;  scales  linear-oblong,  ciliate,  inner  obtuse.    Wet.    N.  J.  to  Car.    If. 
p.  g-rdctlia.    Heads  8—12,  smaller ;  rays  12 ;  scales  but  slightly  spreading. 
•}  A.  paladosus  L.  Slender,  glabrous ;  lvs.  long,  linear ;  hds.  1—6 ;  scales  lance-lineiw 
rays  80,  longer  than  the  (fr'O  invol.    Swamps,  S.    2— 3f.    Heads  very  large 

u 


162  Order  70.— COMPOSITJG. 

8  A.  Hpinulosus  Chapm.  Bristly-hairj',  ri^'id  ;  Ivs.  narrowly  linear,  inintjent,  bript'.o 
fringed;  heads  few,  spicate  ;  scales  epine-pointcd  ;  rays  13,  blue.    Fla.    If. 

0  A.  eryngirolius  T.  &  G,  Hairy,  rigid ;  ]vs.  lance-linear,  pungent,  fringed  with 
Fpiny  teeth ;  heads  very  large,  1 — 1,  loosely  racemed  ;  scales  green,  rigid,  lanceolate, 
long-pointed  ;  rays  many,  white.    Fla.    1— 2f.    (Trinopsis  Chapmanii.  C-B.) 

10  A.  cordifolius  L.  Stem  paniculate;  leaves  sharply  serrate,  acuminate  ;  petioles 
winged  :  scales  appressed,  with  short  green  tips.  Woods  and  glades,  N.  and  W. :  com, 
1— 3f.    Heads  numerous,  rather  small,  blue  varying  to  white,  in  a  large  panicle, 

11  A.  sagittifoliUH  Wilid.  Branches  racemed;  Ivs.  lance-obl.,  some  arrow-shaped  ; 
petioles  winged;  scales  loosv%  lin. -subulate.    Low  woods,  N.  and  W.   2-4f.   Wh.-blnc. 

12  A.  undnlatus  L.  Piacemous-paniculatc,  rough,  grayish  ;  Ivs.  ovate-oblong,  nnda- 
late-crenato,  the  base,  or  the  winged  petioles,  cordate-clasping,  the  upper  acute,  en- 
tire, sessile  ;  scales  appressed.    Dry  woods,    2f.    Blue.    (A.  diversifolius  Mx.) 

p.  aftpSrulus,    Lowest  petioles  slender,  not  clasping ;  Ivs.  scarcely  cordate.    Com. 

13  A.  azureu.s  Lindl.  Slender,  rigid,  rough  ;  Ivs.  below  on  slender  petioles,  cordate- 
lanceolate,  the  others  successively  lanceolate,  linear,  and  subulate,  acute  at  each  end ; 
rac.  paniculate,  heads  obconic ;  scales  acute,  appressed.    Woods,  prairies,  W.    2f. 

14  A.  Sliortii  Hook,  Smoothish,  subsimple ;  Ivs.  lance-ovate,  deeply  cordate,  peti- 
olate,  long-pointed,  entire,  the  upper  sessile;  rac.  paniculate ;  scales  green-tipped, 
shorter  than  the  disk,    Rocky  banks,  O.  to  Wis.  and  Ark.    3f. 

15  A.  an6malu«  Eng.  Lvs.  as  in  No.  13;  scales  with  linear,  spreading,  leafy  tips; 
hds,  large;  rays  spreading,  l.^— IS",  bright  blue.    Rocks,  111.  Mo.  (Mr.  J. Wolf.)    2— 4f. 

16  A.  scriceuff  Vent.  Bushy  ;  lvs.  silverj--silkyboth  sides,  lance-oblong,  sessile  :  hcls. 
large,  terminal  on  the  short,  leafy  branche?  ;  scales  spreading  at  tip  ;  fr,  glabrous ; 
rays  15—25,  violet  blue.    Banks,  Mich.  (H.  Mapes)  to  Iowa,  and  S.    1— 2f. 

1 7  A.  coucolor  L.  Subsimple ;  lvs.  grayish-silky,  lance-oblong,  the  upper  cusp- 
pointed;  heads  in  a  terminal,  virgatc  raceme;  scales  lanceolate,  appressed;  fruit 
silky  ;  rays  purple.    Pine-barrens,  N.  J.  to  Fla.    2— 3f.    Aspect  of  Liatris. 

18  A.  8quarro8U8  Walt.  Slender,  with  simple,  1-flowered  branches;  leaves  very 
small,  triangular,  heart-clasping,  rcflexed-squarrous ;  scales  with  spreading  green 
tips  ;  fr.  pubescent.    Dry  soils,  S.    % — 3f.    Rays  20.  blue. 

19  A.  adnatus  N.  Slender,  rough  ;  lvs.  oblong  to  lanceolate,  erect,  adhering  to  the 
stem  by  the  midvcin,  the  summit  only  free.    Sands,  Fla.  to  La.    2  -3r. 

20  A.  turbiiiiiellus  Lindl.  Smooth,  subcorymbed  ;  lvs.  lance.,  tapering  both  ways  ; 
hds.  club-top-shaped  (6'0  ;  sc.  tips  shoi-t,  blunt.    111.  Mo.  to  La.    Blue.    Pap.  brown. 

21  A.  lajvis  L.  Very  smooth  ;  branchlets  1-flwd. ;  lvs.  oblong,  entire,  shining,  lowest 
lanceolate,  subserrate,  upper  auriculate;  scales  with  a  broad,  acute,  ajjprcssed  tip; 
heads  large,  rich  blue,'  showy.    Low  woods.    2-3f. 

/3.  ttsvig-tiiug.    Not  glaucous  ;  leaves  linear-lanceolate  ;  scales  linear. 

•/.  ryaneuit.    Plant  glaucous  ;  leaves  thickened,  very  entire.    Beautiful  Asters. 

22  A.  patens  L.  Pubescent;  rac.  paniculate ;  lvs.  ovate-oblong,  cordate-clasping, 
cillale  at  edge  ;  heads  large,  terminal  on  the  leafy  branchlets  ;  scales  lax,  green-tipped ; 
rays  20,  violet-blue.    Dry  soils,  Mass.  to  Ga.    2— 3f. 

fi.  phlog-tfolluK,    Leaves  lance-ovate,  auriculate-clasping,  very  acute. 

23  A,  amethyst) uiis  N.  Hoary-puberulent :  rac.  paniculate  :  lvs.  lin. -oblong,  acute, 
some  auricled  at  the  cla!<ping  base ;  heads  broad-bell-shaped  (3'0 ;  scales  erect,  with 
only  the  green  tips  spreading.    Damp,  Mass.  to  III.  (J.  Wolf.)    2 — ;3f. 

2  I  A.  Novse-Angllic  L,  Corymbous-paniculate,  pubescent;  lvs.  lanceolate  and 
lance-linear,  auriculate-clasping:  scales  equal,  lax,  glandular-viscid,  green  their  whole 
length;  rays  70 4-.  deep  purple.  Damp.  4— (if.— Varies  with  the  rays  rose-purple,  or 
rarely,  white.    Fine  in  cultivation. 

25  A,  Carolinian  us  Walt.  Rough-doAvny ;  branches  divaricate;  lvs.  lance-ovate, 
entire,  clasping  with  small  auriculate  lobes  ;  heads  very  large,  scattered  ;  scales  with 
spreading  green  tips  ;  rays  rose-purple.    Damp,  S.    6— 13f. 

2G  A,  pnnjccus  "L.     Hispid,  panicled;   lvs.  lance-oblnng.  auriculate-clasping,  ap 


Order  70.— COMPOSITE.  163 

pressed-se.rate  ;  scaleu  2-rowed,  long,  revolute;  heads  large,  showy,  with  30- GO  nar- 
row, pale-purple  raj'b     Swamps,  Can.  to  Car.,  and  W.    4— 6f.    Stem  often  red. 

/3.  viniineus.    Tall,  glender,  smoothish  ;  heads  few,  verj'  large  ;  leaves  narrow. 

y.  g-laber.  Low  (2f ),  subsimple,  smoothish ;  leaves  narrow,  erect,  entire ;  scales 
loose,  not  recurved  ;  rays  large,  about  20,  white  ?    111.  (J.  Wolf.) 

i.  firmus.    Low  (2— 3f),  scabrous,  stout;  leaves  thick,  subentire  ;  heads  many. 

e,  cdndtdus— the  common  form,  with  white  rays.    N.  Y.  (Hankenson.) 

27  A.  preiia.ntIioid.es  MuhL  Hairy  or  downy,  corymbous-paniculate  ;  Ivs.  lanco- 
oval,  pointed,  serrate,  the  long  petiole  winged  and  auriculate-clasping :  scales  epatu- 
late,  the  green  tips  spreading.    Wet  banks,  N.  Y.  to  Va.,  and  W.    2— .3f. 

28  A.  conciinnu.s  Willd.  Pubescent,  subsimple;  Ivs.  lanceolate  and  lauce-Iinear, 
remotely  serrate,  narrowed  to  the  clasping  base,  the  upper  entire  ;  scales  ajjpressed- 
imbricate  ;  heads  medium,  rays  blue.    Woods,  &c.    2— 3f. 

29  A.  gracilleiitus  T.  &  G.  Very  smooth,  slender,  simply  panicled  :  leaves  long- 
linear,  the  lower  toothed,  upper  clasping,  erect ;  scales  short;  rays  blue.    S.    Rare. 

30  A.  mutabilis  Ait.  ?  Stem  smooth,  paniculate-branched  from  base,  dense-flwd, ; 
leaves  linear-lanceolate,  serrulate,  clasping,  thickish,  upper  lance-oblong,  entire; 
heads  medium ;  scales  lanceolate,  loose,  much  shorter  than  the  disk ;  rays  pale  ?  Wot. 
111.  (J.  Wolf.)    2— 3f.— Varies  with  leaves  serrate,  heads  loose,  &c. 

31  A.  carneus  Nees.  Smoothish  ;  branches  leafy,  ascending,  racemed  with  1-headed 
branchlets  ;  Ivs.  uniform,  linear-lanceolate,  pointed,  only  the  upper  clasping  ;  scales 
acute,  shorter  than  the  disk.  Moist,  E.  and  W.  Heads  larger  than  in  No.  30,  purple 
to  rose,  showy.    Stem  often  red,  2— 3f  high. 

32  A.  vlrgatus  Ell.  Smooth,  virgate  branches  racemed;  leaves  linear-lanceolate, 
ciliate-serrulate,  half-clasping,  graded  above  into  numerous  subulate  bracts  and 
spreading,  pointed  scales  ;  fruit  glabrous.    Ga.  to  La.    3 — if. 

33  A»  Novl-Belgll  L.  St.  smoothish,  branches  pubescent;  Ivs.  subclasping,  lance- 
obl.  to  linear,  pointed,  the  lower  subserrate  ;  heads  large,  racemed  or  subcorymbed  : 
scales  subequal,  loose,  equalling  the  disk.    N.  Y.  tolll.    2-4f.    Blue.    (A.  aestivus  Ait.) 

p.  ItetiRoruK,    Branches  slender,  corymbed  at  end  ;  Ivs.  very  narrow.  W.  Showy. 

34  A.  longlfollus  Lam.  Stem  glabrous,  paniculate-spreading;  Ivs.  lance-linear  to 
linear,  long,  pointed,  subclasping,  nearly  or  quite  entire,  upper  subulate  ;  beads  large ; 
scales  linear-subulate,  the  outer  spreading.    E,  and  W.    2 — (5f.    Blue. 

/3.  prcedltwM,    Tall,  strict,  with  thyrsoid  panicles,  medium  heads  :  Ivs,  serrulate. 

35  A.  EUiottii  T.  &  G.  Stout,  smooth,  corymbous-branched  ;  Ivs.  ample,  lanceolate, 
subclasping,  subserrate  ;  ped.  naked  ;  scales  attenuate.    Swamps,  S.    2--4f.    Purple 

36  A.  oblongifollus  N.  Hairy,  bushy  ;  branches  spreading  ;  leaves  obi. -lanceolate, 
uciite,  entire,  clasping,  graded  above  into  subulate  bracts  and  si/luioal  spreading 
scales.    Va.  (Harper's  Ferry)  to  Iowa  and  Mo.    Rays  purple.    1— 2f. 

^7  A,  graudiflorus  L.  Rough,  bristly-hairy  ;  branches  some  cor/f /red,  1-flowered  ; 
Ivs.  small,  linear-oblong,  obtuse  ;  hds.  very  large,  blue-purple  ;  scalio  obtuse.    S.    2f. 

iS  A.  Curtisli  T.  &  G.  Smooth,  racemous;  Ivs  thin,  sessile,  lameolate,  acuminate, 
subentire ;  scales  with  green  spreading  tips  ;  heads  large,  showy.    Mts.  N.  Car. 

.i9  A.  diimosns  L.    Rac.  paniculate  ;  Ivs.  linear  to  oblong,  sessile, lowest  subserrate  ; 
Invol.  obtuse  at  base,  closely  imbricated  ;  scales  obtuse  ;  heads  small,  rays  20 -f-,  pur- 
plish-white.   Dry  woods,  &c. :  common.    1— 2f.    Lvs.  very  numerous,  3'— 3". 
/3.  cortdifbliug^  is  a  starved,  attenuate  form,  very  slender  every  way. 

10  A.  Tradescantl  L.    Smoothish,  slender,  much  branched  ;  lvs.  lance-linear,  long, 
remotely  serrulate,  teeth  sharp,  upper  leaves  entire,  all  sessile ;  heads  many,  subso- 
cund  ;  scales  close  ;  rays  small,  pale.    Fields,  copses.    2— 4f.    Leaves  5'— 5". 
/3.  frdsrillf*    Leaves  nearly  linear,  minutely  serrulate  ;  heads  scattered. 

41  A.  miser  L.  Hairy  or  downy,  very  leafy  :  branches  spreading,  racemous  ;  lvs.  ah 
lanceolate,  tapering  both  ways,  sessile,  sharply  serrate  in  the  mic'f'ile.  the  ramj^l 
smaller,  entire  :  scales  acute,  close  :  rays  whitish,  short.  Old  fields,  t/-  -30'.— Variev 
greatly.    Lvs.  5'— 1',  broai  or  narrow.    Hds.  dense  or  scattered.    Ray^  lE-h,  2— 3'-'. 


164  OiiDFAi  70.— COMPOSITE. 

42  A.  siiuplcx  Willd.  Loosely  corymbons-panicnlate,  sraoothish :  Ivs.  .auccoiate, 
acuininato,  the  lower  serrate;  heads  scattered  ;  scales  loosely  imbricated,  linear-subu- 
late.   Low  groitnds  :  common.    3— bf.    Heads  twice  larger  than  No.  41,  blue  to  white. 

/3.  ttiterg-en»,    Dittiisely  branched,  loosely  racemous;  branches  hairy  in  lines. 

43  A.  teiititfoliiis  L.  Paniculate-branching,  with  1-flowered  branchlets  ;  Ivs.  linear- 
lanceolate  to  lance-linear,  slender-pointed,  sessile,  remotely  serrulate,  upper  entire; 
scales  linear-subulate,  equalling  the  disk.    Moist  fields.    2— 6f. 

^.  bellldiflbrus.    Leaves  scabrous,  slightly  clasping ;  scales  loosely  imbricated. 
y.  distichuti.    Leaves  and  strict  ascending  branches  in  2  rows !    111.  (Mr.  J.  Wolf.) 

44  A.  subasper  Liudl.  ?  Pubescent  above;  racemous-branched,  branches  short, 
dense-tiwd. ;  Ivs.  lance-acuminate,.appressed-serrate,  rough,  attenuate  to  a  petiole,  up- 
per reduced,  entire,  sessile  ;  ^nvol.  closely  imbricated  ;  rays  purp.  Dry.  111.  2f.  (Wolf.l 

45  A.  ericoides  L.  Smoothish  ;  branches  virgate,  branchlets  secund,  1-headed  ;  Ivs. 
lunce-lin.  to  subulate  ;  hds.  small ;  sc.  as  long  as  disk,  with  subulate-mucrouate  spread- 
ing tips.  Rocky  fields.  l-3f.  Lvs.  4'-4'",  attenuate-mucnmate.  Rays  white  or  purplish. 

46  A,  racemostis  Ell.  Rough-downy;  branches  slender,  erect ;  hds.  very  small  (2"), 
spicate-racemous,  crowded  above  ;  lvs.  linear,  sessile,  rigid,  W — Z".  Coast,  S.  Car.   2f. 

47  A,  inultiflorus  L.  Grayish-downy,  diftusely  branched  ;  lvs.  linear,  entire,  sess., 
obtuso-mucronate  ;  hds.  small ;  sc.  with  obtusish  spreading  tips.  Dry  fields.  If.  Very 
bushy,  with  crowded  racemes.    Rays  about  12,  pale,  2— y  long. 

48  A,  gramlnilolius  Ph.  Slender,  with  filiform  erect  branches,  6--12'*  lvs.  linear, 
crowded  below ;  ped.  slender,  leafless,  1-flwd. ;  sc.  subulate-linear ;  rays  abo..t20,  white 
or  rose.    Rocks,  Vt.  N.  II. :  rare.    (Willoughby  Lake,  Vt.,  Bradford,  Vt.,  Whi^T  Mts.) 

49  A.  acuminatiis  Mx.  St.  simple,  flexuous,  angular,  branching  into  a  corymbous 
panicle  above  ;  lvs.  broad-lanceolate,  narrowed  and  entire  at  the  base,  serrate  and  acn 
minate  ;  scales  lax,  linear.    Wooded  hills,  N.    If.    Rays  12 -i-,  long,  white, 

60  A.  nemoralis  Ait.  Branches  corymbed  or  0  ;  ped.  1-flwd.,  nearly  naked,  filiform; 
lvs.  narrowly  lanceolate,  acute  at  each  end,  veiuless,  subentire ;  sc.  very  acute,  loose, 
shorter  than  the  disk  ;  rays  long,  about  20.    Wet  woods.    If.    White-purple. 

51  A.  ptarmicoides  T.  &  G.  St.  corymbous-fastigiate  above;  lvs.  lin.-lanceolate^ 
acute,  rough-margined,  entire,  lower  ones  dentate,  attenuated  into  a  short  petiole , 
rays  short,  snow-white.    Rocky  shores,  Vt.  to  Mo.    Rare.    Heads  rather  large. 

62  A.  flexnosus  N,  Smooth,  slender,  flexuous ;  branches  leafy,  1-fiwd. ;  lvs.  fleshy, 
long-lance-linear  to  subulate  ;  hds.  large ;  rays  short,  many,  purple.    Marshes.    If. 

63  A.  C'liapinauii  T.  &  G.  Smooth,  slender,  strict;  branches  filiform,  1-flwd. ;  Iva. 
liniar-subulate  ;  rays  longer  than  invol.,  20—30,  purp. ;  cyps.  glabrous.    Swamps,  Fla. 

64  A.  iinilolius  L.  Sea  Aster.  (T)  Smooth,  much  branched,  paniculate;  lvs.  lance- 
linear  to  subulate  ;  scales  in  3  rows  ;  rays  minute,  scarcely  exserted.    Marshes.    If. 

55  A.  subiiliitus  Mx.    ®  Smooth,  slender,  much  branched,  corymbed;  lvs.  linear- 
subulate;  rays  many,  narrow,  in  1  row,  longer  than  the  disk,  blue.    Wet.    S.    1— 3f. 
ji.    jcititi.    Taller  (2— 4f ),  less  branched  ;  heads  few,  rays  pale  purple.    Ga. 

19.  DIPLOPAPPUS,  Cass.    Double-bristled  Aster.    Ray-flowcr3 

about  12,  $.  Disk-flowcTS  go,  ^.  Invol.  imbricate.  Scales  narrow,  des- 
titute of  green  tips.  Recep.  flat,  subalveolate.  Pap.  double,  the  exterior 
very  short  (about  \"  long),  interior  copious,  capillary.  Fruit  compressed. 
"4  J  .vs.  entire,  alternate.  Heads  corymbous  or  few,  rays  cyanic,  disk  yellow. 

I  Ray-i  violet.    Achenia  silky.    Bristles  of  the  inner  pappus  alike.    Sept.  Oct No.  1 

I  Rays  whitish.  Someof  the  longer  bristles  clavellate.—Ach.  smoothish.   Aug..Nos.2,3 

— Ach.  villous.    Sept.  Oct. .  .No.  4 

1  D.  llnarilfolius  Hook.    St.  clustered,  leafy ;  branches  1-flwd.,  fastigiate  ;  lvs.  lin., 

entire.  1-veined.  obtuse,  rigid,  rough.    Dry  places.    If.    Heads  rather  large,  showy. 

2  D.  iimbcllatus  Hook.    Smooth,  simple,  strict,  with  00  heads  lu  a  level  corymb; 


Order  70.— COMPOSITE.  166 

tvg.  long  (4-60,  lanceolate,  acuminate ;  sc.  obtuse  ;  fr.  pnbes.  in  lines.    Low  grounds 
2 — 4f.    Stems  purplish.    Rays  about  12,  3 — i"  long.    Handsome. 
jS.  amifscdaiinus,     St.  rousrliish  above  ;  Ivs.  ovate-lanceolate  ;  sc.  rather  loose.  2-3/ 

3  D.  cornifollus  Less.    Rough  above,  some  hairy  in  lines  ;  hds.  few,  corym.-panicu 

late  :  Ivs.  elliptical,  thin,  long-pointed  both  ways,  entire  ;  scales  shorter  than  the  di>lv 
obtuse ;  cypsela  glabrous.    Woods,  Can.  to  Car.    1— 2f.    Rays  about  10,  white. 

4  D.  obovatiis  (Ell.)    Cinereous-i-ubescent :   heads  corymbed :  Ivs.  obovatu-oblcjui:; 

acute ;  sc.  lin. -subulate,  rusty  yellow  ;  fr.  villous  ;  rays  white.    Damp  sliades,  S.    2— :!t 

20.  ERIGERON,  L.  Fle.abake.  White-weed.  Heads  subhemi- 
spherical.  Ray-flowers  $  (40 — 200),  narrow,  linear.  Fis.  of  the  disk  5  ,  oo 
liecep.  flat  or  convex,  naked,  luvol.  scales  nearly  in  one  row  and  equal 
Pap.  generally  simple.    Herbs  with  alternate  Ivs.,  rays  cyanic,  disk  yellow 

§  Rays  minute,  shorter  than  the  cylindrical  involucre,  white.  Pappus  simple 1,  2,  10. 

§  Rays  long,  showy,  30 — 40.    Pappus  simple.    Lvs.  all  radical,    lids.  corymbous..No.  3 

§  Rays  long,  showy,  50— 200.— a  Pappus  simple.  Leaves  clasping.  Corymbous. .  .Nos.  4 — 6 

—a  Pappus  double.  Leaves  sessile.  Corymbous Nos.  7—9 

1  E.  Canadense  L.    Erect;  invol.  oblong;  rays  40— 50,  crowded,  minute;  pap.  sim- 

ple ;  stem  hairy,  paniculate ;  leaves  lanceolate.    (1)  A  common  weed,   fj' — Gf.    JL— Oct. 

2  E.  divariciituin  Mx.    Decumbent  and  difl'usely  branched,  hirsute  ;  lvs.  linear  anr 

subulate  ;  hds.  very  small,  loosely  corymbous.    (5)  Dry  soil,  W.  and  S-W.  6'— 2f.  Purp 

3  E.  iiudicaule  Mx.    Glabrous ;  lvs.  obovate  or  spatulate,  radiral,  rosulate,  entire 

hds.  few;  rays  narrow,  white,   n  Pine-barrens.  S.  Scape  bracted,  slender.  18'.  Jn.  Ji. 

4  E.  bellidif'olium  Muhl.    Bobins'  Plantain.    Hirsute;  radical  lvs.  obovate.  obtuse, 

subserrate;  stem  lvs.  remote,  mostly  entire,  clasping;  hds.  3—7;  rays  50—00,  purplo, 
linear-spatulate.     u  Dry  soils :  common.     1— 2f.    May,  June.    Handsome. 

5  E.  PliIIadelpliicuiM  L.    Pubescent  or  hirsute;   lvs.  thin,  lower  spatulate,  cre- 

nate-dentate,  upper  clasping,  sometimes  cordate-auriculate  ;  heads  few.  on  long,  slen- 
der ped.  ;  rays  150-2U0,  filiform,  reddish,  n  Damp:  com.  2f.  St.  lvs.  various.  Jn.-Aug. 

6  E.  qucrciroliutn  Lam.    Pubescent :  root  lvs.  oblong-obovate,  lyrate  pinnatifid,  or 

deeply  sinuate-toothed,  the  cauline  sharply  sei'rate,  clasping;  heads  00,  small,  with 
innumerable  filiform  flesh-colored  rays.     2;  Low  grounds.     S.    May. 

7  E.  aniiuiiin  Pers.     Common  Fleabaae.    White-weed.    Hirsute,  branching ;  leaves 

coarsely  serrate,  ovate  to  lanceolate,  the  lower  on  winged  stalks  ;  rays  very  numerous, 
narrow,  white.    (I) (D  Fields:  common.    2 — 4f.    June— Aug. 

8  E.  strigosiiin  L.    Rough,  with  short,  appressed  hairs,  or  nearly  smooth  ;  lvs.  lan- 

ceolate, tapering  to  each  end,  entire,  or  with  a  few  large  teeth  in  the  middle,  lower  ones 
3-veined  and  petiolate  ;  pan.  corymbous,  white.    (2)  Grass  lands  :  com.    2f.    Jn.— Oct. 

9  E.  glabelluin  Nutt.    Lvs.  smooth,  entire,  spatulate,  long-tapering  at  base,  upper 

lanceolate  and  lance-linear,  sessile,  acuminate ;  heads  4—6,  pubescent ;  rays  very  na- 
meious,  pale  blue.    Wis.  to  Dak.    12'— 18'.    July,  Aug. 

10  E.  acre  L.    Erect,  If;  lvs.  entire,  oblong  to  lanceolate  ;  heads  few  or  many,  hemi 
spherical,  with  bluish-purple  rays  as  long  as  the  pappus.    Lake  Superior  (Porter). 

21.  OAIiLISTEPHUS,  Cass.    China  Aster.     Ray  flowers  $  ,  00,  disk- 
flowers  &  .     Involucre  hemisplierical.    Kecep.  subconvex.    Pappus  double, 
each  in  -  series,  outer  series  short,  chafly-setaceous,  with  the  setas  united 
intc  a  crown ;  inner  series  of  long,  filiform,  scabrous,  deciduous  bristles. 
C«  CniNENsis.    Stem  hispid :  branches  divergent.  1-flwd.  ;  leaves  ovate,  coarsely  dentate, 

l)etiolate,  cauline  ones  sessile,  cuneate  at  base.     China  ?    Cultivation  has  produced 
innumerable  varieties,  double  and  serai-double,  of  every  color.     Aug.,  Sept.    ix) 

22   BELLIS,  L.     G.vrdcn  Daisy.     R:iys  go,  2.     Disk  5.     Involucel 


16G  OuDEii  70.— COMPOSITyE. 

hemispherical,  of  equal  scales.    Rcccp.  subalvcolate,  conical.     Pap.  iivMic. 
(i)  1^  Heads  solitaiy. 

1  B.  Integrifolla  Mx.    Annual,  diffiipely  branched  :  Ivp.  entire,  spatnlatc-obovato  to 

lance-obl.  ;  sc.  with  ycarions  mar;:^ins  ;  rays' violet-pnrp.  Ky.toTex.  0-12'.   Mar.-May. 

2  B.  PERENNis.    Pei-ennial,  acaule?cent ;  root  creepini;: ;  scape  naked,  singlo-flwd. ;  Ivs. 

obovate,  crenate.    Europe,    3—4'.    Fls.  white,  double,  quilled,  &c.    June— Aug, 

23.  DAHLIA,  L.  Rays  $ .  Disk  5? .  Invol.  double,  the  outer  series 
of  many  distinct  scales,  the  inner  of  8  scales  united  at  base.  Recep.  chaffy. 
Pappus  none.     U  Splendid  Mexican  herbs.    Leaves  opposite,  pinnate. 

U.  VARiADiLis.  Lfts.  ovate,  acuminate,  coarsely  serrate,  3— 7  in  number;  stems  stout, 
widely  branched ;  heads  solitary,  very  large  ;  root  tuberous.  Colors  exceedingly 
variable  and  splendid.  Heads  about  .3'  diameter;  but  a  variety  (the  bouquet  Dahlia) 
hat  the  heads  from  If  to  2'  broad. 

24.  BOLTONIA,  L'Her.  Ray-flowers  $  ,  in  a  single  series,  those  of  the 
disk  tubular,  $  .  Scales  in  2  series,  appressed,  with  membranous  margins. 
Recep.  convex,  punctate.     Cyp.  flat,  2-  or  3-winged.    Pap.  of  minute  setse, 

3  (to  4)  of  them  usually  lengthened  into  awns.    21  Glabrous,  loosely  brancli- 
mg.    Leaves  sessile.    Rays  white.    Aug. — Oct. 

I  B.  astcroides  L'ller.  Lvs.  lanceolate,  all  entire  ;  heads  corymbed;  fruit  broadly- 
oval  with  a  few  minute  setie,— no  awns.    Swamps,  Pa,  to  Ga.    1— 3f.    Rays  13—20. 

'i  B.  glastifolia  L'ller.  Lvs.  linear-lanceolate,  the  lowest  serrate ;  heads  in  a  loose 
paniculate  corymb  ;  fruit  obovate,  with  2  long  awns.  Prairies,  W.  &  S.  3— Tf.  Rays  30. 

5  B.  decurreiis,  Lvs.  lance-oblong,  the  broad  base  dccurrent  on  the  green,  winged 
stem  ;  heads  corymbed,  globular  in  fruit ;  fruit  obovate,  with  2  awns  and  several  mi- 
nute bristles  ;  rays  purple.    Bottoms.    111.  (J.  Wolf.)    (B.  glastifolia.   /S.  ?  T.  «fe  G.) 

I  B.  dilTusa  Ell.  Lvs.  lance-linear  to  subulate,  entire ;  hds.  small,  in  a  diffuse  panicle  ; 
fruit  obovate,  with  2  short  (half  its  own  length)  awns.    Prairies,  W.  &  S.    3— 6f. 

25.  BRAOHYCHiETA,  T.  &  G.  False  Goldenrod.  Pap.  a  single 
•■ow  of  scale-like  bristles,  shorter  than  the  obconic  cypsela.  Otherwise  as  in 
Solidago.  The  golden  yellow  heads  arranged  in  little  clusters,  forming  1  or 
more  unilateral  racemes. 

B.  corda-ta  T.  &  G.— Woods,  E.  Ky,  (at  Cumberland  Gap)  to  Ga.  along  the  mountainw. 
2-4f.  Lvs.  ovate,  cordate,  the  lower  petiolate,  serrate.  Hds.  small  (3"  long).  Aug.-Oct. 

26.  SOLIDAGO,  L.  Goldenrod.  Fls.  of  the  ray  about  5,  $,  remote; 
of  the  disk  g .  Invol.  oblong,  imbricate,  with  appressed  scales.  Recep. 
punctate,  naiTow.  Pap.  simple,  capillary,  scabrous.  U  Very  abundant  in 
the  U.  S.  Stem  erect,  branching  near  the  top.  Lvs.  alternate.  Hds.  small, 
with  1—15  (very  rarely  0)  small  rays.  Fls.  yellow  (one  species  whitish), 
expanding  in  the  autumnal  months.    Fig.  319.    (Addenda.) 

§  Shrubs  l—3f.    Leaves  punctate,  veinless,  entire.    Rays  1—3.    Ciikysoma No  1 

§  Htrbs.    Scales  of  involucre  with  spreading  herbaceous  tips.  Curysastrl'm.  .  N(9.2— 4 
g  Herbs.    Scales  imbricated,  erect,  scarions,  seldom  herbaceous.,  .(a) 

a  Inilorescence  chiefly  axillary,  in  clusters  or  short  racemes. .  .(b) 

a  Inflorescence  terminal,  virgate  or  paniculate.  ..(d) 

a  Inflorescence  teraiinal,  in  a  fastigiate  corymb.,  .{s) 

b  Rays  white  or  eream-whitc.    Clusters  approximate  above No.  t5 


Order  70.— COMPOSITE.  3167 

6  Kdy8  golden  yellow.— <;  Cypeela  glabrous.    Scales  acute Nos.  C,  7 

—c  Cypsela  pubescent.    Scales  obtuse Nos.  S— 10 

d  Clusters  or  racemes  erect,  not  secund.    Leaves  feather- veined..  .(6) 
d  Clusters  or  racemes  recurved  and  secund  (one-sided).,  .(g) 

e  Heads  large,  with  loose  scales.    Alpine  plants Nos.  11-13 

e  Heads  not  large.-/  Plants  glabrous.    Rays  4—7 Nos.  14-  16 

— /  Plants  soft-downy.    Kays  9—12 Nos.  17,  18 

g  Leaves  evidently  feather-veined,  mostly  serrate. .  .(m) 

g  Leaves  evidently  3-veined.    Herbs  inland,  not  maritime. .  .(7i) 

g  Leaves  3-  or  1-vemed,  fleshy.    Very  smooth,  salt-marsh  herbs Nos.  i;>,  20 

g  Leaves  not  veiny,  thick,  subentire.    Herbs  some  downy,  inland. ..  Nos.  21—23 

h  Leaves  entire  or  very  nearly  so Nos.  24—26 

h  Leaves  serrate.- A;  Stem  smooth  and  glabrous Nos,  27—29 

—k  Stem  roughish-pubescent Nos.  30,  31 

m  Heads  discoid,  rays  none.    Southern Nos.  32.  33 

m  Heads  radiate. — n  St.  hairy  or  downy.  Lvs.  rough  or  smooth. .  24,  34—37 

—n  St.  glab.  Lvs.  glab.  or  not.— o  Kays  1-5 Nos.  3&-^10 

— 0  Rays  6—12..  (;?) 

p  Racemes  distant,  loosely  if  at  all  panicled Nos.  41,  42 

p  Racemes  close,  forming  a  compact  panicle Nos.  43 — 4.5 

s  Hd3.  large,  rays  fewer  than  the  disk  fls.— a;  St.  and  lane.  lvs.  smooth . .  Nos.  4«>-49 

—x  Plant  hairy.  Lvs.  oblong.. Nos.  50, 51 
s  Hde.  small,  rays  more  numerous  than  the  disk  flowers.  Euthamia.  .Nos.  52, 53 

1  S,  panclfloscnlosa  Mx.    Bushy,  glabrous,  glaucous  and  some  viscid  ;  lvs.  lance- 

linear,  entire,  sessile ;  rac.  erect,  panicled ;  fls.  5—7,  rays  1—3,  large.    Coast,  S. 

2  S.  discoidea  (Ell.)    Downy-canescent ;  hds.  about  12-flwd.,  with  no  rays  ;  rac.  erect, 

in  a  long,  narrow  panicle ;  lvs.  ovate  to  lanceolate,  serrate.    Ga.  Fla.,  andW.    3f. 

3  S,  squarrosa  Muhl.   Pubescent ;  hds.  very  large,  00-flwd.,  rays  9—12 ;  panicle  long, 

spike-like  ;  lvs.  smooth,  broad-oval  to  elliptic,  serrate.    Hills,  Can.  to  Ga.    2— 6f. 

4  S.  petlolaris  Ait.    Pubescent,  striate;  hds.  20-25-flwd.,  rays  6—10;  rac.  long,  com- 

pound ;  lvs.  rough,  small,  oval  to  elliptic,  the  upper  subpetiolate ;  scales  subulate,  the 
outer  herbaceous,  loose,  spreading.  Uplands,  S.  and  W.    1— 3f.    (S.  squarrulosa,  C-B.) 

5  S.  bicolor  L.    Hairy,  simple ;  leaves  elliptical,  the  lower  serrate ;  heads  glomerate, 

virgate-panicled  above  ;  scales  obtuse ;  rays  about  8,  whitish.    Hills.    2f. 
^.  hiraitta,    Kays  yellow,  as  well  as  the  disk  flowers.    Penn.    (S.  hirsuta  N.) 

6  S.  Buckley i  T.  &  G.   Villous-pubescent ;  leaves  oblong,  serrate,  acute  at  each  end ; 

clusters  shorter  than  the  leaves ;  fls.  15—20,  rays  4—6 ;  scales  glabrous,  rather  acute  ; 
fruit  compressed,  glabrous.    Interior  of  Alabama.    2 — 3f.    Leaves  W.    October. 

7  S.  monticola  (T.  &  G.)    Stem  terete,  slender,  pubernlent  above  ;  lvs.  oblong-lance- 

olate, pointed,  subserrate ;  rac.  approx. ;  fls.  12—15 ;  fr.  glabrous.  Mts.  N.  Car.  (Curti«). 

8  S.  lattfolia  Muhl.    Stem  flexuous,  angular,  downy  febove ;  lvs.  broad-ovate  or  oval, 

acuminate  both  ways,  deeply  serrate ;  racemes  axillary  and  terminal,  dense  or  loose ; 
cypsela  silky-pubescent ;  flowers  9—12,  rays  3 — 4.    Woody  vales.    2f. 
/3.  pubens.    Pubescent,  becoming  woolly  above.    Mts.  N.  Car.  (M.  A.  Curtis). 

9  S.  ambigua  Ait.    Smooth  or  smoothish ;  et.  tall,  angled  ;  lvs.  long-lanceolate,  acu- 

minate, finely  serrate,  the  upper  reduced  and  shorter  than  the  racemes  ;  heads  large  ; 
scales  obtuse,  oblong ;  fruit  hairy.    Mts.  N.  Car.    3f.    Leaves  4—5'. 
/3,  Curtisii  (T.  &  G.)   Rac.  shorter  than  the  lvs. ;  sc.  lin.-oblong  ;  fr.  silky.    N.  Car 

1 0  S.  csesia  L,  Stem  slender,  recurved  at  top,  terete,  smooth,  glaucous  ;  lvs.  lin. -lan- 
ceolate, pointed,  the  lower  serrate  ;  fls.  6—10,  rays  3—5,  oval ;  racemes  axillary,  usually 
short ;  fruit  puberulent.    Hilly  woods.    2 — 4f.    Very  elegant,  wreath-like. 

11  S.  tliyrsoidea  Meyer.  St.  stout,  simple,  angular;  lvs.  ovate,  acute,  sharply  and 
unequally  toothed,  the  lower  on  long  petioles  ;  hds.  large,  in  a  narrow,  downj'  raceme 
or  panicle,  rays  S-10;  cj'p.glal)ron8.  Mt.  woods.  Me.  to  N-Y.  l-4f.  Coarse  and  showy. 


168  Order  70.— COMPOSITE. 

la  S.  virgaurea  L.     /?.  alpina  (Bw.)     St.  dwarf,  furrowed,  simple;   Ivs.  oral,  Bub- 
serrate  or  entire,  narrowed  to  a  petiole,  upper  lanceolate ;  hds.  few  (1—9),  large,  rays 
10—12 ;  sc.  acute,  very  thin.    Tops  of  high  mts.  Me.  to  N.  Y.,  shores  of  L.  Sup.    8—6'. 
}',  glotnerata.    Taller ;  Ivs.  ovate-oblong,  serrate ;  hds.  very  large.    Mts.  N.  Car. 

13  S.  Ixumills  Ph.  Glabrous,  simple  ;  Ivs.  oblanceolate,  crenate-serrate,  acute,  the  lower 
obtuse,  petiolate ;  rac.  paniculate ;  hds.  middle-size,  about  12-flwd. ;  sc.  obtuse.  Mt. 
streams,  N.  IT.  and  N.    6—12' — 2f. — ^Varies  with  the  branches  pubescent  above. 

14:  S.  virgata  Mx.  Tall,  virgate,  with  a  simple  raceme  at  top ;  Ivs.  thickish,  entire,  ob- 
lanceolate, the  lower  subserrate,  petiolate:  hds.  about  15-flwd.,  rays  6—7;  fr.  pubescent. 
Damp  pine-barrens,  N.  J.  to  Fla.    3 — 5f.    Eac.  6' — If.  long,  of  small  clusters. 

15  S.  stricta  Ait.  Strict,  simple;  Ivs.  lanceolate,  lower  serrate,  very  long-petiolate, 
upper  entire,  panicle  slender ;  heads  10-12-flowered ;  scales  obtuse ;  rays  5  or  6.  Wet 
woods,  N.    2f. 

16  S.  speciosa  N.  Stout,  simple  ;  Ivs.  lanceolate,  entire,  thick,  lower  very  broad,  sub- 
serrate,  petiolate  ;  panicle  thyrsoid  ;  ped.  pubescent ;  rays,  6 — 8,  large.  Thickets :  not 
common.    3— 6f.    Very  handsome. — Varies  with  the  panicle  slender  or  virgate. 

17  S.  verna  Curtis.  Hoary-pubescent;  stem  few-lvd.,  loosely  paniculate;  Ivs.  ovate  to 
lance-ovate,  the  lower  finely  serrate;  rays,  10 — 12.     Barrens,  S.    Fls.  in  May,  June. 

1 8  S.  piibemla  N.  Puberulent  as  if  dusty,  strict,  simple ;  Ivs.  oblanceolate  to  lanceolate, 
the  lower  subserrate  ;  pan,  dense,  compound ;  sc.  linear-subulate ;  fls.  20—25,  rays  about 
10,  elongated.     In  woods.     Stem  purplish,  2— 3f.     Heads  rather  large. 

19  S.  sempervirens  L.  Lvs.  thick,  lanceolate,  entire,  obscurely  3-veined;  hds.  panicn- 
late,  25-30-flwd.,  rays  8 — 10;  ped.  scabrous-pubescent.     Marshes.     ."— 6f     Handsome. 

20  S.  angustlfolia  Ell.  Lvs.  thick,  entire,  erect,  1-veined,  the  lower  lanceolate ;  pan. 
dense,  virgate  ;  hds.  15-20-flowered,  rays  7 ;  ped,  glabrous.    Swamps,  S.    2— 4f. 

21  S.  pilosa  Walt,  Hirsnte,  tall,  stout;  lvs.  lance-oblong  to  lance-ovate,  remotely 
serrulate,  rough  ;  rays  minute,  2 — 10,  disk-fls.  5—6.    Damp  barrens,  N.  J.  and  S.   4-7f. 

22  S.  odora  Ait,  St.  terete,  smoothish,  slender ;  lvs.  lin. -lanceolate,  abnipt  at  base, 
acute,  pellucid-punctate  ;  rays  2—4,  disk-fls.  3 — 4,  Dry  hills  and  woods.  2— of.  The 
plant  is  yellowish-green,  fra?.-ant,  and  yields  by  distillation  a  fragrant  oil. 

p.  relrdrsa,    Lvs.  lir,et;r  to  snbulate,  acute,  often  twisted  ;  rays  1—3.    Ga, 

23  S.  tortifolia  Ell.  St.  rough -pn'oescent;  lvs,  many,  linear,  small,  subentiro,  not 
punctate,  often  twisted  at  base ;  tc.  obtuse  ;  rays  3-5,  disk-fls.  .S-5,   Di-y  fields,  S.    2-3f. 

24  S.  nemoralis  Ait,  Dusty-gnbtomentous ;  lvs.  obscurely  3-veined,  roughish,  acute, 
attenuate  at  base ;  hds.  small ;  fls.  IG— 15,  rays  5—6,  conspicuous.  Dry  fields,  roadsides, 
l-2f.— Varies  with  stem  much  branch '^d,  or  with  stem  and  panicle  simple  and  slender. 

25  S.  rupcstris  llaf.  Smooth,  slender ;  Ivs,  linear-lanceolate,  plainly  3-veined ;  hds. 
small,  in  a  simple  panicle  ;  fls,  15,  rayg  very  short.    Rocky  banks,  Ind.  Ky.    2— 3f, 

26  S.  L.cavenwortliii  T,  &  G,  St,  riinutely  downy,  very  leafy;  lvs.  smooth,  lin,- 
lanceolate,  entire  above ;  panicle  cpon  ;  heads  rather  large ;  ray  and  disk  flowers  each 
10-12.    Damp  soils,  South,    2—3  feet  high, 

27  S.  Missouriensis  N.  Low,  sin:p'.e;  lvs,  lance-lin,,  tapering  both  M-ays,  shining, 
the  lowest  oblanceolate,  with  slender  ccrrrtmcs  ;  rac.  small,  dense  ;  pedicels  glabroTis  • 
hds.  small,  12-1.5-flwd. ;  sc.  with  greenish  tips ;  rays  about  8.  Dry  prairies,  111.  Mo,  l-2f, 

28  S.  serotina  Willd,  St.  terete,  striate,  taU ;  ?V6.  slightly  serrate,  lin. -lanceolate,  veins 
beneath  pubescent ;  ped.  pubescent ;  hds.  embll,  15-20-flwd,   Low  grounds.    3-6f, 

29  S.  glgantea  Ait.  St.  striate,  tall;  lvs,  lanceolate,  with  sharp,  spreading  scrratures ; 
strongly  3-veined ;  pan.  downy-hirsute ;  hds.  15-20-flwd.  4-7f.  Generally  much  branched. 

SOS.  Canadensis  L,   St.  downy ;  lvs.  lanceolate,  acuminate,  rough  ;  hds.  very  numer- 
ous and  small ;  fls.  12—17,  rays  short  and  obscure,  about  7.  Copses,  hedges :  com.  2-5f, 
p.  prticera,  St.  and  lvs.  beneath  villous  ;  hds.  and  rays  larger.  Low  grounds,  4— 7f. 

31  S.  Sliortii  T.  &  G.    St.  minutely  rough-downy;  lvs.  lance-oblong,  acute,  smooth 
pan.  contracted,  elongated  ;  sc.  with  greenish  tips  ;  fls.  10-15,  rays  .5-7.   O.  Ky.    2f. 

33  S.  g:racillinia  T.  &  G.  Smooth,  slender;  lvs.  lance-spatulate,  obtuse,  to  linear, 
entire  ;  panicle  narrow,  hd*.  9-12-flowe:'cd,  scales  obtuse  :  rays  0.    Barrens,  Fla,    2f. 


Order  70.— COMPOSITE.  169 

33  S.  'bracliypli^f-lla  Chapni.  Pubescent ;  leaves  spatulate  to  round-oval,  perrulatc ; 
rac.  spreading;  scales  obtuse,  rigid  ;  disk-fls.  3—5,  rays  0.    Dry  soils,  Ga.  Fla.    3f. 

34  S.  altissima  L.  Hairy,  tall;  Ivs.  lanceolate,  very  veiny,  rough  and  wrinkled,  the 
lower  serrate  ;  scales  acute  ;  rays  6—8.    Fields :  common.    3— 5f.    Variable. 

35  S.  Drnmmondii  T.  &  G.  Minutely  velvety ;  Ivs.  ovate  or  broad-oval,  acute  both 
ways,  sharply  serrate,  veiny ;  scales  oblong-obtuse  ;  rays  4-5.  111.  opp.  St.  Louis.  l-2f. 

36  S.  RaduIaN.  Rough-downy,  simple;  Ivs.  obloug-spatnlate,  tapering  to  base,  ser- 
rate above,  very  rough  and  rigid ;  hds.  small,  rays  5,  disk-fls.  .^6.    111.  to  La.    1— 2f. 

37  S.  amplexicaiilis  T.  &  G.  Rough-pubescent,  subsimple  ;  Ivs.  broad-cordate  to 
ovate,  serrate  ;  petioles  wing-clasping  ;  rays  1—3.    Dry  woods,  \V,  Fla.  to  La,    2— 3f. 

38  S.  ulniifolia  Willd.  Stem  glabrous,  with  hairy  branches ;  Ivs.  thin,  elliptic-ovate, 
acuminate,  serrate,  tapering  to  base,  smooth  above,  villous  beneath  ;  raceme  recurved- 
sprcading;  hds.  small,  scales  acute,  rays  .3 — 4,  disk-fls.  .3—4.    Thickets,  N.  and  W.    3f, 

39  S.  Boottii  Hkr.  Stem  glabrous,  with  hairy  branches ;  Ivs.  ovate  to  lance-ovate, 
pointed  at  both  ends,  serrate  ;  pan.  long,  loose  ;  hds.  middle-size,  scales  oblong,  ob- 
tuse :  rays  2—5,  disk-flowers  8—12.    Sandy  soils,  S.    2— 3f.— Varies  with  stem  downy. 

40  S.  linoides  Sol.  Smooth  throughout,  slender,  simple;  Ivs.  lanceolate,  finely  ser- 
rate ;  scales  oblong-linear,  obtuse  ;  hds.  small,  rays  1 — 4,  disk  4—5.  Bogs,  near  Bos- 
ton to  N.  J.    12—20'.    Racemes  of  the  panicle  short,  secund,  at  length  spreading, 

41  S,  IHnlilenbergll  T.  &  G.  St.  furrowed  ;  Ivs.  smooth  both  sides,  strongly  ser- 
rate, ovate  to  lanceolate,  pointed  both  ways ;  rac.  axillary,  remote,  spreading ;  hds. 
15-20-flowered,  scales  linear,  obtuse.    Damp  woods,  N.  H.  to  Pa.    2— 3f. 

42  S.  patula  Muhl.  St.  angular-striate ;  Ivs.  elliptic,  acute,  serrate,  very  rough  above, 
the  lower  oblong-spatulate ;  panicle  loose  ;  scales  obtuse,  flowers  12-15.  N.  and  W.  3f. 

43  S.  clliptica  Ait.  Glabrous,  leafy ;  Ivs.  elliptical,  acute  both  w^ays,  subserrate  ;  pan. 
pyramidal ;  rays  very  short,  5 — 8,  disk-fls.  6—7 ;  scales  obtuse.    Marshes,  R.  I.  to  Ga. 

iS.  JSlltoim,    Panicle  more  widely  spreading.    South.    (S.  Elliottii  T.  &  G.) 

44  S.  argiita  Ait.  Strict ;  Ivs.  smooth,  unequally  serrate  with  divergent  teeth,  ob- 
long-ovate to  elliptical ;  pan.  corymbous  ;  rays  about  10,  disk-fls.  9—10 ;  cyp.  smooth 
Woods,  meadows  :  common.    3f.    Plant  smooth  and  shining. 

p.  Jiincea,    Leaves  lanceolate,  upper  entire  ;  rays  twice  longer  than  involucre. 

45  S.  neglecta  T.  &  G.  St.  striate  ;  leaves  lanceolate  to  linear,  the  lower  divergent- 
serrate,  long-stalked  ;  panicle  oblong  or  pyramidal ;  rays  6 — 10,  disk-flowers  7—12 ; 
cypsela  smooth.    Swamps,  Me.  to  Penn.,  and  W.    3 — 4f.    Root  leaves  6 — 12'. 

46  S.  Ohiensls  Riddell.  Entirely  smooth  ;  Ivs.  entire,  lanceolate,  flat,  obtuse,  to  ob- 
long-lanceolate, abruptly-acute,  the  lower  on  long  stalks  ;  hds.  numerous,  large,  15-20- 
flowcrcd,  rays  about  6.    Meadows  and  prairies.  West  N-Y.  to  Ind.  and  Wis.    2— 3f. 

47  S.  Riddcllii  Frank.  Stout,  nearly  smooth;  root  Ivs.  very  long,  lance-linear,  long- 
pointed,  on  long  petioles,  the  cauline  clasping,  carinate,  acute  ;  heads  20-24-flowered, 
densely  clustered  in  the  level  corymb.    Wet  prairies,  O.  to  Mo.,  and  N.     15— 30^. 

48  S,  corymibosa  Ell.  Glabrous,  with  the  corymbous  branches  hirsute  ;  Ivs.  sessile, 
lance-nV'     thick,  rigid,  smooth  ;  hds.  large,  rays  10,  disk-fls.  20  ;  fr.  smooth.  Ga.  4»-6f. 

49  S.  ^fougktoiiii  T.  &  G.  Low,  smooth;  Ivs.  lin. -lanceolate,  acutish,  flat,  entire, 
tapering  to  base  or  petiole  ;  hds.  few,  large,  20-30-flwd.,  rays  9  or  10.  N.  Y.  Mich.  1— 2f. 

50  S.  riglda  L.  Stout,  rough-hairy ;  Ivs.  rigid,  ovate  to  oblong,  serrate,  upper  minute; 
hds.  very  large  (4-5").  scales  obtuse,  rays  7-10,  disk-fls.  25 -^.  Dry.   Ct.,S.  andW.   3-5f. 

5 1  S.  spitliaiiiaea  Curt.  Low.  villous  ;  Ivs.  lance-oval  to  oblong,  thin,  sharply  serrate ; 
hds.  middle-size  ;  scales  lanceolate,  acute :  rays  ti— 8,  disk-fls.  15 — 20.  High  mts.  N.  Car. 

52  S.  lanceolata  Ait.  St.  angular,  hairy,  much  branched  ;  Ivs.  lin. -lanceolate,  entire, 
3-veined  ;  rays  minute,  about  IT.  disk-fls.  10.  Meadows,  copses:  com.  2^f.  Fragrant. 

53  S.  teiiuilolia  Ph.  St.  angular,  smooth,  much  branched ;  Ivs.  narrowly  linear,  1- 
veined,  the  axils  leafy;  corymb  open,  loose  ;  rays  about  10.    Dry  fields,  coastward. 

27.  BIGELOVIA,  DC.    Fls.  3—4,  all  tubular,  9  .    Rays  0.    Invol.  cy- 
lindrical,  as  long  as  the  flowers.     Scales  rigid,  linear,  closelj^  imbricated 


170  Order  70.— COMPOSIT.E. 

Recep.  pointed  by  a  scale-like  cusp.    Fr.  obconic,  hirsute.     Pap.  bristles  in 
one  row.     7i  Glabrous,  slender.    Leaves  alternate,  entire.     Heads  fastigi- 
ately  corymbous,  with  yellow  flowers  and  colored  scales. 
B.  vlrgata  DC— Swamps,  N.  J.  to  Fla.  and  La.    1— 2f.    With  virgate  branches  from 
base.  Lvs.  narrowly  lin.,  1-veined,  the  cauline  lin.-spatnlate.  Sc.  ghitinous.  Aug.-Oct. 

28.  ISOPAPPUS,  T.  &  G.  Ray-fls.  5—12,  $  ;  disk-fls.  10—20,  ?  .  Scales 
of  the  invol.  lance-subulate,  closely  imbricated.  Recep.  alveolate.  Fr.  te- 
rete, silky- villous.  Pap.  a  single  row  of  equal  capillary  bristles,  (g)  Rough- 
hairy,  branching,  with  alternate  leaves  and  loose  panicles.    Aug. — Oct. 

I.  divaricatus  T.  &  G.   Scabrous,  hispid ;  lvs.  lin.-lanceolate,  taper-pointed  each  way ; 
ped.  slender,  naked  ;  rays  6-S,  disk-fls.  10-13;  pappus  tawny.    Dry.    Ga.  Fla.  to  Tex. 

29.  HETEROTHEOA,  Cass.  Hds.  oo-flowered.  Rays  in  one  series, 
$  ;  disk-fls.  $ .    Scales  imbricated,  appressed.    Recep.  alveolate,  fringed. 

Fr.  minutely  canescent,  of  the  ray  without  pappus  (naked),  of  tlie  disk-with 
a  double  pap.,  the  outer  veiy  short,  scale-like,  the  inner  of  capillary  bristles. 
U  Hairy,  corymbously  branched,  with  alternate  leaves  and  yellow  flowers. 

H,  scabra  DC.    St.  flexnous,  striate  ;  lvs.  scabrous,  oblong-ovate,  dentate;  pet.  wing- 
clasping  ;  hds.  large,  rays  15-20  ;  pap.  tawny  red,  the  outer  white.   S.  2-3f.   Sept.  Oct. 

30.  OHRYSOPSIS,  Nutt.  Hds.  CO-flowered.  Ray-fls.  $;  disk-fls.  ^. 
Invol.  imbricate.  Recep.  subalveolate,  flat.  Pap.  of  the  ray  and  disk  simi- 
lar, double,  the  exterior  short,  interior  copious,  capillary,  brownish.  O^^p. 
hairy,  compressed.  U  (g)  Hairj^  with  alternate  and  entire  leaves  and  yel- 
low flowers.     Heads  corymbous. 

§  Leaves  linear  and  lance-linear,  grass-like,  veined.    Cypsela  linear Nop.  1—4 

S  Leaves  oblong.    Cypsela  clavellate.— a  Corj^mbs  simple,  umbel-like Nos.  5—7 

—a  Corymbs  compound  or  paniculate.  .Nos.  8-10 

1  C  sra  mi  III  folia  N.    Canescent  with  long,  silky  hairs  ;  stem  leafy  to  the  top  ;  lvs. 

linear,  the  upper  reduced  ;  hds.  many,  large,  loosely  corymbed.    Del.  to  Fla.    2f.   Sept. 

2  C,  oligraiitlia  Chapm.    Canescent  with  silky  hairs;  st.  almost  leafless  above;  hds. 

quite  Inrtre,  lew,  on  slender  peduncles  ;  lvs.  lance-lin.  Damp  sands,  Fla.  2f.   Apr.  May. 

3  C  plliilolla  Ell.    Glabrous  ;  lvs.  narrowly  linear  to  setaceous,  rigid,  erect ;  hds.  soli- 

tary, few  ;  cyp.  villous;  pap.  reddish-brown,  the  outer  whitish.    Hills,  Ga.    l-2f.    Sept. 

4  C  falc^ta  Eil.    Villous;  lvs.  somewhat  falcate,  spreading,  narrow ;  hds.  small,  in 

axillary  corymbs  ;  rays  3-toothed.  Dry  sands,  Ms.  to  N.  J.  St.  8',  stout,  leafy.  Sep.  Oct. 

5  X'.  Mariiina  N.    Silky-arachnoid,  simple;  lvs.  oblong-lanceolate,  smooth  when  old, 

the  lower  spaiulate,  rather  obtuse,  upper  reduced,  acute ;  hds.  about  7,  large,  15-20- 
rayed  ;  ped.  and  acute  scales  glandular.     Ti  Barrens,  N.  J.  to  Fla.    2f.     Sept. 

6  C  ^ossij'pina  N.    Cottony-tomentous,  simple;  lvs.  uniform,  ovate-oblong,  '^'itusc, 

the  lower  tai)ering  to  base;  hds.  few,  large  ;  ped.  short,  glandular,    (a)  Md.  to  Fill,  ui 
barrens.    1— 2f.    Lower  leaves  rarely  sinuate-toothed.    (C.  dentata  Ell.)    Sept. 

7  C.  villoi^a  N.    Villous-pubescent,  leafy  to  top;  lvs.  acute,  lo\\jr  oblong-spat ulate, 

upper  oblong-linear,  bristly-ciliate  ;  hds.  large,  umbel  expanded.    111.  to  Ala.    Sf. 

8  €.  trieliopli^lla  N.    Silky-villons,  bi*anching,  leafy;  lvs.  oblong  to  lance-linear, 

the  lower  obtuse  ;  corymb  large  ;  ped.  and  scales  smoothish.  (g)  Barrens,  S.  2-.3f.  Sept. 

9  C.  scabrella  T.  &  G.    Dusty-scabrous,  stout,  branched  ;  lvs.  oblong-lanceolate,  the 

lower  narrowed  to  base,  upper  acute  ;  corymb  large;  })ed.  glandular.    Fla.    2f.    Oct. 

IOC  dec'itinbcns  Chapm.   Silky-villons,  decumbent ;  lvs.  lance-oblong,  obtuse,  with 

leafy  axil?,  lower  spat. -oblong  ;  hds.  very  large,  paniculater  glandular.  Fl.i.  3-lf.  Nov. 


Order  70.— COMPOSITE.  171 

31.  OONYZA,  L.  Gnatbane.  FIs.  nil  tubular,  those  of  the  margin  $, 
of  the  centre  &  or  5  .  Scales  in  several  rows.  Reccp.  flat  or  convex.  Cyp. 
compressed.  Pap.  I  row  of  (red)  capil.  bristles. — Herbs  chiefly  trop.  FIs.  yel. 
C.  amliigaa  DC.    Cinereous-pubescent;  lower  Ivp,  einuate-lobecl,  acnte,  middle  re- 

pand-dentate,  upper  linear,  entire ;  hds.  panicled.  Ga.  S.  Car.  Ap.-Jl.  §  (C.  siuuata  Ell.) 

32.  INULA,  L.  Elecajvtpane.  lids,  many-flowered.  Invol.  imbricate. 
Ilay-fls.  numerous,  $  ;  disk-fls.  5  .  Recep.  naked.  Pap.  simple,  scabrous. 
Anthers  with  2  bristles  at  base.  U  Coarse  European  herbs,  with  alternate 
leaves  and  very  large  yellow  heads. 

I.  Helenlum  L.    Lvs. amplexicaul,  ovate,  ruj;^ou9, downy  beneath;  hds.  solitary,  ter- 
minal ;  80.  ovate.  Pastures  and  roadsides,  N.  Eng.  to  III,  4-6f.  Root  lvs.  l-3f.  Jl.  Aug.  % 

33.  PLUOHEA,  DC.  Marsh  Fleabane.  Hds.  oo-flowcred ;  fls.  of 
the  margin  $  ,  of  the  centre  $  ,  but  sterile.  Invol.  imbricated.  Recep.  flat, 
naked.  Sty.  undivided.  Pap.  capillaiy,  simple. — Strong-scented  herbs,  with 
alternate  leaves  and  coiymbs  of  purple  fls.,  and  copious,  reddish  pappus. 

1  R.  bifrons  DC.    Pubescent,  leafy ;  lvs.  oval-oblong,  acute,  finely  serrate,  cordate- 

amplexicaul,  veiny ;  heads  in  compound,  corymbous  clusters,    li  Damp,  S.    2f. 

2  P.  campborata  DC.  Lvs.  ovate-lanceolate,  somewhat  pubescent,  acute,  sessile  or 

short-petioled,  serrate  ;  fls.  in  crowded  corymbs  ;  ec.  viscid-downy,  pointed.    (I)  Salt 
marshes,  Mass.  to  Fla.    1— 3f.    Stout,  some  fleshy,  with  upright  branches.    Aug.  Sept. 

3  P.  purpurascens  DC.    Glandular-toraentous ;  lvs.  ovate-lanceolate,  serrate,  on 

slender  petioles ;  hds.  on  slender  ped. ;  sc.  downy,  acute.   (T)  Swamps.  l-2f.  Fla.  Sept. 

4  P.  foetlda  DC.    Nearly  glabrous,  very  leafy ;  lvs.  broadly  lanceolate,  acute  or  acu- 

minate at  each  end,  petiolate,  obtusely  snbserrate ;  heads  numerous,  in  paniculate 
corj'mbs  ;  scales  smoothish,  acute.    "H  Open  hills,  W.  &  S.    1— 2f.    Aug.— Oct. 

34.  BACCHARIS,  L.  Groundsel  Tree.  Hds.  discoid,  ^  2 .  Invol. 
imbricate,  cylindric,  or  ovate,  with  subcoriaceous,  ovate. scales.  ^  Sta. 
rxserted.  Recep.  naked.  Pap.  capillary.  5  With  alternate  leaves  and 
white  flowers  in  Autumn. 

1  B.  balfmifolia  L.  Whitish-scurfy  ;  lvs.  obovatc,  incisely-  or  repand-dentate  above, 

the  highest  lanceolate;  panicle  compound,  leafy ;  fascicles  pedunculate,  terminal,  in 
a  dense  panicle.    Sea-coast,  Conn,  to  Fla.    6— 12f.    A  handsome  shrub. 

2  B.  glonieruliflora  Pers.    Minutely  scurfy ;  lvs.  all  obovate,  very  obtuse,  repand- 

few-toothed  ;  heads  in  sessile,  axillary  glomcrules.    Coast,  Va.  to  La.    3 — 6f. 

3  B.  ani^iiKtifoIia  Mx.    Diffusely  branched;  lvs.  linear,  sessile,  entire;  hds.  small, 

15-20-flowercd,  cylindrical,  axillaiy,  loosely  paniculate.    Marshes,  S.    6 — lOf. 

35.  PTEROCAULON,  Ell.  Black-root.  Hds.  many-flowered,  the 
fertile  flowers  $  ,  in  several  rows,  the  sterile  flowers  central,  mostly  $  .  Sc. 
imbricated,  caducous  with  the  fruit,  ?  corollas  3-toothed,  $  5-cleft.  Cyp. 
angular,  hispid.  Pap.  of  equal  capillary  bristles  longer  than  the  involucre. 
11  Rhizome  tuberous.  Leaves  alternate,  decurrent,  and  the  stem  winged. 
Heads  sessile,  croAvded  in  a  thick  woolly  spike. 

P.  pycbnostacbyuiii  Ell.  Simple;  lvs.  lanceolate,  smooth  above,  cream-white- 
tomentous  beneath,  as  well  as  one  side  of  the  wings  of  the  stem.  Sandy  eoils,  8.  2-3f. 
Spike  2—3'.    May— Aug.    A  curious  plant. 

36.  BORRICHIA,  Adans.     Sea  O.x-eye.     Ray  fls.  ligulate,  $  ,  fertile 


172  Order  70.— COMPOSITE. 

Scales  imbricated,  the  outer  leafy.  Recep.  flat,  cliaffy,  the  chaff  rigid,  per- 
Bistcnt.  Fr.  4-angular,  crowned  "with  a  4-toothed  pappus.  ^  +>  Maritime, 
with  opposite  leaves  and  solitary  yellow  heads. 

1  B.  frutescens  DC.  Canescent,  cicwny ;  Ivs.  oblanceolate,  repand,  obtase-cuspidatc, 

Bubconnate  afbase  ;  chaff  of  the  recep.  rigidly  cuspidate.   Marshes,  Va.  to  Fla.    1— 3f. 

2  B.  arborescens  DC.    Smoothish ;  Ivs.  spatulate,  entire ;  chaff  obtuse.   S.Fla.   8f. 

37.  ECLIPTA,  L.  Ray-fls.  $  ,  numerous,  narrow  ;  disk  $  ,  mostly  4- 
toothed.  Scales  10 — 12,  in  two  rows,  leafy,  lance-ovate.  Recep.  flat.  Chaff 
bristly.  Cypsela  somewhat  angular  or  2-edged.  Pap.  0.  (i)  Strigous.  Lvs. 
opposite.  Heads  axillary  and  terminal,  solitary.  Flowers  white.  Fig.  72. 
E.  alba  (L.)   Erect  or  diffuse,  with  short,  appressed  hairs ;  lvs.  lance-oblong,  tapering  to 

each  end,  subserrate ;  ped.  longer  than  the  hds. ;  scales  lanceolate.   Damp  soils,  111.  to 
Md.,andS.  l-3f.  Eays  minute.  (E.  erectaL,  E.  procumbens  Mx.  Cotula  alba  L.,  «&c.) 

38.  GALINSOGA,  R.  &  P.  Rays  4  or  5,  small,  obtuse,  $ .  Invol. 
scales  4  or  5,  ovate,  thin.  Recep.  conical,  chaffy.  Cyp.  angular.  Pappus 
of  small,  fringed  scales,  or  0.  (i)  Leaves  opposite,  3-veined.  Heads  small, 
with  white  rays  and  yellow  disk-flowers. 

«,  parvlflora  Cav.    Lvs.  ovate,  acute,  subserrate  ;  pap.  scales  S— 16.    A  weed  in  cul- 
tivated grounds,  coastward,  Mass.  to  Penn.    1— 3f.    Summer.    §  S.  America, 

39.  POLYMNIA,  L.  Leaf-cup.  Involucre  double,  outer  of  4  or  5 
large,  leafy  scales,  inner  of  about  10  leaflets,  concave.  Ray-flowers  pistil 
late,  few  ;  disk  sterile.  Receptacle  chaffy.  Pappus  none.  U  Coarse  and 
clammy.    Leaves  opposite.    Flowers  yellow. 

1  P.  Canadensis  L.    Viscid-vlllous  ;  lvs.  petiolate,  acuminate,  lower  pinnatifid,  up- 

per 3-lobed  or  entire,  rays  shorter  than  the  invol.    Can.  to  Cur.  and  111.    3— 5f.    Juno. 

2  P.  UTedttlla  L.    Hairy  and  rough,  stout ;  lvs.  3-lobed,  acute,  decurreut  into  the  pet- 

iole, lobes  sinuato-angled  ;  rays  7—12,  much  longer  than  the  involucre.    In  highland 
woods,  N.  Y.  to  111.,  and  S.    3— 6f.    Lvs.  very  large  (as  also  in  No.  1).    Hds.  showy. 

40.  OHRYSOGONUM,  L.  Rays  about  5,  ?  ,  fertile  ;  disk  5  but  stei- 
ile.  Scales  in  two  rows  of  about  5  each,  the  outer  leafy,  the  inner  chaffy, 
Recep.  flat,  chaffy.  Cyp.  of  the  ray  obcompressed,  obovate,  each  embraced 
by  a  chaff  scale,  of  the  disk  abortive.  Pappus  a  small,  2-3-toothed  crown 
U  A  little  prostrate  herb,  with  opposite  leaves  and  solitary,  pedunculate, 
bright  yellow  vernal  flowers. 

C.  Virglnianum  L.— In  rich  shady  soils,  Md.  to  111.,  and  South.    Acaulescent,  finally 
caulescent.    One  of  the  earliest  llowers  of  Spring. 

41.  SILPHIUM,  L.  RosiN-WEED.  Ray-fls.  numerous,  in  2  or  3  roAVs, 
Tcrtile,  outer  row  ligulate ;  disk-fls.  sterile.  Invol.  csempanulate.  Scales  in 
several  series,  leafy  and  spreading  at  summit.  Recep.  small,  flat,  chafly, 
Cyp.  broad,  flat,  obcompressed,  crowned  with  a  2-toothed  pappus.  U  Stout, 
coarse,  resinous  herbs.     Heads  large.    Flowers  yellow.     Summer  (p.  447). 

•  Stem  nearly  leafless,  scape-like.  Lvs.  very  large,  alternate,  mostly  radical Nos.  1 — :} 

•  Stem  leafy.— a  Leav3s  verticillate,  in  whorls  of  3's,  rarely  4's Nos.  4,  5  (i. 

— a  Leaves  opposite,  rarely  the  highest  scattered Nos.  5 — 7 

—a  Leaves  alternate  (the  lowest  opposite  or  verticillate  or  alternate) .  .No.  8 
— «  Leaves  connate  perfoliate No.  9 


OicDEK  :0.-COMPOS1T^.  173 

1  S.  lacinlatum  L.    Polar  Plant.    Very  rough,  with  white,  hippid  hairs ;  leaves  (180 

piunately  parted,  petiolatc,  segments  eiuiiate-lobed  or  entire;  heads  spicate,  distant ^ 
scales  ovate,  appendaged  and  squarrous  at  apes.    Prairies,  W.    5— lOf.    July— Sept. 

2  S.  tercbiiitliiua,ceuni  L.    Prairie  Burdock.    St.  glabrous ;  Ivs.  ovate  to  oblong, 

cordate,  tooth-serrate,  obtuse  (1— 2f ) ;  hds.  panicled ;  scales  round-oval ;  rays  about  20 ; 
fr.  winged.  Prairies,  W.  and  S.  4— 8f.  Exudes  much  res-in.  Hds.  1' broad,  rays  1' long. 
/3.  pinnatmdum,    Lvs.  more  or  less  deeply  lobed  or  pinnatifid.    Prairies. 

3  S.  coniposltum  Mx.    Glabrous  throughout ;  slender,  glaucous ;  lvs,  cordate,  vari. 

ously  sinuate-pinnatifid  with  lobed  segments  ;  hds.  corymbed ;  fr.  roundish-obcordate; 
rays  about  10.  Barrens,  S.  3— 6f.  July,  Aug.   Varies  with  leaves  only  toothed.   Hills. 

4  S.  trifoliatum  L.  St.  glabrous,  terete  or  6-angled;  lvs.  lanceolate,  acute,  short-peti- 

oled,  in  3's  or4"s,  upper  opp. ;  cyme  loose;  fr.  oval,  2-toothed.    Dry,  O.  to  Fla.    4— 6f. 
6  S.  Integrifolium  Mx.    Scabrous ;  st.  4-angled  ;  lvs.  opp.,  sessile,  ovate-lanceolate, 
entire,  cordate  ;  corymb  close ;  fr.  broad-winged,  2-toothed.    Prairies,  W.  and  S.    2— 3f. 
/3.  ternntum.    Stem  6-angled  ;  lvs.  verticillate  in  3"s.    With  the  common  form. 

6  S.  8cal>erriniuin  Ell.    Kough-hispid  ;  lvs.  rigid,  oval,  some  pointed,  serrate,  petio- 

late,  scales  ciliate-serruiate ;  fr.  roundish,  broad-winged,  deeply  notched  at  apex.    W. 
Ga.  to  La.    3 — 4f.    Coiymbed.    Eays  20,  spreading  2^    Fruit  6".    Aug.  Sept. 

7  S.  IseTigatum  Ell.    Glabrous ;  lvs.  lance-oblong,  acute,  serrate,  petiolate ;  scales 

ciliate ;  fruit,  large,  oval,  narrowly  winged,  emarginate.    W.  Ga.  Ala.    2— 3f.    Heads 
small,  loosely  corymbed.    Eays  spreading,  1^^    Fruit  4".    Aug.  Sept. 

8  S.  Asteriscus  L.    Hispid  or  hairj';  lvs.  lanceolate,  crenate-serrate,  petiolate  ;  scales 

leafy  ;  fruit  broad-obovate,  2-toothed.    Dry  soils,  Va.  to  Fla.    2 — 4f.    June— Aug. 
p.  pumilum.    Downy,  low ;  leaves  elliptical ;  heads  small ;  fruit  truncate. 

9  S.  perfoJiatum  L.     Cvp-plant.    Stem  square  ;  leaves  large,  thin,  ovate,  forming  a 

cup  with  their  connate  bases  ;  heads  on  long  peduncles  ;  fruit  broad-obovate,  winged, 
notched.    By  streams,  W.  and  S.    4— Tf.    Heads  large.    July,  Aug. 

42.  BERLANDIERA,  DO.  Ray-fls.  5 ,  fertile,  in  one  series ;  disk  5 
but  sterile.  Scales  in  three  series,  leafy,  siibequal.  Recep.  chaffy.  Pales 
obtuse.  Gyp.  all  marginal,  in  one  row,  obcompressed,  wingless,  obovate, 
adherent  to  the  inner  scales.  Pap.  minute.  2^  Velvety-canescent,  with  alter- 
nate, cordate,  petiolate  leaves  and  yellow  rays. 

1  B.  tomentosa  T.  &  G.    Caulescent,  simple,  white-tomentous  ;  lvs.  oblong,  obtuse, 

crenate  ;  heads  in  small,  dense  corymbs.    Barrens,  S.    1— 2f.    April— Aug. 

2  B.  subacaiills  N.    Acaulescent,  at  length  some  caulescent,  roughish  canescent : 

lvs.  sinuate-pinnatifid  ;  scapes  tall,  bearing  a  single  head.    Ga.  Fla.    May,  June. 

43.  MADIA,  Molina.  Invol.  scales  as  many  as  the  rays,  complicate 
and  embracing  the  compressed  cypselaj.  Recep.  chaffy  at  its  border.  Rays 
5 — 15,  5  ;  disk-fls.  5  ,  but  often  sterile.    Pap.  0.    ©  Hairy  and  glandular. 

IWr.  ELEQANS.    Lvs.  lancc-llnear,  sessile  ;  heads  corymbed ;  rays  linear-cuneate,  3-toothed 
at  apex,  yellow,  with  a  purple  base.    From  California,  very  showy.    (Madaria,  DC.) 

44.  SPHENOG'i'NE,  Br.  Invol.  imbricate.  Sc.  with  broad  scarious 
tips.  Recep.  chaffy,  pales  embracing  the  flowers.  Rays  neutre  ;  disk-fls. 
5 .  Gyp.  hairy.  Pap.  of  obtuse,  contorted,  chaff-scales. — S.  Afr.  Lvs.  alternate. 

S.  SPEciosA.    Leaves  pinnatifid,  with  oblong  cut  segments  ;  rays  linear-oblong,  spread- 
ing 2^  yellow,  disk  dark  purple.    ®  If.    Blooms  profusely  from  July  to  Oct. 

45.  PARTHENIUM,  L.  Rays  5,  very  short,  fertile ;  disk-fls.  oo,  tu- 
bular, steiilc.    Invol.  hemispherical.    Sc.  in  two  scries,  outer  ovate,  inner 


17i  Order  TO.— CO.MPOSIT.E. 

orbicular.  Reccp.  conical,  chaff}'.  Cyp.  5,  com  pressed,  cohering  with  2  con- 
tiguous pales.     American  herbs  with  alternate  leaves.    (Flowers  white.) 

1  P,  integrifolinm  L.    Pubescent,  rigidlj'  erect;  Ive.  lanoe-ovato,  coarsely  dcntato- 

crenate.  coriaceous  ;  hds.  many,  corymbed.    U  Dry.  Md.,  W.  and  S.  3— 5f.    Jl.— Sept. 

2  P.  Hysteropliorus  L.  '  Puberulent.  decumbent ;  Ivs.  bipinnatifid.  the  npper  lin- 

ear ;  heads  numerous,  very  small,  in  a  diffuse  panicle.    River  banks,  Fla.  to  La. 

46.  IV A,  L.  Marsh  Elder.  Highwater  Shrub.  Hds.  discoid,  mo- 
Ticecious.  Invol.  of  3 — 9  scales,  distinct  or  partly  united.  ]\Iarginal  fis. 
1 — 5,  fertile,  the  others  sterile.  Recep.  chaff3^  Cyp.  obconic,  obtuse.  Pap. 
none.    Herbs  or  shrubs.    Lower  Ivs.  opposite.    Hds.  small,  green isli  white 

1  I.  frutescens  L.    Shrubby;  Ivs.  fleshy,  lanceolate,  coarsely  serrate,  upper  lance 

linear,  entire  ;  hds.  dxillary ;  scales  5,  distinct,  rounded  ;  cypselse  5.    Borders  of  sa^ 
marshes,  Mass.  to  Fla.  3 — 8f.  bushy.  Racemes  paniculate,  hds.  drooping.  Julj'— Sept 

2  I.  cllitita  Willd.    Annual,  hairy ;  Ivs.  lance-ovate,  acuminate,  coarr>ely  toothed  ;  hds. 

spicate ;  sc.  3,  distinct,  roundish,  ciliate  ;  cyp.  3.    Wet.    HI.  to  La.    .3— 7f.    Aug.— Oct. 

3  I.  Imbrlcarla  Walt,    n  Terete,  glabrous ;  Ivs.  fleshy,  linear-lanceolate.  .3-veined, 

sessile ;  heads  drooping,  in  leafy  racemes ;  scales  G — t),  obtuse,  imbricated  in  2  rows, 
with  tont  edges.    Sea-coast,  S.    1— 2f. 

47.  AMBROSIA,  Tourn.  Horse-weed.  Monoecious.  Sterile  involucre 
of  several  scales  united  into  a  depressed,  hemispherical  cup,  many-flowered. 
Antli.  approximate,  but  distinct.  Fertile  involucre  1-leaved,  en  tire,  or  5- 
toothed,  1-flowered.  Cor.  0.  Sty.  2.  Sta.  0. — Herbaceous  plants  with  mostly 
opposite  leaves  and  unsightly  flowers.    July — Sept.    Figs.  73,  342. 

§  sterile  heads  sessile,  densely  spicate,  chaffy.    Leaves  alternate .No.  1 

§  Sterile  heads  pedicellate,  racemed,  not  chafty.— a  Leaves  opposite No.  2 

—a  Leaves  alternate Nos.  3,  4 

1  A.  bidcntata  Mx.    Hairy  and  leafy,  with  simple  branches  ;  Ivs.  sessile  or  clasping, 

oblong,  with  a  single  tooth  on  each  side  near  the  base;  fertile  hds.  axillary;  fr.  4-«n- 
gled,  acutely  pointed,  the  ribs  produced  into  4  short  spines,  (i)  Prairies,  111.  to  La.  l-,3f. 

2  A.  trifida  L.    Rough-hairy;  Ivs.  3-lobed,  serrate,  lobes  oval-lanceolate,  acuminate ; 

fr.  with  6  ribs  ending  bt'low  the  conical  top.    (i)  Along  streams,  &c.    5— lOf.    Aug. 
/3.  integ-rifoUa,    Leaves  ovate,  acuminate,  often  some  of  them  3-lobed, 

3  A.  artcmislEefolla  L.    Ilog-ioeed.    Lvs.  twice-pinnatifid,  smoothish,  petioles  cih 

ate;  sterile  hds.  in  panicled  racemes,  fertile  axillary,  sessile.    (T)  (lardcns.  fields.  2-3f 

4  A.  psilostacliya  DC.    Whitish,  woolly,  branching  and  leafy :  lvs.  rigid,  the  lower 

opp.,  bipinnatifid,  upper  pinnatifid ;  rac.  spike-like ;  fr.  hairy,  (i)  Prairies,  Wis.  to  Tex. 

48.  XANTHIUM,  Tourn.  Clot-weed.  Monoecious,  S  Hds.  spicato 
above.  Scales  distinct,  in  one  row.  Anth.  approximate,  but  distinct.  Recep. 
chaffy.  $  Invol.  clustered  below,  2-lvd.,  clothed  with  hooked  prickles,  1-  or 
2-beaked,  enclosing  2  fls.     Sta.  0.     (T)  Coarse  weeds  wjtli  alternate  leaves. 

1  X.  Strumariiiin  L.    Rough,unarmed,  branching;  lvs.  cordate,  lobed,  .3-veincd. un- 

equally serrate  :  fruit  elliptical,  armed  with  stiff,  hooked  thorns,  and  ending  with  2 
spreading,  straight  horns.    Fields,  ways:3e*,  N.,  M.    2 — 3f.    Aug.    Unsightly. 

2  X.  spinosuiu  L.    Whitish-downy,  armed  with  triple,  slender,  subaxillary  spines; 

lvs.  lance-ovate,  3-lobed,  dentate,  or  entire  ;  ?  invol.  oblong    Waysides,  &c.  2f.  Sept. 

49.  MELANTHERA,  Cass.  Fls.  all  tubular,  ?  .  Scales  in  2  subequnl 
Beries.   Recep.  cliafly,  the  pales  partly  investing  the  fls.  Cyp.  short,  truncate, 


Order  70.— COMPOSITE.  175 

angular.  Pap.  a  few  minute  caducous  awns  or  bristles.  2^  Scabrous,  with 
square  stems,  opposite,  petiolecl,  3-veinecl  leaves  and  long  peduncled  heads. 
Corolla  white.    Anthers  black,  tipped  with  a  white  appendage. 

1  ]?I.  liastata  Mx.    Lvs.  hastately  3-lobed,  acuminate,  dentate  ;  pc.  lance-ovate,  acu- 

minate, pales  rigid,  cu?p-pointed.    Dry  soils,  S.  Car.  to  Fla.,  and  W.  3— 6f,  Jl.— Sept. 

2  KI.  deltoidea  Mx.    Lvs.  ovate-deltoid;  scales  ovate;  pales  or  chaff  obtnse.    S.  Fia. 

50.  ZINNIA,  L.  Ray-fls.  ligulale,  $  ;  disk  tubular,  5? .  Sc.  oval,  mar- 
gined, imbricate.  Recep.  chaffy,  conical.  Pap.  of  the  disk  of  1  or  2  erect, 
flat  awns,  (i)  American  herbs,  with  opposite,  entire  leaves  and  solitary 
terminal  heads.    Rays  bright-colored,  showy. 

1  X.  multiflora  L.  Lvs.  lance-obloug,  eese. ;  peduncles  scarcely  longer  than  the  lvs. ; 

rays  oval,  shorter  than  the  invol. ;  fr.  l-awned  ;  pales  entire.  Fields,  S.  6'-2f.  May,Ju.  § 

2  Z.  ELEGANs  L.    Lvs.  ovate,  cordate,  sessile  and  clasping ;  peduncles  much  longer  than 

the  leaves  ;  pales  serrated;  fruit  2-awned.    Mexico.    2 — 4f.    Fls.  single  or  double,  of 
all  colors,  often  brilliant,  blooming  in  gardens  throughout  the  Summer. 

51.  HELIOPSIS,  Pers.  Ox-eye.  Invol.  imbricate,  with  ovate,  sub- 
equal  scales.  Rays  linear,  large,  $  ;  disk  ? .  Recep.  chaffy,  conical,  the 
pales  lanceolate.  Fruit  4-sided.  Pappus  0.  U  Leaves  opposite.  Heads 
large.    Flowers  yellow,  like  Helianthus. 

n.  laevls  Pers.    St.  smooth ;  lvs.  ovate-oblong  to  lanceolate,  coarsely  serrate,  petiolate, 
3-veined,  smooth  beneath.    Hedges  and  thickets  :  common.    3— 5f.    June,  July. 
p.  g-rdcilis.    Slender,  2f ;  lvs.  lance-ovate,  scabrous,  acute  at  base, 
y.  scabra.    Stem  and  leaves  scabrous,  yellowi.'^h  ;  leaves  truncate  at  base.   W.    6f. 

52.  TETRAGONOTHEOA,  Dill.  Hds.  radiate.  Invol.  double,  the 
outer  of  4  leafy  bracts  united  at  base,  the  inner  of  8  small  scales  similar  to 
the  chaff  of  the  conical  receptacle.  Ach.  smooth,  truncate,  destitute  of 
pappus.  1i  Clothed  with  viscid  haii-s,  opposite  leaves,  with  1  or  few  3'el- 
low-flowcrcd,  large  heads,  on  long  peduncles. 

T.  lieliaiithoides  L.— Sandy  soils,  Va.,  and  S.    3f,    A  stout,  coarse,  unsightly  herb. 
Leaves  ovate,  sessile,  repand-toothed.    Rays  spreading  nearly  3'.    April— June. 

53.  ECHINACEA,  IMoench.  Purple  Cone-ft-owek.  Scales  of  the 
invol.  in  2  or  3  rows.  Ray-fls.  neutral ;  disk-fls.  5  •  Recep.  conic,  bristling 
with  stiff,  spiny  pales.  Cyp.  4-angled.  Pap.  a  few  teeth.  U  Branches  each 
with  1  large  head.    Leaves  alternate.    Rays  rose-purple,  drooping. 

1  E.  purpurea  Moench.    Very  rough  ;  lower  lvs.  broad-ovate,  5-veined,  cauline  lance- 

ovate,  acuminate,  nearly  entire  ;  rays  12—15,  very  long  (-2—3'),  bifid.   Thickets,  W.  and 
S.    4f.    July-Sept.— Varies  in  roughness,  and  with  white  rays.    (See  Addenda.) 

2  E.  aiigiistirolia  DC.    St.  hispid,  slender ;  lvs.  all  entire,  hispid-pubescent,  3-vein  , 

ed,  lanceolate  to  lance-linear;  rays  12—15,  narrow,  1—2^  long.    Prairies  and  marshes, 
111.  Mo.,  and  S,    2— 3f.    Rays  sometimes  white.    May— July.    (See  Addenda.) 

3  E.  atrorubcns  N.    Smooth  or  rough ;  stem  simple,  furrowed  ;  lvs.  lance-linear  to 

linear,  rigid,  the  lower  3-veined;  rays  8 — 11,  shorter  than  the  disk  (1') ;  scales  in  3 
rows ;  pappus  of  4  teeth.    Damp  barrens,  Ga.  Fla.,  and  W.    2f.    June— Aug. 

54.  RUDBECKIA,  L.  Invol.  scales  nearly  equal,  leafy,  in  a  double 
row,  6  in  each.     Ray-fls.  neutral ;  disk  5  .    Recep.  conic  ov  columnar,  with 


176  Order  70.— COMPOSITE. 

unai-med  pales  or  cliaff.    Cyp.  4-angled.    Pap.  a  lacerate  or  toothed  mar- 
gin, or  0.     IX  Leaves  alternate.     Heads  large.    Rays  yellow. 

§  Kays  large,  drooping.— a  Leaves  divided.    Disk  ovoid  or  rounded Nos.  1,  S 

—o  Leaves  undivided.    Disk  columnar Nos.  3,  4 

§  Rays  spreading.    Disk  dark  purple,  conical  or  rounded..  .(6) 

b  Leaves  deeply  lobed  or  parted,  the  upper  undivided Nos.  5,  6 

b  Leaves  undivided.— c  Pales  of  tlie  disk  whitisii  downy Nos.  7,  8 

—c  Pales  dark  purple  as  well  as  the  flowers Nos.  9—12 

1  R.  lacinlata  L.    Glabrous :  lower  Iea%  es  pinnate,  segments  3-lobed,  upper  leaves 

ovate  ;  disk  ovoid,  yellowish,  pales  truncate.    Swamps.    3— 5f.    Eays  near  2'.    Aug. 

2  K.  lieteropliylla  T.  &  G.    Downy;  Ivs.  coarsely  toothed,  3-6-lobed  or  parted,  the 

lowest  often  round-cordate,  highest  ovate  ;  disk  globous  ;  pales  acute.  Fla.  4f.   Aug. 

8  R.  maxima  N.    Glabrous  ;  leaves  thin,  ample,  oval  to  oblong,  subentire,  the  upper 

clasping  ;  head  solitary,  on  a  long  ped. ;  rays  2'.    Wet  barrens,  Fla.  to  La.    7f.    Aug. 

4  R.  nitida  N.    Glabrous  and  shining ;  leaves  thick,  lanceolate,  acute,  3-5-veined ; 

heads  few  or  solitary ;  disk  brown  ;  rays  9—12,  near  2'.    Swamps,  S.    4f.    July. 

5  R.  subtomento.«ia  Ph.    Tomentous-downy,  coiymbous  ;  leaves  serrate,  the  lower 

3-parted  or  lobed,  upper  ovate;  disk  globular;  pales  bearded,  obtuse ;  rays  10—15, 
orange-yellow,  1^    Prairies,  W.  and  S-W.    .3— 5f.    July,  Aug. 

6  R.  triloba  L.    Hairy,  paniculately  branched;  Ivs.  coarsely  serrate,  3-lobed  to  ovate- 

lanceolate,  the  lowest  cut-pinnate  or  undivided  ;  hds.  rather  small,  disk  conical,  dark 
purple  ;  pales  smooth,  awned.    Fields.    M.,  W.    3 — 4f.    Aug.  Sept. 

7  R.  mollis  Ell.    Soft-woolly  all  over;  Ivs,  oblong,  sessile  or  clasping ;  sc.  reflexed  ; 

disk  dark  purp.,with  canescent  pales  ;  rays  15-20, 1'.  W.  Ga.  2-3f.  Lvs.  small.  Aug.-Oct. 

8  R.  Heliopsidls  T.  &  G.    Slightly  downy  ;  lvs.  ovate  or  oval,  5-veined,  petiolate ; 

6C.  obtuse,  squarrous,  rays  10—12;  pales  canescent.  W.  Ga.  and  Ala.   l-2f.   Aug.  Sept. 

9  R.  liirta  L.    Very  rough-hairy ;  ped.  leafless  ;  lvs.  ovate-spatulate,  3-veined,  petio- 

late, mostly  entire,  upper  ones  sessile,  lance-ovate  ;  scales  in  3  rows ;  rays  oval,  12 — 15  ; 
disk  rounded,  dark  brown  ;  pales  bearded.    Fields.    2f.    Showy.    July— Sept. 

10  R.  fulgida  Ait.  Eough-hirsute ;  branches  leafless  above;  lvs.  ovate  to  lance-ub- 
long,  remotely  dentate,  lower  petiolate  ;  scales  oblong,  spreading  as  long  as  the  12 — 14 
orange  rays;  pales  glabrous,  lin. -oblong,  obtuse.  Mts.  Pa.  toO.,  and  S.  l-3f.  July-Oct. 

11  R.  spectosa  Wend.  Hairy  and  downy ;  branches  slender,  leafless  above ;  lvs.  strong- 
ly dentate,  acuminate,  ovate  to  lanceolate,  5-3-veined,  lower  long-petiolate  ;  sc.  much 
shorter  than  the  18  rays  ;  pales  smooth,  acute.    111.  to  Va.    2— 4f.    Aug.-Oct. 

12  R.  AMPLEXiFoi.iA.  (J)  Branching,  glabrous;  lvs.  cordate-clasping;  rays  spotted  at 
base,  brilliant.    La.    (Dracopsis.) 

55.  LEPAOHYS,  Raf.  In  vol.  in  one  series  of  linear  scales.  Ray-fls. 
few,  neutral ;  disk  $  .  Recep.  columnar,  chaffy.  Chaff  obtuse,  and  bearded 
at  apex.  Pap.  0.  Fertile  achenia  compressed,  1-3-winged.  U  Lvs.  alter- 
nate, pinnately  divided.   Hds.  with  long,  drooping,  yellow  rays.  June-Sept. 

1  li.  pinnata  T.  &  G.    Rough ;  lvs.  all  pinnate,  divisions  5—7,  2-parted  or  entire ; 

rays  light  yellow,  twice  longer  than  the  ovoid  yellowish  disk.  W.  N-Y.,  W.  and  S.  2-4f. 

2  Li.  columnarls.    Rough,  branching ;  root  lvs.  undivided,  oblanceolate ;  stem  lvs. 

pinnatifid  ;  disk  nearly  2'  long,  longer  than  the  5—8  broad  rays,  which,  in  Variety  pul- 
cherrima,  are  crimson,  tipped  with  yellow.    Montana.    2f. 

56.  HELIANTHUS,  L.  Sun-flower.  Ray-fl^.  neutral ;  disk  5.  Sc. 
of  the  invol,  imbricated  in  several  series.  Recep.  flat  or  convex,  the  chaff 
persistent,  embracing  the  fruit.  Pap.  of  2  or  4  chaiffy  awns,  mostly  decidu- 
ous.   Fruit  compressed  or  4-angled.    ®  2^  Rough.    Lvs.  opposite,  the  up- 


Order  70.— COMPOSITtE.  177 

per  often  alternate,  mostly  tripli-veined.    Rays  j-ellow  ;  disk  yellow  or  pur- 
pie :  in  late  Summer  and  Autumn.    Figs.  74,  261,  433-4. 

§  IIeliaxthella  (T.  &  G.)    Pap.  perisistcut.    Lvs.  scattered,  1-veiiied Nos.  24,  25 

$  VEJ.iAyirnL-s proper.    Pappus  deciduous.    Lower  leaves  opposite..  .(*) 

*  Disk  (its  corollas  and  pale?)  dark  purple,  mostly  convex..  ,(c) 

a  Herbs  annual.    Leaves  chiefly  alternate Nos.  1,  2 

a  Herbs  perennial.    Leaves  opposite. — e  Scales  acuminate ....Nos.  3 — 5 

—e  Sc.  obtuse  or  barely  acute.  .Nos.  6,  7 

•  Disk  (its  corollas  and  pales)  yellow. .  .(b) 

b  Leaves  chiefly  alternate  and  feather-veined Nos.  8—11 

b  Leaves  chiefly  opposite  and  3-veined  or  tripli-veined. .  .(c) 

c  Scales  erect,  closely  imbricated.— /  Plants  green,  rough Nos.  12,  1.3 

— /  Plants  whitish,  doAvny..  .Nos.  14,  15 
c  Scales  loosely  spreading.    Heads  large,  9-15-rayed. .  .{d) 

d  Scales  lance-linear,  longer  than  disk.    Leaves  thin Nos.  16, 17 

d  Scalet  lance-ovate,  as  long  as  the  disk.    Leaves  thick. .  .Noo.  18 — 21 
c  Scales  looseij  spreading.    Heads  small,  5-S-rayed Nos.  22,  23 

1  H.  annnns  L.    Great  Svnfimver.   Erect,  stout ;  lvs.  all  cordate,  only  the  lowest  op- 

posite ;  hds.  very  large  (6 — 120,  nodding ;  fr.  glabrous.  Gardens  and  fields.   2— lOf.  §  S. 
America.— A  variety  with  the  flowers  all  ligulate  is  sometimes  found  in  gardens. 

2  H.  debllls  N.    Decumbent,  slender;  leaves  mostly  alternate,  ovate,  serrulate,  petio- 

late  ;  hds.  small ;  scales  with  slender  points  ;  fr.  pubescent.  Shores,  E.  Fla.  to  La.  l-2f. 

3  H.  Radula  T.  &  G.    Hirsute,  simple,  bearing  a  single  head  ;  lvs.  roundish-obovate 

or  ovate,  obtuse  ;  scales  and  pales  lanceolate,  acuminate,  erect ;  rays  7—10,  rarely  0. 
11  Barrens,  Ga.  Fla.  Ala.    1— 3f.    Often  growing  in  clusters.    Hds.  near  1^    Aug.  Sept. 

4  H.  lieteropliyllus  N.    Slightly  hispid,  slender,  bearing  a  single  head  ;  lvs.  entire, 

the  lower  oval,  upper  linear-lanceolate  ;  scales  acuminate,  erect,  ciliate  ;  pales  acute  ; 
rays  12—18.    il  S.    1— 3f.    Heads  6'^  diam.,  rays  spreading  2f'.    Aug.  Sept. 
6  H.  angiistlfolins  L.    Erect,  slender,  scabrous  or  hispid  ;  lvs.  lance-linear,  taper- 
ing to  a  long  point,  l-veined,  rigid;  heads  few;  scales  lance-linear,  the  long  point 
spreading ;  pales  linear,  3-toothed,    Dry  soils.    N.  J.,  Ky.  and  S.    2— 3f.    Aug.— Oct. 

6  H,  rigidns  Dcsf.    Rigid,  subsimple ;  lvs.  lanceolate,  pointed,  rough  both  sides ;  hds. 

few  ;  scales  ovate,  acute,  short;  rays  12—20.    Prairies,  "Wis.  Mo.  to  La.    2 — 3f. 

7  H.  atrorubeiis  L.    Ped.  few,  long,  leafless  ;  st.  hirsute  below ;  lvs.  ovate  or  oval, 

obtnsish,  on  winged  petioles  ;  sc.  oblong,  obtuse,  .3-veined.   Dry  soils.   S.   2 — 4f. 

8  H.  gigantens  L.    Rough  or  hairy ;  lvs.  lanceolate,  serrate,  pointed,  on  ciliate,  wing- 

ed petioles ;  scales  lance-linear,  ciliate  ;  rays  12—20 ;  pappus  of  2  short,  fringed  scales 
Can.  to  Car.  and  Ky.    4— lOf.— Varies  with  the  leaves  mostly  opposite. 

9  H.  tomentosiis  Mx.    Stout,  pubescent,  branched ;  lvs.  ovate  to  long-lanceolate, 

acuminate,  snbentire,  the  lower  ])etiolate ;  scales  long-pointed,  villous,  spreading ; 
pales  hairy  and  .3-toothed  at  top.    Dry  hills.  111.  to  Ga.    4 — 8f.    Rays  W. 

10  H,  grcsse-serratiis  Martens.  St.  smooth  and  glaucous;  lvs.  lanceolate  or  lanco- 
ovate,  long-acuminate,  sharply  serrate,  downy  beneath,  on  winged  stalks ;  scales 
loose,  subulate,  as  long  as  the  disk  ;  rays  15—20.    W.  and  S.    4 — 6f. 

11  H.  tiiberosiis  L.  Jerusalem  Artichoke.  Root  bearing  oblong  tubers  ;  lvs.  cordattt- 
ovate  to  ovate,  acuminate  ;  petioles  ciliate.    Fields,  hedges.    4f.  ^  §  Brazil. 

12  H.  laetlflorus  Pers.  St.  branched  above  ;  lvs.  thick,  lance-oval,  pointed,  serrate, 
on  short  stalks  ;  scales  ovate-lanceolate  ;  rays  12—20,  2'.   Woods.  W.  and  S-W.    3— 4f. 

13  H.  occidentalis  Riddcll.  Slender,  simple,  nearly  naked  above;  lvs,  oval,  sub- 
serrate,  on  long  hairy  petioles;  hds.  1 — 5,  small ;  scales  lance-oval.    Sandy.    W.    3f. 

14  H.  mollis  Lam.  Canescent-tomcntous,  subsimple;  lvs.  ovate,  sessile,  cordate- 
claspiui;-,  acuminate;  sc.  lanceolate  ;  pales  entire,  acute  ;  rays  15 — 25.    O.  toMo.  2 — 4f. 

15  H.  ciiiereiis,  ^.  StilUviiniii  (T.  &  G.)  Cinereous-pubescent;  stem  virgate, 
branched  above  ;  ivs.  ovate-oblong,  narrowed  to  the  sessile  base,  the  lower  to  a  winged 
petiole  ;  pales  i)oi:ited,  with  2  lateral  teeth  ;  rays  about  20.    Ohio.    2— 3f. 


178  Order  70.— COMPOSITE. 

1 6  H.  decapetalus  L.  Lvs,  all  opposite,  thin,  ovate,  acuminate,  toothed,  on  winged 
ptalks,  scabrous  above,  smoothish  beneath.— Varies  with  the  invol.  scales  enlarged 
and  leaflike,  or  only  lance-linear.    Can.  to  Penn.    3— 4f. 

1 7  H.  traclicllilolius  Willd.  Branch  Ivs.  alteraate,  thin,  appressed-serrate,  acumi- 
nate, all  ovate  to  lance-linear  ;  pales  3-toothed  ;  raj's  T2— 15.    Thickets,  W.    3 — 8f. 

18  H.  doronicoides  Lam.  Branching;  Ivs.  ovate  to  lance-ovate,  acuminate,  ser- 
rate ;  scales  lance-linear  ;  rays  12—15,  ly,  very  showy.    \V.  and  S.    4— 7f. 

/3.  plena-flora.    Flowers  all  ligulate.    Gardens.    Very  handsome. 

19  H.  strumosus  L.  Smooth  below;  Ivs.  all  similar,  ovate-lanceolate,  acuminate, 
eeiTulate;  heads  few,  about  ]0-rayed;  scales  ciliate,  squarrous.    Swamps.    3— 5f. 

20  H.  liirsutus  Raf.  St.  simple  or  forked,  hirsute  ;  Ivs.  petiolate,  ovate-lanceolate, 
pubserrate,  hirsute  beneath  ;  scales  lance-ovate,  hairy ;  rays  11—15.  Dry,  W.  and  S.  Of. 

/3.  pubcgcena.    Leaves  tomentous  beneath,  subsessile.    (U.  pubescens  Hook.) 

21  H.  dlvarlcatiis  L.  St.  smooth,  simple,  or  forked  ;  Ivs.  rough,  lance-ovate, ^long- 
pointed  from  an  abrupt  sessile  base;  heads  few,  corymbons.    Woods,  &c.    4— 5f. 

p.  ?  scahirrimus.    Stem  subsimple ;  leaves  thick,  exceedingly  rough  and  rigid, 
opposite  or  temately  verticillate,  rounded  at  basp      W. 

22  H.  microceplialus  T.  &  G.  St.  smooth  or  hispid,  branched ;  Ivs.  lanceolate, 
acuminate,  narrowed  to  a  short  petiole,  rough  above,  whitish-downy  beneath  ;  scales 
lajiceolate  ;  rays  5—8,  spreading  V.    Dry,  W.  and  S.    3— 5f.  (H.  Schweinitzii  T.  &  G.) 

23  H.  loiiglfolius  Ph.  Smooth  throughout,  branching  ;  Ivs.  lance-oblong  to  lance- 
linear,  acute,  the  lowest  petiolate,  serrulate ;  heads  few ;  scales  ovate-lanceolate  • 
rays  6— 10,  spreading  1  J— 2'.    Damp.    S.    3— 5f.    (IL  lajvigatus  T.  &  G.) 

24  H.  grandiflorus.  Rough-downy ;  simple,  leafy ;  Ivs.l— 2', lancc-linear,  sessile; 
scales  lanceolate,  loose  ;  rays  15—20,  near  2' ;  pappus  2  fringed  scales.    I].  Fla.    3f. 

25  H.  teniiifollus.  Rough-hairy,  simple  ;  Ivs.  narrow-linear ;  scales  lance-subulate, 
loose  ;  rays  10—13  (15'0  ;  pappus  ^-4  awns.    W.  Fla.    1— 2f.    Leaves  2—3'.    July. 

57.  ACTINOMERIS,  Niitt.  Heads  many-flwd. ;  ray-fls.  4—14,  rarely 
0.  luvol.  scales  foliaceoiis,  siibequal,  in  1 — 3  series.  Recep.  conical  or  con- 
vex, chaffy.  Ach.  compressed,  flat,  obovate,  mostly  winged  and  2-awned. 
%  Plants  tall,  with  3-veined,  serrate  leaves.  Heads  coiymbous.  Rays 
when  present  yellow.    Autumn. 

§  AcTiMERis.    Pappus  of  2  awns.    Stems  tall,  cor}^mbou8 ...  (a) 

§  AcH.«TA,    Pappus  wanting.    Cypsela  winged.    Stems  low,  simple.    Jn.Jl No.  i 

a  Rays  Avanting.    Disk  corollas  white.    Stem  narrowly  winged No.  2 

a  Rays  4 — 14,  flowera  all  yellow.    Scales  in  2  or  3  scries Nos.  3—5 

1  A.  pauclflora  N.  Lvs.  opp.  or  alternate,  lanceolate  to  elliptical,  rigid,  obtuse ;  hds. 

1—3,  discoid,  yellow  ;  fr.  narrowly  winged,  the  disk  cupshaped.    Barrens,  Fla.    1— 2r. 

2  A.  alba  T.  «fc  G.    Lvs.  narrow-lanceolate,  acute  both  ways,  serrulate ;  scales  lance- 

linear,  few,  in  one  scries  ;  fruit  broadly  winged.    S.  Car.  to  Fla.  and  La.    7f. 

3  A.  lieliantlioides  N.    Stem  winged;  lvs.  alternate,  ovate-lanceolate,  decuvrent, 

acuminate,  serrate,  rough,  hairy;   rays  1'  long,  6—14,  unequal;  scales  erect;  frait 
narrowly  winged.    Copses,  prairies,  Ohio  to  Ga.,  and  W.    2 — 4f.    June,  July. 

4  A.  sqiiarrosa  N.    Stem  winged,  tall  (0— lOf) ;  lvs.  altemate,  some  opposite,  lance- 

oblong,  long  (6—140,  pointed  both  ways,  decurrent ;  heads  small ;  scales  spreading  cr 
deflexed;  rays  4— 8,  regular,  short.    Alluvion,  N.  Y.,  W.  and  S.    Homely. 

5  A.  iiudicaulis  N.    Stem  wingless,  branched  and  leafless  above ;  lvs.  oblong,  un- 

equally serrate,  closely  sessile ;  rays  T— 12,  broadly  winged.    Ga.  Fla.  Ala.    2— 3f. 

58.  COREOPSIS,  L.  Tick-seed.  Rays  about  8,  rarely  0.  Involucre 
double,  eacli  G-12-leaved.  l^eccp.  chaffy.  Cyp.  obcomprcssed,  cmarginate, 
each  commonly  with  a  2-toothcd,  upwardly-hispid   pappus,  somctinwis 


Order  70.— COMPOSIT^E.  179 

none     Leaves  mostly  opposite.    Rays  usiiall}'- yellow ;  disk-flowers  yellow 
or  dark  purple. 

%  Corollas  of  the  disk  dark  purple.,  .(a) 

a  Ray-flowcrB  yellow  with  a  purple  base.    Achenia  incurved Nos.  1—3 

a  Ray-flowert!  wholly  yellow.  Achenia  not  incurv^ed,  2-a\\Tied.  Summer Nos.  4 — 6 

I  Corollas  of  the  dit»k  yellow.    Rays  rose-colored.    Leaves  simple Nos.  7,  8 

§  Corollas  of  the  disk  and  ray  all  yellow  (disk  brownish  in  No.  9)..  .(ft) 

b  Leaves  sessile,  divided  often  so  as  to  appear  verticillate Nos.  9— I'P 

b  Leaves  petiolate,  never  serrate, — c  pinnate  with  lance-linear  segments.. Nos.  1.3, 14 

— c  simple,  or  rarely  auricled  below Nos.  15, 16 

ft  Leaves  petiolate,  serrated,—*^  simple.    Achenia  awns  obsolete Nos.  17,  18 

—d  compound. — e  Rays  about  8 Nos.  19— 11 

— e  Rays  wanting Nos.  22,  23 

1  C  DRU3iM6NDir.    (T)  Pubescent;  Ivs.  pinnately  (l-5)-divided ;  segm.  oval  or  oblong, 

entire ;  so.  lance-acuminate  ;  rays  unequally  5-toothed.  Tex.  l-2f.  Rays  ample,  showy. 
jS.  atroaang-uinea,  A  garden  variety,  with  the  rays  wholly  dark  purple.  July-Oct, 

2  C,  TiNCTORiA.   (D  Glabrous  ;  Ivs.  alternate,  some  pinnate ;  lobes  lin. -oblong  and  linear ; 

scales  very  short,  acute ;  rays  3-lobed  at  apex.    Nebraska.    l-3f.    Beautiful.    Summer. 

3  C  Atkin'soniana.    %  Lf.  lobes  linear-spatnlate  to  linear ;  so.  oblong',  obtuse  ;  rays  3- 

lobed ;  fr.  distinctly  winged.   Columbia  River,  Greg.  Hds.  handsome,  like  C.  tinctoria. 

4  C.  gladiikta  Walt.    St.  terete;  Ivs.  alternate,  thick,  some  ternately  divided;  lance- 

oblong  to  lance-linear  ;  outer  scales  lance-ovate  ;  fr.  fringed,  awns  2,  slender;  rays  3- 
toothed  at  the  dilated  apex.    Moist  barrens,  S.    2— 3f.    Heads  several,  corymbed. 
6  C.  angiistifolia  Ait.    St.  square  ;  Ivs.  opposite  (mostlj'),  undivided,  spatulate  to  lin- 
ear, obtuse ;  outer  sc.  ovate,  obtuse :  fr.  wing-fringed,  awns  2,  short ;  rays  3-lobed.    S. 

6  C  jEmlerl  Ell.    St.  angular  above  ;  Ivs.  opp.,  lance-ovate  to  lanceolate  ;  outer  scales 

oblong,  obtuse ;  fruit  margined,  ciliate,  the  2  awns  very  short.    Ga.  (Elliott)  and  Fla. 

7  C.  niidata  Nutt.   Vcrj'  slender;  Ivs.  few,  terete,  rush-like,  alternate,  the  lower  very 

long  ;  hds.  few ;  raj-s  wedge-obovate,  crenate-lobed  at  apex.    %  Swamps,  Ga.  Fla.    2f. 

8  C  rosea  N.    Branching ;  Ivs.  opp.,  1-veined,  linear ;  ped.  short ;  outer  sc.  veiy  short ; 

rays  oblong,  obscurely  tridentate.  71  Wet  grounds,  Ms.  to  Ga.  8-16'.  Delicate.  Jl.  Aug. 

J)  C.  senifolia  Mx.  Minutely  downy  or  glabrous ;  Ivs.  opposite,  ternato,  sessile,  ap- 
pearing in  whorls  of  6;  Ifts.  ovate-lanceolate,  varying  to  linear-lanceolate  or  even  to 
linear  ;  scales  downy,  obtuse  ;  rays  entire.    "2^  Dry,  Va.  Ky.  to  Ga.    1— 2f.    July,  Aug. 

IOC.  dclpliinif'olia  Lam.  Lvs.  opp.,  sessile,  divided  into  Ifts.  which  are  each  again 
2-5-parted ;  seg.  linear,  entire,  acute  ;  disk-fls.  brown  at  the  tips.  U  Va.  to  Fla.  2f.  Aug. 

1 1  €.  verticlllata  L.  Branched ;  lvs.  3-divided,  closely  sessile,  the  divisions  1-2-pin 
nately-parted  ;  seg.  filiform-lin. ;  rays  1-3-toothed.  U  Moist,  Md.  to  Ga.  l-3f.  Jn.-Aug. 

1 2  C.  palmata  N.  St.  angled,  striate,  leafy  to  top  ;  lvs.  sessile,  deeply  3-cleft,  rigid  • 
lobes  linear,  acutish,  entire  or  again  cleft;  fr.  linear-elliptic.  2^  Prairies,  W.  1-2.  July. 

1 3  C  triptcris  L.  St.  simple,  tall,  corj-mbous  ;  lvs.  opp.,  stalked,  thick.  3-5-divided : 
seg.  lin. -lanceolate,  entire,  acute ;  hds.  small ;  rays  obtuse.   %  Dry,  W.  and  S.  4-8f.  Jl. 

14  C,  i^randiflora  N.  St.  low ;  hds.  solitary,  large,  on  long  naked  stalks  ;  lvs.  lance- 
olate, mostly  divided  into  lance-lin.  seg.;  rays  4-5-cleft.  U  Mo.  to  Tex.  Much  like  No. 15. 

15  C.  lancoolata  L.  Ascending;  lower  lvs.  oblanceolate,  upper  lanceolate,  all  entire; 
hold?  solitary,  on  long  naked  peduncles ;  rays  4-5-toothed.  if  Damp  soils,  West  and 
So.th.    Head  sh(  wy,    Rays  about  8,  spreading  2' or  more.    June — Aug.  -t 

ISC.  aiiriculata  L.  Lower  lvs.  round-ovate,  petiolate,  some  of  them  with  2  small 
lateial  segm.  (auricnlate)  at  base,  tJie  upper  oblong,  subsessile  ;  hds.  few,  on  long  ped., 
outer  scales  oblorig-linoar.    Dry  soils,  111.  to  Va.,  and  S.    1 — .3f.    May — Aug. 

17  C.  latilolia  Mx.  Very  glabrous,  tall;  lvs.  thin,  opp.,  ovate  to  oblong,  acuminate, 
unequally  toothed  ;  hds.  small,  rays  5  or  6,  entire.  large ;  sc.  lin.,  spreading.  Mts.  S.  Aug. 

1  8  C.  arguta  Ph.  Stem  strict;  lvs.  simple,  ovate  to  lanceolate,  petiolate,  acuminate, 
»sharply  serrate  ;  scales  oblong;  rays  9—12,  3-toothcd  ;  awns  obsolete.   Hills,  S.   2— 5t 


180  OiiDKii  70.— COiAIPOSIT.E. 

19  C.  aurea  Ait.  Lower  Ivs.  phmately  divided,  upper  temately,  or  simple  ;  Ifts.  ovate 
to  lance-linear,  serrate  ;  rays  6—0,  obtuse;  fruit  toothed.    Ditches,  S.    2-4f.    Ang.-Oct. 

20  C.  aristosa  Ms.  Sparingly  pubescent ;  Ivs.  pinnately  5-fl-parted,  segm.  lance-lin., 
incised  ;  hds.  small,  rays  large  ;  outer  scales  10—12,  linear  ;  awns  slender,  spreading, 
as  long  as  the  fruit.  ©  Low  woods.  W.  2— 3f.  Rays  expanding  18".  Ang.-Oct.— 
Varies  with  the  outer  involucre  leafy ;  and  with  the  awns  short,  &c. 

21  C.  trichosperma  Mx,  Stem  glabrous,  square,  dichotomons  ;  Ivs.  pinnately  5-7- 
parted,  scgm.  lanceolate,  cut ;  rays  entire,  large  ;  cyp.  narrowly  cuneate,  with  2  short 
stout  awns.  (T)  Wet  grounds,  Mass.  to  111.  (J. Wolf),  and  Car,  l-2f.  Fls.  showy.  Jl.  Aug. 

22  C.  discoidca  T.  &  G.  Glabrous,  much  branched;  leaves  ternate,  long-petiolate ; 
irts.  lance-ovate,  dentate  ;  hds.  small  (2— 3") ;  fr.  linear-cuneate,  the  2  stout  awns  (up- 
wardly hispid)  half  as  long  and  equalling  the  corolla.  (T)Wet,  W.  and  S.  l-3f.  Jl.-Sept. 

23  v.,  bidentoidcs  N.  Glabrous,  paniculate ;  Ivs.  simple,  lanceolate,  serrate  ;  heads 
7-1/  ;  fr.  lin. -oblong,  the  slender  (up-hispid)  awns  longer  than  cor.    ®  Pa.  Del. :  rare. 

59.  BIDZiNS,  L.  Burr-Marigold.  Invol.  double.  Scales  somewhat 
similar,  or  the  outer  foliaceous.  Rays  4 — 8  (sometimes  none),  neutral ; 
disk-flowers  perfect.  Recep.  chaffy,  flat.  Pap.  of  2 — 4  awns,  rough  back- 
wards. Cypsela  obcomprcssed,  obscurely  quadrangular.  Leaves  opposite, 
incised.    Flowers  yellow.    July — October.    (See  Addenda.) 

§  Cypsela  linear-subulate,  tapering  to  the  top,  .3-4-angled,  2-6-awned Noe.  1—3 

§  Cypsela  oblanceolate,  broader  at  the  top,  flat,  2-4-awned Nos.  4—7 

1  O.  leiicantlia  Willd.    Lvs.  in  .3— 5  serrate  lobes :  hds.  with  5  white  rays.  S.  Fla.  If. 

2  O.  bipinnuLta  L.    Spanif^h  Needles.    Lvs.  bipinnate,  Ifrs.  lanceolate,  pinuatifid  ;  rayi 

very  short,  obovate,  3,  4,  or  0 ;  sc.  all  equal  in  length.  (I)  Waste  grounds,  Ct.  to  111.  2-4f. 

3  B.  Beckii  Torr.    St.  subsimple  ;  submersed  lvs.  capillaceous-multiMd,  emersed  lvs. 

lanceolate,  connate,  acutely  serrate  or  cut ;  rays  longer  than  the  involucre,     u  Slow 
waters.  Vt.  (rare),  W.  and  N.     Stem  2— 3f.     Heads  solitary,  terminal. 

4  B.  frondosa  L.    Beggar-ticks.    Rays  0  ;  outer  sc.  leafy,  (J  times  longer  than  the  f^s. ; 

lower  leaves  pinnate,  ternate,  upper  lanceolate,  serrate  ;  awns  2.    (I)  Fields  :  com.   2f. 

5  B,  conndta  Willd.    Rays  0  ;  outer  sc.  leafy,  longer  than  the  head  ;  lvs.  lanceolate, 

serrate,  subconnate  at  base,  lower  some  trifid ;  awns  3.    ®  Swamps,  E.  and  W.    1— 3f. 

6  B.  ceriiua  L.    Rays  0—4—8,  small ;  hds.  cernvous ;  outer  scales  as  long  as  the  disk ; 

leaves  all  lanceolate,  subconnate,  dentate.    (T)  Swamps,  ditches,  E.  and  W.    1— 2f. 
1  B.  chrysaiitliemoides  L.    Lvs.  oblong,  attenuate  at  each  end,  connate  at  base, 
regularly  serrate ;  rays  thrice  longer  than  the  involucre.   (I)  Ditches :  common.    6'-2f. 

60.  SPILANTHUS,  L.  Invol.  shorter  than  the  disk,  double,  appressed. 
Recep.  conical,  chaffy,  the  pales  embracing  the  flowers.  Cyp.  of  the  disk 
compressed,  with  1 — 3  bristly  awns  or  awnless,  of  the  ray  (when  present) 
3-angled.  Herbs  with  acrid  taste,  opposite  leaves,  and  soHtary,  yellow  heads. 
Chiefly  tropical.    Aug. — Oct.    (Acmella,  Rich.) 

1  S.  rcpens  Mx.  Diffuse,  rooting  at  the  lower  joints ;  lvs.  lanceolate,  subserrate,  acute 

at  each  end.  petiolate  ;  rays  about  12  ;  fr.  awnless,  not  ciliate.    ic  Wet,  S.  Car.  to  Fla. 

2  S.  Nuttallil  T.  &  G.    Ascending,  diffuse;  lvs.  ovate  to  oblong,  coarsely  serrate  ab- 

ruptly petit)late  ;  fruit  ciliate  on  the  margins  ;  rays  10-12.    Bogs,  E.  Fla.     l-2f. 

61.  VERBESINA,  L.  Crown-beard.  Rays  2,  few  or  none;  disk 
$  .  Sc.  in  2  or  more  series,  imbricated,  erect.  Chaff  concave  or  embracing 
the  flowers.  Achenia  compressed,  2-awned.  if  5  Leaves  often  decurrent 
serrate  or  lobed.     Heads  solitary  or  coiymbous. 

1  V.  Slegfl-sbeckil  Mx.    Stem  4-winged  ;  Ivg.  opposite,  ovate,  serrate,  acuminate,  3 


Order  70.-COMPOSITJE.  '       181 

veined,  tapering  to  the  winged  petiole ;  hds.  corj'mbous,  yellow  ;  rays  1-5 ;  fr.  wincf 
les?.    u  Dry,  W.  and  S.    5f.    Aug.  Sept. 

2  v.  Vlrginica  L.    Stem  narrowly  winged;  Ivs.  alternate,  lance-ovate,  eubserrate, 

feather-veined,  tapering  to  the  sessile  base  ;  rays  3-4,  white  ;  fruit  narrowly  winged. 
71  Dry  woods.  Pa.  to  La,    4f.    August. 

3  V.  sinuata  Ell.    St.  wingless,  striate-angled  ;  Ivs,  alternate,  ovate,  acuminate,  con- 

tracted to  a  long  slender  base  and  petiole,  irregularly  repand-toothed  or  lobed  ;  rays 
3—5,  white  ;  fr.  broadly  winged.    U  Sandy  fields,  S.    2-4f,  with  ample  Ivs.    Sept.— Nov. 

62.  DYSODIA,  Cav.  False  Dog-fennel.  Rays  5,  disk  $.  Invd, 
a  single  series  of  partially  united  scales,  usually  caljxulate.  Cyp.  elongated, 
4angled,  compressed.  Pap.  scales  chaffy,  in  1  series,  fimbriately  and  pal- 
mately  cleft  into  bristles,  (i)  With  large,  pellucid  glands.  Lvs.  mostly  opp., 
pinnately  parted  or  toothed.  Hds.  paniculate  or  corymbous.  Fls.  yellow. 
1>.  dirysanthemoides  Lagasca.    Smooth,  much  branched ;  lvs.  pinnately-parted, 

lobes  linear,  toothed  ;  hds.  with  few  very  short  rays.    Prairies  and  waysides,  W.,  mi- 
grating E.    If.    An  ill-scented  plant.    Aug.  Sept. 

63.  GAILLARDIA,  Foug.  Rays  neutral.  Scales  in  2  or  3  series,  acute, 
leafy,  spreading,  outer  largest.  Recep.  convex,  fimbrillate  (naked  in  No.  1). 
Rays  cuneiform,  3-cleft.  Cyp.  villous  with  long  hairs  from  its  base.  Pap- 
pus of  6—10  long  awns,  which  are  membranous  at  base. — Leaves  alternate, 
entire,  often  dotted.    Heads  on  long,  naked  peduncles.    May — Aug. 

1  G.  lanceolata  Mx.    Lvs.  lanceolate  to  linear ;  sc.  as  long  as  the  dark  purple  disk; 

rays  8—10,  small,  yellow ;  recep.  naked.    @  Barrens,  S.  Car.  to  Fla.  and  Tex.    l-2f. 

2  G.  PiCTA.    Lvs.  lanceolate ;  sc.  hairy,  longer  than  disk ;  rays  10-12,  violet-purple  with 

yellow  teeth ;  recep.  fimbrillate  with  slender  awns,    (i)  u  Dak.  to  Tex.  2f.  Handsome. 

64.  GAZANIA,  Gaert.  Rays  neutral,  disk-fls.  $  .  Sc.  in  several  rows, 
united  at  base.  Cyp.  wingless,  densely  hairy.  Pap.  chafiy.  Recep.  alveolate. 
— From  S.  Africa.  Hds.  solitary,  showy,  on  naked  stalks.  Rays  tricolored. 
G.  sPECiosA.    Trailing,  half-shrubby  :  leaves  oblong,  entire  or  pinnatifid,  smooth  above, 

white-tomentous  beneath ;  rays  (10  orange-yellow,  each  with  an  eye  of  white  and 
chocolate  at  its  base.    Singularly  beautilul. 

65.  PALAFOXIA,  Lagasca.  Rays  2  or  0.  Sc.  8 — 15,  scarious  at  tip, 
shorter  than  the  disk.  Recep.  flat,  naked.  Cyp.  4-angled,  slender  at  base. 
Pap.  of  6 — 12  membranous,  denticulate,  pointed  scales.  2f  q  With  scattered, 
narrow,  entire  lvs.  and  cyanic  fls.  in  a  corymb.    (Polypteris,  N.)    Jl.-Sept. 

P.  Integrlfolia  T.  &  G.    Rough  ;  lvs.  lance-linear,  1-veined ;  rays  none ;  pap.  of  8— 10 
pointed  scales  with  fringed  edges.    Barrens,  Ga.  and  Fla.    3 — 5f.    Heads  purplish. 

66.  HYMENOPAPPUS,  L'Her.  Fls.  all  5 ,  tubular.  Sc.  6—12,  in  2 
series,  oval,  obtuse,  colored.  Recep.  small,  naked.  Anth.  exserted.  Cyj). 
broad  at  the  summit,  attenuate  to  the  base.  Pap.  of  many,  short,  obtuse, 
membranous  scales  in  1  series.  (2)  U  Hoaiy-villous.  Stem  grooved  and 
angled.    Leaves  alternate,  pinnately  divided. 

H.  scabiosecns  L'Her.   Leaf  segm.  linear-oblong ;  corymb  simple  ;  sc.  obovatc,  white, 
greenish  at  base,  longer  than  the  disk;  fr.  pubescent.    W.  and  S.    1— 2f.    Apr.-- June. 

67.  HELENIUM,     L.    Rays  $  or  neutral,  3-5-cleft  at  the  expanded 


182     '  OiiDKR  70.— COMPOSIT^E. 

summit.  Disk-fls.  9  .  In  vol.  small,  scales  linear  to  filiform,  reflexed.  Recep. 
naked,  convex  to  oblong.  Cyp.  angled,  clavate  or  turbinate.  Pap.  of  5 — 13 
silvery,  thin  scales.^-Herbs  with  alternate,  often  decurrent  leaves,  punctate^ 
resinous.    Heads  corymbous  or  solitary,  showy,  yellow. 

§  Helleniastrum.  Rays  pistillate.  Pappns  awncd.  Heads  corymbed . . .  (a) 

a  Disk  globular,  its  corollas  5-toothed.    Pappus  awned Xos.  1—3 

a  Disk  oblong,  its  corollas  4-toothed.    Pappus  scales  obtuse No.  4 

§  LErT6poDA.    Rays  mostly  neutral  and  fruitless. .  .{b) 

b  Heads  corymbed,  on  short  peduncles.    Pappus  awned.    Disk  globous No.  S 

b  Head  solitary,  on  a  long  ped.    Disk  convex.— c  Cypsela  glabrous No*.  6,  7 

— «  Cypsela  hairy Noa  8—10 

1  H,  autuinnale  L.    St.  strongly  winged;  Ivs.  lanceolate,  serrate,  decurrent,  heads 

loosely  corymbed.   2f  Damp,   2-3f.   Hds.  large,  with  drooping  rays.  Sept.  Very  bitter. 

2  H.  parviflorum  N.  St.  scarcely  winged;  Ivs.  lanceolate,  subentire,  slightly  decur- 

rent ;  sc.  filiform,  shorter  than  the  globular  disk  ;  hds.  sniall,  few.  Ga.  (Nuttall.)  Scarce. 

3  H,  tcnulfollum  N.  St.  and  numerous  fastigiate  branches  wingless ;  Ivs.  crowded, 

linear  or  filiform,  fascicled  ;  sc.  subulate.    @  Fields,  Ga.  to  La.   l-2f.   Rays  spread  10". 

4  H.  quadridentatum  Lab.    Much  branched,  strongly  winged  ;  Ivs.  oblong,  some 

lobed  or  toothed ;  disk  oblong,  longer  than  the  rays.    Swamps,  S-W.    l-3f.   June-Aug. 

5  H.  Bracliypoda.    St.  strongly  winged,  branches  few,  corymbous,  1-headed  ;  hds. 

small  (4"),  rays  8-12,  short  (3^'0  ;  disk  brown-purp.,  globular.   Damp,  111.  to  Ga.   l-2r. 

6  H.ljeptopoda.    Smooth  ;  st.  simple,  clustered,  naked  above;  Ivs.  lanceolate  to  ob- 

long-linear, some  decurrent;  rays  20 — 30,  spreading  1^^';  disk  convex.    Moist  soils, 
S.  Car.  to  Fla.    2f.    March,  AprlL 
•y  H.  incisiim.    Smooth  ;  Ivs.  lanceolate,  sessile,  not  decurrent,  sinnate-pinnatifld  or 
incised ;  rays  about  4:),  in  2  or  3  rows  ;  fruit  glabrous.    Low  barrens,  Ga.,  and  W.    2f. 

8  H.  puberuliim.    Downy;  sts.  much  clustered;  Ivs.  lance-linear,  sessile,  not  de 

current;  rays  2;3-30,  broad,  spreading  H-2';  fr.  hairy.  Wet  pine-barrens,  S.  2f.  Ap.,May. 

9  H.  brevifolium.    Pubescent  above,  single,  often  some  branched ;  Ivs.  lance-obl.  to 

linear,  obtuse,  the  radical  spatiilate,  cauline  subdccurrent.  Wet.    S.    2f.    May,  June. 

10  H.  flmbriatiim.    Smooth;  often  branched  ;  leaves  lance-linear,  subentire,  acute, 
decurrent ;  pap.  scales  deeply  cleft  into  a  fringe  of  bristles.  Barrens,  Fla.   l-2f.  Apr.  ■»- 

68.  BALDWINIA,  K  Invol.  scales  closely  imbricated  in  2 — 4  rows. 
Recep.  convex,  deeply  honeycombed,  with  horay  walls.  Rays  8 — 20,  neu- 
tral, in  1  row,  o-toothed.  Disk  §  .  Cypsela  silky-villous,  immersed  in  the 
cells.  Pappus  of  9 — 13  oblong  scales.  2;  Simple  or  corymbed.  Leavea 
alternate,  linear,  punctate.    Heads  yellow.    July — Sept. 

1  B.  unlflora  N.    St.  simple,  puberulent,  with  1  large  head ;  rays  about  20 ;  Ivs.  below 

linear-spatulate ;  pap.  scales  9.    Swamps,  Va.  and  S.    1— 2f.    Rays  spreading  2'. 

2  B.  inuUlflora  N.    Glabrous,  corymbously  bi-anched  ;  rays  about  10;  Ivs.  crowded, 

narrow-linear;  fruit  truncate  and  ray-marked  at  summit,  crowned  with  12  obo 'ate 
scales.    Sand  hills,  Ga.  Fla.    1— >3f.    Rays  \V.    (Actinospermum,  T.  &  G.) 

69.  MARSHALLIA,  Schreb.  False  Scabish.  Invol.  scales  lanct 
linear,  subequal,  erect,  in  1  or  2  rows.  Recep.  convex,  with  linear,  rigid 
pales.  Fls.  all  tubular,  5  .  Cor.  lobes  slender,  spreading.  Cyp.  S-angled. 
Pappus  of  5  or  6  membranous,  awned  scales.  U  Simple  or  branched, 
with  alternate,  entire,  3-veined  leaves,  and  solitary,  long-stalked  heads  of 
purplish  flowers,  resembling  a  Scabish.     Ornamental. 

1  M.  latlfolla  Ph.    St.  simple,  leafy  ;  Ivs.  ovate-lanceolate,  acuminate,  sessile ;  scales 


OiiDKU  TO.— (X)MPOSITJ].  183 

rijrid,  acute;  pales  narrowly  linear  ;  pappus  triangnlar-aciiminate.    Dry  soils,  Va.  to 
Ala.    If.    Stem  purple,  smooth.    Corollas  6 — 7",  slender.    May,  June. 

2  TH»  lanceolata  Ph.    Stem  simple,  leafy  below:  leaves  ohlanceolate  to  lanceolate, 

mostly  obtuse  and  petiolatc  :  scales  obtuse.    Uplands,  S.    1— 2f.    April— June. 

3  IW[.  angustllolla  Ph.    Mostly  branching,  leafy ;  Ivs.  narrow-lanceolate  to  linear, 

all  acute  ;  scales  acute.     Swamps,  S.    If.    Very  handsome.    July,  Aug. 

70.  ANTHEMIS,  L.  Chamomile,  &c.  Invol.  liemisplicrical,  with 
suhequa],  small  imbricated  scales.  Hays  numerous,  generally  §  .  llecep. 
cliaiFy  (at  least  at  summit),  convex  or  conical.  Disk-flowers  §  .  Cypsela 
ribbed,  smooth,  linear  or  clavate.  Pappus  a  slight  border,  or  0. — Herbs 
with  1-3-pinnatifid  leaves,  usually  strong-scented.     (Rays  white.) 

§  Cham.«:melum.    Eays  pistillate.    Cyp.  teretish.    Lvs.  mostly  alternate Nos.  1,  2 

§  Maruta.    Rays  neutral.    Cypselte  clubshaped  or  obovoid.    Lvs.  alternate No.  3 

1  A.  arvensis  L.     Com  C.    St.  erect,  bushy,  whitish-downy ;  lvs.  bipinnatifld,  segm. 

lance-lin. ;  branches  naked  above,  1-headed  :  pales  cuspidate,  longer  than  the  flowers. 
(I)  Fields  :  not  common.    Resembles  Mayweed,  but  inodorous.    8 — 15'.    §  Eur.    July. 

2  A.  nobills  L.     Garden  C.    St.  prostrate,  branched  from  base,  woolly ;  lvs.  hair}',  de- 

compound-pinnatiBd,  seg.  lin. -subulate  ;  pales  some  shorter  than  the  tls.    ii  Gardens, 
rarely  in  fields.  Aromatic.  §  Eur.— Var.  with  Us.  double  (florets  all  radiate).  Jl.-Sept 

3  A.  Cotula  L.    Mayweed.    Nearly  smooth,  erect,  bushy;  lvs.  bipinnatifid,  seg.  linear 

subulate  ;  pales  bristly,  shorter  than  the  flowers.  (T)  Waysides:  com.   If.  Hds.  term - 
nal,  corymbed,  disk  yellow,  rays  white,  showy.  Ill-scented.    Jn.-Sept.    (Maruta,  DC.) 

71.  ACHILLJEA,  L.  Millfoil.  Yarrow.  Invol.  ovoid,  of  unequal, 
imbricated  scales.  Rays  5 — 10,  short,  2  .  Recep.  flat,  chaffy.  Cyp.  without 
a  pappus.     %  Leaves  much  divided,  alternate.    Heads  small,  corymbous. 

1  A,  inillefolliiin  L.    Lvs.  bipinnatifid,  with  linear,  dentate,  mucronate  segments; 

stem  furrowed,  corymbed  at  top ;  so.  oblong,  rays  4—5,  short.    Fields,  waste  grounds, 
everywhere.    1— 2f.    June— Sept.— A  variety  with  rone-purple  flowers,  is  very  pretty. 

2  A.  ptarmica  L.    Sneezewort.    Leaves  linear,  acuminate,  sharply  serrate,  smooth; 

hds.  loosely  corymbed  ;  rays  8—12,  longer  than  invol.  (double  In  cult.)    Rare.    15'.    % 

72.  LEUCANTHEMUM,  Tourn,  WniTP:wEED.  Invol.  broad,  de- 
pressed, imbricated.  Rays  ?  ,  numerous.  Recep.  flat,  naked.  Cyjx  striate, 
without  pappus.    11  Lvs.  alternate.    Hds.  solitary,  disk  yellow,  rays  white. 

1  li,  viilgare  Lam.    St.  simple  or  branched;  canline  lvs.  clasping,  few.  lance-oblong, 

obtuse,  cut-pinnatifld  at  base  ;  scales  brown  at  the  edge.    Too  common  in  our  fields 

and  pastures.    2f.    Rays  spreading  1}'.   July— Sept.    §  Europe.  [N.  Y.  (Gerard.) 

/3.  tuhulifdrme  (Tcnney).    Ray-fls.  tubular,  very  slender,  5-3-lobed.    Po'keepsie, 

2  li.  Parthenlum  Godron.    Feverfew.    Branched  ;  lvs.  petiolate,  2-3-pinnate,  segm. 

ovate,  cut ;  hds.  corymbed.  Gardens,  rarely  in  fields.  2f.  Often  double.  (Matricaria, C-B.) 

73.  MATRICARIA,  Tourn.  Motiier-Carey.  Invol.  scales  imbrica- 
ted, with  scarious  margins.  Recep.  conical  or  convex,  naked.  Rays  $  or  0. 
Pap.  a  membranous  border  on  the  cyp.,  or  0. — Herbs  with  alternate  leaves. 

1  inr.  dl-scoidea  DC.    Ilde.  discoid,  few,  terminal;  lvs.  sessile.  2-3-pinnately-parted, 

lobes  small,  linear-oblong,  acute  ;  sc.  oval,  obtuse,  white-edged,  much  shorter  thin  the 
conical  disk.  111.  and  W.    Common  in  Cal.    3-8'.    Disk  3"  broad  and  high.    Jl.— Sept. 

2  in.  Tanacetum.    EnglMi  Mint.    Downy;  leaves  oval,  serrate,  lower  petiolate  :  heads 

small,  corymbed,  discoid.    Europe.    1— 2f.    Aromatic.    Jl.  Aug.    (M.  Balsamitae  C-B.) 

74.  TANACETUM,  L.     Tansy.     Livol.  hemispherical,  imbricate,  the 


184  Okdek  70.— COMPOSIT.E. 

scales  all  minute.  Recep.  convex,  naked.  Pap.  a  slight  membranous  bor- 
der. Cyp.  with  a  large,  epigynous  disk. — Lvs.  alternate,  much  dissected. 
Flowers  yellow,  discoid. 

1  T.  vnlgare  L.  Lvs.  pinnatlfld,  segm.  oblong-lanceolate,  pinnatificl  and  cnt-serratc ; 

hds.  fastigiate-coiymbous,  ray-fls.  terete,  tubular,  3-toothed.    t;  Waj^sides.   2-3f.  Aug. 

2  T.  Haronense  Nutt.  Lvs.  bipinnatifid,  lobes  oblong,  often  again  pinnaliftd;  heads 

large,  corymbed ;  ray-fls.  flattened,  unequally  3-5-cleft.    U  Sandy  shores,  W.    2— 3f. 

75.  CHRYSANTHEMUM,  L.  Invol.  bell-shaped,  sc.  imbricated,  sea- 
rious  at  the  edges.  Recep.  flat  or  convex,  naked  in  the  disk.  Rays  ?  ,  disk- 
fls.  5  ,  5-toothed.  Cyp.  angular  or  compressed.  Pap.  0  or  tooth-like. — Plants 
ornamental,  from  E.  Asia,  with  alternate,  lobed  lvs.  and  large  rays.  Fig.  387. 

§  PvKETHRUM.    Cypselge  wingless,  angular,  all  alike.    Plants  perennial ISTos.  1—3 

§  Chrysanthemum.   Cyp.  of  the  ray  3-anglcd,  of  the  disk  compressed.  ® Nos.  4, 5 

1  C.  SiNENSE.    Shrubby ;  lvs.  sinuate-pinnatifid,  thick,  glaucous ;  rays  much  longer  than 

the  obtuse  scales.    Beautiful  flowers  of  all  colors,  late  in  Autumn.    2— 3f. 

2  C.  Indicum.    Shrubby;  leaves  incisely-pinnatlfid,  thin,  flaccid;  rays  little  longer  than 

the  obtuse  scales,  spreading  about  1'.    Heads  much  smaller  than  in  No.  1. 

3  C  EosEUM.    Perennial,  glabrous  ;  lvs.  2-3-pinnatisect ;  hds.  solitary,  tenninal ;  scales 

brown-edged ;  rays  rose-colored  or  white,  often  double,    li  Heads  V  broad. 

4  C.  CORONARIUM.    Annual;  lvs.  clasping,  bipinnatifld,  lobes  dilated  at  summit;  flowers 

large,  terminal,  yellow ;  pappus  none.    S.  Europe.    3f.   Varieties  double,  &c.    Aug. 

5  C.  CARiNATUM.     THcolored  C.    Annual;  lvs.  thick, bipinnatifld ;  scales carinate;  rays 

white,  yellow  at  base,  disk  purple.    Barbary.    1— 2f.    Flowers  all  Summer. 

76.  ARTEMISIA,  L.  Wormwood,  &c.  Invol.  ovoid,  imbricate,  with 
dry,  connivent  scales.  Recep.  without  pales.  Disk-fls.  numerous,  5  ,  tubu- 
lar ;  ray-fls.  few,  often  without  stamens  and  with  a  subulate  corolla  or  none. 
Cypsela  with  a  small  disk.  Pappus  0. — Bitter  herbs.  Leaves  alternate. 
Heads  yellow  or  purplish,  discoid.    Aug.,  Sept. 

§  ABsfNTHiuM.    Recep.  villous  or  hairj'.    Fls.  all  fertile,  hetcrogamous Nos.  1, 

§  Abr6tanum.    Recep.  naked.    Fls.  ail  fertile.— a  Lvs.  orsegm.  lanceolate.  .Nos.  3,  4 

—a  Lvs.  or  segm.  linear Nos.  5 — 7 

§  Dracuncclus.    Recep.  naked.    Disk-fls.  sterile.— 6  Lvs.  trifid  or  entire... Nos.  8,  9 

~b  Lvs.  pinnatisect....Nos.  10—12 

1  A.  Absintlilnm  L.     Common  W.    Leaves  multifid.  clothed  with  short  silky  down 

both  sides  ;  seg.  lanceolate  ;  hds.  hemispherical,  drooping.   Waysides,  N.  l-2f.   §  Eur. 

2  A.  friglda  Willd.    Lvs.  silky  canescent.  the  caulinepinnatifid;  seg.  linear.  3-5-cleft ; 

hds.  small,  glob.,  drooping ;  inner  sc.  woolly.    Rocky  hills,  Minn.  Dak.,  and  W.   6-12'. 

3  A.  liUdovicIana  N.   Canescent-tomentous ;  leaves  lanceolate,  the  lower  serrate  or 

pinnatifid,  upper  entire  ;  heads  ovoid,  in  a  slender,  leafy  panicle,    n  Shores,  Mich, 
and  W,    2— 5f.    Heads  small  and  crowded. 

4  A.  vulgaris  L.    Mugwort.    Lvs.  canescent-tomentous  beneath,  pinnatifid  with  lan- 

ceolate segments,  upper  entire  ;  heads  erect,  ovoid,  subscssile,  in  a  branched  panicle. 
Waysides,  N.  and  W.    3f.    §  Europe. 
6  A.  Abrotanum.    Souiheimwood.    Hoary;  loaves  bipinnatisect ;  heads  hemispherical, 
nodding,  downy.    From  S.  Europe.    3f.  [ding.    Eur.    3f. 

6  A.  PoNTicA.    Roman  W.    Lvs.  hoary  beneath,  2-3-pinnatisect;  heads  globular,  nod- 

7  A.  biennis  Willd.    Erect,  glabrous,  simple  ;  lvs.  1-2-pinnatifid,  lobes  sharply  serrate 

or  cut,  those  above  subentire;  hds.  globular,  erect,  spicatc,  in  a  virgate,  leafy  panicle, 
(g)  Common  westward,  migrating  E.  to  Po'keepsie  (Gerard),  and  to  Pa.    l-3f.    Aifir  * 


Order  70.— COMPOSIT^E.  185 

8  A.  Dracunculus.  Tarragon.  Glabrous ;  Ivs.  lin.-lanceolatc,  lower  trifid ;  heads  glo 
bous.    From  Siberia.    3f.    A  garden  salad.    Give  a  rich  fragrance  to  vinegar. 

0  A.  draciinculoides  Ph.    Cancscent  when  young,  branched ;  Ivs.  lin. -filiform,  the 

radical  often  trifid ;  hds.  small,  globular ;  inner  scales  roundish,  outer  oblong,    n  N-W. 

10  A.  borealis  Pal.  Tufted,  silky-villous,  simple;  lower  Ivs.  petiolate,  lance-linear, 
entire  at  base,  temately,  pinnately,  or  bipinnately  parted  at  apex  with  lin.  lobes ;  hds. 
hemispherical ;  scales  colored.    U  Shores  of  Lake  Superior,  N.  and  W.    6-12'. 

11  A.  Canadensis  Mx.  SeaW.  Glabrous  (mostly) ;  Ivs.  1-2-piunatisect  with  linear 
eeg. ;  hds.  roundish,  sessile,  iu  a  pan.  of  glomerulcs.   n  Lake  shores,  N.  2-lf.  Hds.  1". 

12  A.  caudata  Mx.  Glabrous,  simple,  densely  paniculate;  Ivs.  3-2- l-pinnatisect  with 
alternate,  filiform  segm. ;  heads  globous,  pedicellate,  erect.   ®  Coast,  N.  H.  to  Ga.   4f. 

77.  SOIiIVA,  R  &  P.  Invol.  of  5 — 15  scales  in  1  row.  Recep.  flat, 
naked.  Fertile  fls,  in  several  rows,  apetalous ;  $  fls.  few,  interior,  with  a 
8-5-toothed  corolla.  Cyp.  obcompressed,  tipped  with  the  pei-sistent  style 
and  no  pappus. — Little  matted  herbs  with  pinnatifid  Ivs.  and  sessile  heads. 
S.  nasturtiifolia  DC.   Lf.  lobes  5—9,  oblong,  obtuse ;  so.  10—15 ;  fr.  obconic,  rugous, 

crowned  with  a  dense  tuft  of  wool  instead  of  a  pappus.    Sandy  shores,  S.    1—3'. 

78.  GNAPHALIUM,  L.  Cudweed.  Everlasting.  Heads  discoic'., 
heterogamous.  Invol.  imbricate  with  scarious,  colored  scales.  Marginal 
fls.  ?  ,  subulate,  mostly  in  several  rows ;  central  fls.  5  .  Recep.  flat,  naked. 
Pappus  a  single  row  of  scabrous,  hair-like  bristles.— Herbs  generally 
clothed  with  whitish  wool.    Leaves  alternate,  entire. 

*  Heads  in  terminal  corj'mbous  clusters.    August .  .  Nos.  1—3 

*  Heads  in  axillary,  somewhat  spicate  clusters Nos.  4,  5 

1  G.  deciirrens  Ives.  Lvs.  decurrent,  linear-lanceolate,  very  acute,  naked  above,white 

and  woolly  beneath  ;  fls.  in  dense,  roundish,  terminal  clusters,    u  Hilly  pastures,  N. 
Kng.  to  Penn.  and  Mich.    2f.    Lvs.  green  above.    Fls.  yellow,  scales  white. 

2  G.  polyceplialiim  Mx.    Woolly;  lvs.  sessile,  linear-lanceolate,  acute,  scabrous 

above ;  hds.  capitate,  corymbous  ;  sc.  ovate-lanceolate,  acute.   (T)  Dry.   l-2f.   Fragrant. 

3  G.  ullginosum.  L.     Cudweed.    St.  diffusely  branched,  woolly;  lvs.  sessile,  linear- 

lanceolate  ;  hds.  small  (1"  wide),  in  terminal,  crowded,  leafy  clusters  ;  scales  obtuse, 
yellowish  or  brownish  ;  fruit  smooth.    ®  Moist  hollows,  N.  M.  W,    4— <}'. 

4  G.  pnrpureum  L.  Erect;  lvs.  linear- or obovate-spatulatc,canescent beneath, green 

above ;  hds.  sessile,  crowded ;  sc.  acuminate,  purplish.    ®  Dry  fields.    8—12'.    June. 

5  G.  supinum  Villars.    Caespitous,  woolly ;  lvs.  linear;  hds.  few,  oblong,  in  a  spicate 

raceme  or  solitai-y;  scales  acute,  brown.    White  Mountains.    2 — 4'.    Rare. 

6  G.  rcETiDUM,  from  S.  Africa,  has  yellow  heads,  entire,  clasping  leaves.    2f.    Hardy. 

79.  ANTENNARIA,  Br.  Everlasting.  Heads  $  $.  Invol.  of  im- 
bricate, colored  scales.  $  Cor.  filiform.  Recep.  subconvex,  alveolate. 
Pap.  a  single  row  of  bristles.  U  Tomentous.  Lvs.  alternate,  entire.  Hds. 
corymbous,  with  white  or  brownish,  never  yellow  scales. 

1  A.  margaritdcca  Br.    Woolly-white,  erect,  corymbed  above  ;  lvs.  lin.-lanceolntc, 

3-veined ;  scales  elliptic,  obtuse,  pearl-white,  fadeless.    Fields,    1— 2f.    July. 

2  A.  plautaginlfolia  Br.    Mouse-ear  E.    Simple,  with  running  stolons;  leaves  ova! 

to  spatulate,  the  cauline  small,  bract-like ;  hds.  in  a  close  terminal  cluster,  purpli:«h, 
all  s  in  some  plants,  all  5  in  others,  in  early  Spring.    Borders  of  woods.    5— 8  . 

80.  FILAGO,  Tourn.  Cotton  Rose.  Heads  heterogamous.  Recepi 
columnar,  naked  at  top,  chaffy  below,  with  pales  resembling  the  scales, 


186  Ordeb  70.— composite. 

each  with  a  5  fl.  in  its  axil.    Cyp.  terete,  the  central  with  a  hairy  pappus. 
— Herbs  canescent-downy.    July,  Aug.    g. 

F.  Germanlca  L.    Lvs.  erect,  crowded,  linear-lanceolate  ;  hds.  in  capitate  clusterfi, 
-which  are  successively  proliferous ;  scales  cuspid.,  straw-color.    (I)  Fields,  E.    6—10'. 

81.  AMMOBIUM,  Br.  Invol.'  imbricated,  sc.  with  broad,  scarious, 
spreading  lips.  Kecep.  l)road-conic,  chafly.  Fls.  all  tubular,  5  .  Cyp.  4- 
angled,  4-toothed.    U  Australia.    Stems  winged  with  the  decurrent  leaves. 

A.  ALATUJi.    (J)  In  gardens.    1— 2f.    Villous-canescent.    Root  lvs.  o"blong-pctioled.    In- 
volucre white,  flowers  yellow.    Summer. 

82.  RHODANTHE,  Lindl.    Involucre  top-shaped,  imbricate,  sc.  dry, 
ovate,  acute,  the  inner  radiate-spreading.    Recep.  naked.    Fls.  all  tubular, 
5-toothed,  y  .    Cyp.  woolly.    Pap.  of  plumous  bristles.    ®  Australia. 
R.  Man6l:6sii.    Lvs.  oblong,  clasping,  entire  ;  hds.  large,  fadeless,  rose-colored,  varie- 
gated.   A  splendid  "Everlasting,"  with  many  beautiful  varieties.    Hds.  1— 2'diam. 

83.  HELICHRYSUM,  Cass.  Immortal  Flower.  Invol.  imbricate, 
with  scarious,  colored  scales.  Recep.  flat,  naked  of  pales.  Pap.  a  row  of 
bristles,  often  cohering. — Herbs  or  shrubs,  chiefly  S.  African.  Lvs,  alter- 
nate.   A  vast  genus  of  200  species. 

1  H,  BRACTEATUM.  •  Branching,  puberulent ;  lvs.  lanceolate  to  linear,  repand,  acuminate ; 

hds.  terminal,  bracted  at  base  ;  outer  scales  brownish,  the  inner  radiant,  ylw.  to  wh. 

2  H.  MACRANTHUM.    Subsimplc,  scabrous ;  lvs.  ppatulate  to  lance-oblong,  obtuse,  en 

tire  ;  hd.  1  or  few,  large,  white  outside,  roseate  within  ;  inner  scales  radiant,    ^—n. 
/3.  coMPOsiTUM.    Hds.  composite  (or  double),  purple,  carmine,  yellow,  white. 
y.  ATROSANGuiNEUM.    Hds.  compositc,  with  deep  crimson  scales  and  pappus.    18'. 

84.  XERANTHEMUM,  Toum.  Hds.  discoid,  heterogamous.  Invol. 
liemispherical,  imbricated,  dry,  with  radiant,  colored  scales.  Recep.  witii 
3-toothed,  dry  pales.  Pap.  chaffy-bristly.  @  S.  Eur,  Lvs.  entire.  Hds. 
white  or  rose-colored. 

X.  RADiATUM,    Eternal  Flower.    Erect,  branched.    Lvs.  linear-oblong ;  hds.  1—2'  dian\. 

85.  EREOHTITES,  Raf  Fire-weed.  Fls.  all  tubular,  those  of  the 
margin  $  ,  of  the  disk  $ .  Invol.  cylindrical,  simple,  slightly  calyculate. 
Recep.  naked.  Pap.  of  numerous,  fine,  capillary  bristles,  (T)  Lvs.  simple, 
alternate.    Fls,  corymbous,  whitish.     A  rank  weed. 

E.  lileraclfoUus  Raf.    St.  virgate,  paniculate  :  lvs.  oblong,  acute,  clasping,  unequally 
and  deeply  cut-toothed  ;  invol.  smooth  :  fr.  hairy.    Bunit  grounds,  «S:c.    3f.    Aug. +  . 

86.  CACALIA,  L.  Tassel-fi,ower.  Fls.  all  tubular,  5 .  Involucre 
cylindric,  oblong,  in  one  series,  often  calyculate  with  small  scales  at  the 
base.  Recep.  not  chaffy.  Pap.  capillary,  scabrous,  (i)^-  Smooth.  Lvs. 
alternate.     Heads  of  flowers  corymbed,  mostly  cyanic. 

•   §  Scales  of  the  invol.  cohering,  about  12.  .  Flowers  ('.0—80.  scarlet No.  8 

g  Sca.w  of  the  invol.  distinct.— «  aboutl'i.    Flowers  20-30.  white No.  1 

—a  D  only.     Fls.  .5.-6  Lvs.  cordate  or  lobed Nos.  2--4 

—A  Lvs.  never  cordate Nos.  .%— 1 


Order  70.-COxMPOSIT^.  187 

1  C.  suaveoleiis  L.    Glabrous  ;  st.  Btriate-angular ;  Ivs.  on  winged  petioles,  hastate- 

sagittate,  dentate,  green  on  both  sides  ;  fls.  white,  n  Ct.,  W.  and  S. :  rare.  4— 5f.  Aug. 

2  C.  reiilformis  Muhl.     St.  sulcate-angled ;  Ivs.  palmately-veined,  nearly  smooth, 

green,  petiolate,  lower  reniform,  upper  flabelliform.    %  Woods,  111.  to  Car.  3 — 6f.  Jl. 

3  C  atripllcifolia L.    St. terete;  Ivs.  petiolate,  smooth,  glaucous  beneath,  palmate- 

veined,  angularly-lobed  and  dentate,  the  lower  subcordate.  N.  Y.,  S.  and  W.   3-5f.   Jl. 

4  C.  dlversilolia  T.  &  G.   Not  glaucous  ;  st.  striate-angled  ;  lower  Ivs.  cordate-ovate, 

obtuse,  repand-dentate,  upper  3-5-lobed,  subhastate.    n  Swamps,  Fla.  2— 3f.   May  + . 

6  C  tubcrotiia  N.    St.  angular-sulcate ;  Ivs,  oval  or  ovate,  strongly  5-7-veined,  not 

glaucous,  petiolate,  lower  petioles  very  long.    2;  Swamps,  W.  and  S.    2 — 5f.   May — Jl, 

R  C  ovata  Ell.    St.  terete ;  Ivs.  glaucous  beneath,  3-5-veined,  ovate  and  oval,  entire  or 

undulate-margined,  contracted  at  base  into  petioles,    if  Swamps,  S.    3 — 4f.    Julyf. 

7  C.  lanceolata  N.    St.  terete  ;  Ivs.  3-veined,  glaucous  beneath,  lanceolate  to  lance- 

linear,  the  lower  tapering  to  petioles,  upper  sessile  ;  corymb  simple,    u  Ga.  Fla.    5f. 

8  C.  cocciNEA.    Tassd-jlower.    Root  leaves  ovate-spatulate,  cauline  clasping-auriculate  ; 

in  vol.  much  shorter  than  the  scarlet  fls.,  finally  reflexed.    E.  Ind.   1— 2f.  June— Sept. 

87.  SENEOIO,  L.  Groundsel.  Invol.  of  many  equal  scales,  or  in- 
vested with  a  few  shorter  ones  at  base.  Fls.  all  tubular,  §  ,  or  usually  radi- 
ate and  rays  ?  .  Recep.  not  chaffy.  Pap.  simple,  capillary  and  copious. 
— A  vast  genus  of  herbs  and  shrubs.  Lvs.  alternate.  Fls.  mostly  yellow, 
exceeding  the  invol.    Fig.  160. 

§  Rays  none.    Root  annual,    (A  perennial  climber,  No.  11.) No.  1 

S  Rays  yellow.— a  Radical  leaves  undivided.    Achen:a  glabrous Nos.  2,  3 

— a  Radical  leaves  undivided.    Achenia  pubescent Nos.  4,  5 

—a  Radical  leaves  divided,  as  well  as  the  cauline Nos.  6, 1 

%  Rays  purple,  &c.    Species  of  Cineraria,  L.  &c.  in  the  greenhouse Nos.  8—10 

1  S.  vulgaris  L.    St.  paniculate,  erect,  angular;  lvs.  sinuate-pinnatifid,  dentate,  am 

plexicaul.    (i)  A  weed  in  gardens,  &c.    If.    18'.    Flowers  all  Summer. 

2  S.  aikreus  L.    Radical  Ivs.  ovate,  cordate,  crenate-serrate,  petiolate,  cauline  ones 

lyrate-pinnatifid,  dentate,  terminal  segments  lanceolate  ;  ped.  subumbellate,  thick  ; 
rays  8—12  ;  fr.  glabrous,    u  Woods,  meadows.    1— 2f.    Rays  spread  V.    May— Aug. 

p.  Bal»dmitce,    Pubescent ;  lvs.  few,  small,  the  radical  lance-oblong.    Rocks. 

y.  g-rdciltK,    Root  lvs.  roundish,  on  long  petioles,  cauline  linear-oblong,  dentate. 

S.  ohothtna.    Root  leaves  obovate  to  oblong-spatulate  ;  peduncles  long. 

F,  lanceolatuK,    Lvs.  lanceolate,  the  cauline  pinnatifid  iit  base.    Vt.    Rare. 

^.  discoldeus  (Porter).  Rays  none  ;  lvs.  obov.-spatulate,  cauline  pinnatifid.  Penn. 
8  S.  obovatus  Ell.  Tomentous,  becoming  glabrous  ;  root  lvs.  obovate  or  roundi»^h, 
crenate,  with  an  attenuated,  se.-<sile  base ;  cauline  few,  small,  cnt-pinnarc  ;  corymli 
small,  rays  10—12,  spreading  1'.     u  Va.  to  Fla.     If.    Stem  nearly  iealle-ss.     May. 

4  S.  tomentosus  Mx.    Cottony-tomentous  ;  st.  lvs.  obovate  to  oblanceolate,  ohtus';, 

long-petioled,  crenate,  upper  sef^sile  or  none  ;  rays  12 — 15,  spreading  W,    u  Va.  &  S. 

5  S.  auoHymuis     Wood.     Cottony-tomentous;  root  lvs.  oblong,  obtuse,  crenalely 

toothed  or  lobed,  cauline  pinnatifid,  the  lobes  dentate  ;  hds.  small,  rays  6—9,  spread- 
ing 6".    i(  Thickets,  Ala.  (Montgomery).    2f.    Corymbs  compound.    May,  June. 

6  .S,  Canadensis  L.    Lvs.  glabrous,  bipinnatifld;  seg.  lobed,  obtuse,  the  few  npi»tM 

pinnatifid  ;  corymbs  compound  ;  rays  9— ,2.    il  Canada  (Kalm),  Mts.  N.  Car. 

7  S.  lobatns  Pers.    Butterweed.    Glabrous  ;  leaves  all  pinnatifid,  the  lower  lyratcly. 

lobes  crenate :  invol.  subcalyculate  ;  rays  10— 12.  ®  Wet.   S. :  com.  2— 3f    Mar.  Apr, 

8  S.  ELEGANS.    Purj)le  JacobcBa.    Lvs.  pinnatifid,  hairy,  viscid;  scales  scarions  at  tip, 

calyculate  with  an  outer  row  of  short  green  ones,   (x)  S.  Afr.    Purp.,  varying  to  white. 
0  S.  LANATA.    Lvs.  rouudish,  angular,  cordate,  woolly  beneath  ;  rays  vivid   purple    in 
Bide,  wh.  outside;  disk  white  or  blue,    ii  Canaries.    3f.    Shrubby.— Many  var'oticn. 


188  Order  70.— COMPOSIT^E. 

10  S.  CRUENTUs.  Lv8.  angular,  cordate,  cut-toothed,  purple  beneath,  the  petioles  wing- 
ed, ear-shaped  at  the  base  ;  heads  in  a  broad  corymb,  crimson,  purple,  blue,  white. 
%  Canaries.    A  common  handsome  greenhouse  plant. 

11  S.  scAKDENS.  German  Jvij.  Climbing  and  twining;  leaves  smooth,  roundish-cordate, 
5-7  angled  or  lobed  ;  corymbs  axillary,  of  small  rayless  yellow  heads.  %  S.  Africa, 
Blooms  freely  in  California,  rarely  in  our  greenhouses. 

88.  ARNICA,  L.  Involucre  of  equal,  lanceolate  scales,  1-  or  2-rowed. 
Ray  fls.  5 ,  disk  5 .  Receptacle  flat,  with  scattered  hairs.  Pap.  single, 
rigid,  and  serrulate.    U  Stem  simple.    Leaves  opposite.    Flowers  yellow. 

1  A.  mollis  Hook.    Pubescent ;  stem  leafy ;  Ivs.  becoming  nearly  glabrous,  dentate, 

lance-oblong,  radical  ones  petiolate  ;  hds.  few  ;  fr.  hairy.    Mts.  &c.  N.  H.,  N.  Y.   July. 

2  A.  nudlcaiilis  Ell.    Hairy  ;  st.  nearly  naked  ;  Ivs.  all  sessile,  ovate,  subentire,  the 

cauline  bract-like ;  heads  large,  rays  12,  spreading  2' ;  fruit  glabrous.    Wet  sands, 
Va.  to  Fla.    If.    April,  May. 

89.  RUGELIA,  Shutt.  Invol.  as  in  Arnica.  Fls.  all  tubular,  ^  .  Re 
cep.  convex,  naked.  Cyp  terete,  striate.  Pap.  of  rough  bristles.  U  Lvs 
alternate.    Heads  large. 

R.  nudicaulis  Shutt.  St.  simple,  erect ;  branches  1-flwd. ;  root  lvs.  ample,  ovate, 
narrowed  to  long  winged  petioles  ;  stem  lvs.  small,  subsessile.    Mts.,  Tenn.    If. 

90.  CYNARA,  L.  Heads  discoid,  homogamous.  Invol.  dilated,  im- 
bricate, scales  fleshy,  emarginate,  pointed.  Receptacle  fibrillate.  Pap.  plu- 
mous.    Cypselaa  not  beaked,     if  Spiny.    Leaves  not  decurrent. 

1  C.  ScoLYMUS.    Garden  Artichoke.   Leaves  subspinous,  pinnate,  and  undivided ;  invol. 

scales  ovate.    Gardens.    The  heads  are  used  as  asparagus.    Coarse  plants. 

2  C.  CARDUNCULUS.    Cardoou.    Leaves  spiny,  all  pinnatifld  ;  invol.  scales  ovate.   S.  Eur, 

The  petioles,  blanched  by  culture,  are  used  as  celery. 

91.  TAGETES,  L.  Marigold.  Heads  lieterogamous.  Invol.  simple, 
tubular,  of  5—10  united  scales.  Ray-fls.  5,  persistent.  Receptacle  naked. 
Pap.  of  5  erect  awns.    ®  Tropical  America.    Leaves  pinnately  divided. 

1  T.  PATULA.  French  Marigold.   Stem  erect,  with  widely-spreading,  1-headed  branches^ 

If.  segm.  linear-lanceolate;  ped.  long;  invol.  terete.  Yel.  and  dark  purp.  Handsome, 

2  T.  EHECTA.    African  Marigold.    Stem  stout,  erect ;  If.  segm.  lanceolate ;  ped.  l-flwd., 

thickened  at  top  ;  involucre  angular.    Yellow  and  orange. 

3  T.  FLORIDA.    Erect,  corymbously  branched  ;  lvs.  lanceolate,  opposite,  aristate-serrate : 

rays  mostly  3,  large,  yellow.    Mexico.    18'. 

92.  CALENDULA,  L.    Pot  Marigold.    Heads  radiate.    Invol.  of 
many  equal  leaves,  in  about  2  series.    Rays  ?  ,  disk  5  .    Receptacle  naked. 
Cyp.  of  the  disk  membranaceous.    Pap.  0.    @  Oriental.    Lvs.  alternate. 
v.,  OFFICINALIS.    Viscid-pubescent ;  stem  branched ;  lvs.  oblong,  acute,  mucronate,  ses- 
sile; hds.  terminal,  solitary  ;  large,  brilliant,  orange,  lemon,  double,  &c.    June— Sep. 

93.  OENTAUREA,  L.  KNAr-WEED.  Bachelor's-button.  Hds. 
discoid.  Invol.  imbricate.  Fls.  all  tubular,  the  marginal  often  enlarged, 
rsiy-like,  neutral.    Pappus  filiform,  scale-form,  or  0.    ©if  Lvs.  alternate. 

♦  Scales  of  the  involucre  with  a  fringed  or  pectinate  appendage Nos.  1,  2 

•  Scales  not  appendaged,— a  merely  ciliate  or  spiuescent .  Nos.  3,  4 

—a  nor  ciliate  nor  spinescent  (Amberboa) Nos.  5,  C 


Order  70.— COMPOSITE.  189 

1  C.  Americana  N.    Erect,  sparingly  branched ;  leaves  sessile,  glabrous,  repand- 

toothed,  ovate-oblong  to  lanceolate  ;  hds.  few,  very  large,  with  the  marginal  fls.  much 
enlarged,  pale-purple.    (T)  Ark.  La.  and  §  in  IH.    2 — 4f.    Appendages  straw-yellow. 

2  C  nigra  L.    Erect,  branched,  pubescent ;  Ivs.  angular-lyrate  to  lanceolate,  dentate  ; 

8C.  ovate  ;  marg.  fls.  not  enlarged,  all  purp.     li  Fields.    Append,  dark  brown.    §Eur. 

3  C.  C^anusL.    Bachelor's-button.    Erect,  branched,  downy;  Ivs.  linear;  sc.  ciliate- 

serrate  :  outer  fls.  much  enlarged.    ©Fields,  gardens.    Purple,  blue,  white. 

4  C.  Calcitrapa  L.    Star  Thistle.    Hairy,  diff"usely  branched;   Ivs.  pinnately  lobed, 

lobes  lin. ;  scales  tipped  with  spreading  spines.    (2)  Pa.  to  N.  Car.    Purple.    §  Eur. 

5  C.  MOSCHATA.    Lvs.  lyrate,  dentate ;  invol.  subglobous,  smooth ;  sc.  ovate  ;  ray-fla. 

scarcely  enlarged  ;  pap,  0.    (1)  Persia.    Purple,  varying  to  white.    July— October. 
G  €.  suAVEOLENS.     Yellow  Sweet  Sultan.    Lvs.  oblong,  toothed,  the  upper  pinnatifid  at 
base ;  ray  fls.  much  enlarged,  yellow  ;  pap.  chafl"-like.    (I)  Levant,   1 — 2f,    July— Sept, 

94.  OARTHAMUS,  L.  Saffron.  Hds.  discoid.  Invol.  imbricated, 
outer  bracts  foliaceoiis.  Fls.  all  tubular  and  5  ,  filaments  smooth.  Pap.  0. 
Receptacle  with  setaceous  pales,    Cypselse  4-angled, — Oriental  herbs. 

C.  TiNCTORius.    St.  smooth ;  leaves  ovate-lanceolate,  sessile,  spinous-denticnlate,  half- 
clasping.    ®  Egj'pt.    Heads  large,  with  long,  slender,  orange-colored  flowers,    July. 

95.  ONICUS,  Vaill.  Blessed  Thistle.  Heads  discoid.  Invol,  ven- 
tricous,  imbricate  with  doubly  spinous  scales.  Ray-fls.  sterile.  Receptacle 
very  hairy.  Pappus  in  3  series,  the  outer  10-toothed,  the  2  inner  each  10- 
bristled. — Oriental  herbs. 

C.  benedictus  L.    Lvs.  somewhat  decurrent ;  dentate  and  spiny ;  invol.  doubly  spi- 
nous, woolly,  bracteate.    Fields,  «fcc. :  rare.    2f.    Heads  large,  yellow.    § 

96.  ONOPORDON,  Vaill.  Cotton  Thistle.  Heads  discoid,  homog- 
araous.  Involucre  ventricous,  unbricate  with  spreading,  spinous  scales. 
Recep,  deeply  alveolate.  Pappus  copious,  capillary,  scabrous.  Cypselae  4- 
angled, — Large,  branching  herbs,  with  decurrent  leaves. 

O.  acantliinm  L,    Plant  cottony-white ;  involucre  scales  spreading,  subalate ;  leaves 
ovate-oblong,  sinuate,  spinous.    (2)  Waste  grounds :  rare.    3f.    Fls,  purp.    JL,  Aug. 

97.  CIRSIUM,  Tourn.  Thistle.  Hds.  discoid,  homogamous.  Invol. 
subglobous,  of  many  rows  of  spinous-pointed,  imbricated  scales.  Recep. 
bristly.  Style  scarcely  divided.  Pap,  copious,  plumous.  Gyp.  compressed, 
smooth. — Herbs  with  alternate  lvs.,  generally  armed  with  spinous  prickles. 
Flowers  in  Summer.    Figs.  178,  345. 

♦  Leaves  decurrent  on  the  stem  more  or  less,  floccous-woolly  beneath Nos.  1,  2 

♦  Leaves  not  decurrent,— a  white-tomentous  both  sides.    Plants  low,  stout... Nos.  .3,  4 

— a  white  tomentous  beneath  only.    Plants  slender., Nos,  5—7 

—u  green    >oth  sides,— J  Hds,  leafy -bracted  at  base, .  ,Nos.  8,  9 

—b  Hds.  naked,  few,  large  (10. Nos.  10, 11 

— *  Hds.  naked,  many,  small No.  12 

1  C.  lanceolatum  Scop.     Common  Thistle.    Lvs.  decurrent,  pinnatifid,  hispid,  the 

segments  divaricate  and  spinous  :  hds.  several,  ovoid,  villous  ;  scales  lanceolate,  tip- 
ped with  a  spine,  spreading.    (2)  N.  and  M. :  common.    3 — 4f.    Heads  purple. 

2  C.  liCContii  T.  &  G.    Slender,  subsimple,  with  few  hds. ;  lvs.  lin. -lanceolate,  mora 

or  less  decurrent,  hoary  beneath,  teeth  few,  spinous;  scales  not  spinous,  cuspidate 
heads  large  (1'  diameter),  purple.    Swamps,  Ga.  Fla.  to  La,    2f. 


190  Order  70.— COMPOSITE. 

3  €.  Pitclieri  T.  &  G.  WTiite-tomeiitoup ;  Ivp.  pinnatifid,  seffin.  linear,  spinous,  maifjini 

revolute ;  scale?  spine-poiuterl ;  flowers  ochrolcncons.    u  Lake  shore?,  W.  June,  Jaly. 

4  C.  iindulatmii  Spr.  White-tomentous  ;  Iv?.  lance-oblong,  siniiate-piunatifid,  Mavy, 

prickly  ;  scales  scarcely  prickly  ;  flowers  purple,    (a)  Mich.,  and  N.     1— 2f. 

5  C,  discolor  Spr,    Slender,  much  branched;  Ivs.  pinnatifid,  segm.  2-lobed,  divari- 

cate, spinous ;  scales  ovate,  tipped  with  a  spreading  spine.    (2)  N.    3— 5f.    July  +  . 

6  C.  altissimuni  Spr.    Tall,  branching,  villous,  leafy  to  the  top;  Ivs.  lance-oblong, 

often  sinuate-dentate,  or  pinnatifid,  spinescent ;  scales  lance-ovate,  the  outer  with  a 
spreading  spine.    Fields,  M.  and  W.    3— 8f.    Purple.    August. 

7  C.  Vlrglnianum  Mx.    Slender,  subsimple,  naked  above ;  Ivs.  lanceolate,  margins 

revolute,  spinescent,  lobed  or  dentate,  white-downy  beneath  ;  heads  small  ((5") ;  scales 
bristle-tipped.    Woods,  W.  and  S.    3— 4f.    Purple.    April— Sept. 

8  C.  liorridiilum  Mx.    Cottony  when  young;  leaves  cut-pinnatifid,  spinous  ;  head* 

large,  invested  by  a  whorl  of  very  spiny  bracts  ;  scales  sharp-pointed.    @  Uplands, 
N.  Eng.  to  Fla.    Flowers  purple  or  cream-color.    1— 3f.    April— August. 

9  C  puiiiilum  Spr.    Hairy;  Ivs.  few  above,  green,  clasping,  lance-oblong,  pinnatifid, 

segm.  lobed,  spinous  :  heads  few,  very  large,  subtended  by  1—5  bracts;  invol.  round- 
ovate,  spinous.    (2)  Pastures,  waysides,  N.  Eng.  to  Pa.,  and  W.:  com.    1— 2f,  stout. 
Flowers  purple,  fragrant.    July,  August. 
IOC,  inuticum  Mx.    Lvs.  pinnatifid;  heads  on  naked  peduncles,  bractless;  invol. 
unarmed,  with  webbed  and  glutinous  scales.   (2)  Damp.    3 — 7f.    Hds.  1'.    Aug.,  Sept. 
jS.  g-labrum.   Nearly  glabrous  ;  Ivs.  lance-lin.,  lobed  ;  Rcales  with  minute  spines.  S. 

11  €,  repandum  Mx.  Lvs.  crowded  to  top,  at  length  green  both  sides,  clasping,  lin.- 
oblong,  wavy,  spinous-ciliate  ;  hds.  1  or  2;  inner  scales  subulate.    Barrens,  S.    1— 2f. 

12  C.  arveiisc  Scop.  Canada  Thistle.  Lvs.  sinuate-pinnatifid,  wavy,  lance-oblong- 
hds.  panicled,  small  (5"),  numerous ;  scales  with  minute  prickles.  "U  "Waysides,  fields. 
N.  and  W.    A  pemicious  weed,  hard  to  extirpate.    3f.    Very  prickly,  except  its  heads. 

1  3  C.  ruLciiERRiMUM  Nvlth  yellow  flowers,  3f  high,  is  rarely  planted  in  borders. 
1 4  C.  Iantiiium.    a  greenhouse  shrub,  covered  with  pale  blue  flowers.    From  Mexico. 
/ 

98.  LAPPA,  Toura.    Burdock.    Heagls  discoid,  liomogamous.    InvoL 

i^lobous,  the  scales  imbricated  and  hooked  at  the  extremity.  Kecep.  bristly 
Pap.  bristly,  scabrous,  caducous.  (2)  European  herbs.  Lvs.  alternate,  large 
cordate,  petiolate.    Hds.  panicled,  pink-purple,  very  adhesive  by  the  hooks 

L,  officinalis  Allioni.— A  coarse  weed,  in  waste  and  cnltirated  grounds,  E.  and  W.  3f. 
(L.  major  Gaert.)— Varies  with  small  hds.  and  lvs.  somewhat  pinnatifid.  (L.  minor  DC.) 

99.  LAMPSANA,  Toum.  Nipplewort.  Hds.  radiant,  8-12-flwd. 
Invol.  cylindrical,  angular.  Scales  8,  erect,  in  one  row,  with  2  or  3 
minute  bractlets  at  base.  Recep.  naked.  Cyp.  glabrous.  Pap.  0. — Slender, 
oriental  herbs,  with  small,  yellow  heads,  in  paniculate  corymbs. 

L.  communis  L.  Stem  leafy;  lvs.  ovate,  petiolate,  dentate ;  ped.  cylindrical ;  invol. 
angular  in  fruit.    ®  Waysides,  Quebec,  Boston,  and  W.    Rare. 

100.  APOGON,  Ell.  Heads  radiant.  Invol.  scales  ovate,  acuminate, 
about  8,  in  two  rows.  Recep.  naked.  Ach.  glabrous,  oval,  longitudinally 
I2-striate.  Pai>pus  0.  @  Herbs  glabrous  and  glaucous,  branched  from 
Uio  base.    Leaves  alternate,  lanceolate.    Heads  small,  yellow. 

..I.  liumills  Ell.— Woods,  S.  Car.  to  Fla.  and  La.  3—12'.  Slender,  smooth  ;  lvs. vary- 
ing to  linear,  entire  or  lyrately  lobed.    Heads  3''  broad.    March—June. 

101.  CIOHORIUM,  Tourn.     Chicory.    Invol.  double,  the  outer  of  5 


Order  70.— COMPOSITiE.  191 

leafy  scales,  the  inner  of  about  8  linear  ones.  Receptacle  chaffy.  Pappus 
scaly.  Cypselse  not  rostrate,  obscurely  S-sided. — Oriental  herbs  with 
bright  blue  flowers,  about  20  in  a  head. 

1  C.  Intybus  L.    Root  Ivs.  runcinate,  cauline  bract-like ;  heads  axillary,  eubseseile, 

mostly  in  pairs.    U  Dooryards,  vvay?ide3,  E.    2— 3f.    Rays  large,  ehowy,  5-toothed. 
The  root,  or  its  extract,  in  ofteu  mixed  with  coffee.    July — Sept.    §  Europe. 

2  C.  Endxvia.    Endive.    Root  leaves  sinuate-dentate  or  pinnatilld,  cauline  auricled  at 

base ;  heads  axillary,  3—5  together.    ®  India.    Cultivated  as  a  salad. 

102.  KRIGIA,  Schreb.  Dwarf  Dandelion.  Involucre  many-leaved, 
nearly  simple,  equal.  Recep.  naked.  Cypselas  turbinate,  striate,  5-angled. 
Pappus  double,  consisting  of  5  broad,  membranous  scales,  alternating  with 
as  many  slender,  scabrous  bristles,  (i)  Araulescent,  small.  Leaves  l^a-ately 
lobed.     Scapes  simple.     Heads  solitary,  with  20 — 30  yellow  flowers. 

1  K.  Vlrjjinlca  Willd.    Early  Ivs.  ronnd-spatulate,  subentire,  the  later  toothed  and 

pinnatifid  ;  scapes  1—5  or  more,  1'— 10'  high.    Rocks  and  sands.    Hds.  5—6''.    May  + . 

2  K.  Carollnlana  N.    Early  Ivs.  lin.-oblanceolate,  few-toothed,  later  Ivs.  lyrate-pin 

natifid,  or  angular-lobed ;  scapes  1—5  or  more,  2'— 12'.    Sands.    S.    Feb.— May. 

103.  CYNTHIA,  Don.  Invol.  nearly  simple,  of  equal,  narrow  scales. 
Recep.  flat,  alveolate.  Pap.  double,  the  outer  minute,  scaly,  inner  copious, 
capillary.   Cyp.  short.    U  Lvs.  alternate  or  all  radical.  Fls.  15 — 20,  yellow. 

1  C.  Vlrgiiilca  Don.    St.  few-leaved,  subumbellate ;  lvs.  lance-obl.,  repand-dentatc. 

rarely  lobed,  petiolate,    N.  Y.  to  111.,  and  S.   Very  smooth.    1— 2f.    lids.  9",    June. 

2  C.  Dandelion  DC.  Acaulescent ;  scapes  leafless,  simple,  1-flwd. ;  lvs.  spatulate-obl. 

to  lance-lin.,  entire  or  toothed,  rarely  pinnatifid.  Md.  toGa.  andTex.  G— IS'.  Mar.-Jn. 

104.  LEONTODON,  L.  Autumn  Dandelion.  Invol.  imbricate,  the 
outer  sc.  very  short.  Recep,  naked.  Pap.  plumous,  persistent  on  the  some- 
what rostrate  cypsela. — Acaulescent  herbs  with  yellow  fls.,  many  in  a  head. 

li.  autnmualis  L.  Scape  branching;  ped.  scaly-bracted ;  lvs.  lanceolate,  deutate- 
pinnatifid,  smoothish.  Waysides,  meadows,  &c.  E.  N.  Eng.  6'— 20'.  Hds.  several,  near 
1'  in  diameter.    July— Oct.    §  Europe. 

105.  TRAGOPOGON,  L.  Vegetable  Oyster.  Invol.  simple,  of 
many  leaves.  Recep.  naked.  Pap.  plumous.  Cyp.  longitudinally  striate, 
contracted  into  a  long,  filiform  beak,   (a)  European,  with  long,  grass-like  lvs. 

T.  porrifoliiis  L.  Invol.  much  longer  than  the  corolla ;  lvs.  lance-linear;  ped.  thick- 
ened upward ;  pappus  tawny.    Waysides,  &c.    N.  Y.  (Ilankenson).    3f.    June.    §  J 

106.  HIERAOIUM,  Tourn.  Hawkweed.  Invol.  more  or  less  imbri- 
cated, ovoid,  many-flwd.  Sc.  very  unequal.  Cyp.  not  rostrate.  Pap.  a  single 
row  of  copious,  tawny,  fragile  bristles.    U  Lvs.  alternate,  entire  or  toothed. 

*  Heads  40-50-flwd.    Invol.  more  or  less  imbricated.    Cyp.  blunt  at  top Nos.  1,  2 

*  Headt  12-30-flwd.    Involucre  simple.— a  Achenia  contracted  at  the  top Nos.  3,  4 

—a  Achenia  not  contracted  upward.  ..Nos.  5,  6 

1  II.  Canadense  Mx.    St.  erect,  subvillous,  leafy,  corymbed ;  lvs.  sessile,  ovate-obl. 

to  lanceolate,  acute,  with  few  acute  teeth ;  invol,  strongly  imbricated ;  fruit  brown. 

Rocky  woods,  N.  Eng.  to  Wis.,  and  N.    l-2f.   Stout.   Ilds.  near  V  broad.   Aug.,  Sept. 


192  Order  70.— COMPOSITE. 

2  H.  scabruiii  Mx.    Leafy,  rou<?h-hir(?nte,  glandular  above  ;  Ivs.  obovatc  to  cllii)llc 

subentire  ;  iuvol.  scarcely  imbricated  ;  fr.  red.    Hilly  woods.    1— 3f.    Eds.  9".    Ang 

3  H.  longipilnm  Torr.    Clothed  with  long^  erect,  ehai^gy /ta?>5 ;  Ivb.  lance-oblonE:, 

entire  ;  hds.  glandular,  20-30-flwd.  in  a  small  naked  panicle.    W.    1— 2f.    July,  Aug. 

4  H.  Gronovii  L.    Hairy,  paniculate,  glandular  at  top ;  Ivs.  obovate  to  lancc-oblong, 

slightly  toothed,  the  cauline  sessile,  often  few  ;  fr.  20—30,  narrowed  rtftore.— Variea 
with  stems  leafy  or  subnaked  ;  pan.  close  or  diflusc.    Dry  hills:  com.    1— 3f.    Aug. +  . 

5  H.  vciios,uiii  L.    Scape  or  stem  leafless,  or  with  one  leaf,  paniculate,  smooth  ;  Ivs. 

obovate,  entire,  nearly  glabrous,  with  purple  veins  ;  scales  smooth  ;  fls.  20 ;  fr.  linear. 
Woods,  E,  and  W.    1— 2f.    lids,  on  slender  ped.,  broader  (9'0  than  in  No.  4.    Jl.,  Aug. 

6  H.  panicalatum  L.    Slender,  leafy,  difTusely  paniculate  ;  Ivs.  lanceolate,  glabrous ; 

pcd.  very  slender ;  fls.  10—20 ;  fr.  short-cylindric,  black.    Woods :  com.    2— 3f.    Aug. 

107.  CATANANCHE,  L.  Invol.  imbricated,  scarious.  Rccep.  pale- 
aceous. Pap.  paleaceous,  5-leavcd.  Pales  awned.  ®  Oriental  herbs,  with 
alteraatc,  lanceolate  leaves. 

C»  cacRULEA  L.    Lvs.  villous,  somewhat  bipinnatifid  at  base  ;  invol.  lower  scales  ovate, 
mucronate,    S.Europe.    2— 3f.    Heads  on  long  peduncles.    Blue.    July  +  . 

108.  NABALUS,  Cass.  Drop  Flower.  Invol.  cylindric,  of  many 
linear  scales  in  one  row,  calyculate  with  a  few  short,  appressed  scales  at 
base.  Recep.  naked.  Pap.  copious,  capillary,  brownish,  2-rowed,  persist- 
ent. Gyp.  not  beaked,  smooth,  striate.  li  Erect,  with  a  tuberous,  bitter 
root.    Heads  5-18-flowered,  not  yellow,  although  often  straw-colored. 

S  Heads  pendulous,  glabrous.    Leaves  variously  lobed  or  shaped. . .  (a) 

a  Dwarf  species  (6—10'  high)  native  ofhigh  mountains Nos.  1,  2 

a  Tall  (2— 5f  high).— c  Heads  5-6-flowered No.  3 

— c  Heads  8-12-flowered.— rf  Pappus  tawny No.  4 

— d  Pappus  straw-colored Nos.  5,  6 

S  Heads  nodding  or  erect,  hairy.    Leaves  mostly  undivided.. .  (6) 

b  Heads  about  12-flowered.    Pappus  straw-colo-r —  Nos.  7,  8 

b  Heads  about  25-flowercd.    Pappus  tawny  or  dusky No.  9 

1  N.  Boottil  DC.    St.  simple,  dwarf;  lvs.  hastate-cordate  to  lanceolate,  mostly  entire ; 

heads  racemed  ;  flowers  10— 18,  inner  scales  10— 15.    High  mountains,  N.    July  +  . 

2  N.  nanus  DC.    Smooth,  simple  ;  lvs.  deltoid-hastate  and  variously  lobed,  upper  lan- 

ceolate, all  petiolate  ;  hds.  clustercd-paniculate  ;  sc.  8,  fls.  10—12.    White  Mts.    Ang. 

3  N.  altisslmns  Hook.    Smooth,  strict,  paniculate,  tall,  leafy ;  lvs.  petiolate,  pal- 

mately  3-5-cleft,  or  lobed,  varying  to  hastate,  cordate,  or  even  ovate,  dentate  ;  hds.  6" 
long,  yellowish,  forming  a  slender,  leafy  panicle  ;  sc.5.    Woods,  N.    3— 5f.    August. 

4  N.  albus  Hook.    Liori's-foot.    White  Lettuce.   Smooth,  glaucous,  corymb. -paniculate  ; 

Iva.  hastate-lobed  to  ovate,  petiolate,  the  lobes  or  leaves  obtuse  ;  heads  6—7",  with  3 
scales,  9—12  fls.,  and  brown  pappus.    Moist  woods.    2— 4f.    Purplish  in  spots.    Aug. 
^.  Serpent  Aria,    Snake-root.    Lvs.  deeply  3-lobed,  the  middle  lobe  3-parted. 

5  IV.  Fraserl  DC.    Earth-gall.    Smoothish,  corymb.-paniculatc ;  lvs.  hastate  or  del- 

toid, rarely  5-7-lobed.  on  winged  stalks,  upper  lancaolate. -Varies  with  the  leaves  all 
lanceolate  and  merely  toothed.    Hard  soils.  Conn,  to  Fla.    2 — 4f.    August. 
G  N.  virgatiis  DC.   Glaucous,  simple,  strict ;  lvs.  einuate-pinnatifid,  narrow,  the  upper 
toothed  or  entire  ;  panicle  or  raceme  virgate.    Sands.  N.  J.  to  Fla.    2 — 4f.    Sept.,  Oct. 

7  N.  racemosus  Hook.    Smooth  (cxc.  the  iuvol.),  simple,  slender;  lvs.  lance-oval  to 

lance-ovate,  denticulate  ;  hds.  suberect,  spicate-paniculate.    Swamps,  N.  J.  to  Iowa, 

andN.    2— 4f.    Flowers  pale  red.— Varies  with  the  lower  leaves  cut-pinnatifid.    Sept. 

«  N.  asper  T.  &  G.    Rough-downy,  simple,  strict ;  leaves  oval-oblong  to  lance-oblong, 

dentate  ;  hds.  erect,  fascicled  in  a  spicate  panicle  ;  fls.  yellowish,    W.    3-— 4f.    Sept. 


Order  70.— COMPOSITiE.  193 

9  N.  crepidf  neus  DC.  Smoothish,  tall,  stout,  corymb.-paniculate ;  Ivs.  broadly  tri- 
aug.-ovate  to  lanceolate,  toothed,  petiolate ;  hds.  nodding,  of  12  sc.  and  25 — 35  ochro- 
leucousfls.   Fields,  thickets,  W.  States.  5— 8f.  Larger  than  any  of  the  foregoing.  Sept. 

109.  LYGODESMIA,  Don.  In  vol.  fls.,  &c.,  as  in  Nabalus.  Pappus 
whitish.  Corollas  rose-colored,  if  "With  linear-subulate  leaves  and  erect 
heads  on  long,  naked  peduncles. 

1  li.  apli^lla  DC.    St.  scape-like,  erect,  slender,  forked  above  ;  Ivs.  nearly  all  r&Aical, 

short,  linear-filiform  ;  heads  5-flowered.    Pine  woods,  Ga.  Fla.    2f.    May. 

2  li.  jfiiicea  N.    St.  much  branched ;  Ivs.  lance-linear ;  fls.  5.  Min.  (Matthews),  andW. 

110.  TROXIMON,  Nutt.  Hds.  many-flowered.  Invol.  campanulate, 
scales  loosely  imbricate,  in  2 — 3  rows.  Cyp.  oblong-linear,  compressed, 
glabrous,  not  rostrate.  Pap.  setaceous,  copious,  white,  if  Lvs.  all  radical. 
Scape  bearing  a  single,  large,  showy  head,  with  yellow  flowers. 

T.  cuspidatnin  Ph.  Rt.  fusiform ;  lvs.  linear-lanceolate,  woolly  at  the  edge  ;  scales 
lanceolate,  cuspidate-pointed.    Prairies,  III.  Wis.,  and  West.    April— June. 

111.  PYRRHOPAPPUS,  DC.  False  Dandelion.  Invol.  double, 
the  outer  row  numerous,  loose  and  spreading.  Receptacle  naked.  Cyp.  5- 
grooved,  at  length  long-beaked,  bearing  a  copious,  soft,  capillary,  reddish 
pap.    (D  If  Hds.  solitary  on  long  ped.,  large,  with  numerous  deep  yel.  fls. 

P,  Carolintaniis  DC.  St.  simple  or  branched,  scape-like :  lvs.  mostly  radical,  lance- 
olate, acute,  sinuate-toothed,  lobed,  or  pinnatifld.    Fields,  Md.  to  Fla.    May— July. 

112.  TARAXACUM,  Desf.  Dandelion.  Invol.  double,  the  outer  of 
small  scales,  much  shorter  than  the  inner  appressed  row.  Recep.  naked. 
Cyp.  produced  into  a  long  beak  crowned  with  the  copious,  white,  capillary 
pappus. — Acaulescent  herbs,  with  runcinate  leaves.    Figs.  68,  346,  492. 

T.  Dens-lconls  Less.  Outer  scales  of  the  involucre  reflexed  ;  lvs.  runcinate.  smooth, 
dentate  ;  scape  short  in  fl.,  long  in  fr.— a  globe  of  pappus,    u  Fields  :  common.  §  Eur. 

113.  LAOTUCA,  Tourn.  Lettuce.  Invol.  few-flowered,  scales  im- 
bricated in  2  or  more  unequal  rows.  Cyp.  obcompressed  (flattened  same 
way  as  the  scales),  glabrous,  abruptly  narrowed  to  a  long,  filiform  beak. 
Pappus  copious,  soft,  capillary,  white. — Herbs  with  leafy  stems  and  panic- 
ulate heads  of  variable  colors.    Fig.  77. 

1  I^.  Canadensis  L.    /3.  elong-hta,    Tr-umpet  Milkweed.    St.  tall,  hollow  ;  Iva.  pale 

beneath,  clasping,  rune. -pinnatifld,  upper  lance.,  entire  ;  heads  racemous-panicnlate, 
with  few  scales  and  12  4-  fls.   ©Rich  soils,  thickets.   3— 6f.   Yel.  to  purplish.    Jl.,Aug. 

^.  nang-uinea.    Stem,  If.  veins,  and  fls.  purple  ;  lvs.  some  hairy,  glaucous  beneath. 

y.  g-raminifolia,    Lvs.  long,  linear,  the  lower  few-lobed,  upper  entire.    South. 

6.  integ-rifoHa,    Lvs.  lanceolate,  all  entire,  lower  some  sagittate  at  base. 

2  li.  sativa.    Garden  Lettuce.   Stem  corymbons  ;  lvs.  roundish,  the  upper  cordate ;  fls. 

white,  (i)  Said  to  be  §  in  some  places,  when  its  lvs.  become  dentate-lobed  and  prickly. 

114.  MULGEDIUM,  Cass.  Wild  Lettuce.  Involucre  somewhat 
double,  outer  scales  short  and  imbricated.  Recep.  naked,  faveolate.  Pap. 
capillaiy,  crowning  tlie  short-beaked,  compressed  cypsela. — Leaves  mostly 
spinulous.    Ilds.  paniculate,  small,  cz;-flwd.    Jl.— Sept.    Figs.  76,  448-50. 


1114  Order  71.— LOBELIACE.f:. 

*  Pappus  biiofht  white.    Corollas  blue Nop.  1,  2 

*  Pappus  tawny.    Corollas  cream-colored,  turning  purplijrh No.  3 

1  THL,  Florldanum  DC.    Smooth;  Ivs.  runcinately  pinnate-parted,  scgin.  few,  Bin- 

uate-dentate  or  angular  ;  pan.  loose,  hds.  9".    ®  Thickets,  N.  Y.,  W.  and  S.    3— 6f. 
p.  acuminatum,   Lvs.  lance-ovate,  acuminate,  toothed,  or  the  lower  subruncinate. 

2  M.  pulcli^llum  N.    Smooth  and  glaucous,  strict;  lvs.  lance-oblong  to  lin.,  entire, 

or  the  lowest  runcinate  ;  pan.  corymbed  ;  fls.  bright  blue.    L.  Huron  to  Oreg.    2— 7f. 

3  Jn.  Icncopbaeum  DC.    Tall,  leafy;  lvs.  lyrate-nincinate,   coarsely-toothed;  pod. 

ecaly-bracted  ;  pan.  long,  compound ;  fr.  scarcely  beaked.    @  Moist  thickets.    5  -lOf. 

115.  SONCHUS,  L.  Sow  Thistle.  Invol.  maiiy-flowercd,  imbricate, 
of  numerous  unequal  scales,  at  length  tumid  at  base.  Recep.  naked.  l*rtp. 
of  white-silky  hairs,  in  many  series.  Cypselae  compressed,  not  rostrate. — 
Leaves  mostly  spinulous.     Heads  with  many  yellow  flowers.    Europe. 

§  Flowers  bright  yellow,  in  showy  heads.    Achenia  angular.    Perennial No.  1 

§  Flowers  pale  yellow,  in  large  heads.    Achenia  flat.    Annual.    Aug.,  Sept.  .Nos.  2,  8 

1  S.  arvensis  L.    Smooth,  erect,  hispid  above;  loaves  runcinate-pinnatifid,  spinu- 

lous-dentate,  clasping  with  short  auricles  at  base  ;  hds.  subumbellate.    Fields,  way- 
sides, N.  Eng.,  N.  Y.    2f.    §. 

2  S.  asper  Vill.    Leaves  cordate,  amplexicanl,  oblong-lanceolate,  undulate,  spinulous 

dentate  ;  ped.  subximbellate  ;  fruit  oval-obovate,  3-i*ibbed  on  each  side.    1— 2f.    § 

3  S.  olcraceus  L.    Lvs.  sagittate-amplexicaul,  nincin.-pinnatifid,  subspinulons,  den 

tate;  ped.  downy;  involucre  at  length  smooth;  fruit  many-striate.  Rubbish.   2— 3f.  § 

116.  HUMEA  ELEGANS.     Tall,  4f,  branching  above  into  an  ample 

capillary  panicle  ;  lvs.  lance-ovate,  clasping;  heads  numerous,  small,  drooping,  with  dry, 
loose  scales,  and  3  or  4  carmine-red  florets,  with  no  pales  or  pappus.    N.  Hoi.    July— Oct. 

117.  OHAPTALIA,  Vent.    Invol.  campanulate.     Scales  in  few  series, 
jnear,  acute.     Recep.  naked.     Ray-fls.  9  ,  ligulate,  disk-fls.  5  ,  but  sterile, 
oilabiate,  lips  equal,  outer  3-,  inner  2-parted.    Cypseloe  glabrous.    Pappus 
capillary.     U  Acaulescent.    Lvs.  all  radical.    Head  cyanic.    Mar.,  Apr. 
C.  tomentosa  Vent.    Whitc-tomentous ;  lvs.  oblong-ovate  to  lance-oval ;  hd.  noddinj; 

in  bud,  erect  in  fl.,  on  the  scape.    Moist  barrens,  S.    6-12'.    Rays  20,  rose-colored. 

Order  LXXL    LOBELIACEJi.    Lobeliads. 

Herbs  or  shrubs  with  a  milky  juice,  alternate,  exstipulate  leaves  and  scat- 
tered flowers.  Calyx  5-lobed  or  entire.  Corolla  monopetalous,  irregular, 
bplit  clown  to  the  base  on  one  side.  Stameiu  5,  free  from  the  corolla,  united 
into  a  tube  at  least  by  their  anthers.  Ovary  adherent  to  the  calyx  tube. 
StyU  1.  Stigma  surrounded  by  a  fringe.  Fruit  a  capsule  2-3-(rare1y  1-) 
celled.    Seeds  numerous,  albuminous. 

1.  LOBELIA,  L.  Cor.  tubular,  in-egular,  cleft  nearly  to  the  base  on 
flie  upper  side,  upper  lip  of  2  separate  lobes,  lower  3-lobed.  Anth.  united 
above  into  a  curved  tube.  Stig.  2-lobed.  Caps,  opening  at  the  summit 
Seeds  minute.  (J)  U  Flowers  axillary  and  solitary,  or  in  terminal,  bracted 
racemes.    July — Sept. 

^  Corollas  scarlet  or  bright  crimeon,  large. .  .*  Exotic,  Nos.  15, 16 *  Native,  No.  1 

1  Corollas  blue,  or  blue  and  white.    .  A  Exotic,  Nos.  IT,  18  . .  .t  Native. . (a) 


Ordek  71.— LOBELIACE.E.  195 

a  Cnlyx  lobes  auricled  at  base,  denticulate,  shorter  than  corolla  tube Nos.  2—4 

a  Cftlyx  lobes  auricled  at  base,  entire,  linear,  long  as  corolla  tube Nos.  5,  6 

a  Calyx  lobes  not  auricled,  entire,— 6  very  i?lender  and  long Nos.  7—9 

—b  much  shorter  than  corolla. .  .(c) 

c  Leaves  cauline,  entire,  few.    Racemes  loose,  few-flowered Nos.  10—12 

c  Leaves  radical,  entire.    Racemes  strict,  few-flowered Nos.  13,  14 

1  li.  cardinalls  L.     Cardinal  Flcncer.    Tall,  simple,  glabrous ;  Ivs.  oblong-lanceo- 

late, slightly  toothed,  acute  at  each  end,  se!«sile ;  fls.  in  a  terminal,  bracted,  eecund 
raceme  ;  etam.  longer  than  the  corolla.    U  Swamps.    2 — If.    Splendid. 

/3.  integ-irrima.    Leaves  all  very  entire  ;  stem  naked  above.    Northern  N.  Y. 

7.  cnndttta.    Flowers  white,  the  segments  narrower.    Mass. 

2  I*,  syphilitica  L.     Great  Lobelia.    Stem  erect,  angular;  leaves  oblong-lanceolate, 

acute  or  acuminate,  unequally  serrate,  some  hairy ;  raceme  leafy  ;  calyx  hispidly  cili 
ate,  with  the  sinuses  reflexed.     11  By  streams.    1— ;if.    Flowers  1'. 
|3.  alba.    Flowers  pure  white.    N.  Y.  (E.  L.  Ilankenson  ;  G.  M.  Wilbur). 

3  \j,  glandnlosa  Walt.    Subsimple,  leafless  above  ;  Ivs.  lance-lin.,  acutish,  and  with 

the  lanceolate,  auricled  sepals  some  glandular-toothed  ;  fls.  few,  remote,  large  (9") ; 
cal.  hispid  or  smoothish,  short.    2;  Damp  barrens,  Va.,  and  S.    \\ — 2f.    Sept.— Oct. 

4  L.  brevlfolla  N.    Erect,  simple,  hispid  ;  Ivs.  1',  crowded,  oblong-lin,,  denticulate  ; 

sep.  ovate,  fringe-toothed,  half  as  long  as  cor.  Damp,  Fla.  to  La.  18'.  (L.  Ludov.  C-B.) 

5  li.  leptostacliys  A.  DC.    Glabrous,  erect,  simple,  virgate ;  Ivs.  lance-oblong ;  fls. 

small  (4"),  spike  not  secund  ;  auricles  awl-"5hapcd,  long,    y  Prairies,  W.  and  S.   1— 2f. 

6  L.  puberula  Mx.    Downy  or  smoothish,  erect,  simple  ;  Ivs.  elliptic-ovate,  denticu- 

late ;  fls.  large  (7—8"),  in  a  long,  secund  spike ;  auricles  ear-shaped.  N.  J.,  W\  and  S.  2f. 

7  li.  amoena  Mx.   Erect,  simple,  smooth  ;  Ivs.  lanceolate,  pointed  both  ways ;  fls.  large 

(S-9''),  secund,  numerous,  in  a  long  rac. ;  bracts  very  small,   u  Swamps,  Va.,  and  S.  2f. 

8  Li.  splcata  Lam.    Erect,  simple,  puberulent ;  Ivs.  oblong,  mostly  obtuse  ;  fls.  small 

(3-4"),  crowded  in  a  slender  rac. ;  pedicels  and  bracts  as  long  as  the  fl.    Dry  soils.   l-2f. 

9  Li.  luilata  L.    Indian  Tobacco.    Erect,  branching,  hairy;  Ivs.  ovate-lanceolate,  ser- 

rate ;  fls.  short  (4"),  with  leafy  bracts  ;  caps,  inflated,  large.    (1)  Fields.    If.   Narcotic. 

10  Li.  Boykinll  T.  &  G.  Slender,  smooth;  branches  erect;  Ivs.  awl-shaped,  erect; 
fls.  small  (4"),  on  filiform  pcd.  in  long,  loose  racemes.  Wet  sands,  Ga.  Fla.    2f.  Lvs.  6". 

1 1  li.  Nuttallil  DC.  Erect,  very  slender,  smooth  ;  lvs.  few,  linear,  remote ;  fls.  few, 
small  (3");  ped.  aslongascor. ;  cal.  tube  almost  none.  (2)  Swamps,  L.  I.,  and  S.  I-IK- 

12  L<.  Kalmil  L.  Simple  or  branched;  rt.  lvs.  spatulate,  st.  lvs.  lance-lin.  tolin.,  all 
obtuse ;  rac.  loose,  leafy ;  ped.  about  equalling  the  showy  blue-wh.  fls.,  minutely  bract- 
ed, or  naked  (in  same  specimen) ;  cor.  5",  lobes  obovate.  Rocky  swamps,  E.  &W.  6-18'. 

13  Li.  paludosa  N.  Lvs.  lin.-spat,  thickish,  obtuse,  petiolate;  scape  simple,  nearly 
naked ;  rac.  loose,  ped.  about  as  long  as  the  cal.   (3)  Bogs,  Del.,  and  S.   2-3f.   Lvs.  5-l(K. 

14  Li.  Dortmanna,  L.  Lvs.  submerged,  tufted,  linear,  entire,  hollow  with  2  longi- 
tudinal cells,  short,  obtuse  ;  scape  simple,  nearly  naked  ;  fls.  in  a  terminal  raceme,  re- 
mote, pedicellate,  nodding.    2;  In  ponds,  N.  States.    2— 3f.    Only  the  fls.  emerging. 

15  Li.  FULGENS.    Dowuy,  crcct.  Simple  ;  1  VS.  uarrow-lanc,  rcvolutc  at  cdgc.   2^  Mex.  3f. 

1 6  Li.  splendens.  Smooth,  erect ;  lvs.  narrow-lane,  flat ;  fls.  large,  in  long  rac.  Mcx.  3f. 

1 7  Li.  ERY?ms.    Slender,  difluse ;  lvs.  toothed,  ellip.  to lin. ;  fls.  scattered,  bluish.   S.  Afr. 
1  8  Li.  ccei.estina,  a  garden  variety,  with  larger  blue  flowers,  yellow  in  the  centre. 

2.  DOWNINGIA,  Torr.  Sep.  5,  linear.  Cor.  2-lippecl,  tube  not  splits 
upper  lip  2-partcd,  erect,  lower  lip  3-lobed.  Stam.  tube  incurved.  Cwps. 
ulique-form,  1-celled,  co-seeded,  opening  by  3  linear  valves,  (i)  Low,  with 
axillary,  solitaiy  flowers.    (Clintonia,  Doug.) 

1  D.  ELEGANS.    Stem  few-branched,  angular  ;  lvs.  ovate,  acute  ;  ovary  curved,  3-angled, 

longer  than  the  lvs. ;  corolla  blue  with  a  white  pakte.    Oregon !    G — 12'.    July,  Aug. 

2  D.  I'ULCHtLLA.   Stem  much  branched ;  lvs.^)btu6c;  fls.  8",  middle  lobe  longc&t.   Cal.l 


196  Order  72.— CAMPANULACE^. 


Order  LXXII.    CAMPANULAOE.^.    Bellworts. 

Herbs  with  a  milky  juice,  alternate  leaA-cs,  and  without  stipules.  Flowen 
mostly  blue,  showy.  Caliix  superior,  generally  5-cleft,  persistent.  Corolla 
regular,  campanulate,  generally  5-cleft,  withering,  valvatc  in  aestivation 
Stamens  5,  free  from  the  corolla.  Anthers  distinct,  2-celled.  Pollen  spheri- 
cal. Ovary  adherent  to  the  calyx,  2  or  more  celled.  Capsule  crowned 
with  the  remains  of  the  calyx,  loculicidal.    Seeds  many.    Figs.  62,  03. 

S  Calyx  tube  short.     Pod  roundish,  opening  at  the  sides.    Cor.  bell  or  wheel  form Campancla.   1 

%  Calyx  tube  elongated.    Pod  prismatic,  opening  at  the  sides.    Corolla  wheel-form Spkcularia.  2 

§  Calyx  tube  short.     Pod  ovoid,  opening  at  the  top.     Corolla  bowl-form Plattcodon.  3 

1.  CAMPANULA,  Tourn.  Calyx  mostly  5-cleft.  Cor.  campanulate, 
or  subrotate,  5-lobed,  closed  at  base  by  the  broad,  valve-like  bases  of  the 
5  stamens.  Stig.  3-5-cleft.  Caps.  3-5-celled,  opening  by  lateral  pores. 
Mostly  11.    Flowers  in  racemes  or  spikes,  or  few  and  axillary. 

%  Native  or  naturalized.— a  Flowers  rotate,  deeply  5-lobed No.  \ 

—a  Flowers  campannlate,  few,  or  scattered Nos.  2 — 4 

—a  Flowers  fiinnel-lbrra,  crowded  above No.  .5 

S  Exotic— 6  Sepals  appendaged  at  base.    Stig.  .3  or  5.    Corolla  bell-shaped.  .Nos.  6,  7 

— b  Sepals  not  appendaged.    Stig.  3.— c  Corolla  bowl-shaped Nos.  8,  i) 

—c  Corolla  bell-shaped Nos.  10,  U 

— c  Cor.  rotate-spreading Nos.  12,  1.3 

1  C.  Aiucrlcaiia  L.    Tall,  erect;  Ivs.  ovate-lanceolate,  acuminate,  uncinately  serrate, 

contracted  to  a  winged  petiole,  veins  often  ciliale ;  fls.  axillary,  sessile  ;  style  exsert- 
ed,  dccurved.    of  Dry  copses :  common.  2— 4f.  Fls.  1'  broad,  spreading,  flat.  Aug.  t 

2  C.  rotundifolla  L.    Hare-bell.    St.  weak,  slender;  radical  Ivs.  ovate  or  rcni  form- 

cordate,  cauline  linear,  entire  ;  flowers  few,  nodding,  bell-shaped  and  blue.    2[  Damp 
rocks,  N.  States.    If.    Very  delicate.    June,  July.    Kt.  Ivs.  seldom  found  with  the  lis. 

3  C.  aparinoides  Ph.    Stem  weak,  slender,  branching  above,  triangular,  the  angles 

inversely  aculeate  ;  Ivs.  lance-linear,  subentire  ;  fls.  terminal,  4"  long,  white.    In  wet 
meadows.    1— Iff,  leaning  on  the  grass  like  a  Galiitra.    June— Aug. 

4  C.  divaricata  Mx.    Glabrous,  erect,  with  slender,  divaricate,  paniculate  branches ; 

Ivs.  narrow-lanceolate,  pointed  at  each  cud,  sharply  dentate  ;  fls.  campanulate,  pendu- 
lous on  the  slender  branchlets.    Rocky  woods,  Va.,  W.  and  S.    2f.    July. 

5  C.  j;^loniera.ta  L.   St.  angular,  simple,  smooth  ;  Ivs.  lance-oblong,  cordate,  the  lower 

petiolate  ;  fls.  crowded  above,  cor.  funnel-form,  violet-blue.    Fields,  Mass.    2f.   §  t  En. 
§.  AGGHEGATA.    Flowcrs  pale  blue,  in  a  dense  head,  and  other  var.  are  cultivated. 

6  C,  Medium.    CanUrbury-heUs.   Erect,  hispid;  Ivs.  lanceolate;  fls. H';  stig. 5.  (a)En.  3f. 

7  C  8PECI0SA.    Erect;  Ivs.  lance-linear;  fls.  racemed,  nodding ;  stig.  3.    is,  Eur.    2f. 

8  C.  PYRAMiDAUS.    Smooth,  branched ;  Ivs.  laucc-ovate  ;  fls.  broad,  raccmed.    y  En.  6f. 

9  C.  PERSiciPOLiA.    Smooth;  Ivs.  lance-linear,  thick ;  fls.  broad,  axillary,    if  Eur.    3f. 
IOC.  Trachelium.  St.  angular,  hairy ;  Ivs.  ovate,  cord,  dentate ;  ped.  l-.3-fl\vd.  it  Eu.  4f. 

11  C  RAPUxcuLOiDES.  Rough :  Ivs.  ovate,  pointed ;  rac.  spicatc ;  fls.  nodding,  li  En.  2f. 

1 2  C.  LoRETi.    St.  erect,  ang. ;  Ivs.  obov.  to  lance-ovate ;  cal.  hairy ;  cor.  2'  broad,  (i)  En. 

13  C.  Garganica.  St.  dilTuse;  Ivs.  cord.-reniform  to  ovate;  fls.  small,  star-shaped,  if  En. 

2.  SPECULARIA,  Heist.  Calyx  5-lobed,  tube  elongated.  Cor.  rotate, 
5-lobed.  Fil.  hairy,  shorter  than  the  anthers.  Sty.  included,  hairy.  Stig. 
8.  Caps,  prismatic,  8-celled,  opening  laterally  in  the  upper  part.  (T)  Fls. 
axillary  and  terminal,  sessile,  erect. 


Order  73.— ERICACE^.  197 

1  S.  perfoliata  Lam.   St.  mostly  simple,  erect;  Ivs.  reniform-ovate,  cordate-clasping, 

crenate ;  fls.  sessile,  aggregate,  axillary.    Fields,  copses.    If.    Fls.  deep  blue.    Jn.,Jl. 

2  S.  LiUdovlciana  Torr.  St.  branched,  branches  slender;  Ivs.  ovate,  acute,  subentire, 

sess.  or  slightly  clasping ;  ovaries  slender,  fls.  smaller  (5"  broad).    S.  Car.  to  La.    1— 2f. 

3  S.  Speculum.    Venus'  Looking-glasa.    Stem  diff"usely  branching  ;  Ivs.  oblong,  crenate  ; 

fls.  solitary,  with  shallow  lobes,  blue  varying  to  white,  all  Summer.    S.  Eur.    Hardy. 

3.  PLATYCODON,  A.  DC.    Cor.  large,  bowl-shaped.    Stig.  5,  thick, 
Bpreading.    Caps,  ovoid,  opening  at  the  top  by  5  acute  valves.     li  Siberia. 
Smooth  and  glaucous. 
P.  ORANDiFLORUM.   Lvs.  lancc-ovate,  serrate ;  fls.  2',  blue  var.  to  wh.,  few,  terminaL  18'. 

Order  LXXIII.    ERICACEAE.    Heathworts. 

Plants  shrubby  or  suffruticous,  sometimes  herbaceous,  with  Leaves  sim- 
ple, alternate  or  opposite,  mostly  evergreen,  w^ithout  stipules.  Corolla  regu- 
lar or  somewhat  irregular,  4-5-cleft,  the  petals  rarely  distinct.  Stamens  as 
many  or  twice  as  many  as  the  petals,  free,  hypogynous.  Anthers  2-celled, 
generally  open  by  pores,  often  appendaged.  PolUn  (except  in  Monotro- 
peae)  compounded  of  4  united  grains.  Embryo  straight,  lying  in  the  axis  of, 
or  in  the  end  of  fleshy  albumen.    Figs.  64, 89, 90, 99, 114,  248,  255, 311, 438. 

§  Ovary  adherent,  in  fruit  a  berry  crowned  by  the  calyx  teeth.    Shrubs. . .(Suborder  I.) 
§  Ovary  free.— x  Shrubs,  trees.    Capsule  or  berry  with  the  cells  00 -seeded... (Suborder  II.) 
— a;  Shrubs.    Fruit  a  capsule  with  the  cells  one-seeded. .  .(Suborder  III.) 
— X  Herbs  half-woody,  low.— y  Leaves  evergreen.    Stamens  distinct... (Suborder  IV.) 
— y  Leaves  evergreen.    Filaments  united... (Suborder  V.) 
— y  Leaves  none.    Plants  without  verdure. .  .(Suborder  VI.) 

L  VACCINEiE.— a  Fls.  5-parted.    Berries  10-seeded.    Shrubs  often  resinous-dotted... Gaylussacia.  1 

— a  Flowers  5-parted.    Berries  00 -seeded.    Shrubs  dotless Vaccinium.  2 

— a  Flowers  4-parted. — h  Petals  narrow,  reflexed.    Berries  red OxYCOCCUS.  3 

— 6  Petals  short,  spreading.    Berries  white Chiogenes.  4 

IL  ERICINE.^.—c  Flowers  4-parted.    Sepals  colored,  larger  than  the  corolla Callcna.  5 

— c  Flowers  4-parted.    Sepals  small... (Gen.  11,  or) Erica.  6 

— c  Flowers  5-parted. — d  Petals  distinct,  or  very  nearly  polypetalous. . .(?«) 
— d  Petals  united,— roonopetalous...(e) 
e  Corolla  funnel-  or  bell-form,  with  spreading  lobes... (A) 
e  Corolla  urceolate  (ovoid,  cylindric  or  globular),  lobes  small. . .(/) 

e  Corolla  saucer-form,  holding  the  anthers  in  10  pits Kalmia.  7 

e  Corolla  salver-form,  very  fragrant.    Trailing  shrublet Epio^a.  8 

.  /  Emit  fleshy,  the  matured  ovary  5-seeded Arctostaphyi.os.  9 

/  Fruit  fleshy,  the  matured  calyx  00 -seeded Gaultheria.  10 

/■  Fr.  dry,  capsular,— ^  septicidal.    Lvs.  linear,  heath-like Menziesia.  U 

—g  loculicidal.— 7i  Lvs.  linear,  moss-like.  .Cassiope.  12 

— h  Lvs.  ample.    Shrubs. ..Andromeda.  13 

—h  Lvs.  ample.    Trees Oxydendrcm.  14 

7.-  Stamens  5,  included.    Plant  and  leaves  very  small Loiseleuria.  15 

7c  Stamens  5  (rarely  more),  long-exserted.    Cor.  funnel-form., Azalea.  16 

h  Stamens  10  (rarely  fewer),  exserted.    Cor.  bell-form Rhododendron.  17 

wi  Corolla  very  irregiilar,  open  before  the  leaves  appear Rhodora.  18 

m  Cor.  regular,— w  7-petalled.    Stamens  14 Befaria.  19 

— n  5-petalled.— o  Capsule  5-celled Ledum.  20 

— o  Caps. 3-celled.— p  Fls.  umbelled..LEiopnYLLOM.  21 

— p  Fls.  racemed...CLETHRA.  22 

III.  CYRILLEiE.— r  Flowers  4-parted,  with  8  stamens  and  a  2-celled  capsule Elliottia.  23 

— r  Flowers  5-parted,— a  with  5  stamens  and  a  2-celled  capsule Cyrilla.  24 

—»  with  10  stamens.  Caps.  3-celled,  2-winged..MTr,0CARiCM.  22 


198  Order  73.— ERICACEJ5. 

rV,  PYROLE^E.— «  Flowers  racemert,  many.    Her'  »  nearly  acaiilesecnt Pyrola.  2(J 

— i«  Flowers  umbelled,  few.    Stems  ascending.     Style  very  short Chi.haphila.  27 

—«  Flowers  solitary  (one  only).— <  Capsule  5-celIed JIc>\E8KS.  28 

—t  Capsule  :i-celled Shortia.  29 

▼,  T  OALAOINE^.     Anthers  6,  one-celled.     Capsule  .3-celIed.    Scape  spicate Gala.x.  30 

VL  MONOTROPEiE.—u  Corolla  polypetalous.     Plant  white,  reddish  or  tawny Mon'OTROPA.  31 

— u  Corolla  monopetalous, — v  canipanulate,  in  a  short  spike.. ..Schweixitzia.  32 

—p  ovoid,  in  a  loose  raceme Pterospora.  33 

1.  GAYLUSSACIA,  H.  B.  K.  Huckleberry.  Calyx  adlierent,  5- 
toothed.  Cor.  urccolatc  or  campanulatc,  5-cleft  or  toothed.  Sta.  10.  Antli. 
awnless,  the  cells  produced  upward  iuto  tubular  beaks  opening  at  the  apex. 
Berry  drupe-like,  globular,  10-celled,  10-seeded.  ly  5  I^caves  alternate. 
Flowci-s  in  lateral,  bracted  racemes,  white  or  reddish,  small.  Fruit  black 
or  dark  blue,  sweet.    May,  June. 

§  Leaves  evergreen,  very  smooth,  with  no  resinous  dots,  crenulate No.  1 

§  Leaves  deciduous,  sprinkled  with  resinous  dots  beneath,  entire Nos.  2 — 4 

1  a.  bracliycera  (Michx).    Box  IL    Lvs.  oval  to  ovate,  thick  and  firm  :  rac.  dense, 

lied,  very  short ;  cor.  short-ovoid  ;  berries  light  blue.  Rocky  hills.  Pa.  to  Va. :  rare.  If. 

2  G.  dutnosa  T.  &  G.    Minutely  hairy  and  glandular ;  lvs.  obovate-oblong,  mucronate ; 

bracts  persistent ;  cor.  short-bell-form  ;  ber.  black,  large,  insipid.    Me.  to  Fla.  'l— 2f. 

3  G.  resinosa  T.  &  G.    Slack  II.    Branches  ashy  ;  lvs.  oval  to  lance-obl. ;  rac.  1-sidcd, 

deciduous  bracts,  ped.  short  as  the  fls. ;  cor.  5-angled,  contracted  at  mouth ;  sty.  exsert- 
ed ;  fr.  black,  round,  sweet  and  eatable,  ripe  in  Aug.   Thickets,  Can.  to  Va.,  and  W.  2f. 

4  G.  frondosa  T.  &  G.    Blue  Dangles.    IRgh  Blueberry.    Lvs.  oblong-obovate,  pal/j- 

glaucous  beneath ;  rac.  loose,  bracts  deciduous,  shorter  than  the  ped. ;  cor.  egg-bell- 
form  :  berries  large,  blue,  sweet  and  eatable,  in  Aug.    Thickets,  N.  Eng.  to  La,    3— 6f. 

2.  VAOOINIUM,  L.  Blueberry'.  Calyx  adherent,  5-toothed.  Cor. 
urceolate,  canipanulate  or  cyUndric,  limb  4-  or  5-cleft,  reflexed.  Sta.  8  or 
10,  included.  Anth.  with  2  awns  on  the  back,  or  awnless,  the  3  cells  pro- 
longed into  a  tube  opening  at  apex.  Berry  4  or  5  (or  partly  8-10)-celled, 
cells  GO-seeded.  5  ^  Leaves  alternate.  Flowers  solitary  or  racemous, 
white  or  reddish,  small.    Fruit  .generally  eatable.    Fig.  90. 

§  Anthers  2-awned  back  of  the  2  horns.    Leaves  deciduous. .  .(a) 

a  Filaments  smooth.    Fruit  4-5-celled.  blue.    Shrubs  If  or  less Nos.  1,  2 

CT  r iiaments  hairy.    Fruit  partly  10-celled.    Taller  (2— 20f  high) Nos.  3,  4 

§  Anthers  2-horned,  without  the  awns.    Filaments  10,  hairy. .  .(6) 

h  Leaves  evergreen.    Flowers  4-parted.    Fruit  4-celled No.  5 

h  Leaves  evergreen.    Flowers  5-parted.    Fniit  partly  10-cellod Nos.  (i,  7 

b  Lvs.  deciduous.    Fr.  partly  10-celled.    Fls.  in  short,  close  racemes. .  .(c) 

c  Corolla  bell-shaped.    Leaves  hairj'  both  sides,  entire No.  8 

c  Corolla  cylindrical.    Leaves  smooth  or  nearly  so Ntis.  9—11 

c  Corolla  ovoid,  evidently  contracted  at  the  mouth Nos.  11—13 

1  V.  iiliginosum  L.    Bilberry.    Procumbent;  lvs.  obovatc,  obtuse,  dull,  glaucous 

beneath  ;  fls.  solitary,  axillary ;  cor.  ovoid-globous,  4-cleft ;  stam.  8.  White  Mts.  Jn.,  Jl. 

2  V.  caespltosuin  Mx.    BUMrry.    Dwarf,  ca^spitous  ;  lvs.  obovate,  attenuate  at  the 

base,  thin,  serrate,  reticulate  with  veins,  shining;  flowers  subsolitary;  corolla  oblong, 
5-toothed  :  stamens  10.    White  Mountains.    2—3'.    July. 

3  V,  stain ineum  L.    Beerberry.    Lvs.  oval-lanceolate,  acute,  dull,  glaucous  beneath  ; 

pedicels  solitary,  axillary,  nodding;  cor.  bell-spreading,  seg.  acute,  oblong;  anth.  10, 
with  the  long  tubes  exserted.    Dry  woods.    3— 3f.    Fruit  green ieh-whitc.    May,  June. 

4  V.  arboreuiii  Mx.    Lvs.  obovate,  acute  at  base,  mucronate,  veiuy,  bhiiiing  above 


Order  73.— ERICACE^.  199 

pale  green  and  subpube?cent  beneath  ;  pedicels  pecund,  in  Icafj'  rarcmcp  ;  cor.  cj'Iin- 
dric-bell-shaped,  rose-white  ;  antn.  10,  included.  Woods.  S.  8-20f.  Fr.  black.  May,Jn. 

5  V.  Vitis-Idaea  L.    Decumbent,  much  branched,  smooth,  evergreen  ;  Ivs.  4-7^',  oval, 

obtuse,  thiclv.  margin  revolute,  pale  beneath  :  ([■?.  solitary  or  in  short  clusters,  4-parted ; 
corolla  campanulate.    Hills  and  mts.,  N.  Eng. :  rare.    June,  July. 

6  V.  ITIyrsInites  Mx.    Erect,  much  branched  ;  Ivs.  small,  elliptical,  acute  at  each  end, 

glabrous,  serrulate  ;  fls.  in  small  lateral  clusters  of  2—5  ;  cor.  ovoid,  urccolate  ;  stylo 
slightly  exserted.    Woods.  S.    If.    Whole  plant  often  purplish.    March,  April. 

7  V,  niyrtifolium  Mx.    St.  simple,  decumbent  at  base,  from  long,  creeping  roots; 

Ivs.  1 — 2',  cuneate-obovate  or  oval,  i)alc  beneath  ;  fls.  in  dense,  sessile,  lateral  clus- 
ters of  6—12;  cor.  oblong-cylindric ;  fr.  round,  black.    Woods,  S.     If.    Mar.,  April. 

8  V,  Canadense  Eich.    Branches  reddish-green,  pubescent,  leafy ;  Ivs.  elliptic-lan- 

ceolate, acute  at  each  end  ;  rac.  fasciculate,  sessile,  snbterminal ;  cor.  campanulate  ; 
cal.  lobes  acute.    Rocky  thickets,  N.  Eng.,  and  W.    8—12'.    Berries  blue,  sweet.    May. 

9  "V.  Pennsylvanlcum  Lam.     Common  Low  Bluebeny.    Branches  green,  with  2 

pubescent  lines  ;  Ivs.  1',  crowded,  elliptic-oblong,  acute  at  each  end,  bristly-serrulate, 
shining ;  fls.  in  short,  bracteate,  dense  rac.    Hard  soils,  Can.  to  Pa.    Ber.  blue,  sweet. 

p.  ntg-rum.    Dark  green  ;  berries  black  and  shining,  without  bloom. 

y.  alpinum.    Dwarf,  decumbent ;  Ivs.  small  (3 — 4'0,  narrow-oblanceolate.    Mts. 

10  V.  Tacillans  Soland.  Low,  bushy;  Ivs.  oval  to  ovate,  acute  or  mucronate,  pale 
green,  dull,  glaucous  beneath,  minutely  serrulate  ;  rac.  dense-flowered,  preceding  the 
full-grown  Ivs.   Hilly  woods,  N.  Eng.  to  Tenn.   1— 2if.   Fr.  blue-black,  sweet.  May,  Jn. 

1 1  V.  cory  tnbosum  L.  Common  High  Blueberry.  Tall ;  floAvering  branches  nearly 
leafless  ;  leaves  oval  to  lanceolate,  acute  or  acuminate  at  each  end,  entire,  pubescent 
when  young,  often  glaucous  beneath ;  rac.  short,  sessile ;  cor.  cylindrical  to  ovoid. 
Low  woods.    5 — lOf,    March — June. — Varies  exceedingl}'. 

p.  virg-Tttum,  Branchlets  leafless,  covered  with  rose-colored  rac.  Sts.virgate.  5f.  S. 
y.  atncenum,  Lvs.  oblong ;  fls.  cylindric,  large,  roseate ;  sty.  included  ;  fr.  blk.  8f. 
S.  fu»cdtum,  Lvs.  serrulate  ;  ped.  elongated  ;  sty.  exserted  ;  fls.  striped  with  red.  3f. 
S,  g-lahrum.    Plant  glabrous  throughout,  the  leaves  entire.    Rare. 

12  V.  galezans  Mx.  Flowering  branches  leafy  ;  lvs.  sessile,  cuneate-lanceolate,  sab- 
serrate,  veiny,  glabrous  when  old  ;  flowers  in  small,  sessile  fascicles  ;  corolla  small, 
yellowish  ;  style  exserted  ;  fruit  small,  black.    Swamps,  S.    If.    April +. 

13  V,  lilrsutum  Buckley.  Whole  plant,  with  fls.  and  fr.,  densely  hirsute ;  lvs.  ovate, 
entire  ;  corolla  oblong,  nearly  closed  at  mouth  ;  berry  round.    Mts.  of  N.  Car.    If. 

3.  OXYCOCCUS,  Pers.    Cranberry.    Calyx  adherent,  4-cleft.    Cor. 

4  parted,  with  long,  narrow,  reflexed  segments.     Sta.  8.     Anth.  tubular,  2- 
parted,  opening  by  oblique  pores.    Berr.ies  globous,  4-celled,  many-seeded. 

5  1^  Delicate,  with  alternate  lvs.,  red  and  purple  berries  on  slender  ped. 

*  stem  erect,  with  membranous,  deciduous  leaves.    Berries  sweetish No.  1 

*  Stem  prostrate,  slender.    Leaves  evergreen,  small.    Berries  acid Nos.  2,  3 

1  O.  erytlirocarpns  Ell.    Lvs.  oval,  acuminate,  thin,  ciliatc-serrulate;  fls.  axillary, 

solitary,  the  long  segments  at  length  reflexed,    Mts.  of  Ya.  and  Car.    1— 2f.    June. 

2  O.  paliistris  Pers.    Sts.  filiform,  purple  ;  lvs.  ovate,  entire,  revolute  on  the  margin ; 

pedicels  terminal,  1-flowered ;  corolla  pink,  segments  ovate.    Alpine  bogs,  N. 

3  O.  macrocarpus  Pers.    St.  filiform  ;  lvs.  oblong,  obtuse  at  each  end,  edges  revo- 

lute,  glaucous  beneath  ;  pedicels  axillary,  elongated,  1-flowered  ;  corolla  segm.  linear- 
lanceolate.    Sphagnous  swamps,  Va.,  and  N.    Fruit  large,  valuable.    June. 

4.  OHIOGENES,  Salisb.  Calyx  4-cleft,  persistent.  Cor.  broadly  cam- 
panulate, limb  deeply  4-cleft.  Stam.  8.  Anth.  cells  distinct,  awnless  on 
the  back,  bicuspidatc  at  apex,  opening  longitudinally.    Ov.  adherent.    Fr. 


200  OiiDER  73.— ERICACE^. 

white,  4-cellecl,maTiy-seeclecl.    Lo  Delicate.    Lvs.  very  small,  altemaU,  with 
the  flavor  of  the  Clieckerberiy.   Cor.  small,  wh.,  axillary,  solitary.    Fig.  248. 
C,  liispidula  T.  &  G.— In  old  woods,  N.  Eng.,  N.  and  W.    Sterne  creeping,  slender, 
1— 3f.    Leaves  oval,  4 — G'\    Berries  very  small.    May,  June. 

5.  OALLUNA,  Salisb.  Heather.  Cal.  of  4  scarious,  colored  sepals. 
Cor.  campanulate,  4-parted,  shorter  than  the  calyx.  Stam.  8.  Anth.  2- 
crested  on  the  back,  cells  opening  laterally.  Stig.  4-lobed.  Caps.  4-celled, 
8-8Ccded,  4-valved.  }j  Lvs.  opposite,  minute,  crowded.  Fls.  axillaiy,  or 
crowded  in  1-sidcd  racemes,  scarious,  roseate,  with  4 — 6  scarious  bracts. 
C  vulgaris  Salisb.— Low  grounds,  Tewksbury  !  Mass.,  Me.,  and  N.    2f.    Lvs.  t". 

6.  ERICA,  L.  Heath.  Cal.  4-parted.  Cor.  tubular,  bell-,  cup-,  urn-, 
globe-,  egg-,  or  salver-form,  the  limb  in  4  short  lobes.  Stam.  8.  Sty.  fili- 
form. Caps.  4-celled,  opening  by  4  loculicidal  valves.  Sds.  2 — go  in  each 
cell.  ^)  Very  delicate,  chiefly  S.  Afiican,  branching  and  brittle.  Leaves 
whorled,  rarely  alternate,  linear  or  acerous.    Flowers  nodding,  cyanic. 

1  "E,  cinerea  L.    Scotch  Heath.    Stems  clustered ;  branchlets  and  linepr  lvs.  (1")  in 

S's,  crowded  ;  fls.  racemous-clustered  on  the  upper  branchlets  ;  cal.  col'^red,  with  few  or 
no  bractlets,  J" ;  cor.  purple,  oval,  2"  ;  anth.  included,  awned  beneath.  Sandy  "  moors," 
Nantucket  Is. !    Found  by  Mrs.  E.  E.  Atwater,  June,  1868.    Apparently  indi<?enous. 

2  E.  CARNEA.  Very  slender,  6— KK:  leaves  in  3^8  or4"s,  2—3"  long,  obtuse  ;  flowers  axil- 

lary ;  corolla  2",  and  calyx  1",  flesh-color ;  anthers  dark-purple,  exserted.  A-ps. 
April.— Of  the  400  known  species,  only  this  is  yet  common  in  cultivation, 

7.  EALMIA,  L.  American  Laurel,  Cal.  5-parted.  Cor.  with  10 
prominences  beneath  and  10  corresponding  cavities  within,  including  the 
10  anthers.  Border  5-lobed.  Fil.  elastic.  Caps.  5-celled,  many-seeded. 
Q  5  Beautiful,  N.  American.  Leaves  entire,  evergreen,  coriaceous.  Flow- 
ers in  racemous  corymbs,  white  and  red,  in  May — July. 

*  Flowers  in  terminal  corymbs.    Leaves  thick,  mostly  acute Nos.  1,  3 

*  Flowers  in  lateral  corymbs.    Leaves  obtuse Nos.  3,  4 

*  Flowers  solitary,  axillary.    Sepals  nearly  as  long  as  the  corolla No.  5 

1  K.  latifolia  L.     Calico  Bush.    Sjxion-ivood.    Lvs.  alternate  and  ternate,  oval  lance- 

olate, acute  at  each  end.  smooth  and  green  on  both  sides  ;  corymbs  terminal,  viscidly 
pubescent.  Woods,  Me.  to  O.,  Ky..  and  Fla.  5-20f.  Profusely  and  splendidly  flowering. 

2  K.  glauca  Ait.    Swamp  Laurel.    Branches  ancipitous  ;  lvs.  opposite,  eubsessilc, 

lanceolate,  polished,  glaucous  beneath,  revolnte  at  the  margin  ;  corymbs  terminal,  the 
peduncles  and  bracts  smooth.  Bogs,  Pa.,  and  N.  2-3f.  Lvs.  1'.  Corymbs  8-10-flowered. 
/3.  rogmartnifolia.    Leaves  linear,  more  revolute,  green  beneath. 

3  K.  angiistlfolla  L.    Sheep-poison.    Lvs.  ternate  and  opposite,  elliptical-lanceolate, 

petiolate,  obtuse  at  each  end,  smooth  ;  corymbs  lateral ;  bracts  linear-lanceolate.  Hilla 
and  copses,  Can.  to  Ky.  and  Car.    2— 4f.    Flowers  deep  purple,  few  in  each  cluster. 

4  K.  cuneata  Mx.    Lvs.  scattered,  sessile,  cuneate-oblong,  obtuse,  mucronate,  glan- 

dular-pubescent beneath  ;  flowers  white,  in  sessile  clusters.    Swamps,  Car. :  rare.  3f. 

5  K.  Itirsuta  Walt.    Slender,  branched,  hairy  ;  leaves  scattered  or  opposite,  ovate  to 

linear-oblong,  as  long  as  the  pedicels  (4—0").    Barrens,  S. :  common.    If.    Fls.  7"- 

8.  EPIG.SIA,  L.  Trailing  Arbutus.  May-flower.  Cal.  large,  5- 
parled,  with  3  bracts  at  base.    Cor.  salver-form,  tube  villous  withm,  limb 


Ordek  73.— ERICACE^.  201 

5-parted,  spreading.  Stam.  10.  Anth.  dehiscent  by  2  longitudinal  open- 
ings. Caps.  5-celled,  5-valved,  Lo  Trailing,  with  cordate,  ovate,  entire, 
alternate  leaves,  and  axillary  clusters. 

E.  repens  L.— Rocky  woods,  N.  Eng.  to  Pa.,  Ky.,  and  N.  Stems  half-shrubby,  hairy, 
10—15'  long,    Lvp.  evergreen,  2'.   Fls.  rose-colored,  delightfully  fragrant.   Apr.,  May. 

9.  AROTOSTAPHYLOS,  Adans.  Bear-berry.  Cal.  5-parted,  per- 
sistent.  Cor.  ovoid,  diaphanous  at  the  base,  limb  with  5  sjiiall  recurved 
segments.  Anth.  10,  with  2  long,  reflexed  awns,  and  opening  by  pores. 
Drupe  or  beriy  5-10-celled,  the  cells  1-seeded.  5  Trailing.  Leaves  alter- 
nate.   Racemes  terminal. 

1  A.  Uva-ursi  Spr.    Lvs.  entire,  thick,  evergreen,  shining  above,  obovate ;  flowers 

drooping ;  dnipc  red,  as  large  as  a  currant,  the  nut  5-8eeded.    Eocky  hills,  N.    May. 

2  A.  alpiiia  Spr.    Lvs.  thin,  serrate,  deciduous,  obovate,  acute,  strongly  netted ;  ped. 

hardly  longer  than  the  bractlets ;  dmpes  black.    High  mts.,  Me.,  N.  H.,  and  N. 

10.  GAULTHERIA,  Kalm.  Checkerberry.  Wintergreen.  Cal. 
5-cleft,  with  2  bracts  at  the  base.  Cor.  ovoid-tubular,  limb  with  5  small, 
revolute  lobes.  Fil.  10,  hirsute.  Caps.  5-celled,  invested  by  the  calyx, 
which  becomes  a  berry.     ^>  Leaves  alternate.    Pedicels  bibracteolate. 

G«  procumbens  L.  St.  procumbent,  with  the  branches  erect  or  ascending  ;  lvs.  obo- 
vate, mucronate,  denticulate,  crowded  at  the  top  ;  fls.  few,  drooping,  terminal.  Woods 
and  pastures,  Can.  to  Penn.  and  Ky.    3'.    Red  berries  and  leaves  spicy.    June— Sept. 

11.  MENZIESIA,  Smith.  Cal.  deeply  4-  or  5-cleft.  Cor.  urceolate  or 
campanulate,  4-  or  5-lobed.  Sta.  8  or  10,  anth.  opening  by  terminal  pores. 
Caps.  4-  or  5-celled,  opening  septicidally.  Seeds  oo.  Low,  shrubby  plants, 
of  various  habits.    Flowers  in  terminal  clusters. 

§  Phtllodoce,  Salisb.    Lvs.  evergreen,  heath-like.    Fls.  5-parted,  bell-form No.  1 

§  Menziesia  proper.    Leaves  deciduous.    Flowers  4-parted,  urceolate No.  2 

1  HI.  taxlfolia  Robbins.   Mountain  Heath.    St.  prostrate  at  base  ;  lvs.  linear,  obtuse; 

pedicels  erect,  slender,  terminal,  aggregate,  1-flowered.    Alpine  bogs,  N.  H,,  Me.,  and 
N.    6 — 12''.    Leaves  6—7'''.    Flowers  purple,  the  ped.  18".    June. 

2  M.  ferruginea  Smith.    j3.  §rlobulhri»  Sims.    Shrub  low,  straggling,  pubescent ; 

leaves  lance-oval,  ciliate ;  flowers  small,  nodding,  on  slender  pedicels,  greenish-pur- 
ple.   Mts.,  Penn,  to  Car.    3— 4f.    June. 

12.  OASSIOPE,  Don.  Moss-plant.  Sep.  bractless,  imbricated,  ovate. 
Cor.  globular-campanulate,  4-  or  5-lobed.  Anth.  8  or  10,  pendulous,  cella 
opening  by  a  terminal  pore,  with  a  long  reflexed  awn  behind.  Caps.  4-  or 
5-celled,  valves  2-parted. .  Placentcc  pendulous,  co-seeded.  jj  Small, 
alpine,  moss-like  or  heath-like  shrubs.    Flowers  solitary,  pedicellate. 

()»  hypnoides  Don.  Stem  filiform,  tufted ;  leaves  evergreen,  subulate,  smooth, 
crowded ;  flowers  5-parted,  purple,  nodding.    High  mts.,  N.  H.,  N.  Y.,  Me.    3—3'.   Jn. 

13.  ANDROMEDA,  L.  Cal.  5-parted,  persistent,  not  becoming  fleshy 
in  fruit.  Cor.  urceolate,  the  mouth  more  or  less  contracted,  5-toothed. 
Anth  10,  cells  2,  opening  by  a  terminal  pore.  Caps.  5-celled,  5-valved, 
often  re-enforced  with  5  external  valvelets.  Seeds  go.  +)  J)  with  entire, 
or  serrulate,  alternate  leaves.    Figs.  04,  438. 


202  Order  73.— ERICACE-E. 

§  Sepals  valvate  in  the  early  'bud.    Fl?.  in  clusters.    Caps,  globular. .  .(c) 
§  Sepals  imbricate  in  the  bud.    Capsule  depressed. . . (a) 

a  Fls.  solitary,  axillary.  Pericarp  double.  Anth,  awnless.   (Cassandra).  .Nos.  1,  9 
a  Flowers  in  axillary  racemes.  Pericarp  simple,  with  5  entire  valves ...  (6) 

b  Anth.  awnless.  Bractlets  at  the  base  of  the  pedicels.  (Lencothoe).  .Nos.  S— 5 
b  Anth.  2-awned.    Bractlets  at  the  base  of  the  calyx.    (Eubotrys) . . .  .Nos.  6,  7 

c  Flowers  in  a  terminal  nodding  umbel.  Cor.  globular.   (Euandromeda) No.  8 

c  Flowers  in  racemes,  panicled  or  axillary. .  .(d) 

d  Capsule  with  5  narrow  valvelets  applied  to  the  sutures. .  .(e) 

d  Capsule  naked.    Corolla  ovoid.    Anthers  2-awned.    (Portunia). .  .Nos.  9,  10 

e  Corolla  oblong.    Filaments  or  anthers  2-awned.    (Pieris) Nos.  11—13 

e  Corolla  globular.  Filaments  and  anth.  awnless.    (Lyonia). .  .Nos.  14—16 

I  A.  calyculata  L.    Leather-leaf.    Lvs.  oblong,  obtuse,  flat,  acute  at  base,  rusty 

beneath ;  fls.  white,  each  with  a  leaf,  in  leafy  racemes  ;  cal.  2-bractleted  at  base,  sep. 
acute ;  inner  pericarp  10-valved,  thin.    Bogs,  Can.  to  Car.  and  Wis.    3f.    April  -i-. 
%  A.  augustlfolfa  Ph.    Leaves  linear-lanceolate,  acute,  the  margins  revolute  ;  calyx 
segments  acuminate,  2-bracteolate.    Otherwise  as  No.  1.    Swamps,  S.  Car.,  Ga. 

3  A.  axillaris  Lam.-  Leaves  oblong,  acute,  denticulate,  petiolate ;  rac.  dense,  short ; 

sepals  roundish,  obtuse.    Banks,  low  country,  Va.  to  Fla.    2 — 4f.    Evergreen.    Mar. 

4  A .  Catesbsel  Walt.    Lvs.  lance-ovate,  conspicuously  pointed,  petiolate,  finely  ser- 

rulate ;  rac.  dense,  nodding,  nearly  as  long  as  the  leaves ;  eep.  ovate,  acute.    Banks, 
up-country,  Penn.  to  Ga.    2— 5f.    Racemes  2—3',  white.    Evergreen.    May. 

5  A.  acuminata  L.    Pipe-wood.    Leaves  very  smooth,  rigid,  lance-ovate,  gradually 

pointed,  entire  ;  rac.  loose,  short ;  branches  hollow.    Swamps,  S.    3— lOf.    April. 

6  A.  racenio.sa  L.    Lvs.  lance-oval,  slightly  pointed,  serrulate,  deciduous  ;  rac.  strict, 

ascending,  terminal,  naked,  long  and  1-sided ;  sep.  ovate,  acuminate  ;  anth.  cells  each 
2-awned  at  apex ;  seeds  wingless.   Wet  woods.   2 — 6f.    Rac.  2— 3',  white.    Jn.,July. 

7  A.  recurva  Buckley.    Lvs.  deciduous,  lance-ovate,  acuminate;  anth.  cells  each  1- 

awned ;  pod  5-lobed :  sds.  winged,  flat ;  branches  recurved-spreading.  Mts.,Va.,  N.  Car. 

8  A.  polifolia  L.    Wild  Rosemary.   Erect,  smooth,  glaucous  ;  lvs.  oblong-linear,  with 

margins  revolute,  white  beneath  (|2 — 3') ;  umb.  5-9-flwd.,  roseate.    Bogs,  N.    If.    Jn. 

9  A.  floribunda  Lyon  (Ph.)    Lvs.  thick,  evergreen,  lance-oblong,  acute  or  pointed. 

bristly-serrulate  ;  rac.  paniculate,  crowded  ;  bractlets  minute  ;  cor.  white ;  anth.  awns 
2,  reflexed,  white.    Mts.,  Ya.  to  Ga.  2— lOf.   Flowers  numerous  and  handsome.   Apr. 

10  A.  phlllyvajfolia  Hook.  Lvs.  thick,  shining,  evergreen,  elliptic-oblong,  obtuse, 
serrulate  above  ;  rac.  subterminal,  loose  ;  sep.  lanceolate  ;  cor.  oval :  anth.  each  with 
2  long  reflexed  black  awns.    Woods,  Quincy,  Fla.    1— 3f.    (A.  Croomii,  C-B.) 

II  A.  nitida  Bartram.  Fetter-bush.  Lvs.  thick,  evergreen,  shining,  elliptical,  acu- 
minate at  each  end,  margins  veined  and  revolute ;  umbels  axillary,  nodding,  roseate  ; 
branches  sharply  angled.    Low  pine-barrens,  S.    .3— 6f.    March,  April.    Elegant. 

p?  rhomhifblia.    Leaves  broad-oval ;  sepals  i  as  long  as  the  ovoid  corolla.    Fla. 

12  A.  ITIariana  L.  Stagger-bush.  Lvs.  thin,  deciduous,  oval,  entire,  acutish;  flow- 
ering branches  leafless ;  fls.  large  (4—5"),  white  or  reddish,  in  lateral  crowded  fascicles ; 
sepals  linear,  \  as  long  as  the  cylindric  corolla.    Sands,  N.  J.  to  Fla.    3f.    June,  July. 

13  A.  speciosa  Mx.  Lvs.  oval,  obtuse,  serrate,  veiny,  deciduous;  flowering  stems 
mostly  leafless,  branched ;  sepals  i  as  long  as  the  large  bell-shaped  white  corolla. 
Swamps,  S.    June.— Varies  with  the  leaves  broad,  crenate,  whitish  beneath. 

14  A.  ligustrina  Muhl.  Pubescent ;  lvs.  deciduous,  lance-obovate  to  obovate,  short- 
acuminate,  serrulate  ;  rac.  panicled  on  the  leafless  flowering  branches.  Wet  soils,  Ct. 
to  Fla.    6f.    June.— Var.  with  small  lvs.  scattered  among  the  small  (1")  downy  fls.    S. 

15  A.  ferrnginea  Walt.  Lvs.  thick,  rigid,  evergreen,  obovate  to  oblanceolate,  rusty 
beneath,  revolute-edged  ;  umb.  axillary  ;  fls.  small  (1") ;  valvelets  nearly  as  broad  as 
the  valves.    Pine-barrens,  S.  3— 20f.    Shrub  or  small  tree.  Apr.,  May.   (A.  riglda  Ph.) 

IG  A.  montana  Buckley.  Lvs.  evergreen,  lance-ovate,  ciliate-serrulate ;  fls.  In  large 
panicles  ;  pedicels  pubescent,  with  3  linear  bractlets.    Mts.,  N.  Car.    4— 6f. 


OnDER  73.— ERICACE^.  20i) 

14.  OXYDENDRUM,  DC.  Sorrel-tree.  Sep.  bractless,  valvate  in 
tlie  early  bud.  Cor.  urceolate,  ovoid,  5-toothed.  Anth.  10,  linear,  erect, 
awnless,  cells  opening  lengthwise.  Capsule  oblong,  truncate,  5-celled,  5- 
valved.  Seeds  oo.  ^  Lvs.  petiolate,  oblong-lanceolate,  acuminate,  ser- 
rulate. Flowers  wiiite,  in  terminal  panicles  of  slender,  spicate  racemes. 
O.  arboreum  DC— Ohio,  Peuii.,  and  S.  along  the  Alleghany  Mts.  Tree  40-50ft.  Jn.,  Jl. 

15.  LOISELEURIA,  Desv.  Alpine  Azalea.  Calyx  5-parted,  lobes 
equal.  Cor.  subcampanulate,  5-parted,  regular.  Sta.  5,  equal,  erect,  shorter 
than  the  corolla,  anth.  dehiscing  laterally.  Style  straight,  included.  Caps. 
2-  or-S-celled,  2-  or  3-valved,  co-seeded.  5  Delicate,  procumbent,  tufted, 
with  opposite,  petiolate,  entire  leaves.  Pedicels  terminal,  solitary,  1-flow- 
ered.     Corolla  rose-color. 

li,  procumbens  Deev.— Summit  of  the  White  Mts.,  N,  II.   A  tiny  shrub.  3—6'.   Lvs. 
elliptical,  3",  margins  revolute.    Flowerg  nearly  sessile.    June,  July. 

16.  AZALEA,  L.  Swamp  Pink.  Cal.  small,  5-parted.  Cor.  funnel- 
form,  somewhat  irregular,  with  5  spreading  lobes.  Sta.  5.  Fil.  and  style 
long,  exserted,  declined,  anth.  opening  by  pores.    Caps.  5-celled,  5-valved, 

00  -  seeded.     ;^  Erect.    Lvs.  alternate,  deciduous,  oblong  or  obovate,  en- 
tire.   Flowers  in  umbelled  clusters,  terminal,  large  and  showy.    Fig.  114. 

§  Calyx  lobes  all  (or  rarely  one  excepted)  very  short  or  minute Nos.  1,  2 

§  Calyx  lobes  all  oblong  and  of  conspicuous  length.— a  Native Nos.  3,  4 

—a  Exotic ...Nos.  5,  6 

1  A.  viscosa  L.    Branchlets  hispid  ;  leaves  obovate-oblong,  the  edges,  midvein,  and 

petiole  bristly  ;  fls.  appearing  after  the  lvs.,  very  viscid,  the  tube  much  longer  than  the 
segments  ;  stamens  exserted  ;  style  much  longer.    Swamps.    4— lOf.    May— July. 

/3.  nitida,    Lvs.  smooth,  green,  shining,  oblanceolate.    Dry  woods,  N.    1— 2f. 

y.  hispida,    Lvs.  very  liispid  above,  smooth  and  glaucous  beneath.    Mts.,  Pa. 

2  A.  nudiflora  L.    Pinxter-bloom.    Young  branchlets  and  lvs.  beneath  pubescent; 

clusters  naked,  appearing  with  or  before  the  young  lvs. ;  corolla  slightly  viscid,  tube 
downy,  scarcely  longer  than  the  segm.  Woods:  more  common  S.  3— 7f.  Apr. +  . — 
Varies  with  the  flowers  pink,  deep  purple,  white-variegated,  white  with  a  buff  centre, 
and  buff  all  over;  the  latter  two  fragrant.    Also,  with  10—20  stamens. 

3  A.  calendiilacea  Mx.    Flaming  Pinxter.    Young  branchlets  pubescent;  lvs.  at- 

tenuated to  the  base,  corymbs  nearly  or  quite  leafless  ;  tube  of  the  cor.  hirsute,  not 
viscid,  shorter  than  the  ample  lobes.  Upland  woods,  O.,  Pa.,  and  S.  3— lOf.  May,  Jn. 
—The  splendid  flowers  vary  to  yellow-scarlet,  flame-color ,  brick-red,  saffwn-yellow,  &c. 

4  A.  arborescens  Ph.    Branches  smooth  ;  lvs.  obovate,  glabrous,  glaucous  beneath, 

margins  ciliate  ;  corymbs  leafy  with  full-grown  leaves ;  corolla  tube  not  viscid,  longer 
than  the  lobes.    Mts.,  Ponn.,  and  S.    10— 20f.    May— July. 

5  A,  Indica.    Strigous,  but  not  glandular;  lvs.' wedge-lanceolate,  acuminate,  ciliate; 

fls.  terminal,  1—3  together.    Japan.     Fls.  scarlet,  crimson,  white.  &c.    Splendid. 
fi  A.  PoNTicA.    Lvs.  oblong,  acute,  margin  ciliate;    fls.  viscid,  corymbed,  after  the 
Iv'M  ^s  ;  tube  equalling  the  limb,  yellow,  very  fragrant.    Asia  Minor. 

17.  RHODODENDRON,  L.  Rose  Bay.  Calyx  small,  deeply  5-part- 
ed, persistent.  Cor.  campanulate,  often  slightly  unequal,  5-lobed.  Stam. 
10  (rarely  fewer),  mostly  declinate,  anthers  opening  by  2  terminal  pores. 
Caps.  5-celled,  5-valved,  many-seeded.  ^)  5  With  alternate,  entire  leaves. 
Flowers  in  dense,  terminal  umbels  from  large,  scaly  buds.    Figs.  99,  311. 


'ZOi  Order  73.— EHICACE.^. 

*  Leaves  obtuse  at  each  end.    Flowers  purple  or  lilac,  not  spotted Xos.  1,  2 

*  Leaves  acute  or  acuminate,  dotted  or  discolored  ben^'ath.    ¥U.  spotted..  .Nos.  8,  4,  5 

*  Leaves  acuminate,  scarcely  paler  beneath.     Flowers  very  broad,  purple No,  G 

1  B.  Lapponicum  Wahl.    Lapland  Rose  Bay.    Dwarf;  Ivs.  elliptical,  very  small, 

roughened  with  concave  rusty  scales  both  sides  ;  fls.  small  (7"),  lobes  equal,  purple  ; 
sta.  5,  7,  or  10,  exserted.    High  mts.,  N.  Eng.,  N.  Y.    8—10',  very  bushy.    June,  July. 

2  K.  Catawbieiise  Mx.     Catawba  Rose  Bay.    Lvs.  oval,  rounded-obtuse  at  each 

end,  paler  beneath,  smooth;  cal.  lobes  oblong,  elongated;  cor.  broad-campanulate, 
lilac-purple,  large  (14'0  ;  stam.  10.    High  mts.,  Va.,  N.  Car.    3— 6f.    Lvs.  3—5'.   Jn.    t 

3  It.  punctatum  Andr.    Lvs.  elliptical,  acute  or  acuminate,  glabrous,  the  lower  sur- 

face and  dense  corymbs  covered  with  resinous  dots ;  fls.  bell-funnel-fo;-m,  pink-red, 

gicen-spotted  within,  the  lobes  wavy.   Uplands,  Car.,  Ga.  4— 6f.  Lvs,  2—3'.  Jn.,  Jl.  t 

R.  Chapmdnii,    Lvs.  oval-obovate,  obtuse,  small  (1—2') ;  sepals  minute.  W.  Fla. 

4  R.  maximum  L.    Lvs.  obovate-oblong,  acute,  smooth,  coriaceous,  rusty  beneath, 

revolute  on  the  margin ;  cal.  lobes  oval,  obtuse ;  cor.  white  to  roseate,  spotted  with- 
in ;  lobes  unequal,  roundish.    Along  streams,  N.  Eng.  to  Ga.    6— 20f.    Splendid,    t 

5  R.  ARBOREUM.    Lvs.  lanceolate,  silvery-spotted  beneath ;   cor.  lobes  crenulate  and 

curled,  white,  buff,  red,  crimson,  &c. ;  calyx  downy.    Hinimaleh  Mts,    5— 20f. 

6  B.  PoNTicuM.    Lvs.  lance-oblong,  attenuated  to  each  end,  smooth,  green  both  sides  ; 

corolla  bell-rotate  ;  calyx  smooth.  Asia  Minor.  Low  bush,  flowers  broad  (2'),  purple. 

18.  RHODORA,  Duuliam.  Cor.  adnate  to  the  5-tootlied  calyx,  deeply 
divided  into  3  segments,  upper  one  much  the  broadest,  2-3-l()bed  at  the 
apex,  in  bud  enfolding  the  2  lower.  Sta.  10,  declinate,  fil.  unequal,  anthers 
opening  by  2  pores.  Caps.  5-celled,  5-valved.  Cells  many-seeded.  +> 
With  alternate  leaves,  and  pale-purple  flowers.    April,  May. 

R.  Canadensis  L.— Woods  or  swamps,  N.  Eng,  to  Penn.    2 — 3f,    Fls.  in  terminal 
clusters,  1',  appearing  before  the  oblong  leaves,  which  are  downy-canescent  beneath. 

19.  BSJARIA,  Mut.  Fls.  heptamerous.  Calyx  7- toothed,  campanu- 
late.  Corolla  of  7  distinct  petals.  Sta.  14.  Caps.  7-celled,  7-valved,  many- 
seeded.  5  With  alternate,  entire  lvs.,  and  fls.  in  dense,  racemous  panicles. 
R.  racemosa  Vent.    Branches  hispid  and  glutinous ;  lvs.  ovate-lanceolate,  glabrous  ; 

racemes  terminal,  white.    Sandy  soils,  Ga.,  Fla.    3 — 4f.    June,  July, 

20.  LEDUM,  L,  Labrador  Tea.  Calyx  minute,  4-toothed.  Cor, 
5-petalled,  spreading.  Sta,  5 — 10,  exserted,  anthers  opening  by  2  terminal 
pores.  Caps.  5-celled,  opening  at  the  base.  +>  Lvs.  alternate,  entire,  fer- 
ruginous-tomentous  beneath,  coriaceous.  Fls.  in  terminal  corymbs,  white. 
li.  latifolinm  Ait.    Lvs.  elliptic-oblong,  strongly  revolute  at  edge  ;  eta.  5 — 7,  scarcely 

exserted.    Mountains,  Penn.,  to  Greenland.    2 — 4f.    May — July. 

21.  LEIOPHYLLUM,  Pers.  Sand  Myrtle.  Calyx  5-parted.  Pet. 
5,  ovate-oblong,  spreading.  Sta.  10,  exserted,  anthers  dehiscing  by  lateral 
clefts.  Caps.  3-celled,  3-valved,  many-seeded.  +)  Glabrous,  with  erect 
branches,  Lvs,  alternate,  entire,  oval,  coriaceous,  revolute-edged.  Co- 
rymbs terminal.     Flowers  white. 

li.  buxlfoliiim  Ell.— Pine-barrens,  N.  J.  to  Car.    8— 12f.    Leaves  shining.    May. 

22.  CLETHRA,  Gaert.  Sweet  Pepper-bush.  Cal.  5-parted,  persist- 
ent. Pet.  5,  distinct,  obovate.  Sta.  10,  exserted,  anth.  inverted  in  the  bad, 
at  length  erect.    Style  persistent,  stigma  3-clcft.    Caps.  3-celled,  3-valved 


Order  73.— ERICACE^.  205 

00  -seeded,  enclosed  by  the  calyx.    +> 5  Lvs.  alternate,  petiolate.    Flowei-s 
white,  in  dowuy-canescent  racemes.    Bracts  deciduous. 

1  C.  alnifolia  L.    Lvs.  cuneiform-obovate,  acute,  acuminately  serrate,  green  on  both 

gides,  smooth  or  slightly  pubescent  beneath ;  racemes  terminal,  elongated,  simple  or 
branched  ;  bracts  subulate.  Swamps,  N.  Eng.  to  Ga.  3— 8f.  Fragrant.  July,  Aug. 
/3.  toment'osa,  Lvs.  tomentous  beneath ;  spikes  pubpanicled  ;  fls.  3".  S.  Apr.-Jn. 
y.  acabra,    Lvs.  coarsely  serrate,  rough-downy  both  sides.  Ga.  (Bainbridge).  Pet.  2". 

2  C.  acuminata  Mx.  Arborescent ;  lvs.  glabrous,  glaucous  beneath,  oval,  acuminate, 

abruptly  acute  at  base,  finely  serrate,  on  slender  petioles  ;  rac.  terminal,  solitary  ; 
bracts  long,  caducous.    Mts.,  Va.,  Ky.,  to  Car.    10— ISf.    Lvs.  4—6'.    July,  August. 

23.  ELLIOTTIA,  Muhl.  Calyx  small,  4-toothed.  Corolla  of  4  petals 
slightly  cohering  at  base.  Stamens  8,  anth.  sagittate.  Style  slender,  with  a 
capitate,  undivided  stig.  Caps.  3-celled,3-seeded.  +)  With  virgate-branched, 
alternate,  lanceolate,  entire  leaves,  and  terminal  racemes  of  white  flowers. 
E.  racemosa  Muhl.— Dry,  rich  Boils,  S.  Ga.    4— Sf.    Racemes  bractless.    June. 

24.  CYRILLA,  L.  Cal.  5-parted,  minute.  Pet.  5,  distinct,  spreading. 
Sta.  5,  anth.  opening  lengthwise.  Style  short,  with  2  stig.  Caps.  2-celled, 
2-seeded,  indehiscent.  Seeds  suspended.  5  Branches  irregularly  whorled, 
with  entire,  elliptic-oblanc.  lvs.,  and  the  white  fls.  in  slender  clustered  rac. 
C.  racemlflora  Walt.— Sandy  swamps,  S.    12— ISf.    Lvs.  2—3'.    Rac.  4— (K.    Juno. 

25.  MYLOOARIUM,  Willd.  Buckwheat  Tree.  Calyx  5-toothed, 
minute.  Pet.  5,  obovate,  obtuse.  Sta.  10,  very  short,  fil.  thickened  below. 
Caps,  corky,  2-  or  3-winged,  3-celled,  with  3  subulate  seeds.  5  Very 
smooth,  with  branches  in-egularly  whorled,  elliptical  leaves,  and  terminal 
racemes  of  white,  fragrant  flowei"s. 

M.  ligustrtnum  Willd.— Borders  of  swamps,  Ga.  and  Fla.    4— 8f.    April,  May. 

26.  PYROLA,  Salisb.  Wintergreen.  Cal.  5-parted.  Pet.  5,  equal. 
Sta.  10,  anth.  large,  pendulous,  fixed  by  the  apex,  2-horned  at  base,  open- 
ing by  2  pores  at  top.  Style  thick,  as  if  sheathed.  Stig.  5,  appearing  as 
rays  or  tubercles.  Caps.  5-celled,  opening  at  the  angles,  many-seeded.  % 
Low,  scarcely  shrubby,  evergreen  herbs.  Lvs.  radical  or  nearly  so,  entire. 
Scapes  mostly  racemous,  from  a  decumbent  stem  or  rhizome.    Fig.  99. 

§  stamens  and  style  straight.    Stigmas  peltate,  5-rayed.    June,  July Nos.  1,  2 

§  Stamens  ascending.    Style  declined  and  curved.    Stigma  5-tubercled. . .  (a) 

a  Leaves  dull  (not  shining).    Petals  greenish-white Nos.  3,  4 

a  Leaves  thick  and  shining.    Flowers  white  or  rose-colored Nos.  5,  fi 

1  P,  minor  L.-   Lvs.  round-ovate,  repand-creuulate,  longer  than  their  petioles  ;  rac. 

spike-like;  corolla  globular,  including  the  short  style.    Woods,  N.  IL,  and  N.    July 

2  P.  secunda  L.    Lvs.  broadly  ovate, acute,  subserrate, longer  than  the  petiole;  rac. 

secund  ;  cor.  oblong  ;  style  exserted.    Woods,  N.  States.    5 — 8'.    Lvs.  near  the  base. 
/3.  pumila  (Paine).    Lvs.  nearly  orbicular,  thin  ;  scape  3-6-flowered    4—8'     N   Y. 

3  P.  clklorantlia  Swartz.    Lvs.  orbicular,  crenulate,  shorter  (1')  than  the  petiole; 

scape  tall  ((>— 12'),  few-flowered  ;  segra.  of  the  cal.  very  short,  obtuse  ;  pet.  half-oper, 
oval,  greenish  ;  anth.  conspicuously  tubular.    Woods,  N.  States  and  Can.    June,  July. 

4  P.  elliptica  N.    Leaves  oval  or  elliptical,  thin,  longer  than  their  petioles  ;  scape 

naked,  6-10-tiowered ;  sep.  very  short  and  obtuse;  anth.  pores  blunt;  fls.  nodding, 
fragrant.    Woods,  N.  States  and  Can.    3-9'.     Petioles  white.    June,  July. 


206  Order  73.— EKICACEiE. 

5  P.  rotundlfolia  L.    Lvs.  round-ovate,  shorter  than  the  petiole,  thick;  ecapc  3 

angled,  bracted  below,  QO-flowered ;  sepals  ovate,  obtuse ;  anther  pores  distinctly 
tubular.    Woods,  Can.  to  Car.,  and  W.    8—14'.    Flowers  large.    June,  July. 
/3.  uHg-inoaa,    Lvs.  dull,  H',  the  stalk  much  longer  ;  sep.  acute  ;  fls.  smaller. 

6  P.  asarifolla  Mx.    Lvs.  round-reniform,  thick,  shining,  shorter  than  the  petiole; 

scape  angular ;  rac.  lax,  QO-flowered  ;  sepals  lanceolate,  acute;  anther  pores  blunt. 
Old  woods,  N.  States  and  Can.    6—12'.    Flowers  purple.    June. 

27.  CHIMAPHILA,  Ph.  PiPSissiwA.  Cal.  5-parted.  Pet.  5,  spreai- 
ing.  Stamens  10,  fil.  dilated  in  the  middle,  anth.  cells  produced  into  tubes, 
opening  by  a  3-lipped  pore  at  apex.  Style  very  short,  thick.  Capsule  5- 
celled,  opening  from  the  summit.  ^)  Small,  glabrous.  Leaves  cauline,  ser- 
rate, thick.   Ped.  scape-like.   Flowers  terminal,  nodding,  roseate.  Fig.  25o. 

1  C.  umbellata  Nutt.    IHnce's  Pine.    Lvs.  cuneate-lanceolate,  shining,  1-colored, 

serrate,  in  4's — 6's ;  umbel  4-7-flowered.    Dry  woods.    8—12'.    July. 

2  C.  macnlata  Pursh.    Lvs.  lanceolate,  acuminate,  rounded  at  base,  remotely  ser- 

rate, discolored,  opposite  or  in  3's ;  ped.  2-3-flowered.    Sandy  woods.    6—8'.    Jn.,  Jl. 

28.  MONBSES,  Salisb.  Calyx  5-parted.  Cor.  5-parted,  rotate.  Sta. 
10,  regular,  3-spurred  at  base,  opening  by  2  tubular  pores  at  apex.  Style 
straight.  Stig.  5-lobed.  Caps.  5-valved,  5-celled,  oo-seeded.  U  Low,  sim- 
ple, smooth.  Lvs.  at  top  of  the  stem,  roundish,  serrulate,  petiolate,  veiny. 
Peduncle  terminal,  longer  than  the  stem. 

M.  grandiflora  Salisb.— Mossy  woods,  N.  Eng.,N.  Y. :  rare  (com.  in  Oreg.)  3'.  Scape 
with  a  bract  in  the  midst,  and  a  single,  terminal  nodding  white  flower,  6"  broad.  Jn. 

29.  SHORTIA,  Gray.  (This  genus  was  founded  upon  an  imperfect 
specimen  in  the  Herbarium  of  Michaux,  labelled,  *'  High  mountains  of 
Carolina."    It  has  never  been  seen  in  this  country,  but  grows  in  Japan.) 

30  ?  GALAX,  L.  Beetle-weed.  Cal.  of  5  distinct,  persistent  sepals. 
Cor.  of  5  oblong-obovate,  distinct  petals.  Fil.  10,  united  into  a  tube  with 
as  many  teeth,  those  opposite  the  petals  sterile.  Anth.  5,  1-celled,  open- 
ing across  the  top.  Caps.  3-celled.  Seeds  go,  enclosed  in  a  loose,  cellular 
testa.  U  Roots  tufted,  creeping,  deep  red,  sending  up  roundish-cordate, 
long-stalked,  glabrous  leaves  and  a  scape  bearing  a  dense  raceme  of  white 
flowers.  (Shortia  and  Galax  have  been  lately  referred  to  Diapensiaceae.) 
C,  apliylla  L.— Damp  woods,  Md.  to  Tenn.,  and  S.   Lvs.  2—3'.   Scape  1— 2f,   Jl.,  Aug. 

31.  MONOTROPA,  L.  Indian  Pipe.  Pine  Sap.  Sep.  1—5,  bract- 
like. Pet.  4—5,  connivent  in  a  bell-shaped  corolla,  gibbous  at  base.  Sta. 
8 — 10,  anthers  opening  transversely  at  apex.  Stig.  5-rayed.  Caps.  4-,':  - 
celled,  4-5-valved.  Seeds  oo,  minute. — Low,  parasitic  herbs,  destitute  oi 
green  herbage,  furnished  with  scale-like  bracts  instead  of  leaves. 

§  Sepals  (or  bracts)  1—3.    Flowers  solitary,  scentless.    Style  very  short No.  1 

§  Sepals  4  or  5,    Flowers  in  a  secuud  raceme,  fragrant.    Style  long No.  a 

1  M:.  uniflora  L.     Indian  Pipe.     Bird's-ned.     St.  ehort ;  scales  approximatu ;  ll. 

nodding;  tV.  erect.    Common  in  woods.    6—8'.    Plant  whiti:?h.    June— Sept. 

2  m.  Hypopitys  L.    Pine  Sap.    Bird' s-nest.    More  or  less  downy  ;  pedicels  as  Ion:? 

as  the  flower ;  caps,  subv'lobous.    Woods:  com.    6—10'.    Plant  tawny.    June— Auj? 


Order  73.— ERIOACE^.  207 

32.  SOHWEINITZIA,  Ell.  Carolina  Beecii-drops.  Calyx  persist- 
ent, of  5  erect,  ovate-acuminate  sepals.  Corolla  persistent,  campanulate, 
limb  5-lobecl.  Sta.  10,  anthers  awnlcss,  opening  by  pores  at  apex.  Style 
thick,  stig.  large,  5-angled,  caps,  o-celled,  5-valvecl.  Seeds  numerous,  mi- 
nute. Plant  leafless,  brownish.  Flowers  subsessile,  capitate,  reddish- 
white,  with  the  odor  of  the  violet. 

S.  odor  A  ta  Ell.— Woods,  Md.  to  Car.    3—5'.    Habit  of  Monotropa.    February,  March. 

33.  PTEROSPORA,  Nutt.  Albany  Beech-drops.  Calyx  5-parted. 
Cor.  urceolate,  roundish-ovoid,  the  limb  5-toothed  and  reflexed.  Sta.  10, 
anthers  peltate,  2-celled,  2-awned,  opening  lengthwise.  Caps.  5-celled,  5- 
valved.  Seeds  very  numerous,  minute,  winged  at  the  apex.  U  Leafless, 
brownish-red,  simple,  viscid-woolly.    Fls.  racemed,  white. 

P.  Andromed^a.  Nutt.— Near  Albany,  N,  Y.  (A.  Stores),  N.  aud  W. :  rare.    12—30'. 
Rac.  erect,  loose,  with  40  or  more  drooping  fls,  resembling  those  of  Andromeda.    Jl. 

Order  LXXIV.    AQUIFOLIACE^.    Hollyworts. 

Shriihs  or  trees,  with  simple,  coriaceous,  exstipulate  leaves.  Flowers 
small,  axillary,  sometimes  dioecious.  SepaU  4 — 6,  imbricate  in  bud,  very 
minute.  Corolla  regular,  4-G-cleft  or  parted,  hypogynous,  imbricate  in 
sestivatiou.  Stamens  inserted  into  the  very  short  tube  of  the  corolla  and 
alternate  with  its  segments.  Anthers  adnate.  Ovaries  free  from  the  calyx, 
2-G-celled,  with  a  solitary,  suspended  ovule  in  each  cell.  Fruit  drupa- 
ceous, with  2 — 6  stones  or  nucules.    Albumen  large,  fleshy. 

§  Habitually  tetrfimerons.     Drnpe  with  4,  bony,  sulcate  nutlets Ilex.  1 

§  Uabitually  tetramerous.     Drupe  with  4,  horny,  smooth  nutlets Nkmopa.vthks.  2 

^  Habitually  hexanierous.     Berry  with  6  (7,  8)  smooth,  cartilaginons  seeds Pkinos.  S 

1.  ILEX,  L.  Holly.  Fls.  4-  (rarely  5-)  parted,  mostly  perfect,  but  many 
abortive.  Calyx  4-toothed,  persistent.  Pet,  4,  distinct  or  scarcely  united 
at  base.  Sta.  4.  Stig.  4,  or  united  into  one.  Drupe  red,  with  4  bony  nut- 
lets, ribbed  and  furrowed  on  the  convex  back.  ^  J)  t)  Leaves  alternate. 
Flowers  small,  white,  lateral,  single  or  clustered, 

*  Trees  evergreen.    Leaves  armed  with  spinous  teetii No.  1 

*  Shrubs  everarreen.    Leaves  nnarmed,  serrate  or  entire  Nos.  2—4 

*  Shrubs  deciduc  us.    Lvs.  thin.— a  Pedicels  short  as  the  petioles Nos.  5,  6 

—a  Ped.  (the  sterile)  Ioniser  than  petioles No.  7 

1  I.  op  lea  Ait.    Lvs.  thick,  smooth,  oval,  spinescent  at  apex,  and  with  remote,  ro- 

pand,  spinescent  teeth  ;  drupe  ovoid,  nutlets  .5-ribbed  on  the  back.    Woods,  Mass 
lo  Ga.  and  La,    15— 30f.    A  beautiful  evergreen.    June. 

/3.  integ-ra,    Lvs.  entire,  only  a  few  of  them  1-3-toothed,     Tree,  S. 

2  I.  Dalioon  Walt.    Downy,  more  or  less  ;  lvs.  2—3',  oblong  to  oblanceolate,  thick, 

shining  above,  pale  beneath,  entire,  acute  or  obtuse ;  sterile  ped.  Qo-flowered,  feitile 
few-flowered  ;  nutlets  .3-ribbed.    Swamps,  Va.,  and  S.    5— 12f.    May. 

/3.  lig-ugtrina  has  narrow,  wedge-lanceolate,  acute,  subserrate  leaves.    South. 

3  I.  myrtifolia  Walt.    Nearly  smooth  ;  lvs.  very  small  (5—9"),  oblong-linear,  thick, 

perrulate  when  young,  subsessile;  pedicels  1-9-flowered.    Pine-barren  ponds,  Md.  to 
Fla.    12— 2;)f.     Stems  straggling,  light  gray.     Very  unlike  No.  2.     May. 


208  Order  70.— STYRACACE.E. 

4  I.  Cassine   Walt,     Cassena  Tea.    Smooth  ;  Ivs.  email  (10—18"),  elliptical,  obtuse, 

crenate,  thick,  shining;  ped.  about  G-flowered.    CoastM-ard,  S. :  common.    6— 15f, 
bushy.    March,  April.    Was  used  as  a  tea  by  the  Creek  Indians. 

5  1.  decid.ua  Walt.    Nearly  smooth;  Ivs.  thin,  1—2',  lance-oval,  pointed,  blunt-ser- 

fate;  ped.  short  as  the  petioles,  the  i  clustered;  seeds  obtusely  ribbed.    S.    6— 9f. 
/3.  urbana,    Lve.  2—3',  oval,  obtuse,  tapering  to  the  base.    111.,  and  S.    May. 

6  I.  Amelancliier  Curt.    Leaves  (variable)  ovate,  oblong  to  lanceolate,  acute  oi 

pointed,  serrulate,  thin,  downy  beneath ;  ped.  short  as  the  petioles,  $  clustered,  9 
solitary ;  drupe  red.    Hills  aud  mts.,  N.  Y.  to  S.  Car.    (Priuos  ambignus  Ph.) 

fi.  monticola.    Lvs.  large  (3—5'),  glabrous,  the  short  ped.  and  cal.  some  downy. 

7  I.  ambigua  Chapm.    Lvs.  oval  or  elliptical,  acute  (scarcely  pointed),  serrulate  or 

nearly  entire,  smoothish  ;   $  ped.  much  longer  than  the  pet.,  clustered,  ?  short,  soli- 
lary.    Wet  grounds,  S.    4— 8f.    March,  April.    (Prinos  ambiguus  Mx.) 

2.  NEMOPANTHES,  Raf.     Parts  of  the  flower  in  4's  or  5's.     Calyx 
very  small.    Petals  linear-oblong,  shorter  than  the  stamens.     Stig.  sessile. 
Drupe  globular,  red,  with  4,  rarely  5,  smooth,  horny  nutlets  (seeds).     +) 
Lvs.  entire,  smooth,  thin.    Fls.  w^hite,  small,  on  slender  pedicels,  ,3  ?  $  . 
N.  Canaden.sls  DC— N.  Eng.  to  Mich.    Shrub  4— Gf.   Lvs.  2'.   Ped.  9—12'.    May,  Jn. 

3.  PRINOS,  L.  Winter-berry.  Fls.  small,  habitually  6-parted  and 
perfect,  but  often  fruitless.  Calyx  6-cleft.  Cor.  monopetalous,  subrotate, 
6-parted.  Sta.  fi  (in  the  sterile  flowers  rarely  fewer,  in  the  fertile  rarely 
more);  Berry  6-seeded,  seeds  with  a  smooth,  cartilaginous  testa.  +)  5 
With  alternate  lvs.,  small  white  fls.,  and  red  or  black  berries.  (See  Addenda.) 

§  Leaves  deciduous,  thin.    Berries  red.    (No.  3a,  p.  446,  and) Nos.  1—3 

§  Leaves  evergreen,  thick,  shining.    Berries  black Nos.  4,  5 

1  P.  verticillatns  L.    Black  Alder.    Lvs.  oblanceolate  or  elliptical,  acuminate,  mu- 

cronate-serrate,  small ;  pedicels  shorter  than  the  petioles ;  berries  scarlet,  in  close 
bunches  as  if  venicillate,  all  Winter.    Low  woods.    8f.    Leaves  1—1  i'.    July. 

2  P.  laiiceolatiis  Ph.    Lvs.  lanceolate,  long-acuminate,  sharp-serrate,  glab.,  1—3' ; 

fls.  subsessile,  the  sterile  3-androus  ;  berries  large,  red.    Swamps,  S.    (i)r.  J.  Hale.) 

3  P.lajvigatus  Ph.    Leases  lanceolate,  appressed-serrulate,  glabrous,  shining  above, 

short-acuminate  ;  ped.  longer  than  the  pet.,  in  2"s  or  3's.  Swamps,  Can.  to  Va.  7f.  Jn. 

4  P.  glaber  L.    Ink  Berry.    Lvs.  coriaceous,  cuneato-lanceolate,  glabrous,  serrate  at 

the  end  ;  ped.  longer  than  the  pet.,  1-3-flowered.    Swamps,  Ms.  to  La.  3— 4f.  Jn.,  Jl. 

5  P.  coriaceus  Ph.    Lvs.  thick,  obovate,  serrate  at  the  end,  glabrous,  shining  ;^fls. 

all  solitary,  on  very  short  peduncles,  6-8-parted.    Woods,  S.    4— (if.     Lvs.  2'.    May. 

Order  LXXVI.    STYRACACE^. 

Trees  or  sJmtbs  with  alternate,  simple  leaves,  destitute  of  stipules.  Floio- 
ers  or  racemes  solitary,  axillary,  bractcate.  Calyx  5-,  rarely  4-lobe.'^  Corolla 
5-,  rarely  4-  or  6-lobed,  imbricated  in  bud.  Stamens  definite  or  oo,  unequal 
in  length,  usually  cohering.  Anthers  innate,  2-celled.  Ovaries  adherent, 
a-i'J-celled,  the  partitions  sometimes  hardly  reaching  the  centre.  Fruit 
drupaceous,  generally  with  but  one  fertile  cell.     Seeds  5 — 1. 

Tribe  I.  SYMPLOCINE^.    Calyx  5-clert.    Anth.  OC.  iniiHte.  jrlobtilar.    Fls.  yellow...     Symplocos.  1 
Tkibr  II.  STYRACEit;.     Calyx  mostly  truncate.     Anthers  8—12,  linear-oblong,  Htliiate. 

Flowers  white, — a  5-parted.     Fruit  winjjle.ss,  1-seeded Styr.vx.  2 

— (I  l-parteU.     Fruit  winged,  2- or  3soeiie<l Halksia.  3 


Order  77.— EBENACE.E.  209 

1.  SYMPLOCOS,  Jacq.    Cal.  5-cleft.    Cor.  5-partea,  spreading.     Sta. 

00  ,  in  5  clusters,  one  attached  to  tlie  base  of  eacli  petal.  Fil.  slender.  Antli. 
globular.  Ovary  3-celled,  half-adherent.  Drupe  dry,  Avitli  a  3-celled,  mostly 
1 -seeded  nut.     5  fy  With  clustei-s  or  racemes  of  small  yellow  floAvers. 

S.  tinctoria  L'Her.  Lvs.  oval  or  elliptical,  acuminate,  acute  at  base,  tiiick  ;  fls.  ses- 
sile, in  axillary,  dense  clusters  of  6—12 ;  calyx  lobes  ovate,  obtuse.  Va.,  and  S.  10— 20f. 
Drupe  ovoid,  G".    The  dried  leaves  dye  yellow.    March,  April. 

2.  STYRAX,  Tourn.  Cor.  deeply  o-parted,  much  longer  than  the  cam- 
panulate  calyx.  Sta.  10,  joined  to  the  base  of  the  corolla,  til.  united  into 
n  short  tube  at  base.  Anth.  linear,  erect.  Ov.  adherent  at  base.  Fr.  cori- 
aceous, 1-celled,  mostly  1-seeded.  +)  With  alternate  leaves  and  axillary 
racemes  of  white,  drooping,  showy  flowers.    March — May. 

1  S.  pulverulenta  Mx.    Pulverulent-downy;  lvs.  broadly  oval,  obtuse,  glandular- 

serrulate  ;  fls.  axillary  and  terminal.    Va.  to  Fla.    2— 3f.    Petals  6". 

2  S,  Americana  Lam.    Plant  glabrous  ;  lvs.  oblong  or  elliptical,  acute  at  each  end  ; 

rac.  leafy,  ;ew-flowercd,  cor.  often  downy.    Swamps,  Va.,  and  S.    4— 8f. 

3  S,  grandifolla  Ait.   Lvs.  ample,  broadly  obovate,  acute  or  short-acuminate,  hoaiy- 

tomentous  beneath  ;  racemes  leafless,  longer  than  the  leaves.    Va.  to  Fla.    6 — 12f. 

3.  HALESIA,  Ellis.  Snowdrop  Tree.  Cal.  obconic,  briefly  4-lobed. 
Cor.  inserted  into  the  calyx,  campanulate  with  a  narrow  base,  4-parted. 
Sta.  8—13,  connate  into  a  tube  below.  Sty.  filiform.  Fr.  dry,  2-4-winged. 
Sds.  1 — 3.  +)  ^  Lvs.  alternate,  abruptly  acuminate,  finch'-  denticulate  or 
entire.  Flowers  in  advance  of  the  leaves,  pendulous,  in  lateral  clusters 
of  3 — o,  white,  showy. 

1  H.  tetraptera  L.    Lvs.  oblong-ovate;  fls.  G"  long;  pet.  half-nuitcd ;  stam.  12;  fr. 

equally  4-winged.    Woods,  Va.  to  Ky.,  and  S.    Shrub  H>— 2()f.    April. 

2  H.  diptera  L.    Lvs.  oblong-ovate  ;  fls.  V  long  ;  pet.  slightly  united  ;  stam.  8 ;  fmit 

2-winged.    Woods,  S.    Tree  15— 30f,  often  50f.    Lvs.  fi'.    Pods  near  2'.    April,  May. 

Obder  LXXVII.    EBENACEiE.    Ebonads. 

Tcees  or  sJirubs  without  milky  juice  and  with  a  heavy  wood.  Leaves  al 
ternate,  exstipulate,  coriaceous,  entire.  Inflorescence  axillary.  Flowers  by 
abortion  dioecious,  seldom  perfect.  Calyx  free,  3-6-cleft,  divisions  nearly 
equal,  persistent.  CoroUa  regular,  3-G-clcfr,  often  pubescent,  imbricate  in 
aestivation.  Stamens  twice  or  4  times  as  many  as  the  lobes  of  the  corolla. 
Ftniit  a  fleshy,  oval,  or  globous  berry.  Se^ids  large,  suspended,  albuminous. 
\ 

DIOSPYROS,  Dalesch.  Persimmon.  Fls.  i  ^  .  Cor.  tubular  or  cam- 
panulate, convolute  in  bud.  i  Sta.  mostly  16.  Fil.  shorter  than  the 
anthers.  Style  0.  $  Sta.  mostly  8,  without  anthers.  Style  2-4-cleft. 
Berry  ovoid  or  globous,  4-12-,  mostly  8-celled,  cells  1-seeded.  t>  "b  ^^ 
large  genus,  mostly  tropical. 

D.  Vlrg^niana  L.  Lvs.  elliptic,  abruptly  acuminate,  entire ;  racemee  axillary,  3-1. 
flowered,  pedicels  shorter  than  the  flowers  ;  calyx  4-parted  ;  stamen*  8.  Woods,  lat, 
42°,  and  S.     10— 30f.    Berry  large  as  a  plum,  swcot  after  frost, 

14 


210  Order  81.— PRIMULACE^. 


Order  LXXVIII.    SAPOTACEJE.    Soapworts. 

Trees  or  shrubs,  mostly  with  a  milky  juice,  and  simple,  entire  leaves. 
Flowers  small,  regular,  perfect,  mostly  in  axillaiy  clusters.  Calyx  free,  per- 
sistent. Corolla  liypogynous,  short,  stamens  usually  as  many  as  its  lobes 
and  opposite  to  them,  inserted  into  its  tube  along  with  one  or  more  rows 
or  appendages.  AntJiers  extrorse.  Ovary  4-12-celled,  with  a  single  ana- 
tropous  ovule  in  each  cell.    Seeds  large.    (Included  Theophrastacese.) 

•  Corolla  6-8-cleft,  with  a  pair  of  appendages  at  each  sinus.    S.  Fla Mimosops  Sieberi  DC. 

•  Corolla  5-cleft,— a  with  a  single  appendage  at  each  sinus.    S.  Fla Sideroxylon  pallidum  Jq. 

—'I  with  a  pair  of,  Ac— i  Sterile  stamens  fringed.    S.  Fla. .  .Dipholis  nuHci/olia  A.  DC. 
—h  Sterile  stamens  entire Bcmelia.   1 

BUMSLIA,  Swartz.  Cal.  5-parted.  Cor.  5-cleft,  with  a  pair  of  ap- 
pendages between  the  lobes.  Sta.  5,  opposite  the  lobes,  alternate  with  5 
petaloid,  sterile  stamens.  Ov.  5-celled.  Sty.  filiform.  Drupe  ellipsoid,  1- 
seeded,  exalbuminous.  +)  5  Wood  hard  and  firm.  Lvs.  entire,  of  a  firm 
texture.  Fls.  aggregated,  white  or  greenish.  Our  species  are  all  more  or 
less  spiny,  and  with  very  tough  twigs. 

*  Leaves  hairy  beneath Nos.  1,  2.  **  Leaves  glabrous  both  sides.  ...Nos.  3,  4 

1  B.  tenax  Willd.    Silky-ferriiginons  ;  lvs.  wedge-oblong  to  obovate,  obtuse  ;  clusters 

20-.35-fl[wd.,  with  slender  pedicels;  drupe  oval,  corrugated.   Sands,  S.  20— 80f.   Jn.,Jl. 

2  B.  lanuginosa  Pers.    Woolly-ferruginous;  lvs.  oval,  acutish,  thin;  fascicles  6-12 • 

flwd.,  with  short  pedicels  ;  drupe  globular.    Damp.    S.  111.,  and  S.    8— 12f.    June,  Jl 

3  B.  lycloides  Gaert,    Lvs,  wedge-elliptical,  rather  acute;  clusters  densely  20-30-flvvd., 

ped.  shorter  than  petioles  (2-3").   Damp,  Ky.,  and  S.    15-25f.   Branches  virgate.   May. 

4  B.  recllnata  "Vent.  Lvs.  obovate,  obtuse,  small  (9— 12") ;  clusters  15-20-flvvd. ;  ped. 

slender,  half  as  long  as  the  leaf.  River  banks,  S.  Car.  to  Fla.  A  straggling  shrub.  Jn.,Jl. 

Order  LXXXI.    PRIMULACE^.    Primworts. 

Herbs  low,  with  the  leaves  mostly  radical  or  mostly  opposite.  Floicer's 
5-  (rarely  4-6-)  parted,  regular  and  monopetalous,  Stamens  5,  inserted  on 
the  corolla  tube  and  opposite  to  its  lobes.  Ovary  1-celled,  with  a  free  cen- 
tral placenta.  Style  1.  Stigma  1.  Capsule  1-celled,  GO-seeded.  Seeds  witli 
fleshy  albumen.     Figs.  22,  133,  240. 

§  Ovary  half-inferior.    Capsule  opening  by  vahes.     Leaves  undivided.     (Tribe  IV.) 
%  Ovary  superior.—*  Capsule  opening  by  valves.     Leaves  pectinate.     (Tribe  I.* 
— *  Capsule  opening  by  valves.     Leaves  undivided.     (Tribe  11.) 
— *  Capsule  opening  by  a  lid.     Leaves  undivided.     (Tribe  III.) 

I.  nOTTOXIE.*.     Corolla  salver-form.     IMants  floating.     Leaves  verticillate  ..  .IIotto.\i.\.  1 

IL  rRlMULE/K.— Y»  Acaulescent.— //  Corolla  limb  spreading,  tube  cylindrical.  ...ruiMci.A.  2 

—li  Corolla  limb  spreading,  tube  ovoid .\ndkos.\ck.  S 

— /(  Corolla  lobes  reliexed.— r  Stam.  exserted..  .DoDKCAxnico.N.  4 

— t  Stam.  included.,  .('yclamk.n.  5 

— a  Cai.lescent. — </ (^lorolla  wanting.     Leaves  opposite (Ir.AU.x.  C 

—i!  Corolla  7-parted.     Leaves  in  one  whorl Tkik.ntai.is.  /' 

— '/  (;or.  5-  or  C-parted.    Lvs.  opp.  or  whorled Lvslmachia.  8 

III.  ANAGALLIDE/E. — e  f'lowers  5-parted,  scarlet.     Leaves  opposite A.NAGAi.i.fS.  'I 

— e  Flowers  4-parted,  white  ?    Leaves  scattered Ck.ntuncci.DS.  10 

n'.  SAM  OLE. E.     Flowers  5-:)artcd.     Leaves  alternate Samolus.  J I 


Order  81.— PRIMULACE^.  211 

1.  HOTTONIA,  L.  Water-feather.  Calyx  5-parted.  Cor.  salver- 
fonn,  with  a  short  tube,  and  a  flat,  5-lobed  limb.  Sta.  Inserted  in  the  tube 
of  the  corolla,  included.  Stig.  globous.  Caps,  globous-acuminate.  ^  U 
Fleshy,  with  pectinate-pinnatifid,  submersed,  radical  leaves. 

H.  inflata  Ell.  St.  immersed,  with  a  whorl  of  Ivs.  (1-20  *t  or  near  the  surface;  scapes 
clustered,  jointed,  hollow,  8—10',  beaifing  several  whorls  of  small  white  fls.  Pools, 
N.  and  S.    April— June.    Curious. 

2.  PRIMULA,  L.  Primrose.  Auricula.  Cal.  angular,  5-cleft.  Cor. 
salver-shaped  or  often  rather  funnel-shaped,  with  5  entire  or  notched  or 
bifid  lobes.  Sta.  included,  fil.  very  short.  Caps,  ovoid,  5-valved,  valves 
often  bifid,  opening  at  the  top,  oo-seeded. — Herbs  with  the  leaves  all  radi- 
cal and  flowers  in  an  involucrate  umbel,  often  showy. 

*  Native,  wild  species.    Corolla  salver-form,  the  lobes  abruptly  spreading. .  .Nos.  1,  2 

♦  Exotic— a  Corolla  salver-form,  the  lobes  abruptly  spreading Nos.  .3,  4 

•~a  Corolla  funnel-form. — b  Leaves  rugous,  hairy,  toothed Nos.  5,  6 

—b  Leaves  plain,  smooth,  often  entire Nos.  7,  8 

1  P,  IVIIstassinica  Mx.    Lvs.  spatulate,  dent-crenate,  green  both  sides ;  invol.  1-8- 

flwd.,  i  as  long  as  pedicels ;  cor,  lobes  obcordate,  tube  much  exserted.    Lake  shores, 
Vt.  (Willoughby)  N.  Y.  (Seneca),  and  N.    3—7'.    Fls.  5"  broad,  white.    Jn.    Delicate. 

2  P.  farinosa  L.    BircTs-eye  P.    Lvs.  lance-elliptic,  obtuse,  dentic.  at  apex,  whitish- 

mealy  beneath,  as  well  as  the  3-20-flwd.  invol. ;  cor.  pale-purple,  with  a  yellow  centre, 
its  lobes  bifid     Lake  shores,  Mich.,  Me.  (A.  H.  Smith),  and  N.    6—12'.    June,  July. 

3  P.  GRANDiFLORA.  Common  P.  Lvs.  obovate-oblong ;  umb.  radical ;  cor.  limb  flat,  yel- 

low, varying  to  all  shades  of  orange,  and  red,  to  white,  single  or  double.    Europe. 

4  P.  PURPUREA.    Lvs.  lanceolate,  obtuse,  yellowish-mealy  beneath  ;  scape  longer  than 

the  leaves  ;  invol.  CX-flwd.,  as  long  as  the  pedicels ;  lobes  entire,  dark-purple.  Nepal. 

5  P.  OFFICINALIS.     Cowslip  P.    Lvs.  oblong,  hairy  beneath  ;  fls.  all  nodding  ;  cal.  angu 

lar ;  cor.  concave.    Endless  varieties  are  raised  from  the  seed.    Europe.    (P.  veris.) 

6  P.  ELATioR.  Ox-lip  P.  Lvs.  hairy  both  sides ;  outer  fls.  nodding ;  cor.  flat.  Eur.  If.  Yel. 

7  P.  Auricula.    Lvs.  obovate,  fleshy  ;  scape  QO-flowered,  as  long  as  the  leaves  ;  bracts 

short ;  calyx  powdery.    Alps.    The  varieties  are  innumerable  and  beautiful. 

8  P.  CALYCiNA.    Leaves  lanceolate,  entire,  acute,  edged  with  white  ;  invol.  .3-5-flwd.,  as 

long  as  the  pedicels  ;  cal.  tube  inflated  ;  corolla  lobes  emarginate.    Austria.    Purple. 

3.  ANDROSAOE,  Tourn.     Cal.  5-cleft  or  toothed.     Cor.  funnel-form 
or  salver-form,  the  5  lobes  entire,  tube  constricted  at  the  throat,  ovate, 
shorter  than  the  calyx.     Fil.  and  style  very  short.     Caps,  globous.     Minute 
csespitous  herbs,  with  radical,  rosulate  leaves.  (Scape  bearing  an  umbel.) 
A.  occldentalis  Ph.    Lvs.  oblong-spatnlate  and  ovate,  entire,  glabrous;  scape  oo- 

flowered ;  bracts  oval,  pedicels  slender  ;  calyx  angular,  segments  longer  than  the 
small  white  corolla,    (i)  Gravelly  shores,  111.,  and  W,    1—3'. 

4.  DODECATHEION,  L.  American  Cowslip.  Pride  op  Ohio. 
Cal.  5-parted,  reflexed.  Cor.  tul)e  very  short,  limb  5-parted,  segm.  reflexed. 
S'a.  5,  inserted  into  the  throat  of  the  coroU  i.  Fil.  very  short.  Anth,  large, 
acute,  connivent  at  apex.  Style  exserted.  Cai)S.  oblong-ovoid,  5-valved, 
00  -seeded.  1/  Root  fibrous,  with  radical,  oblong  leaves,  an  erect,  simple 
scape,  and  a  terminal  umbel  of  nodding  white  flowers  and  erect  fruit. 

D.  ifleadia  1^.— Ohio,  Pcnn.  to  Cal. !  common  in  prairies.  Whole  plant  glabrous,  1— 2f 
Bcape  9  20-flowered,  usually  about  '•'  fiuwert-d.     Singularly  elegant.    May,  June. 


212  Order  81.— PRIMULACE.^. 

5.  CYCLAMEN,  L.  Cal.  bell-shaped,  5-parted.  Corolla  tube  ovate, 
Bliort,  limb  5-parted,  reflexed.  Anth.  5,  included,  sessile.  Caps,  globous, 
5-valved. — Oriental  herbs.  Root  a  large  tuber.  Leaves  all  radical,  ovate  or 
roundish,  cordate.  Scapes  naked,  erect,  with  one  nodding  flower,  but  in 
fruit  coiling  up  and  hiding  the  capsule  in  the  ground. 

1  C  Ecrnop^uM.    Lvs.  crenate  ;  petals  lance-ovate,  fragrant,  roseate.    Europe. 

2  C.  CouM.    Lvs.  entire  ;  petals  round-ovate,  inodorous,  purple.    Asia  Minor. 

6.  GLAUX,  L.  Black  Saltwort.  Calyx  campanulate,  5-lobed,  col- 
ored. Corolla  none.  Sta.  5.  Caps,  roundish,  surrounded  by  the  calyx,  5- 
valved,  5-seeded.  U  Maritime,  branching,  glabrous,  with  opposite  leaves 
and  small,  axillary,  solitary  flowers. 

Cr.  mar itima  L.—  Salt  marshes,  Can.  to  N.  J.  Plant  fleshy,  branching,  leafy,  4—6' ;  lvs. 
round-ovate,  obtuse,  entire,  darkly  glaucous ;  calyx  reddish-white.    July. 

7.  TRIENTALIS,  L.  Chickweed-Wintergreen.  Cal.  and  cor.  7- 
(6-8-)  parted,  spreading.     Sta.  7  (6 — 8).     Fruit  capsular,  somewhat  fleshy, 

00  -seeded.     U  St.  low,  simple.    Lvs.  subverticillate.    Pedicels  1 -flowered. 

T,  Americana  Ph.  St.  erect,  simple,  leafless  at  base;  lvs.  glomerate  at  top  of  the 
stem,  few,  narrow-lanceolate,  serrulate,  acuminate ;  sepals  linear,  acuminate.  Rocky 
woods  :  com.    3 — 6'.    Pedicels  1 — 4,  filiform  ;  corolla  white,  starlike,  &'-'.    May,  June. 

8.  LYSIMACHIA,  L.  Loose-strife.  Fls.  5-(rarely  6-  or  7-)  parted. 
Cor.  wheel-shaped,  the  petals  nearly  or  quite  distinct.  Sta.  5,  on  the  base 
of  the  corolla.  Fil.  often  somewhat  connate  or  with  intervening,  sterile 
ones.  Capsules  globous,  5-10-valved,  opening  at  the  apex.  Seeds  few  or 
many.     U  With  opposite  or  vei'ticillate  entire  leaves.    (Flowers  yellow.) 

§  Petals  5—7,  distinct,  dotted,  with  5 — 7  intervening  teeth.    (Naumbergia) No.  1 

§  Petals  5,  united  at  base,  that  is,  monopetalous ...  (a) 

a  Sterile  filaments  0,  the  perfect  stamens  monadelphous . . .  (c) 

a  Sterile  filaments  5  short  teeth  alternate  with  the  perfect  stamens.  ..(<?) 

c  Flowers  whorled,  in  a  long,  terminal,  bracted  raceme Nos.  a,  .5 

c  Flowers  not  racemed— axillary  or  paniculate Nos.  4— ti 

d  Leaves  acute  at  base,  tapering  to  the  short  petiole Nos.  7.  8 

d  Leaves  rounded  or  abrupt  at  base,  long-petioled Nos.  9, 10 

1  li.  tliyrsiflora  L.    St.  simple  :  lvs.  dotted,  linear-elliptical,  pointed,  sessile  ;  thyr- 

soid  racemes  from  the  middle  axils  pedunculate,  shorter  than  the  leaves  ;  pet.  linear, 
brown-dotted.    Meadows,  N.  Eng.  to  O.,  and  N.    2f.    June.     (Naumbergia  C-B.) 

2  If  stricta  Ait.     Lvs.  opposite,  rarely  in  .3's,  lanceolate  to  lance-linear,  acute,  scssilo, 

dotted  ;  axils  producing  bulblets  after  flowering ;  fls.  whorled,  in  a  long,  open,  termi- 
nal raceme,  yellow,  with  purple  streaks.     Low  grounds.    1 — 2f.    July. 

/3.  ansruatifoUa  (^Chaprn.)     Lvs.  very  narrow,  obtuse;  petals  acute.     South. 

3  li.  Herbemoiiti  Ell.     St.  simple:  lvs.  whorled  in  4'8  or  5"s,  ovate  to  lance-ovate, 

pointed,  sessile,  revolute  at  edge,  dotted  ;  fls.  racemed,  dotted.    Carolina  :  rare.    2f. 

4  L.  Fr    serl  Duby.     Glandular-downy  at  top;  lvs.  opposite,  ovate  or  ovate-cordate, 

pointed,  petiolate,  dotted;  fls.  in  a  terminal  panicle;  sep.  fringed.     S.  Car.  (Frascr). 

5  L.  quadrifolia  L.    Erect,  simple;  lvs.  in  whorls  of  -I's  (rarely  5's  or  3"s).  lanceo- 

late, pointed,  sessile,  dotted;  pcd.  slender,  solitary  in  each  axil;  pet.  oval,  obtuse. 
Damp  shades.  Can.  to  Car.  and  Ky.     IS'.    Corolla  yellow,  with  purple  lines.    June, 

6  li.  iiummuld,ria  L.    Moneywort.    Trailing,  weak  ;  lvs.  roundish,  subcordate,  on 

ehort  petioles,  opposite,  dotless  ;  fls.  solitary,  large,  showy     Fields  and  gardens.    5 


Order  82.— PLANTAGINACE^.  '^13 

7  L.  lougifolia  Ph.    St.  slender,  flesuous.  4-angled  ;  Iv?.  linear,  shinin-,',  revolnte  at 

edge  ;  fl^.  large,  in  pairs  or  4*s,  terminal  on  the  stem  or  short  branches  ;  petals  broad- 
ovate,  erose-dentate  ;  anthers  large.    Low  prairies.    W.  and  S.    If— 20'.    July. 
8.  ttnuia.    Leaves  lance-linear,  fiat,  edges  not  revolute.    Miss,  and  La. 

8  !».  lanceolata  Walt.      St.   angnlar  above;   leaves  lance-oblong,   acute   at  each  end, 

subsessile,  veiny,  ciliate  at  base;  ped.  solitary,  axillary.     Meadows.     12—18'.    Jul}\ 
^.  heterophylla.    Lower  Ivs.  oval  or  oblong,  petiolate  ;  flowers  at  the  summit. 

9  Ij.  cillata  L.    St.  erect,  4-angled;  Ivs.  opposite,  ovale  to  lance-ovate,  rounded  ai 

base,  petioles  distinct,  ciliate  ;  flowers  nodding,  mostly  opposite,  in  the  upper  axils, 

large  (1') ;  stamens  distinct.    Thickets,  along  streams.    2 — 3f.    Often  branched.    Jl. 

)S.  tousa.    Pet.  entire,  destitute  of  cili«  ;  Ivs.  and  fls.  smaller.  Mts.,  Ky.,  Teun, 

10  li.  radicans  Hook.    St.  square,  long,  trailing,  rooting  at  the  joints  ;  br.  slender; 
Ivs.  lance-ovate,  acute,  on  long  pet. ;  fls.  small  (4'').    Swamps,  Va.,  and  S.    2 — 4f.    JL 

9,  ANAGALLIS,  L.  Scarlet  Pimperxel.  Calyx  5-partecl.  Cor. 
rotate,  deeply  5-partecl,  tube  0.  Sta.  5,  hairy,  anth.  introrse.  Caps,  globu- 
lar, tliin,  opening  all  around  (pyxis).— Herbs  with  square  stems  and  oppo- 
site or  whorled  entire  leaves.    Pedicels  axillaiy,  solitary.    Fig.  249. 

A .  arvensis  L.    Procumbent ;  Ivs.  broad-ovate,  sessile,  shorter  (6 — lO'O  than  the  carved 
ped. ;  sepals  lance-linear,  as  long  as  the  roundish  crenate-glandular,  red  petals.    (T) 
Fields,  waysides.    The  flowers  (sometimes  blue,  Dr.  Buel)  close  at  2  p.  m.,  or  on  the 
approach  of  foul  weather ;  hence  called  the  Poor  Man's  Weather-glass. 
\ 

10,  OENTUNOULUS,  L.    False  Pimpernel.    Cal.  4-parted.    Cor. 

urceolate-rotate,  4-cleft,  shorter  than  the  calyx.     Sta.  4,  beardless,  united 
at  base.    Capsules  globous,  circuinscissile.     Seeds  very  minute,    (i)  Very 
diminutive,  with  alternate  Ivs.    Fls.  axillary,  solitary,  subsessile,  white? 
C  minimus  L.    St.  ascending,  branched;  leaves  subsessile,  oval,  obtuse,  entire,  the 
lower  opposite  ;  sep.  linear-subulate.    Wet,  111.,  and  S.    1—6'.    April— July. 

11,  SAMOLUS,  L.  Water  Pimpernel.  Calyx  partly  adherent,  5- 
clcft.  Corolla  salver-form,  5-cleft.  Sta.  5,  alternating  with  5  scales  (sterile 
filaments).  Caps,  dehiscent  at  top  by  5  valves,  many-seeded. — Herbs  with 
alternate  Ivs.  Flowers  corymbous  or  racemous.  May — Aug.  Figs.  22,  133. 

1  S.  Valeraudi  L.    (S.  floribundus  K.)    St.  simple  or  branched  ;  Ivs.  obtuse,  wedge- 

oval,  the  lower  petiolate  ;  fls.  in  a  raceme  or  panicle  of  racemes,  pedicels  with  a  mi- 
nute bract  near  the  middle ;  petals  longer  than  the  sepals.    "Wet  gravels.    6—12'. 

2  S.  ebracteatus  Kunth.    Erect,  leafy  below ;  Ivs.  obovate-spatulate ;  fla.  racemed, 

ped.  bractless ;  cor,  white,  3  times  longer  than  the  calyx  (-3").  Marshes.  Pla.,  andW, 

Order  LXXXII.    PLANTAGINACE^.    Ribworts. 

Herhs  rarely  shrubby,  with  radical  leaves  and  the  flowers  in  spikes  on 
scapes.  Flowers  uegular,  tetramerous.  Stamens  4 — 2,  alternate  with  the 
1  oes  of  the  corolla,  and  inserted  on  its  tube.  Anthers  Yer^-AiWe,  filaments 
usually  slender  and  exserted.  Fruit  a  membranous  pyxis,  with  1,  2,  or 
many  albuminous  seeds. 

PL  ANT  A  GO,  L.  Plantain.  Ribwort.  Sep.  4,  membranous,  per- 
sistent. Cor.  limb  4-toothed,  spreading,  persistent  on  the  fruit.  Stamens 
4  (rarely  2),  the  long,  slender  filaments  exserted,  or  in  some  of  the  fls.  in 


214  Order  83.— PLUMB AGINACE^. 

eluded.  Ovary  2-(4-)  celled.  Pyxis  membranous,  opening  below  the  middle 
by  a  lid,  when  the  loose  dissepiment  falls  out  with  the  seeds. — Herbs  acau- 
lescent,     Fls.  small,  whitish,  in  a  slender  spike  raised  on  a  scape. 

§  Flowers  uniform  ;  stamens  exserted  in  all  of  them. .  .(a) 

§  Flowers  dimorphous,  the  anthers  included  in  most  of  them. .  .(6) 

a  Seeds  7— 16.    Leaves  broadly  ovate,  7-veined.    Spike  dense No.  1 

a  Seeds  4  only.    Leaves  oblong  or  cordate,  3-7-veined Nos.  2,  ^ 

a  Seeds  2  only.    Leaves  lanceolate.    Scape  tall.    May— October Nos.  4,  5 

a  Seeds  2  or  4.    Leaves  linear,  fleshy No.  b 

b  Corolla  lobes  permanently  spreading.    Seeds  2,  concave Nos.  7,  8 

h  Corolla  lobes  closing,  and  erect  on  the  fruit.    Summer Nos.  9—11 

I  p.  major  L.     Common  P.    Leaves  ovate,  some  toothed,  smoothish,  palmately  7- 

veined,  ample;   spikes  1— 2f  high.     %  Door-yards:   common.    Long  white  elastic 
fibres  are  drawn  from  the  veins  when  the  leaf  is  plucked. 
a  p.  Kamptschatlca  Cham.    Leaves  elliptic- oblong,  obtuse,  3-5-veined ;  spikes 
loose-flowered  ;  bracts  acute,  shorter  than  the  sepals.    Ala.    (P.  Rugelii  C-B.) 

3  P.  cordata  Lam.    Lvs.  ovate,  cordate  or  very  abrupt  at  base,  obscurely  toothed, 

subpinuately  5-7-veined  ;  fls.  loosely  spicatc,  larger  than  in  No.  1 ;  the  bracts  ovate, 
obtuse.    11  Along  streams.  Can.  Wis.,  and  S,    As  large  as  P.  major.    June,  Jaly. 

4  p,  lanceolata  L.    Lvs.  lanceolate,  pointed  at  eacli  end  ;  scape  angular,  ?.onger  than 

the  leaves  ;  spike  dense,  ovate  or  cylindric,  brown,    n  Meadows.    1— 2f. 

5  P.  sparsiflora  Mx.    Leaves  lanceolate  or  oblong,  pointed  each  way  :  scape  terete, 

longer  than  the  leaves ;  spike  long,  loose,  interrupted.    S.  and  S-W.    6—18'. 

6  P.  inaritinia  L.    /3.  Juncoides,    Leaves  linear,  glabrous,  fleshy,  nearly  as  long  ag 

the  slender  scape  ;  spike  loose,  bracts  roundish.    Coast,  N.  J.,  and  N.    4—12'. 

7  P.  arlstata  Mx.    Lvs.  linear,  woolly  at  base,  smoothish  above  ;  scape  longer;  spike 

dense ;  bracts  long,  rigid,  awn-like  (o") :  petals  round-cordate,  spreading,  conspicuous  ; 
seeds  2,  boat-shaped.    Prairies,  111.    6—10'.    June,  July.    (P.  Patagonica,  jS.  (Gray.)) 

8  P.  gnaplialoides  L.    White-woolly;  lvs.  oblong  to  linear;  spike  dense,  exceed 

ing  the  lvs.  ;  bracts  deltoid,  not  exceeding  the  calyx.    Wis.  to  Tex.    3—6'.    June,  Jl. 

9  p.  Virgiiiica  L.    Hoary  pubescent ;  lvs.  elliptical,  3-5-veined  ;  scapes  and  spikes 

elongated,  dense-flowered  ;  cor.  closed  on  the  pod,  erect ;  seeds  rarely  more  than  2  ; 
bracts  shorter  than  the  cal.  @  Dry  hills  and  rocks.  Conn.,  W.  and  S.  5—10'.  May— Sept, 

10  P.  heterophylla  N.  Lvs.  linear,  entire,  or  some  of  them  with  a  few  slendci 
teeth  ;  ped.  many,  as  long  as  the  leaves  ;  spikes  loose  ;  pod  conoid,  twice  longer  than 
the  calyx,  crowned  with  the  closed  cor.,  10-24-seeded.    ®  Wet,  Penn.,  and  S.    4—8'. 

IIP,  pusilla  N.  Thinly  pubescent;  lvs.  filiform-linear,  shorter  than  the  capillary, 
few-flowered  scapes ;  pod  crested,  longer  than  the  calyx,  4-8eeded.  (D  Conn.  (Mr. 
Bowles),  W.  and  S.    1—3'.    Seeds  oblong.    May— July. 

Order  LXXXIII.    PLUMBAGINACE^.    Leadworts. 

Herbs  or  undershrubs  with  the  leaves  alternate  or  all  clustered  at  the 
root.  Flowers  regular.  Calyx  tubular,  5-toothed,  plaited,  persistent.  Co- 
rolla hypocrateriform,  of  5  petals  united  at  base,  or  sometimes  almost  dis- 
tinct. Stamens  5,  hypogynous  and  opposite  the  petals,  or  inserted  on  their 
claws.  Ovary  1-celled,  free  from  the  calyx.  Styles  5  (seldom  3  or  4).  Fruit 
a  utricle,  or  dehiscent  by  valves,  containing  1  anatropous  seed. 

I.  STATICEjE.     Styles  distinct,  at  least  above.    Utricle  not  valvate.   Leaves  radical... (a) 

II  PLUMBAGINE^.     Style  1,  with  5  stigmas.     Pod  sub  valvate.     Leaves  cauliae.  ..(6).  .Plumbago.  3 

a  Stigmas  filiform.     Styles  glabrous.     Scape  branching Statice.       1 

a  Stigmas  filiform.     Styles  plumous.     .Sciipe  capitate Aemkuiv.     2 


Order  84.— LENTIBULACE^.  215 

1.  STATICE,  L.  Marsh  Rosemary.  Calyx  funnel-form,  limb  sca- 
rious,  5-nervecl,  5-partecl.  Pet.  scarcely  united  at  base.  Fil.  5,  adnatc  to 
the  very  base  of  the  corolla.  Ovarj'-  crowned  with  the  5  glabrous,  filiform 
styles,  utricle  opening  crosswise.  U  Herbs  with  the  scape  branching,  tLe 
flowers  3-bracted,  sessile  on  the  3-bracted  ])ranchlet. 

IS.  liiiuouium  L.  Very  smooth.  Leaves  oblong  to  oblancelate,  acute,  tipped  with  % 
bristle,  long-stalked ;  scapes  terete,  coryinbous-paniculate  ;  lis.  separate  or  in  pairs, 
on  the  upper  side  of  the  branchlets,  blue-purple.    Marshes.    6—12'.    July— October. 

2.  ARMIiRIA,  Willd.  Thrift.  Flowers  collected  in  a  dense  head. 
Invol.  3-  to  many-leaved,  Cal.  tubular-campanulate,  5-angled,  with  5  slial- 
low  lobes,  scarious  and  plaited.  Pet.,  sta.,  etc.,  as  in  Statice.  if.  Lvs.  radi- 
cal, mostly  linear.    Scape  simple,  appendaged  above  with  a  sheath. 

1  A.  VULGARIS.  Scape  terete,  smooth ;  lvs.  linear,  flat,  obtuse  ;  oute.  bracts  of  the  in- 
^ vol.  ovate-acute;  fls.  rose-colored.    Sea-coast,  Oreg.,  &c.    If.    June— August. 

2  A.  LATiPOLiA.    Scape  solitary,  tall ;  lvs.  broad-oblong,  5-7-veined  ;  flowers  rose-red  , 

bracts  cusp-pointed,  scarious.    Portugal.    1— 2f.    June— August. 

3.  PLUMBAGO,  Tourn.  Leadwort.  Cal.  5-lobed.  Corolla  salver- 
form,  tube  longer  than  calyx,  limb  twisted  in  a3Stivation.  Anth.  5,  linear. 
Stig.  5,  filiform.  Utricle  membranous,  mucronate  with  the  persistent  style. 
+)  U  Flowers  cyanic,  numerous  through  the  season. 

1  P,  Capensis.    Shrubby ;  lvs.  oblong,  entire,  white-scaly  beneath ;  fls.  in  short  termi- 

nal spikes,  pale  blue,  the  tube  1'  or  more  in  length.    S.  Africa.    2— 4f.    Hardy  S. 

2  P.  CfERULEA.    Herbaceous;  lvs.  acuminate ;  fls.  in  loose  spikes,  blue.    0".  U  S.Am. 

3  P.  cocciNEA.    Herb  tall ;  lvs.  oblong,  large ;  spikes  long,  loose ;  fls.  scar.  1—2'.  India. 

Order  LXXXIV.    LENTIBULACE^.    Bdtterworts. 

Herbs  small,  growing  in  water  or  wet  places,  with  showy,  bilabiate  fls. 
on  scapes.  Calyx  inferior,  of  2  or  3  sepals.  Corolla  irregular,  bilabiate, 
personate,  spmTcd.  Stamens  2,  included  within  the  corolla  and  inserted  on 
its  upper  lip.  Antliers  1-celled.  Ovary  1-celled,  with  a  free,  central  pla~ 
centa.  Style  1.  Stigma  cleft.  Fruity  capsule  many-seeded.  Seeds  minute. 
Embryo  straight,  with  no  albumen.    Fig.  399. 

§  111  wet,  rocky  places.    Leaves  broad,  entire.    Corolla  throat  open Pingoicdla.     1 

§  In  water,  floating.    Leaves  dissected.    Corolla  throat  closed Utricularia.  2 

/ 

1.  PINQUIOULA,  L.  BuTTERWORT.  Cal.  5-parted,  somewhat  bila- 
biate. Cor.  bilabiate,  ringent,  upper  lip  bifid,  lower  trifid,  spurred  at  base 
beneath.  Sta.  2,  very  short.  Stig.  sessile,  2-lobed.  Caps,  erect.  Sds.  co. 
U  Lvs.  radical,  rosulate,  entire,  greasy  to  the  touch.  Scapes  1-flowered, 
nodding.     March — May. 

*  Corollas  blue,  purple,  or  white,  lobes  very  unequal Nos.  1—3 

*  Corollas  yellow,  the  lobes  nearly  equal No.  4 

1  P.  vnlj^aris  L.    Scape  and  calyx  a  little  downy;  cor.  lips  very  unequal,  lobes  ob- 

tuse, entire  ;  spur  cylindrical,  straightish.    N.  Y.  (rare),  and  N.    6 — 8'.    Cor.  1'  long. 

2  P.  elatior  Mx.    Lvs  ovate  to  spatulate ;  scapes  villous  near  the  base  ;  cal.  glandu- 


216  Order  84.— LENTIBULACE^. 

lap;  corolla  lobes  obtuse,  2-lobalate  ;  spur  half  as  lon^  as  the  tube,  blunt.    S.  Car.  to 
Fla.    Scape  very  blender,  8—12'  high.    Lvs.  1'  or  less.    FIs.  1'.    (P.  australis  N.) 

3  P.  pumlla  Mx.    Lvs.  glabrous,  roundish-ovate  ;  corolla  tube  oblong,  lobes  eraargi- 

nate ;  spur  acute,  nearly  as  long  as  tube.    Ga.,  Fla.    2—4'.    FIs.  4 — 5^'  long. 

4  P.  lutea  Walt.    Lvs., elliptic  to  obovate;  cor.  bell-shaped,  nearly  regular,  the  lobes 

sinuate-dentate ;  spur  slender,  i  as  long  as  corolla.    S.    5—8'.    FIs.  9"  broad. 

2.  UTRIOULARIA,  L.  Bladderwoht.  Cal.  2-parted,  lips  subequal. 
Cor.  irregularly  bilabiate,  personate,  spurred.  Stamens  2.  Stig.  bilabiate. 
Caps,  globular,  1-celled.  ^  Loosely  floating,  or  fixed  in  the  mud.  Lvs. 
radical,  multifid  or  linear  and  entire,  mostly  furnished  with  little  inflated 
utricles  (whence  the  name)  as  buoys.    Scape  t^rect.    June — Sept.    Fig.  399. 

§  Floating.    Scape  involucrate  with  a  whorl  of  large  inflated  petioles No.  1 

i  Floating.    Scape  naked,  branches  bearing  bulblcts  and  bladders. .  .(a) 
§  Stems  creeping  and  rooting  in  mud,  with  few  or  no  air-bladders ...  (6) 

a  Flowers  purple.    Branches  whorled,  submersed No.  3 

a  Flowers  yellow.— c  Bladders  borne  on  the  capillaceous  leaves.,  .{d) 

— c  Bladders  and  leaves  borne  on  separate  branches Nos.  3,  4 

d  Spur  acute  or  retuse,  about  as  long  as  the  lips : Nos.  5 — 7 

d  Spur  obtuse,  short.— e  FIs.  of  2  kinds,  the  lipless  down  on  the  stems No.  8 

—e  FIs.  of  1  kind  only,  all  on  the  scapes  Nos.  9—11 

b  Spur  appressed  to  and  scarcely  equalling  the  lower  lip  of  the  corolla Nos.  12,  1.3 

b  Spur  remote  from  the  corolla,  slender,  acute Nos.  14,  15 

I  U.  inflata  Walt.    Upper  lvs.  in  a  whorl  of  5  or  G  at  the  surface  of  the  water ;  pet. 

and  midvein  inflated,  lower  lvs.  capillaceous,  dissected,  submerged  ;  scape  4-5-flwd. 
%  Li  ponds  and  ditches.  Rhizome  or  stem  long.  Scape  8'.  FIs.  8"  broad,  yellow, 
upper  lip  rounded,  entire,  lower  lip  3-lobed.  August. 
%  U.  purpikrca  Walt.  Leaves  all  submersed,  fibrinous,  whorled  on  the  long  stem  ; 
scape  assurgent,  2-3-flowered ;  lower  lip  3-lobed,  bisaccate,  longer  than  the  conical 
spur  beneath  it.    ®  Ponds.    Scape  3—5'.    i'lowers  G"  broad,  violet-purple. 

3  U.  intermedia  Hayne.    Lvs.  2-ranked,  crowded,  4—5  times  forked,  divisions  lin- 

ear-subulate, ciliate-denticulate,  rigid,  2—3"  long ;  bladders  all  on  leafless  branches  ; 
Bcape  2-3-flowered ;  spur  conical,  acute  ;  corolla  6—8".    (i)  Pools,  Pa.,  and  N.    6—8'. 

4  U.  Rob binsii  Wood.  Leaves  alternate,  3 — 4  times  forked,  divisions  flaccid,  linear- 

capillary,  entire,  8 — 12'''  long  ;  bladders  all  on  leafless  branches  ;  scape  tall  (8—13'), 
4-7-flovvered  ;  spur  fusiform  ;  corolla  4—5".    (x)  Mass.    (Dr.  Robbins.) 

5  U.  striata  Le  Contc.    Lvs.  3-4-furcate,  divisions  capillary  ;  scape  2-6-flo\vered,  8— 

12';  fls.  6'^  on  slender  pedicels,  lips  subequal,  3-lobed,  the  upper  striate  with  red, 

concave,  the  lower  as  long  as  the  obtuse,  notched  spur,    {i)  L.  I.  to  Fla. 
G  II.  lougirostris  Ell.    Lvs.  2-3-furcate,  with  setaceous  segments ;  scape  1-3-flow- 

cred  (3 — 4') ;  lower  lip  entire,  shorter  than  the  subulate  spur.    South. 
T  U.  biflora  Lam.    Lvs.  capillary,  root-like,  bearing  numerous  bladders  ;  scape  2— 5', 

2-flowered  ;  spur  obtuse,  notched,  equalling  the  lower  lips.    W.  and  S. 
8  IJ.  clandestina  N.    Lvs.  capillaceous-multifid,  scattered,  bladder-bearing ;  e-capo 

slender,  3 — 4',  2-3-flwd.,  seldom  seen  ;  cor.  5'^  spur  shorter  than  the  6-lobed  lower  lip ; 

ped.  down  on  the  stems  1',  with  1  apetalous  flower.    ii  Ponds,  Mass.  to  N.  J.  and  Pa. 
0  U.  gibba  L.    Minute,  with  hair-like  leaves  and  few  utricles  ;  scape  1-2-flwd.,  naked 

(2—3') ;  corolla  spur  blunt  {gibbous)  and  short,  lips  many-lobed.     n  R.  I.  to  Car. 
1 0  \J»  vulgaris  L.    Lvs.  capiilaceous-multilid,  fibrinous  ;  sc.  scaly,  5-12-flwd.,  6—12' ; 

spur  conical,  shorter  than  the  closed  lips  (.3—4"),  divergent ;  fr.  nodding.    %  Ponds. 

II  U.  minor  L.    Lvs.  short,  several  limes  forked;  sc.  3-6-flwd.,  4—7' ;  cor.  ringent, 
spur  blunt,  deflexed,  much  shorter  than  the  obovate,  flat  lower  lip  ;  fr.  nodding,    ii. 

12  U.  bipartita  Ell.    Lvs.  fibrillous-multifid  ;  sc.  1-3-ttwd.,  2—3' ;  cal.  lower  lip  2- 
jHirtcd  ;  spur  obtuse,  half  as  long  as  the  entire  lower  lip.    Soft  mud.  South. 


Order  85.— OROBANCHACE^.  217 

13  U,  subulata  L,  Minute,  creeping;  Ivs.  few,  linear,  entire,  obtuse ;  sc.  few,  l-5« 
flwd.,  3',  with  ovate  bracts ;  spur  acute,  appressed  to  the  lower  3-lobed  lip.    Springs. 

14  U.  resupinata  Green.  Rooting;  Ivs.  linear-capillaceous,  erect,  undivided  (10; 
scapes  00,  simple,  l-fl«vd.,  1-bracted  (3—60  ;  spur  ascending,  remote  from  and  shorter 
than  the  erect  lips  of  thy  light-purple  corolla  (which  is  4'0.    Muddy  shores,  N.  Eng. 

15  IJ.  corniita  Mx.  Scape  rooting,  tall  (9—12'),  scaly,  2-5-flwd. ;  Ivs.  fugacious  orO; 
flowers  subsessik,  palate  very  prominent ;  spur  subulate,  decurved  away  from  the 
erect  tube  and  limb.    Mud  or  shallow  pools.    Flowers  large,  yellow. 


Order  LXXXV.    OROBANCHACE^.    Broom-rapes. 

Uerha  fleshy,  leafless,  growing  parasitically  upon  the  roots  of  other  plants. 
Calyx  4-5-toothed,  inferior,  persistent.  Corolla  irregular,  persistent,  imbri- 
cate in  aestivation.  Stamens  4,  didynamous.  Anthers  2-celled,  cells  dis- 
tinct, parallel,  often  bearded,  at  base.  Ovary  1 -celled,  free  from  the  calyx, 
•with  2  or  4  parietal  placentae.  Capsule  enclosed  within  the  withered  co- 
rolla, 1-celled,  2-valved.    Seeds  very  numerous  and  minute,  with  albumen. 

•  Flowers  polygamous,  on  spicate  branches,  sterile  above,  fertile  below Efiphegus.     1 

•  Flowers  perfect,— rt  in  one  dense  spike.    Calyx  split  in  front Conopholis.  2 

—a  in  one  dense  spike.     Calyx  5-toothed PHEUPiBA.      3 

—a  solitary  on  long  peduncles  or  scapes Aphyllox.      4 

1.  EPIPHEGUS,  Nutt.  Beechdrops.  5  5  9  Upper  fls.  complete, 
but  sterile,  with  a  tubular,  cui-ved,  2-lipped  cor.  barely  including  the  sta- 
mens. Lower  fls.  $  ,  with  a  short,  4-toothed  cor.  and  imperfect  stamens. 
Caps.  2-valved,  with  2  placentae  on  each  valve. — A  smooth,  dull-red,  leaf- 
less, branching  plant,  with  sessile  flowers  all  along  the  branches. 

E.  VIrglniana  Bart.— In  beech-woods :  common.  If.  Fls.  brownish,  5".  Aug.,  Sept. 

2.  CONOPHOLIS,  Wallroth.  Squaw-root.  Fls.  $  ,  crowded  in  a 
thick,  scaly  spike.  Cal.  with  2  bractlets  at  base,  4-toothed,  split  down  in 
front.  Cor.  ringent,  upper  lip  arched,  notched,  lower  3-lobed.  Sta.  ex- 
serted.  Caps.  1-celled,  2-valved,  with  2  placentae  on  each  valve. — Stem 
simple,  thick,  short,  covered  with  scales,  the  flowers  in  the  upper  axils. 

C.  Americana  Wal.— In  old  woods:  com.  4-7' high,  and  1' thick,  pale-yellowish.  Jl. 

3.  PHELIPJEA,  Tourn.  Broom-rape.  Fls.  5 ,  spiked  or  racemed. 
Cal.  2-bractcd  at  base,  4-5-cleft.  Cor.  2-lipped,  including  the  stam.  Caps. 
1-celled,  2-valved,  with  2  placentae  on  each  valve. — Stem  thick,  scaly. 

P.  Ludovieiana  Don.    Glandular-pubescent;  stem  thick,  short;  spike  dense ;  cal. 
5-cleft ;  cor.  funnel-form,  lips  subequal ;  bracts  ovate,  obtuse.    Alluvion,  111. 

4.  APHYLLON,  Mitchell.  Naked  Broom-rape.  Fls.  ^  ,  solitary,  on 
long,  bractless  ped.  or  scapes.  Cal.  5-cleft.  Cor.  tube  elongated,  curved, 
limb  spreading,  subequally  o-lobed.  Anthers  included.  Capsule  with  4 
placentae. — Plants  glandular-pubescent.     Stem  nearly  subterraneous. 

1  A.  unlflora  T.  <fe  G.    Ped.  iyi pairs,  simple,  naked,  each  1-flwd.    Woods  and  thick- 

ets.    Ped.  4—5',  scape-like,  purplish-yellow,  like  the  nodding  flowers.    June. 

2  A,  rasclcnlata  T.  &  G.    Stem  2-3'hi^h,  bearing  wany  peduncles  from  near  the 

summit,  each  with  few  scales  and  1  jmrple  flower.    Mich.,  and  W.    4-^'.     May. 


218  Order  86.— BIGNONIACE^. 


Order  LXXXVI.    BIGNONIACE^.    Trumpet-flowers. 

Trees,  shrubs,  or  herbs,  often  climbing,  with  opposite,  exstipulate  leaves, 
and  large,  showy,  monopetalous,  irregular,  5-partecl  flowers.  Stamens  2 
or  4,  often  with  1  or  3  sterile  rudiments.  Anthers  2-celled.  Ovary  2-car- 
pelled.  Style  1.  St%>ma  divided.  Capsule  woody,  2-valved,  with  few  or 
many  large  seeds.    Figs.  30,  31,  95,  199,  445. 

§  Plants  woody,  with  the  leaves  mostly  opposite,  and  the  flat  seeds  winged.  ..(I.) 
§  Plants  herbaceous,  leaves  all  simple,  some  alternate.     Seeds  wingless... (XL) 

I.  BIGNONIADS.— Trees,  with  simple  leaves,  and  long,  cylindric  pods Catalpa.  t 

— Shrubs  climbing.     Leaves  compound  (binate).     Calyx  truncate. ..Bignoxia.  2 

—Shrubs  climbing.     Leaves  pinnate.     Calyx  5-tootlied Tecoma.  .3 

—Half-shrubby  climbers  (exotic).     Lvs.  compd.  (bipinnate).  ..Eccrkmocarpus.  4 

TI.  SESA5iE.,E.—(yoarse,  clammy  herbs,  the  fleshy  pods  2-horned Martynia.  5 

— Smoothish,  erect.     Pods  dry,  4-celled,  not  beaked Sksamum.  6 

1.  OATALPAj  Scop.  Catalpa.  Cal.  3-parted.  Cor.  campanulate,  4- 
or  5-cleft,  the  tube  inflated.  Sta.  2  fertile,  2  or  3  sterile.  Stig.  2-lipped. 
Caps.  2-celled,  long,  cylindric.  ^  Lvs.  opposite  or  in  3's,  simple,  petiolate. 
Flowers  in  large,  showy,  terminal  panicles.  May — July.     Figs.  30-1,  445. 

1  C.  bignonloides  Walt.    Lvs.  ample,  thin,  cordate-ovate,  lustrous  above,  dowj-y 

beneath,  long-petioled  ;  fls.  in  erect,  p5'ramidal  panicles,  large,  irregularly  bell-shaped, 
white,  with  yellow  and  violet  spots.    A  beautiful  tree  30— 50f.    Native  and  cultivated. 

2  C  Kempfeei.    Lvs.  smaller,  entire  or  lobed,  glabrous  both  sides  ;  fls.  smaller.   Japan. 

2.  BIGNONIA,  Tourn.  Cal.  margin  nearly  entire.  Cor.  somewhat  bi- 
labiate, 5-cleft,  bell-funnel-shaped.  Sta.  didynamous,  4  fertile,  1  a  sterile 
filament.  Caps,  long  and  narrow,  valves  flat  or  scarcely  convex,  parallel 
with  the  partition.     5  5  t'   Often  with  tendrils. 

1  B.  capreolata  L.    Climbing,  smooth  ;  leaves  binate,  consisting  of  a  pair  of  ever 

green,  cordate-lanceolate  leaflets  and  a  branching  tendril  between  them  ;  fls.  axillary, 
near  2',  red-ye!lo\v  :  pod  H — T'  long.    W^oods,  S.    50f.    Very  slender.    March— May. 

2  B.  Tweediana.    With  yellow  fls.  2',  in  panicles  ;  cal.  bilabiate.    From  Buenos  Ayres. 

3.  TECOMA,  Juss.  Trumpet-flower.  Cal.  campanulate,  5-toothed. 
Cor.  tube  short,  tliroat  dilated,  limb  5-lobed,  subequal.  Sta.  4,  didynamous, 
with  the  rudiment  of  a  fifth,  anther-cells  2,  diverging.  Caps.  2-celled,  2- 
valved,  the  valves  contrary  to  the  partition.  Seeds  winged.  5  h  ^  Lvs. 
opposite,  odd-pinnate  in  the  following. 

1  T.  radicans  Juss.    Climbing  by  radicating  tendrils  ;  Ifts.  4  or  5  pairs,  ovate,  den- 

tate-serrate, pointed  ;  corolla  thrice  longer  than  the  calyx  ;  etam.  included.    Wood-*, 
thickets.  Penn.,  S.  and  W.    20— 80f.    Fls.  red,  2'  long.    June— Aug.    Very  showy. 

2  T.  Capensis.    Climbing ;  Ifts.  broad-ovate,  crenate-serrate  ;  cor.  long,  trumpet-shaiwd, 

incurved,  stam.  and  stvle  exserted.    S.  Afr.    Flowers  corymbed,  2'  long,  orange. 

3  T.  GRANniFLORA.    Climbing;  Ifts.  lance-ovate,  pointed,  dent-serrate;  cor.  scarcely 

longer  than  the  5-toothed  calyx  (30,  scarlet.    China  and  Japan. 

4  T.  jASMiNoiDES.    Climbing :  Ifte.  ovate,  shining,  entire ;  pan.  terminal ;  cor.  trunv- 

pet-shaped,  white,  roseate  in  the  throat.    Australia.    Common  in  greenhouses. 

4.  EOOREMOCARPUS,  R  &  P.  Calyx  acutely  5-cleft,  broader  anil 
mucn  shorter  than  the  tubular  corolla,  whoac  lobes  are  5,  rounded,  reficxed. 


Order  87.— GESNERIACE^.  219 

6ta.  4,  included.    Caps.  1-celled,  2-vaIved,  valves  placentiferous  in  the  mid 
die.     Half-shmbb}^  climbers,  from  S.  Am.     Tender.     (Calampelis,  Don.) 

1  E.  PCABER.    Lvs.  bipinnate  ;  cor.  tube  inflated  above  the  calj^x.  pcarlet,  drooping,  1'. 

2  E.  LONGiFLORA.    Lvs.  tripinnatc  ;  cor.  tube  cylindric,  curved,  yellow,  3',  drooping. 

5.  MARTYNIA,  L.  Unicorn  Plant.  Cal.  o-clcft,  bracteolate  at  base. 
Cor.  campaniilate,  tube  gibbous  at  base,  limb  5-lobed,  unequal.  Sta.  5,  one 
rudimentary  and  sterile,  fom-  didynamous.  Caps,  coriaceous,  ligneous,  4- 
celled,  2-valved,  each  valve  terminating  in  a  long,  hooked  beak.  ®  Cliielly 
gcutiicrn,  branching,  viscid-hair}^,  strong-scented.     Flowers  large. 

1  in,  proboscidea  Glox.    Branches  mostly  decumbent ;  lvs.  cordate,  entire,  round- 

ish, villous,  upper  onee  alternate  ;  fls.  on  long,  axillary  peduncles  ;  beaks  2  (when  the 
valvjs  separate),  hooked  ;  corolla  dull  yellowish.    Fields,  thickets,  S.  and  W.   2f.   Jn. 

2  m.  FRAGRANS.    Lvs.  roundish-3-lobed,  S'inuate-dentatc  ;  raceme  few-flowered ;  corolla 

purple,  yellow  inside,  fragrant ;  beaks  shorter  than  the  pod.    Mexico. 

3  M.  i.t-TEA,  with  large  yellow  funnel-form  corollas,  is  from  Brazil. 

6.  SESAMUM,  L.  Oil-seed.  Cal.  5-parted.  Cor.  campanulate,  3- 
cleft,  the  lower  lobes  the  longest.  Sta.  4,  didynamous.  Stig,  lanceolate. 
Caps.  2-celled,  the  cells  divided  by  the  inflexed  edges  of  the  valves,  (i) 
E.  India.     Leaves  petiolate,  the  lower  opposite,  upper  alternate. 

S,  Indicum  DC.    Lvs.  lance-ovate,  lower  ones  3-lobed,  upper  ones  undivided,  serrate : 
flowers  axillary,  sessile,  pale  purple.    Fields  and  gardens.    Seeds  rich  in  oil.    $ 

Order  LXXXVII.    GESNERIACE^.     Gesnerworts. 

Tropical  plants,  somewhat  fleshy,  with  opposite  or  radical  leaves,  no  stip- 
ules, and  showy,  somewhat  irregular  flowers.  Calpx  half  adherent  to  the 
ovary  (in  the  following  genera),  5-parted.  Corolla  tubular,  5-lobed,  imbri- 
cated in  bud.  Stamens  2  or  4,  didynamous,  with  a  rudiment.  Style  1. 
F)mit  a  capsule  nearly  free,  1-celled,  with  2  double,  many-seeded  placentae. 

Corolla  tube  bell-form,  equally  tumid  at  base,  limb  obliqii«     Gesnkria.       1 

Corolla  bell-fnnnel-form,  gibbous  at  base,  limb  short Gloximia.       2 

Corolla  salver-form,  .subequai,  limb  flat-spreadins? Achimkxes.    3 

1.  GESNERIA,  L.  n  With  tuberous  roots  and  toothed  leaves.  Sta. 
4,  with  a  rudiment,  anthers  cohering  at  first,     Brazil. 

1  <»,  LiNDi.EYi.    Lvs.  opposite,  ovate-oblong,  rugous;  flowers  in  a  terminal  raceme; 

corolla  18",  scarlet  or  red,  the  limb  very  short.    Brazil. 

2  G.  DouGLASii.    Leaves  whorled,  ovate,  pubescent,  with  the  numerous  red-yellow 

flowers  in  their  axils.— The  species  are  many  and  much  mixed. 

2.  GLOXINIA,  L'Her.  Has  often  radical  leaves  (or  with  very  short 
stems),  crenate,  and  large  axillary  or  i-adical  flowers.  Stamens  4,  with  a 
fifth  rudiment,  anthers  cohering.    Brazil. 

G.  SPECiosA.    Leaves  oval-oblong,   on  long  radical  petioles;  ped.  subradical,  1-flow- 
ered  ;  corolla  bell-shaped,  li',  violet,  varying  to  white. 

3.  AOHIMENES,  Br.  Erect,  downy  herbs,  with  scaly  buds.  Anth. 
4,  sei^iratc,  the  rudiment  on  the  base  of  the  corolla. 


220  Order  88.— SCROPHULARIACE^. 

1  A.  LONQiFi-oRA.    Leaves  oblong,  pointed  at  both  endgi,  serrate ;  coroira  \iolet-pnrpJ8 

15"  ;  calyx  4—6",  pedicel  still  shorter,  1-flowered.  axillary.    Mexico, 

2  A.  cocoiNEA.    Leaves  ovate,  acnminate ;   corolla  t:carlct,  lO''',  calyx  5",  the  pedicei 

lon/T;er,  axillary,  erect,  with  the  flower  noddiu<r.    Jamaica. 


Order  LXXXVIIL     SOKOPHULARIACE.E.    Figworts. 

Herbs  cliiefly,  without  fragrance^  the  leaves  and  inflorescence  various. 
i^/«.irreg.,5-(rarely  4-)parted,clidynamous  ordiandrous  (rarely  pentandrous). 
Calyx  free  from  tlie  ovary,  persistent.  Corolla  monopetalous,  imbricated 
in  bud.  Stamens  inserted  in  tlie  tube  of  the  corolla,  1  or  o  of  them  usually 
radiraentary.  Ocary  free,  2-celled,  with  1  style,  a  3-lobed  stigma,  and  be- 
coming in  fruit  a  2-celled,  Qo-seeded  capsule,  with  axilc  placentae  and  al- 
buminous seeds.    Figs.  70,  lOG,  134,  167,  434,  502. 

1  Leaves  alternate  lor  opposite,  and  the  corolla  spurre<i  or  saccate  behind).  ..(2) 
1  Leaves  opposite,  aud  the  cori/lla  lower  lip  an  inflated  sac.     (Tribe 2.^ 
1  Leaves  opposite,  and  the  corolla  not  npnrred  nor  saccate.  .(5) 

2  Inflorescence  compound,  centrifii;ral  or  terminal.     Exotics.     Tribe  1 . . . (a) 
2  Inflorescence  simple,  centripetal  or  axillary. . .(.'{) 

3  Stamens  5.     Corolla  large,  rotate,  more  or  less  irrej^lar.    Tribe  3...(«) 
.?  Stamens  4  or  2.     Corolla  minute,  4-  or  5-lobed.    LittVe  herbs.     Tribe  7. .  .(A-) 
.l  Stamens  4.     Corolla  large,  ui>per  lip  exterior  in  the  bud.    Tribe  4.  ..(/*) 
3  Stamens  4  or  2.     (./'orolla  lower  lip  exterior  in  the  bud... (4) 

4  ('orolla  bell-  or  thimble-shaped,  obliqne,  lobes  spreading.     Tribe  8. .  .(ni) 
4  ('orolla  bilabiate,  upper  lip  vaulted  and  arched.     Tribe  12. . .  ip) 
b  Stamens  2,  exserted.     Corolla  rotate  or  salver-form.     (Tribe  9.) 
8  Stamens  2  (rarely  .*?),  included.     Corolla  tubular,  labiate,  rotate,  kc.     Tribe  6. . .(/) 
8  Stamens  4,  perfect, — *  the  5th  a  lar^e,  conspicuous  rudin.ent.     Tribe  5. .  .(r) 
— *  the  5th  a  minute  rudiment,  or  none.  .(S) 
8  TuQorescence  compound,  in  cymes  or  panicles.    Tribe  5. . .  (d) 

H  Inflorescence  simple.— t  (.'orolla  wheel-shaped,  largest  lobe  upward.     Tribe  3. .  .(a) 
— -f-  Corolla  salver-form,  lobes  about  equal.     (Tribe  10.) 
— +CorollabeIl.s1iap«d,nothelmeted.     Tril.cll.  ,.  (n) 
— t  Corolla  bilabiate,  not  belineted.     Tribe  6. . .  (e) 
— t  Corolla  bilabiate  and  helraeted.     Tribe  12. . .  (j) 
L  8ALPIGL0SS1DE/E.     (Corolla  in  bud  plicate  at  the  clefts.     InScrescence  cymous.) 

Tribr  L     SALriGLOSSiE.«.—x  Stamens  2.    Corolla  deeply  many-clefH Schizanthus.       1 

— X  Stamens  4.-7/  Corolla  tubular-funnel-form Salpiglossis.        2 

— // Cor.  salver-form.     Anth.  r.nlike Bkowalli.*.  3 

—y  Cor.  salver-form.    Anth.  all  alike.  .BKU>rKLSM.         4 
II.  ANTIRUIIINIDEjE.     (Corolla  in  bud  imbricate,  the  upper  lip  covering  the  lower.) 

Tribr  2.     Calceolauik.«.     Flowers  in  cymes,  very  showy,  cultivated (?ai-ckolaria.       .S 

Tribk  3.     VKRBASCK4«.—rt  Stamens  5,  corolla  not  inverted,  subregular Vkrbascum.  <5 

— a  Stamens  4.     Cor.  inverted  on  the  twisted  pedicels Alonsoa.  t 

Tbibb  4.     Amirrhine^.— fe  Corolla  spurred.     Pod  opens  by  valves Nemesia.  s 

— &  Corolla  spurred.     Pud  opens  by  jiorcs Lixaria.  1) 

— ,'(  Corolla  saccate  at  base,  throav  closed Antikrhinu.m.    li» 

— h  Corolla  throat  open,  naked  inside.    Climbers Macrandia.        1 1 

—b  Corolla  throat  open,  with  2  hairy  lines.     Climbers.  .Lofuosfkrmum  12 

TkiBB  &.    Chki.oi«k»«.— c  Sterile  filament  a  scale.     Flowers  small,  lurid Scr.oPHUi-ARtA.   13 

— c  Sterile  filament  shorter  than  the  rest.     Seeds  winged. .  .Chelone.  14 

— c  Sterile  filament  equalling  the  rest.     Seeds  wingless Pentstkmon.       15 

—ti  Herbs.     Corolla  labiate,  blue  and  white Collinsia.  16 

— d  Shrubs  slender.    Corolla  tube  itraiKlit RuRSBtiA.  H 

— rf  Shrubs  erprt.     Corolla  tube  Incurved .Phyoklius.  \i 

—dTreea.    C  rolla  blue,  lubular-bell-form Pauiow.nia.  I) 

TtUBM  6.    Okatiole.*.— .e  Calyx  5-angled.     Corolla  2-lipped,  5-lobed,  large Mimclls.  2C 

— e  Calyx  5-angled.     Cotolla  oblique,  t-lobed,  large Toresia.  ii 


Order  88.— SCROPHULARIACE^.  221 

— «  Calyx  5  parted,  equal.     Leaves  many-clefk Coxobea.  22 

—e  Calyx  6-parted,  unequal.     Leaves  undivided Hkbpkstis.  23 

— /Calyx  5-parted.     Sterile  filament-t  short,  or  0 Gratiola.  24 

—/Calyx  5-parted.    Sterile  filanaenta  exeerted Ilypanthks  25 

—/ Calyx  4-lobed.    Stamens  2.    Flowers  minute Micranthemum.  26 

—/Calyx  l-lobed.     Stamens  3.     Flowers  small.    S...IIydranthelhjm.27 
III.  RHINANTHIDE^.    (Corolla  in  bud  imbricate,  the  lower  or  lateral  lobes  exterior.) 

Tribk  7.     SiBTHORPEiB.—/i  Stamens  2.     Corolla  4-cleft Amphiasthus.  28 

—A;  Stamens  4.    Corolla  5-clefl Limosella,  29 

TribhS.    Digitale^.—7w  Stamens  2.    Calyx  4-parted.     Flowers  small Synthiris.  30 

—m  Stamens  4.    Calyx  5-parted.     Flowers  large Digiatlis.  31 

Tkibe  9.    Teromck,«.— Stamens  divergent.     Upper  leaves  often  alternate Veronica.  32 

Tribk  10.    Bucunere^.— Stamens  approximate  by  pairs.    Upper  Ivs.  altern Buchnera.  33 

Tribe  11.    GERARDiE^.—n  Stamens  long-exserted.    Corolla  tubular .Macrakthera.  34 

— rt  Stamens  short. — n  Cor.  yellow,  tube  short  as  limb. .  .Seymeria.  35 

— o  Corolla  yellow,  tube  elongated Dasystoma,  36 

— o  Cor.  purple.    Lvs.  very  slender.  ..Gerardia.  37 

Tribk  IJ,    Euphrasies.— p  Anther-cells  unequal,  separated C astilleja.  38 

—p  Anther-cells  equal. — r  Calyx  10-ribbed Schwalbea.  39 

— r  Calyx  not  ribbed Pedicclaris.  40 

—q  Calyx  inflated.    Seeds  many,  winged Rhinanthcs.  41 

— q  Calyx  not  inflated.- s  Seeds  many,  wingless. .  .Euphrasia.  42 

—8  Seeds  1 — 4,  oblong Melampyrum.  43 

1.  SCHIZANTHUS,  R.  &  P.  Cut-flower.  Cor.  irregular,  the  upper 
lip  5-cleft,  external  in  aestivation,  lower  much  smaller,  3-partecl.  Fil.  4,  2 
of  them  sterile.  Capsules  3-celled.  (i)  Chili.  Leaves  pinnatifid,  alternate. 
Cymes  supra-axillary. 

S.  PiNNATUs.  Lvs.  once  or  twice  pinnatisected ;  cor.  segm.  longer  than  tube,  the  middle 
segra.  of  the  posterior  lip  2-lobed  and  hood-like ;  stam.  exserted.  1— 2f.  Fls.  delicate 
and  handsome,  V  broad,  purple  and  yellow,  with  a  dark  spot  in  the  midst.  Aug.— Oct. 

2.  SALPIGLOSSIS,  R.  &  P.  Trumpet-tongue,  Corolla  obliquely 
tubular-funnel-form,  with  an  ample  throat,  lobes  all  emarginate.  Sta.  4, 
fertile,  with  a  short  rudiment.  Style  trumpet-shaped  at  apex  and  incurved. 
Capsules  oblong,  valves  bifid.     %  Chili.     Resembles  Petunia. 

S,  siNUATA.  Annual  in  our  gardens,  1— 2f,  weak,  viscid-downy.  Leaves  elliptic-oblong, 
sinuate-toothed  or  pinnatifid.    Fls.  H'  long,  very  showy,  dark-pui-ple,    striped,  «S;c. 

3.  BROWALLIA,  L.  Cor.  salver-form,  with  a  long  tube,  and  oblique, 
5-lobcd  limb.  Antli.  of  the  two  posterior  stamens  halved,  sub-1-celled. 
Lobes  of  the  stigma  broad,  divaricate.  Caps,  membranous,  valves  bifid. — 
S.  American  herbs,  with  alternate,  entire  leaves  and  cyanic  flowers. 

1  B.  DEMissA  (also  elata).  Leaves  petiolate,  ovate  ;  lower  fls.  axillary,  upper  racemed  ; 
calyx  hairy ;  cor.  tube  G",  limb  1',  blue  or  violet,  varying  to  wh.    (x)  1— 2f.    Summer. 

4.  BRUNFELSIA,  Sw.  Corolla  salver-form,  with  a  long  tube,  and  a 
broad  5-lobed  limb.  Sta.  4,  all  equal.  Style  incurved  at  apex,  stig.  of  2 
liroad  lobes.  Caps,  coriaceous,  valves  entire. — S.  American  shrubs,  witl> 
alternate,  entire  leaves  and  large  blue  flowers.     (Francisea,  Pohl.) 

1  B.  HoPEANA.  Lvs.  obovate  to  ovate  ;  fls.  solitary  ;  cor.  tube  little  exceeding  the  cai., 
lobes  ronncied,  subeqnal,  violet,  blue,  or  white,  V  broad.    3f.    Much  branched. 

a  B.  LATiFoLiA.  Leaves  elliptic  to  oblong;  fls.  in  loose  cymes  ;  cor.  tube  thrice  longei 
than  the  calyx,  and  longer  than  the  limb  (IQ.    Leaves  3—5'  long,  shining  above. 


222  Order  88.— SCROPIIUI.ARIACE^. 

5.  CALCEOLARIA,  L.  Slipper-flower.  Calyx  4-protcd,  valvatc 
in  bud.  Cor.  tube  very  short,  limb  2-lobed,  lobes  entire,  concave  or  spur- 
like, the  lower  inflated.  Sta.  2,  lateral,  with  no  rudiments.  Caps,  ovoid 
conical,  valves  bifid. — S.  American  and  New-Zealand  herbs  or  shrubs, 
with  opposite  or  whorled  leaves  and  very  curious  flowers,  of  all  colors, 
endlessly  varied  in  cultivation. 

§  Leaves  pinnatisect.    Anther  cells  separated,  one  empty.    Annual No.  1 

§  Leaves  ovate  to  lanceolate.    Fls.  corymbous.    Anth.  cells  contiguous No«i.  2—4 

1  C.  piNNATA.    Rough-downy,  weak,  If,  the  lower  lip  orbicular,  pale-yellow. 

2  C.  CORTMBOSA.    Erect ;  lower  lip  broad-ovate,  obtuse,  open  beyond  the  middle,  ylw. 

3  C.  cuENATrFLORA.   Villous ;  lower  lip  hanging,  large,  obovate,  3-furrowed,  spotted,  ylw. 

4  C.  iNTEGRiFOLiA.    Vlscid ;  lower  lip  orbicular,  little  longer  than  the  upper,  scarcely 

contracted  at  the  base ;  upper  lip  twice  longer  than  the  calyx.    Shrub.    2— 3f. 

6.  VERBASCUM,  L.  Mullein.  Cor.  rotate,  5-lobcd,  unequal.  Sta. 
5,  declinate,  all  perfect.  Caps,  ovoid-globous,  2-valved.  ®  Rarely  U  or 
suff'ruticous.  Leaves  alternate.  Flowers  in  spikes  or  paniculate  racemes. 
June — August.     Fig.  434. 

§  Leaves  decurrent  on  the  stem.    Flowers  in  a  long,  thick  spike,  yellow No.  i 

§  Leaves  not  decurrent.— a  Flowers  in  racemes,  white,  yellow  or  purple Nos.  2,  .3 

— a  Flowers  paniculate,  white  or  yellow Nos.  4,  5 

1  V,  Tltapsus  L.     Common  Mullein.    Leaves  decurrent,  densely  tomentous  on  both 

sides  ;  rac.  spiked,  dense ;  3  of  the  sta.  downy,  2  of  them  smooth.    @  Fields,  way- 
sides.   3— 5f.    Almost  never  branched,  woolly  all  over.    Flowers  numerous.    § 

2  \»  Blatt'.  ria  L.    Moth  Mullein.    Lvs.  clasping,  oblong,  smooth,  serrate;  ped.  1- 

flwd.,  solitary,  racemous  ;  filaments  all  bearing  violet  wool.    ®  Waste  grounds,  way- 
sides.   3f.    Flowers  1',  white  or  yellow.    Stem  often  branched. 

3  V,  PHtENicEUM.    Leaves  mostly  radical,  ovate  to  oblong,  petiolate,  smooth  above, 

downy  beneath  ;  racemes  rarely  branched  ;  flowers  violet  to  red.    (a)  Eur.    3f. 

4  V.  Ijychnitls  L.     WJiife  Mullein.    Whitish  tomentous  ;  st.  angular ;  leaves  green 

above,  the  lower  petiolate  ;  fls.  in  loose  fascicles,  forming  a  pyramidal  panicle ;  fll.  all 
white-woolly.    (2)  Sandy  fields,  N.  Y.  to  Ga. :  rare.    Flowers  pale  yellow.    §  Eur. 
ill  V.  ruLVEUULENTUM.    Clothed  in  cottony,  deciduous  tomentum  ;  lvs.  tomentous  both 
sides,  ovate-oblong ;  fls.  numerous,  yellow,  in  a  large  panicle,    (f)  Ear. 

7.  ALONSOA,  R.  &  P.  Cor.  resupinate  by  the  twisted  pedicel,  rotate, 
5-clcft,  lobes  very  obtuse,  unequal.  Sta.  4,  short,  declinate.  Caps,  obtuse, 
flattened,  septicidal. — S.  American,  very  branching  herbs,  with  opposite 
leaves,  square  branches,  and  terminal  racemes  of  scarlet  flowers. 

1  A.  incis.ef.6lia.    Leaves  lance-ovate,  incisely  serrate,  petiolate  ;  cor.  1' or  less  wide, 
3— i  times  longer  than  the  calyx.    (1)  All  Summer.    From  Chili. 

8.  NEMESIA,  Vent.  Calyx  5-parted.  Corolla  personate,  saccate  or 
spurred  behind,  upper  lip  4-lobed,  lower  entire.  Sta.  4,  lower  pair  circum- 
flexed  at  base.  Caps,  compressed,  with  2  keeled  valves,  and  winged  seeds. 
(£)  S.  Africa,      '.vs.  opposite.     Fls.  solitary  and  axillary,  or  racemed. 

1  N.  vERsfcoT-on.    Lvs.  ovate  to  lanceolate  and  linear,  entire  or  toothed  ;  cor.  lobes  ob 

long,  all  subcqual  (4—5"),  ^pur  4'^  incurved,  acute.    3f.    Blue-white. 
5S  N.  Fi.oRiBUNDA,  has  ovate  leaves,  an  obtuse  spur,  and  white-y«illow  flowers. 

9.  LINARIA,  Juss.     Toad-flax,     Calyx  5-parted.     Corolla  personate, 


Order  88.— SCROPHULARIACE^.  223 

upper  lip  bifid,  reflexed,  lower  3-cleft,  throat  closed  by  the  prominent  pal- 
ate, tube  inflated,  with  a  spur  behind.  Caps.  2-celled,  1)ur8ting  below  the 
summit. — Herbs.  Lower  leaves  generally  opposite,  upper  alternate.  Fls. 
solitary,  axillary,  often  forming  terminal,  leafy  racemes.     Fig.  70. 

*  Stems  prostrate,  creeping.    Leaves  broad,  reniform  or  hastate.    Eur Nos.  1.  2 

*  Stems  erect,  with  narrow  leaves,  mostly  scattered Nos.  3—5 

*  Stems  erect,  with  broad  lanceolate  leaves,  all  verticillato No.  6 

1  li.  Cymbalaria.    Lvs.  palmate-veined,  reniform,  5-7-lobed,  mostly  alternate  ;  fls. 

axillary,  small,  yellow,  spur  shorter  than  tube.     TX  Smooth,  delicate. 

2  Ii.  Elatlne  L.    Hairy;  lvs.  feather-veined,  hastate,  entire,  alteniate ;  ped.  solitary, 

long ;  cor.  yellow  and  purple.    (I)  Fields.     1— 2f.     Very  slender.    §  Eur.    July. 

3  Ii.  Canadensis  Dumont.    Lvs.  scattered,  erect,  linear,  obtuse ;  fls.  racemed ;  st. 

simple  ;  scions  procumbent ;  fls.  blue,    (i)  Fields,  waysides.    6—12'.     Very  slender. 
Flowers  small,  in  a  loose  raceme.    Spur  filiform,  long,  short,  or  0.    June— Sept. 

4  Ii.  vulgaris  Mill.     Common  Toad-flax.    Leaves  linear-lanceolate,  crowded  ;  spikea 

terminal ;  fls.  dense,  imbricate ;  cal.  smooth,  shorter  than  the  spur,  u  Meadows,  way- 
sides.   1 — 2f.    Very  leafy,  with  showy  rac.  of  yellow  and  orange  fls.    Jl.,  Aug.    §  Eur. 
^.  JPeloria,    Corolla  with  .3—5  spurs,  and  a  regular  border  of  3—5  lobes,  with  5 
stamens.    Penn.  (Dr.  Darlington).    Poughkeepsie,  N.  Y.  (Mr.  W.  R.  Gerard). 

5  L.  BiPARTiTA.    Erect;  lvs.  linear,  alternate;  ped.  much  longer  than  the  lance-linear, 

scarious-edged  sepals  ;  cor.  8 — 10",  violet,  the  palate  orange. 

6  Ii,  TRiORNiTHOPHORUM.     Three  Birds.    Smooth,  glaucous;  leaves  in  .3's  and  4''8 ;  fls. 

whorled,  each  resembling  3  little  birds,    it  Eur.    2— 3f.    Curious. 

10.  ANTIRRHINUM,  L.  Snap-dragon.  Calyx  5-sepalled.  Corolla 
gibbous  (not  spurred)  at  base  of  tube,  throat  closed  (personate)  by  the 
prominent  palate,  upper  lip  bifid,  reflexed,  lower  trifid.  Sta.  4.  Capsules 
opening  by  2  or  3  pores,  as  in  Linaria. — Herbs,  European,  &c.,  with  the 
lower  leaves  opposite,  the  upper  alternate.  Flowers  axillary,  large,  ra- 
cemed above.     Fig.  502. 

1  A.  MA.IUS.    Erect ;  leaves  lanceolate  ;  fls.  evidently  racemed  ;  sep.  hairy,  shorter  than 

the  cor.  tube  ;  cor.  pink,  purple,  or  scarlet,  mouth  yellow.     2;  18'.    Fls.  1'.     Sunnner. 

2  A.  Orontium.    Low,  spreading  ;  lvs.  oblong-lanceolate;  fls.  smaller  than  in  A.  majua 

(f»"),  the  sepals  equalling  the  cor.,  which  is  rose  or  white,  with  purp.  spots.    ®  Sum. 

11.  MAURANDIA,  Ort.  Calyx  5-parted.  Cor.  bilabiate,  tube  scarcely 
gibbous  at  base,  throat  open,  with  2  prominent  glabrous  folds,  upper  lip  of 
2  rounded  lobes,  lower  of  3.  Sta.  4.  Caps,  oblique,  opening  by  chinks 
below  the  apex.  2^  Mexican,  climbing  and  twining,  with  large  purple 
flowers  all  Summer. 

1  IW.  ANTiRRUiNiFLORA.    Lcavcs  mostly  triangular-hastate  ;  fle.  glabrous,  1',  tube  some 

gibbous  at  base,  throat  partly  closed  by  the  prominent  hairy  palate.    lOf. 

2  M.  SEMPERFLORENS.    Lvs.  cordate-hastatc,  angular ;  calyx  glabrous  ;  cor.  bell-form, 

not  gibbous  (throat  open),  ly  long,  pale  violet  or  rose-colored.    lOf. 

3  ]?I.  Barc  LAYANA.    Lcaves  broadly  triangular-cordate  or  hastate  ;  calyx  clothed  with 


12.  LOPHOSPERMUM,  Don.  Corolla  tubular-campanulate,  limb  5- 
lobcd,  subregular,  throat  open,  between  two  hairy  lines.  Caps,  globular 
Seeds  winged.     Otherwise  as  in  Maurandia.     Fio;.  106. 


224  Order  88.— SCROPHULARIACE^. 

1  li,  ERUBfiscENS.  Lv8.  triangular-cordatc,  dentate-lobod,  pubescent ;  cal.  segm.  ovute, 
hirsute  ;  cor.  downy,  2^^ — 3'  long,  red,  with  an  ample  border.    10 — 20f. 

'Z  li,  scAKDENs.  Lvs.  cordatc-ovate,  pointed,  coarse-toothed,  smoothish;  calyx  segm. 
lance-ovate;  cor.  glabrous,  2',  scarlet,  limb  erect-spreading.    lOf. 

13.  SCROPHULARIA,  L.  Figwort.  Calyx  in  5  acute  segments. 
Cor.  subglobous,  limb  contracted,  sub-bilabiate,  lip  with  an  internal,  inter- 
mediate scale  (sterile  filament).  Capsules  2-celled.  Valves  with  2  inflated 
margins. — Herbs  or  suffruticous,  often  fcetid.  Leaves  opposite.  Cymes  in 
simple  or  compound,  terminal,  thyrsoid  panicles.     Fig.  167. 

S.  nodosa  L.  Glabrous,  tall,  branching ;  leave?  ovate,  oblong,  or  lanceolate ;  fls.  in 
loose  pedunculate  cymes,  combined  into  an  oblong  panicle  ;  sterile  anther  a  roundish 
green  scale  on  the  dull,  olive-colored  corolla.    U  Thickets.    4— 6f.    July— Oct. 

14.  OHELONE,  L.  Turtle-head.  Snake-head.  Calyx  deeply  5- 
parted,  with  3  bracts  at  base.  Cor.  inflated,  bilabiate.  Sta.  4,  woolly,  the 
sterile  filament  shorter  than  the  rest.  Caps,  valves  entire.  Seeds  broadly 
winged.     U  With  opposite  leaves  and  sessile  flowers  in  the  upper  axils. 

1  C.  glabra  L.    Smooth  ;  Ivs.  eubsessile,  oblong-lanceolate,  acuminate,  serrate,  acute 

at  base  ;  fiowers  densely  spiked.    By  brooks  and  in  wet  places.    2f.    Stems  simple,  in 
clumps.    Flowers  1'  long,  white  or  roseate,  with  short  gaping  lips.    Aug.,  Sept, 
^.  purpurea,    Lvs.  distinctly  petiolate,  acuminate  ;  flowers  rose-purple.    West. 

2  C.  Ijyoni  Ph.    Smooth  ;  lvs.  ovate,  acuminate,  petiolate,  serrate,  the  lower  cordate ; 

fls.  in  a  dense  spike.    Mts,  of  Car.  and  Ga.    1^2f.    Corolla  purple,  U'.    July— Sept. 

15.  PENTSTEMON,  L.  Beard-tongue,  Calyx  deeply  5-cleft.  Cor. 
elongated,  often  ventricous,  lower  lip  3-lobcd,  spreading.  The  fifth  filament 
(tongue)  sterile,  bearded,  longer  than  the  rest  or  about  as  long ;  anth.  smooth. 
Seeds  oo,  angular,  not  margined,  U  N.  American,  branching,  paniculate. 
Leaves  opposite,  the  lower  petiolate,  upper  sessile  or  clasping.  Flowers 
showy,  red,  violet,  blue,  or  white,  in  Summer. 

*  Native  E.  of  the  Mississippi  River,  sometimes  cultivated.,  .(a) 

a  Leaves  dissected.    Corolla  bell-shaped,  lobes  rounded,  subeqnal No.  1 

a  Leaves  undivided,  serrulate.    Sterile  filament  (tongue)  bearded Nos.  2,  3 

a  Leaves  entire.    Tongue  puberulent,  widened  and  incurved  at  the  apex.. ,. No.  4 

*  Native  W.  of  the  Mississippi,  cultivated  for  ornament. .  .0) 

b  Leaves  incisely  pinnatifid.    Corolla  lobes  subequal.    Tongue  smoothish..  .No.  5 
b  Leaves  serrate,  with  pale  purple  or  blue  flowers.    Tongue  bearded  —  Nos.  6 — 8 

b  Leaves  entire.— c  Cor.  strongly  bilabiate,  scarlet.    Tongue  bearded No.  9 

—c  Cor.  scarcely  bilabiate,— d  scarlet  or  crimson Nop.  10—12 

—d  blue  or  violet Nob.  13—15 

1  P.  dlssectU8  Ell.    Lvs.  pinnately  divided  into  linear  segm. ;  fls.  in  a  loose  paaicle; 

cor.  with  a  curved  tube,  9—10",  purple ;  tongue  bearded  at  apex.  Dry.  Ga.  2f.  Jn.,  Jl. 

*J,  P.  pubescens  Sol.    Pubescent  or  glabrous  ;  lvs.  ovate-oblong  to  lanceolate ;  fls.  in  a 

loose  panicle  ;  cor.  tube  7—9",  gradually  enlarged  upward,  pale  purple,  lower  lip  with 

two  bearded  folds  inside,  some  longer  than  the  upper.    Hills  and  bluffs.     1— 2f.    t 

3  p.  Digitalis  N.    Glabrous  ;  lvs.  elliptic  to  lanceolate,  the  upper  clasping ;  fls.  many, 

large,  corolla  tube  abruptly  enlarged  to  bell-form,  pale  blue  or  purplish,  12—15"  long, 
throat  widely  open,  beardless.    Rich  soils,  Pa.,  W.  and  S.    3f.    Leaves  .3—6'. 

4  P.  grandltlorus  Eras.    Glabrous  and  glaucous  ;  lvs.  oblong-obovate  to  roundish- 

OTale,  upper  clasping,  all  entire  ;  panicle  long,  slender ;  corolla  bell-shaped,  15",  lim* 
nearly  regular,  blni-^h  purple.    111.,  Wis.,  and  W.    3f.    Handsome,    t 


Order  88.-SCROPHULARIACEiE.  225 

5  p.  RicHARDsoNi.    Smoothish,  branching ;  fls.  1',  violet,  in  leafy  panicJes,    Oreg.    2f. 
a  p,  ovATUS.    Puberulent ;  Ivs.  cordate-clasping ;  fls.  9",  numerous,  light  blue.  Oreg.  2f. 

7  P.  CoB^A.    Puber.,  tall;  Ivs.  lance-ovate,  clamping ;  fls.  2',  broad-campanulate.    Tex. 

8  P.  CAMPANULATUS.    Glabrous  ;  Ivs.  lance-linear  to  lance-ovate,  long-pointed ;  panicle 

long,  loose,  1-sided  ;  corolla  tube  inflated,  large,  bell-shaped.    Mexico. 

9  P.  BARBATUs.    Smooth  and  glaucous  ;  Ivs.  oblong  to  lance-linear ;  cor.  tube  long  (13"), 

scarcely  dilated  upward,  lower  lip  and  tongue  densely  bearded.    Mexico.    2 — 4f. 

10  P.  Murray  ANUS.    Glaucous  ;  Ivs.  connate-clasping,  upper  roundish  ;  cor.  18",  bright 
red,  dilated  upward,  in  a  long  virgate  panicle  ;  tongue  smooth.    Texas.    3f. 

IIP,  Hartwegi.  Upper  Ivs.  clasping  ;  cor.  tubular,  2',  crimson  ;  tongue  glab.  Mex.  ;Jf. 
12  P.  GLABER,    Smooth  and  glaucous  ;  sts.  in  bunches,  simple  ;  Ivs.  lanceolate  to  ovate, 
entire  ;  flowers  18",  in  slender  panicles,  blue-crimson.    Nebraska,  and  W.    2f. 

1  3  P.  spEciosus.    Tall ;  st.  Ivs.  lanceolate,  sessile  ;  cor.  blue,  18",  mouth  ample,  tongue 

filiform,  the  panicle  long,  virgate,  secund,  each  cyme  with  5—9  fls.,  very  showy.   Oreg. 

1 4  P.  GENTiANOiDES.  Tall ;  St.  Ivs.  broad-clasping ;  cor.  16",  violet,  mouth  ample,  tongue 
glabrous,  dilated  and  retuse  at  apex,  the  panicle  long,  some  leafy.    Mexico.    3 — 4.'". 

15  P.  ccERULEUS.    Low,  leafy;  Ivs.  lance.,  sessile ;  cor.  blue,  8";  tongue  bearded.  Neb. 

16.  COLLINSIA,  Nutt.  Innocence.  Calyx  5-cleft.  Cor.  bilabiate, 
orifice  closed,  upper  lip  bifid,  lower  trifid,  with  the  middle  segment  cari- 
nately  saccate  and  closed  over  the  declinate  style  and  stamens.    Caps,  with 

2  bifid  valves.    Seeds  large,  concavo-convex,    (i)  With  verticillate  or  oppo- 
site leaves,  axillary  and  terminal  flowers,  very  pretty. 

1  C.  vema  N.    Lvs.  ovate  to  lanceolate,  the  cauline  cordate-clasping,  dentate  ;  verti- 

cils 4-6-flwd. ;  cor.  blue  and  white,  twice  longer  than  the  calyx,  2  or  3  times  shorter 
than  the  pedicel.    Banks  of  streams,  N.  Y.,  and  W.    8—18',  branching.    May,  June. 

2  C.  parviflora  Doug.    Lvs.  ovate  to  lanceolate;  verticils  2-6-flwd ;  cor.  blue,  little 

longer  than  the  calyx  and  little  shorter  than  the  pedicels.   L.  Sup.,  and  W.    6-10'.  Jn. 

3  C»  BICOLOR.    Stem  lvs.  ovate,  crenate,  sessile  ;  verticils  6-10-flwd. :  calyx  hairy,  longer 

than  the  ped. ;  cor.  9",  rose-violet  and  white.    California.    2f.    Hardy  and  handsome. 

4  C  ORANDiPLORA  has  Ivs,  thlckish  and  all  entire,  with  00  large  blue-purple  fls.    Oreg. 

17.  RUSSELIA,  Jacq.  Cal.  5-parted.  Cor.  tubular,  limb  sub-bilabi- 
ate, of  5  short  rounded  lobes,  the  2  upper  twin.  Sta.  4,  the  fifth  a  small 
nidiment.  Caps,  subglobous,  septicidal,  valves  bifid.  Sds.  oo,  mixed  with 
hairs.    +>  Mexican.    Lvs.  opposite  or  wliorled,  often  minute  or  scale-like. 

R.  j6ncea.    Very  smooth,  with  long,  drooping,  rush-like  branches  ;  lvs.  lanceolate  to 
linear,  or  scale-like  on  the  branches.  Flowers  scarlet,  1',  remote  in  drooping  racemes. 

18.  PHYGELIUS,  Mey.  Cal.  5-parted.  Cor.  tube  long,  enlarged  above, 
limb  oblique,  lobes  rounded.  Fifth  stamen  a  minute  rudiment.  Caps,  very 
oblique,  with  unequal  cells.  5  Caff*raria.  Leaves  opposite.  Flowers  in 
a  loose  panicle  of  cymes, 

P,  CArENSis.— Shrub  2f,  smooth  and  beautiful.    Leaves  lance-ovate,  crenate,  petiolate. 
Flowers  pendulous,  ly,  crimson,  yellow  within. 

19.  PAULO WNIA,  Siebold.  Calyx  deeply  5-cleft,  fleshy.  Cor.  tube 
long,  declinate,  enlarged  above,  limb  oblique,  with  rounded  segments.  Sta. 
4,  arched  downward,  with  no  rudiment.  Caps,  acuminate,  valves  septifer- 
ous  in  the  middle.  Seeds  oo,  winged.  ^^  From  Japan,  with  very  large 
cordate,  ovate  leaves  and  lai-ge  blue-purple  fragrant  panicles. 


22 G  OiiDER  88.— SCROPHULAKIACE^. 

p.  iMPERiALis.— In  parks,  40f  high.  Flower-buds  formed  in  Autumn,  opening  in  ti>e 
following  Spring.    Corolla  near  2'.    Tree  of  rapid  growth  and  kingly  port. 

20.  MIMULUS,  L.  Monkey-flower.  Calyx  tubular,  5-angled,  5- 
toothed.  Corolla  riugent,  the  upper  lip  reflected  at  the  sides,  palate  of  the 
lower  lip  prominent.  Stig.  thick,  bifid.  Caps.  Qo-seeded. — Herbs  prostrate 
or  erect,  with  square  stems  and  opposite  Ivs.  Pcd.  axillary,  solitary,  1-flwd. 

§  Leaves  pinnate-veined.    Flowers  blue  (wild)  or  yellow  (cultivated) Nos.  1,  2,  6 

§  Leaves  palmate-veined.    Flowers  yellow  or  scarlet Nos.  3,  4,  5 

1  IXI,  ringens  L.    Lvs.  sessile,  smooth,  lanceolate,  acuminate ;  ped.  axillary,  longer 

than  the  flowers,    if  A  common  inhabitant  of  ditches  and  mud  soils.    2f.    Flowers 
large,  (!'),  pale  blue,  yellow-mouthed,  appearing  in  July  and  August. 

2  M.  ala.tU8  Ait.    Leaves  petiolate,  smooth,  ovate,  acuminate  ;  ped.  shorter  than  tho 

fls.  ;  St.  winged  at  the  4  comers,    u  N.  Y.,  W.  and  S.,  in  muddy  places.    2f.    Aug. 

3  M.  Jamesli  Torr.    Stems  dift'use,  rooting ;  leaves  subentire,  round-reniform,  5-7- 

veined,  the  upper  as  long  as  the  peduncles  of  the  small  yellow  fls.    L.  Sup.,  and  W. 

4  M.  LUTEUs.    Lvs.  round-ovate,  the  cauline  sessile  or  clasping,  shorter  than  the  pedun- 

cles ;  calyx  ovoid,  half  as  long  as  the  broad,  large,  yellow,  spotted  flowers.    Cal. 

5  M.  CARDiNALis.    Branching,  villous-clammy ;  leaves  ovate,  narrowed  to  the  clasping 

base,  shorter  than  the  long  ped. ;  cal.  large,  inflated  ;  cor.  ample,  rose-orange.    Cal. 

6  M,  MOSOHATUS.    Musk  Plant.    Decumbent,  hairy-viscid  ;  leaves  ovate,  dentate  ;  cor. 

tube  exceeding  the  calyx,  yellow.    Oregon.    Smells  strongly  of  musk. 

'  21.  TORENIA,  L,  Calyx  tubular,  with  prominent  angles,  oblique. 
Cor.  ringent,  upper  lip  notched,  lower  larger,  trifid.  Sta.  4,  arched  beneath 
the  upper  lip,  the  longer  pair  appendaged  at  base.  Stigma  double.  Cap- 
sules included. — Herbs  tropical,  diiFuse,  with  opp.  leaves  and  racemed  fls. 
T.  AsiATicA.  Lvs.  petiolate,  lance-ovate,  crenate-dentate ;  calyx  acute  at  base,  f ' ;  cor. 
twice  longer,  ample,  pale  purple  tipped  with  violet.    2f  + ,  trailing. 

22.  CONOBEA,  Aublet.  Calyx  5-parted,  equal.  Upper  lip  of  the 
co)-olla  2-lobed,  lower  lip  3-parted.  Fertile  sta.  4,  anth.  approximating  by 
pau's,  cells  parallel.  Caps,  round-ovoid,  oo-seeded. — Herbs,  with  opposite 
leaves.    Pedimcles  axillary,  solitary  or  in  pairs,  1-flowered. 

€.  multifida  Benth.  Low,  difi'usely-branched,  puberulent ;  leaves  petiolate,  pinnately 
dissected;  segments  linear  or  cuneate,  lobed  or  entire,  obtuse  ;  cor.  greenish,  scarcely 
exserted  (2'0,  lobes  entire,    (i)  Sandy  banks  of  rivers,  O.  to  La.    6—12'.    July. 

23.  HERPESTIS,  Gsert.  Calyx  unequally  5-parted.  Corolla  subbila- 
biate,  upper  lip  emarginate  or  2-lobed,  lower  3-lobed.  Sta.  4,  fertile.  Caps. 
2-furrowed,  valves  parallel  with  the  dissepiment.  Seeds  oo,  small.  U 
Obscure  weeds  with  opposite  leaves.  Peduncles  1-flowered,  axillary,  or 
Bubracemous,  often  with  '''vo  bractlets  near  the  calyx. 

§  Ijcaves  feather-veined,  o\  obscurely  1-3-veined.    Cor.  yellow,  or  bluish Nos.  1,2 

§  Leaves  palmately  many-(5-9-)veined,  subentire.    Corolla  blue Nos.  3,  4 

1  H.   nigrescens  Benth.    Erect ;  st.  square,  branched  ;  leaves  oblanceolate,  crenatc- 

eerrate  above ;  ped.  equalling  or  exceeding  the  leaves ;  corolla  yellowish,  upper  lip 
rounded,  entire.  Wet  pi.,  S.  1— 2f.  Cor.  rather  longer  (5")  than  cal.  Blackens  in  drying. 

2  H.  Monniera  Ilumb.    Prostrate,  fleshy ;  lvs.  wedge-obovate,  subentire  ;  ped.  as 

long  (9")  as  the  lvs. ;  fls.  few,  bluish  ;  cor.  4"  wide,  nearly  regular.  Wet  banks,  Pa.,  &  S. 

3  H.  amplexicaiklls  Ph.    Stem  submersed,  woolly  ;  leaves  ovate,  cordate-clapping, 


OiiDEii  88.— SCROPHULARIACE^.  227 

obscnrel}'  crenate,  obtnse ;  ped.  shorter  than  the  calyx,  cor.  i  longer,  the  upper  lip 
emarginatc  ;  di^k  10-toothed.    Swamps,  N.  J.,  and  S.    6—12',    August. 
1  H.  rottiudifolia  Ph.    Creeping,  smooth;  Ivs.  round-obovate,  entire;  ped.  2  or  3 
times  longer  than  cal. ;  cor.  upper  lip  notched.    Pools,  111.  to  La.    If.    Fls.  5".    Aug. 

24.  GRATIOLA.  Hedge  Hyssop.  Calyx  5-partecl,  subequal.  Cor. 
upper  lip  entire  or  slightly  bifid,  lower  trifid,  the  palate  not  prominent. 
Sta.  2,  fertile,  mostly  with  8  sterile  filaments.  Capsules  2-celled,  4-valve(l, 
valves  infiexed  at  margin.  U  Low,  with  opposite  leaves.  Peduncles  ax- 
illary, 1-flowered,  usuall}^  bibracteolate  near  the  calyx. 

§  Flowers  sessile.    Cells  of  anthers  vertical.    Plants  rigid,  bristly-hairy Nos.  7,  8 

§  Flowers  pedunculate.    Anther  cells  transverse.    Plants  smooth  or  viscid. .  .(a) 

a  Sterile  filaments  none,  or  very  minute  and  pointed Nos.  1—3 

a  Sterile  filaments  thread-like,  tipped  with  a  small  head Nos.  4 — 6 

1  G.  VIrgiiilaiia  L.    St.  ascending,  branched  ;  leaves  lanceolate,  sparingly  toothed  ; 

ped.  as  long  or  longer  than  the  Ivs. ;  cor.  twice  longer  than  the  cal. ;  sterile  fil.  none. 
U  Common.    4 — 8'.    St.  terete,  branching,  with  white  or  pale-yellow  flowers.    July. 

2  G.  Floridana  Nutt.    St.  erect,  branched ;  Ivs.  lanceolate,  few-toothed  ;  ped.  longer 

than  the  leaves;  cor.  4  times  longer  than  the  calyx  (1"),  yellow,    (g)  Fields,  S.    6—9'. 

3  G.  spliaerocarpa  Ell.    Ascending,  branched  ;  leaves  lance-ovate,  attenuate  to  the 

base,  sparmgly  toothed  ;  ped.  scarcely  longer  than  the  cal.    Damp.    3—7'.    W.  and  S. 

4  G.  aurea  Muhl.    Smooth  ;  Ivs.  oblong-lanceolate,  subentire,  clasping;  ped.  as  long 

as  or  longer  than  the  leaves  ;  cor.  golden  yellow.    Muddy  soils.    (5—8'.    August. 

5  G.  viscosa  Schw.    Viscid-downy;  leaves  lance-ovate,  sharp-serrate,  clasping;  ped. 

longer  than  the  leaves  ;  corolla  white,  twice  longer  than  calyx,  which  is  2  or  3  times 
longer  than  the  capsule.    Wet  places,  Ky.  to  N.  Car.,  and  S.  9—12'.  (G.  Drnmmondii.) 

6  G.  ramosa  Walt.    St.  terete,  creeping  at  base ;  leaves  linear,  acute,  with  few  teeth 

near  the  anox;  bractlcts  nearly  0 :  sep.  linear;  cor.  white.  Muddy  shores,  S.  May-Jl. 

7  G.  pllosa  Mx.    Erect,  hispid ;    vs.  ovate,  few-toothed,  clasping,  rugous  ;  cor.  tube 

scarcely  longer  than  the  calyx,  white.    Wet,  Md.,  and  S.    9 — 12'.    July— September. 

8  G,  subulata  Baldw.    Erect,  hispid ;  Ivs,  linear  or  lance-linear,  margins  revolute, 

entire  ;  cor.  tube  slender,  thrice  longer  than  the  calyx.    Wet  sands,  Ga.,  Fla,    Sept, 

25.  ILYSANTHES,  Ilaf,  Cal,  5-parted,  Cor,  upper  lip  short,  erect, 
bifid,  lower  lip  larger,  spreading,  trifid,  Sta,  2,  fertile  ;  2  sterile  fil.  forked, 
one  of  the  divisions  tipped  with  an  obtuse  gland,  the  other  acute,  or  rarely 
with  half  an  anther.  Caps,  ovate  or  oblong,  about  equalling  the  calyx. 
(i)  With  opp.  Ivs.  and  axillary,  1-flwd,  ped.,  resembling  Gratiola  in  habit. 

1  I.  gratiololdes  Benth.    Branching,  ascending  3—8' ;  Ivs.  oblong,  obtuse,  siibses- 

sile,  obscurely  dentate  ;  cor.  tvice  longer  than  the  calyx,  bluish-white,  4".    A  small 
weed-like  herb,  in  wet  places  :  common.    Peduncles  3 — 6".    July,  August. 

2  I.  grandiflora  Benth.    Difl'usely  creeping;  Ivs.  thick,  roundish,  entire,  subclasp- 

ing  ;  ped.  hirsute,  1',  corolla  fi"  long,  violet-blue.    Sandy  swamps,  Ga.    (Nuttall.) 

3  I.  refracta  Benth.    Erect,  slender  ;  Ivs.  clustered  below,  obovate  to  oblong,  entire. 

the  cauline  remote,  bract-like,  linear-subulate  ;  ped.  filiform,  refracted  in  fruit ;  cor, 
light-bine,  4  times  longer  than  the  calyx  (5").    Damp  pine  woods,  S.    6—10'.    June. 

4  I.  saxneola  (Curtis).    Stems  leafy,  clustered  ;  leaves  oblong,  obtuse,  entire,  sessile  ; 

ped.  3—4  times  longer  than  the  leaves  (7— 9'0,  refracted  in  fr. ;  cor.  blue,  4".    S.   Aug, 

26.  MICRANTHEMUM,  Rich,  Cal.  4-toothed  or  cleft.  Cor,  upper 
lip  shorter,  entire,  lower  ti-ifid.  Sta.  2,  fertile,  a  glandular  scale  at  the  base 
of  each,  sterile  filament  none.  Style  short,  apex  clavatc  or  spatulate.  Caps. 
3-valved.     >^  (i)  Slender,  glabrous,  with  opposite  Ivs.  and  minute  fls. 


228  Order  88.— SCHOPHULARIACE^ 

M.  orbiculatum  Mx.  Sts.  creeping  and  rooting,  branches  ascending  1—2' ;  Ivs.  or- 
bicular to  obovate.  3-veined,  entire,  subsessile  ;  fls.  i"  Ions,  lower  lip  of  cor.  longef 
than  the  calyx.    Brackish  miid,  Del.,  and  S.    (M.  micranthum,  &c.) 

27.  HYDRANTHELIUM,  H.  B.  K.  Calyx  4-cleft.  Cor.  3-cleft,  the 
upper  lobe  broader,  emarginate.  Sta.  3,  on  the  corolla,  anth.  cells  parallel, 
distinct.  Style  with  two  short  lobes.  Caps,  oo-seeded.  ^  Tropical,  with 
opposite  leaves  and  minute,  axillary  flowers.    Habit  of  Callitriche. 

H".  crenatum  Wood.  Submersed  stems  flaccid,  bearing  the  Ivs.  above;  Ivs.  rouno 
ish,  glabrou*!,  crsnate,  abrupt  at  base,  7-9-veined,  on  flat,  veiny  petioles ;  pedicels  .3", 
reflexed  ;  corolla  little  exserted,  white.    Pools,  Miss.,  La.  (Dr.  Hale). 

28.  AMPHIANTHUS,  ToiT.  Calyx  5-parted.  Corolla  small,  funnel- 
form,  limb  4-lobed,  lower  lobe  larg-er.  Sta.  2,  included,  stylo  lightly  bifid, 
lobes  acute.  Capsule  obcordate,  compressed,  oo-seeded.  (T)  Minute,  with 
flowers  both  axillary,  and  on  terminal,  2-bracted  peduncles  1'  long. 

A.  pusillus  Torr.— On  wet  rocks,  Newton  Co.,  Ga.  Leaves  nearly  radical,  linear,  ob 
tuse  ;  1—2"  long ;  flowers  minute,  white.    March,  April. 

29.  LIMOSELLA,  L.  Mudwort.  Calyx  5-cleft.  Cor.  shortly  cam- 
panulate,  5-cleft,  equal.  Sta.  approximating  in  pairs.  Capsule  partly  2- 
celled,  2-valved,  many-seeded.    ^  (i)  Minute.    Scape  1-flowered. 

L.  tenuifolia  Nutt.  Lvs.  linear,  scarcely  distinct  from  the  petiole  ;  scape  as  long  as 
the  leaves ;  cor.  segments  oval-oblong,  shorter  than  the  cal.    Mud,  Penu.,  and  N.   1', 

3D.  SYNTHYRIS,  Benth.  Calyx  4-parted.  Corolla  subcampanulate, 
segments  4,  erect-spreading  or  0.  Sta.  2  (rarely  4),  on  the  cor.,  exserted, 
anth.  cells  parallel,  distinct.  Caps,  compressed,  obtuse  or  emarginate.  U 
N.  American,  with  a  thick  root.  Radical  leaves  petiolate,  cauline  bract- 
like,  on  the  scape-like  stem,  alternate.  Fls.  racemed  or  spicate.  May. 
R.  Houglitonilna  Benth.  Hairy;  lvs.  ovate,  subcordate,  crenulate,  obtuse;  stem 
or  scape  dense-flwd.  above  ;  cor.  greenish,  as  long  as  the  cal.   Hills,  Mich.,  and  W.   if. 

31.  DIGITALIS,  L.  Fox-glove.  Calyx  5-parted.  Cor.  campanulate, 
ventricous,  upper  lip  reflexed,  spreading,  middle  segment  of  the  lower  lip 
broadest.  Caps,  ovate,  2-celled,  2-valved,  with  a  double  dissepiment.  2^ 
Europe,  Asia.  Lower  leaves  crowded,  petiolate,  upper  alternate.  Flowers 
in  showy  racemes.    Poisonous  and  medicinal.    July,  August. 

§  Corolla  light-yellow,  tube  twice  longer  than  the  lower  lip Nos.  1,  2 

§  Corolla  purple,  white,  brown,  often  spotted,  tube  inflated  and  short Nos.  3 — 5 

1  I>,  GRANDiFLoRA  (or  ochroleuca).     Great  Yellow  F.    Leaves  ovate,  veiny,  serrulate, 

clasping ;  racemes  downy,  loose  ;  corolla  \\'  long,  segments  very  broad,    4f, 

2  I>.  LUTEA.    Plant  very  smooth,  with  lance-oblong  leaves  ;  raceme  smooth,  with  many 

flowers,  all  on  one  side  ;  corolla  8—10'"  long,  tube  not  inflated.    2f. 

3  D.  PURPUREA.    Purple  F.    Lvs.  oblong,  rugous,  petiolate,  crenate,  large  ;  flowers  in 

a  -ong,  1-sided  raceme,  thimble-shaped,  purple  or  white,  spotted.    2— 3f. 

4  D.  PERRUGiNEA.     Lcaves  very  smooth,  lance-oblong;  corolla  rusty-brown,  the  lower 

lip  densely  bearded,  its  middle  segment  ovate.    4f. 

5  I>.  LANATA.    Leaves  lance-oblong,  often  woolly  ;  flowers  downy  or  woolly,  white  or 

browu  ;  lower  segment  of  the  corolla  obovate.    2f. 


Order  88.-SCR0PHULARIACE^.  229 

32.  VERONICA,  L.  Speedwell.  Calyx  4-parted.  Cor.  subrotate, 
deeply  4-cleft,  lower  segments  mostly  narrow.  Sta.  2,  inserted  into  the 
tube,  exserted.  Caps,  flattened,  often  obcordate,  2-celled,  few-seeded. — Our 
species  are  herbs.  Leaves  opposite.  Flowers  solitary,  axillary  or  in  ra- 
cemes, bine,  flesh-colored,  or  white. 

§  Tender  shrubs  (Australian)  with  axillary  racemes  of  blue  flowers Nos.  16,  17 

§  Herbs  tall  (European)  with  opposite  Ivs.  and  terminal  rac.  of  blue  fls Nos.  14,  15 

§  Herbs  tall,  with  whorled  leaves,  terminal  racemes,  and  tubular  flowers Nos.  1,  -2 

%  Herbs  low,  weak  (3—12')-    Leaves  opposite  (at  base).    Corolla  rotate.,  .(a) 

a  Racemes  opposite,  axillary.    Capsule  roundish,  emarginate Nos.  3,  1 

a  Racemes  alternate,  axillary.    Capsule  not  rounded,  very  flat Nos.  5,  G 

a  Raeemes  terminal,  or  the  flowers  axillaiy  and  not  racemed. .  .(ft) 

b  Floral  Ivs,  like  the  rest,  not  louder  than  the  recurved  peduncles..  .Nos.  7—0 
h  Floral  leaves  bract-like,  longer  than  the  erect  peduncles.,  .(c) 

c  Perennial.    Peduncles  equalling  or  exceeding  the  calyx Nos.  10— 1  - 

T  Annual.    Peduncles  shorter  than  the  calyx  or  none Nos.  12—13 

1  V,  Virgin  ica  L.  Culver's  Physic.  Erect,  tall,  glabrous  or  downy;  Ivs.  whorled  in 
4'9-6's,  lance-ovate  to  lance-linear;  spikes  mostly  several,  paniculate.    7i  In  thickets, 

Vt.,  W.  and  S.    2— 5f.    Corolla  white,  with  exserted  style  and  stamens.    July, 

2  "V.  SiBiRiCA,    Hardly  difi"erent  from  No.  1,  but  it  has  blue  flowers.    Siberia.    3f. 

3  V.  Anagallls  L.   Glabrous,  erect ;  Ivs.  sessile,  clasping  and  subcordate,  lanceolate, 

acutish,  entire  or  seiTulate  ;  rac.  in  opposite  axils  ;  caps,  orbicular,  slightly  notched. 
7i  Brooks  and  pools.    Plant  fleshy,  If.    Flowers  small,  blue-purple.    June,  July. 

4  V.  Americana  Schw.    Brooklime.    Glabrous,  decumbent  at  base,  erect  above ; 

Ivs.  ovate  or  ovate-oblong,  serrate,  petiolate,  abrupt  at  base  ;  rac.  loose  ;  caps,  round- 
ish, turgid,  emarginate.    il  In  clear  streams.    12—18',  fleshy.    Fls.  blue.    June,  July. 

5  v.  scutellata    L.    Glabrous,  ascending,  weak  ;  Ivs.  linear  or  lance-linear,  sessile, 

acute,  remotely  denticulate ;  rac.  very  loose  ;  capsule  flat,  broader  than  long,  cordate 
at  both  ends.    U  Swamps,  N.  and  W.    If.    Fls.  flesh-colcr,  rather  large.    June— Aug. 

6  V.  officinalis  L.    Roughish-downy,  prostrate,  branching ;  Ivs.  wedge-oblong,  ob- 

tuse, serrate,  short-petioled  ;  racemes  dense,  with  pale-blue  flowers  ;  capsule  downy, 
triangular-obcordate.    %  Dry  fields.    6 — 12''.    May— July.    §  Europe. 

7  v.  Buxbaumii  Tenore.    Prostrate,  hairy;  Ivs.  roundish-ovate,  coarsely  crenate- 

serrate,  the  floral  similar,  all  on  short  petioles  ;  ped.  longer  than  the  Ivs. ;  caps,  trian- 
gular-obcordate,  broader  than  long.  (§)  Waste  grounds,  E. :  rare.  7-12'.  Cor.  blive.  §Eu. 

8  V.  agrestis  L.    Neckweed.    Hairy,  procumbent,  difl"use ;  Ivs.  cordate-ovate,  deeply 

crenate-serrate,  floral  similar,  all  petiolate  ;  ped.  as  long  as  the  Ivs. ;  caps,  roundish, 
acutely  notched,  QO-seeded.  (i)  Fields,  E. :  rare.  2— S'.  Light  blue.  May— Sept.    §  Eu. 

9  V.  liedcrsefolia  L.    Prostrate,  pilous ;  Ivs.  petiolate,  cordate,  roundish,  coarsely 

3-5-toothed  or  lobed,  shorter  than  the  ped. ;  sep.  triangular,  subcordate,  acute,  closed 
in  fruit ;  caps,  turgid,  4-seeded.    (T)  Hard  soils,  E. :  rare.    Coi*.  blue.    Mar.— May.    §  Eu. 

10  V,  alpina  L.  Branched  at  base,  ascending  1— .5' ;  Ivs.  roundish-oval  to  elliptical, 
very  obtuse,  toothed  or  entire,  subsessile  ;  racemes  hairy,  densely  few-flwd. ;  capsule 
obovate,  notched.     %  Summits  of  White  Mts.,  N.  H.,  and  R.  Mts.    Fls.  small,  blue. 

11  V.  serpyllitolia  L.  Branched  below,  ascending  3— 12';  Ivs.  oval,  obtuse,  suhcrt- 
nate,  the  lower  rounded  and  petiolate,  upper  bract-like,  oblong,  entire ;  rac.  smoothh'i 
loose ;  caps,  obcordate,  broader  than  long,  n  Pastures  :  com.  Cor.  blue-wh.  May-Aug.  § 

12  V,  pereg,rina  L.  Smoothish,  ascending  ;  Ivs.  petiolate,  oblong,  few-toothed,  ob- 
tnse,  upper  obl.-lin.,  entire;  fls.  subsessiie,  whitish  ;  caps,  roundish,  slightly  notched, 
GC  -seeded,    (i)  Clay  soils,  fields  :  com.    4 — 10'.    Plant  rather  fleshy.    May,  June. 

1 3  V.  arvensis  L.  Corn  S.  Hairy,  branched ;  Ivs.  below  round-ovate,  subcordate, 
petiolate,  crcnate,  the  upper  lanceolate  ;  corolla  pa'.e  blue,  pencilled,  shorter  than  tht 
calyx  (as  in  No.  1"2) ;  caps,  obcordate.    (i)  Dry  fields  :  com.    2 — G'.   May,  June.   §  Eur. 


230  Order  88.— SCROPHULARIACE^. 

1  4  V.  spiCATA.  Erect,  l—2f;  leaves  opposite,  lanceolate,  petiolate,  serrate;  racemes 
mostly  solitary  ;  pedicels  shorter  than  the  calyx  ;  corollas  blue,  show}'.    7i  Enrope. 

15  V.  PANicuLATA.  Ercct,  bushy,  1— 3f ;  Ivs.  opposite  and  in  8"s,  lanceolate,  acute  at 
base,  petiolate  ;  rac.  paniclcd  ;  ped.  longer  than  the  calyx,  n  Many  garden  varieties, 
hybrids  between  tliis  and  No.  14,  all  with  handsome  blue  racemes.    Europe. 

16  V.  sPECiosA.  Very  smooth,  shrubby,  with  oblong-obovate  entire  Ivs.,  dense  short 
(2')  racemes  in  the  upper  axils,  and  violet-blue  flowers,  very  beautiful.    1— .3f. 

17  V.  SALiciFoLiA.  Smooth  (tree-like  at  home),  with  lanceolate,  acute,  entire  leaves, 
dense  glandular-downy  racemes  (3'),  and  innumerable  blue  flowers.    2— 5f. 

33.  BUCHNERA,  L.  Blue-hearts.  Calyx  S-toothed.  Cor.  salver- 
form,  with  a  slender  tube,  and  flat  limb  in  5  subequal  lobes.  Stam.  4,  in- 
cluded, with  halved  (1-celled)  anthers.  Caps.  2-valved.  U  Turns  blackish 
in  drying.    Leaves  opposite.    Flowers  in  a  terminal  spike.    June — Aug. 

II.  Americana  L.  Rough-hispid,  slender ;  leaves  oblong  to  linear,  few-toothed,  ob- 
tuse, 3-veined ;  spike  long-stalked,  6-12-flowered ;  cor.  tube  6—7"  long,  limb  half  as 
long,  deep  blue.    Woods,  N.  Y.,  and  S.    2— 3f,  nearly  leafless  above. 

34.  MACRANTHERA,  Torr.  Calyx  lobes  5,  long  and  narrow.  Cor. 
tubular,  with  an  oblique  limb,  short  entire  segments,  and  4  long  exscrted 
subequal  stamens.  Style  long,  filiform.  Caps,  ovate,  acuminate.  U  Tall, 
with  opposite  pinnatifid  leaves  and  yellow  fls.  on  long  decurved  peduncles. 

M.  I'uclisioides  Torr.— Pine-barrens,  Ga.,  Fla.,  and  W.  2— 3f.  Lvs.  lanceolate  in 
outline,  with  lanceolate  segments.  Rac.  long,  loose,  1-sided.  Cal.  seg.  denticulate, 
shorter  than  the  corolla  (or  entire  and  still  shorter  in  /3.  Lecontii).    Sept.,  Oct. 

35.  SBYMERIA,  Ph.  Calyx  deeply  5-cleft.  Cor.  tube  short,  dilated, 
lobes  5,  ovate  or  oblong,  entire.  Stam.  4,  subequal,  valves  of  the  capsule 
loculicidal,  entu"e.  Seeds  oo. — Herbs  erect,  branching.  Cauline  leaves 
mostly  Ocpposite  and  incised.    Flowers  yellow. 

§  Tube  of  the  corolla  woolly  within,  incurved,  as  long  as  the  limb No.  1 

§  Tube  of  the  corolla  much  shorter  than  the  subrotate  limb.    Leaves  small.  .Nos.  2,  3 

1  S.  luacropliylla  N.    Tall,  smoothish  ;  lvs.  large,  pinnatifid,  with  lance-oblong  in- 

cised segments,  upper  serrate  or  entire.    2[?  Woods,  W.    4 — 6f.    Cor.  0".    July. 

2  S.  pectlnata  Ph.    Viscid-downy,  profusely  branched  ;  lvs.  small  (1'  and  less),  pin 

natifid,  seg.  few,  narrow  and  entire  ;  caps,  acute  at  base.    Dry,  S.    3f.    Aug.— Oct. 

3  S.  teuuif  oUa  Ph.    Smoothish,  much  branched  :  lvs.  bipinnatifld,  ty  long,  segments 

and  rachis  filiform  ;  capsule  obtuse  at  base.    Wet,  S.    2— 3f.    Cor.  4".    Aug.,  Sept. 

36.  DASYSTOMA,  Raf  Wool-mouth.  Wild  Foxglove.  Cal.  cam- 
panulate,  5-cleft.  Cor.  tube  dilated,  longer  than  the  5  entire  lobes,  woolly 
within,  Stam.  didynamous,  scarcely  included,  woolly,  antheis  all  equal, 
awned  at  base.  Caps  ovate,  acute,  2  valves  bearing  a  septum  in  the  mid- 
dle. Seeds  GO.  if  Tall,  erect.  Lower  leaves  opposite.  Corolla  large, 
yellow.     July — Sept.     All  blacken  in  drying,     (Geraj-dia  L.) 

*  Calyx  segments  entire.— a  Plants  pubescent Nos.  1,  2 

— «  Plants  glabrous Nos.  3  4 

*  Calyx  segments  toothed  or  pinnatifid.     Plants  downy Nos.  5,  ' 

1  D.  flava  W^ood.    Plant  pubescent,  subsimple  :  lvs.  lance-oblong,  entire,  or  ♦oothed. 

the  lower  pinnatifid  or  incised  ;  cal.  lobes  oblong,  obtuse,  shorter  than  the  tu    i ;  ped 
very  short.     Woods.    2— If.     A  showy  herb.    Corollas  18".     (G.  fiava  L.) 


Ordeh  88.— SCROPHULAKIACE^.  231 

Z  D.  grandiflora  Wood.  Minutely  pubescent,  branched  ;  Ivs.  petiolate,  lance-ovate, 
pinnatifid,  toothed,  or  entire  ;  ped.  as  long  as  the  calyx  ;  cal.  tube  as  long  a?  the  lobes 
(F),  corolla  2'  long.    Wis.,  111.  (J .  Wolf),  and  S.     (G.  granditlora  Benth.) 

3  I>,  quercilclia  Benth.    Glabrous  and  glaucous,  branched  ;  Ivs.  petiolate,  the  lower 

bipinnatifid,  npi)er  lance-oblong ;  cal.  lobes  longer  than  the  tube,  both  as  long  as  the 
pedicels  ;  corolla  2'.    Thickets.    3— 5f.    Common. 

4  ».  iiitegrilolia  Wood.     Glabrous,  subsimple ;    Ivs.  lanceolate,  acute,  entir*  or 

nearly  so  ;  pedicels  shorter  than  the  calyx.    Woods,  Pa.,  and  W.     1— 2f.    August. 

5  I>.  pedicularia  Benth.    Sraoothish  or  downy  ;   Ivs.  lance-ovate,  pinnatifid  with 

toothed  segments  ;  pedicels  longer  than  the  hairy  calyx,  whose  toothed  segments  are 
al'out  as  long  as  its  top-shaped  tube.    Dry  woods.    2— 3f.     Corolla  15". 

6  D.  pectinAta  (Torr.)  Very  hairy ;  Ivs.  lanceolate,  pectinate-pinnatifid,  seg.  toothed ; 

calyx  longer  than  the  pedicels,  segm.  longer  than  tube.   Woods,  S.    3f.    Corolla  18". 

37.  GERARDIA,  L.  Cal.  5-toothed  or  cleft.  Cor.  tubular,  ventricous 
or  subcampauulate,  tube  longer  than  the  5  broad,  entire,  unequal  lobes. 
Sta.  didynamous,  in  pairs,  shorter  than  the  corolla.  Caps,  obtuse  or  pointed^ 
GO  -seeded. — American  herbs,  rarely  shrubby.  Leaves  opposite  (except 
No.  4).    Flowers  axillary,  solitary,  purple  or  rose-color.    July — Sept. 

§  Otophylla.    Calyx  segments  longer  than  its  tube.    Two  anthers  smaller No,  1 

§  Gerardia  proper.    Calyx  segments  short,  equal.    Anthers  all  equal. .  .(a) 

a  Cor.  2-lipped,  upper  lip  very  short,  straight.    Peduncles  slender.    S. .  .Nos.  2.  3 
a  Corolla  lobes  subequal,  all  spreading,  throat  often  hairy..  .(6) 

b  Leaves  all  alternate,  filiform.    Flowers  large,  on  long  peduncles.  S....No.  4 
b  Leaves  opposite,  rarely  the  upper  alternate  and  bract-like ...  (c) 

c  Peduncles  equalling  or  exceeding  the  small  (HucU)  flowers Nos.  5 — 7 

c  Peduncles  much  shorter  than  the  flowers.— t^  Lvs.  setaceous  or  none Nos.  8,  9 

—d  Lvs.  linear,  1—2'  long. .  .Nos.  10—12 

1  G.  auriculata  Mx.    Erect,  subsimple,  rough-luiry ;  lvs.  lance-ovate,  the  upper  au- 

ricnlate  at  base;  fls.  nearly  sessile,  T"  long.    ®  Low  grounds.  Pa.  to  Car.,  and  W.    2f. 

2  Ci.  ITIettaueri  Wood.   Smooth,  slender,  diff"usely  branched  ;  lvs.  linear-filiform  ;  ped. 

f  iiform,  many  times  longer  than  the  calyx  ;  cor.  S",  upper  lip  vaulted,  notched,  lower 
of  3  rounded  lobes,  tube  with  spots  and  2  yellow  stripes  within.  (T)  Wet  sandy  places, 
Mid.  Fla.  (Dr.  Mettauer,  185.5).    1— 2f.    Lvs.  1'- 1".    (G.  divaricata  Chapm.) 
^.  ?  clansa.   Cor.  tube  flattened  on  the  back,  throat  closed  by  the  inflected  lip.   Fla. 

3  G.  nuda  Wood.    Smooth,  filiform,  branched  ;  lvs.  (except  a  few  at  the  base)  all  re- 

duced to  minute  bracts  scarcely  1"  long;  fls.  all  terminal,  small  (5")  :  caps,  globous, 
exceeding  the  calyx.    Middle  Fia.  (Dr.  Mettauer,  1855).     (G.  filicauWs  Chapm.) 

4  G.  fililolia  N.    St.  terete,  much  branched  ;  leaves  filiform,  alternate  and  fascicled  ; 

ped.  1',  much  longer  than  the  leaves  ;  cor.  smooth,  9".    (2)  Barrens,  Ga.,  Fla.    2— 3f. 

5  G.  liuifolla  N.    21  Stems  virgate,  clustered  at  root,  smooth ;  Ivs.  opposite,  erect. 

linear,  3—1'  ;  ped.  8—12''',  cal.  2",  truncate  ;  cor.  1',  spotted.    Wet  barrens,  S.    2— 3f. 
G  G.  tenuitolla  Vahl.    Smooth,  paniculately  branched  ;  leaves  linear  to  filiform,  1', 
often  coiled  ;  ped.  as  long  as  the  leave:^,  longer  than  the  flowers,  which  are  9"  long  ; 
calyx  teeth  very  short,  acute  ;  capsule  globular.    Fields  and  woods.     If. 

7  G.  Skiuncriana  Wood  (1848).    Roughish  ;  st.  virgate,  angular,  few-branched  ;.lvs, 

linear,  rather  obtuse,  V  ;  ped.  axillary,  very  long  (1—2') ;  cal.  1",  teeth  obtuse  ;  cor. 
femall(5'0,  rose-color,  not  fringed.  Low  grounds,  W.  and  S.  1— 2f.  Unlike  all  the 
rest,  this  species  does  not  blacken  in  drying.    (G.  parvifolia,  Cham.) 

8  G.  set  icea  Walt,  (not  Benth.)    Glabrous,  widely  branched  ;  lvs.  bristie-form,  V  and 

less;  fls.  mostly  terminal  on  the  filiform,  bracted  branchlets,  large;  ped.  2—4";  cal. 
1",  teeth  very  acute,  short ;  cor.  10''',  densely  fringed.    (T)  Barrens,  Pa.,  S.  and  W.    2f. 

9  G.  apliylla  N.    Slender,  angular,  branched  above  ;  lvs.  minute,  setaceous,  1",  or  0 ; 

ped.  lateral  and  term.,  1—3"  ;  calyx  1",  teeth  obtuse ;  corolla  8",    (1)  Wet,  S.    2— 3f. 


232  Ordek  88.-SCR0PHULARIACE^. 

10  G.  maritinia  Raf.  St.  angular,  with  short  branches;  Ivp.  Imear,  fleth\  G— 8"; 
cor.  7",  8ome  of  the  lobes  fringed  ;  ped.  very  short ;  cal.  trunc.  ®  Salt  marshes.  4 — 10'. 

11  G.  purpurea  L.  St.  angular,  bianched  ;  leaves  linear,  acute,  rough-edged,  1—2': 
ped.  shorter  than  the  calyx,  tube  truncate  with  setaceously  acute  teeth  ;  corolla  \&Ts;a 
(10,  smooth  or  downy.    (T)  Low  grounds.    1—2 — 4f.    Variable. 

12  G,  aspera  Doug.  St.  roughish,  branched;  Ivs.  narrowly  linear,  rough-hispid,  1',; 
ped.  1—2  times  as  long  as  the  cal.  (3—6"),  teeth  lance-acute  ;  cor.  1'.    ®  W.    1— 2f. 

38.  OASTILLIIJA,  L.  Painted  Cup.  Calyx  tubular,  3-4-clGft  Cor. 
upper  lip  linear,  very  long,  arched  and  keeled,  enfolding  the  didynamou.? 
stamens,  anth.  oblong-linear,  with  unequal  lobes,  the  exterior  fixed  by  the 
middle,  interior  pendulous.  U  b  Leaves  alternate,  the  floral  often  colored 
at  the  apex.    Flowers  subsessile,  in  terminal,  leafy  bracts. 

1  C  coccinea  Spreng.    Lvs.  sessile,  pinnatifid  with  linear  segments;  bracts  about 

8-cleft,  scarlet  (sometimes  yelloiv),  exceeding  the  corolla  ;  cal.  3-cleft,  nearly  equalling 
the  cor.,  segments  notched,    a;  Wet  meadows,  E.  (rare)  and  W.    8—12'.    May,  June. 

2  C  sessiliflora  Ph.    Hairy-downy  ;  lvs.  sessile,  clasping,  oblong-linear,  mostly  tri- 

fid,  not  colored  ;  calyx  sessile,  elongated  ;  spikes  dense  ;  coroJJa  long,  exeerted,  arched, 
segments  of  the  lower  lip  acuminate.     %  Prairies,  N-W.    If.    May. 

3  C,  pallida  Kunth.    Lvs.  linear,  undiyided,  3- veined,  the  upper  lanceolate,  the  floral 

subovate,  subdentate  at  the  end,  whitish  ;  calyx  with  acute  teeth,  shorter  than  the 
corolla,     u  ?  White  Mountains,  Green  Mountains,  and  N-W.    If.    August. 

39.  SOHWALBEA,  L.  Chaff-seed.  Calyx  tube  10-ribbed,  inflated, 
obliquely  4-cleft,  upper  division  small,  lower  large,  emarginate  or  2-toothed. 
Cor.  ringent,  upper  lip  entire,  arched,  lower  3-lobed.  Caps,  oblong.  Sds. 
GO  ,  chaffy,     if  With  alternate  leaves  and  flowers  in  a  terminal  spike. 

8.  Americana  L.— Sandy  marshes,  N.  Y.  to  Fla.  1— 2f,  stout,  simple,  downy.  Lvx 
lance-ovate,  3-veined,  diminishing  upward  ;  corolla  brown,  1— IJ'  long.    June. 

40.  PEDICULARIS,  L.  Lousewort.  Calyx  inflated,  2-5-cleft,  the 
segments  leafy,  or  sometimes  obliquely  truncate.  Cor.  vaulted,  upper  lip 
compressed,  emarginate,  lower  lip  spreading,  3-lobed.  Capsule  2-celled, 
oblique,  mucronate.  Seeds  angular.— Herbs.  Leaves  often  pinnatifid. 
Flowers  spicate,  yellowish. 

1  P.  Canadensis  L.    Hairy,  simple ;  lvs.  alternate,  petiolate,  lance-oblong,  piuun 

tifld  with  toothed  segments  ;  spike  short,  dense,  leafy  ;  cor.  abruptly  incurved,  with 
2  setaceous  teeth  ;  capsule  ensiform-beaked.    -y;  Pastures,  copses.    If.    May— July. 

2  P.  lanceolata  Mx.    Smoothish,  branching;  lvs.  subopposite,  lance-oblong,  doubly 

cut-creuate;  spike  elongated,  loose  at  base;  corolla  upper  lip  larger  and  covering  the 
J^)wer;  capsule  short,  ovoid.     %  Shady  banks,  N.  Y.  to  Va.  and  Wis.    1— 2f.     Sept. 

41.  RHINANTHUS,  L.  Yellow  Rattle.  Calyx  4-toothe(l,  ventrl- 
cous.  Cor.  tube  cylindrical,  as  long  as  the  calyx,  limb  ringent,  galea  ap- 
pendaged,  compressed,  lip  broader,  deeply  divided  into  3  obtuse  segments. 
Caps.  2-valved,  compressed,  obtuse,     (i)  Erect,  witii  opposite  leaves. 

R.  Crista-galli  L.  Mostly  glabrous;  lvs.  oblong  or  lanceolate;  cor.  4  longer  than 
the  calyx  ;  appendages  of  the  galea  (upper  lip)  transversely  ovate,  broader  than  long  ; 
seeds  winged,  rattling  when  ripe.    Plymouth,  Mass.,  Lake  Superior,  and  N.    If. 

42.  EUPHRASIA,  T..     EYEHRfGiiT.     Calyx  4-clen.     Upper  lip  of  tlif 


OiiDEU  89.— ACANTHAOEiE.  233 

cor.  galeate,  concave,  apex  2-lobed,  the  lobes  broad  and  spreading,  lower 
lip  spreading,  trifid,  palate  not  folded.  Sta.  unequal,  ascending  beneath 
the  galea.  Capsule  oblong,  compressed,  oo-seeded. — Herbs  with  opposite 
kaves  and  the  flowers  in  spikes. 

E.  officinalis  L.  Lvs.  ovate  or  oblong,  the  cauline  obtuse,  crenate,  bracts  acute,  cut- 
eerrate  with  cuspidate  teeth ;  calyx  lobes  subequal ;  corolla  light-blue,  lower  lobes 
deeply  notched.    (I)  White  Mountains,  Lake  Superior.    2—6'.    Leaves  1—3". 

43.  MELAMPYRUM,  L.  Cow'  Wheat.  Calyx  4-cleft.  Upper  lip 
of  the  corolla  compressed,  the  margin  folded  back,  lower  lip  grooved,  tri- 
fid. Caps.  2-celled,  oblique,  opening  laterally.  Seeds  1 — 4,  cylindric-ob- 
long,  smooth. — Herbs  with  opposite  lvs.    Fls.  solitary  in  tlie  upper  axils. 

1*1.  prateiise,  p.  Jimericdnum  (Benth.)  Leaves  linear-lanceolate,  petiolate,  glabrous, 
the  upper  broader  and  toothed  at  base  ;  fls.  axillary,  distinct ;  cal.  teeth  slender,  lialf 
as  long  as  the  yellowish  corolla.    ®  Woods  :  common.    6— 10',  branched.    Jn.— Sept.. 

Order  LXXXIX.    ACANTHACE^.    Acanthads. 

Herls  or  shrubs  with  opposite,  simple  leaves  and  regular,  bracted  flowcis. 
Calyx  5-parted,  equal  or  unequal,  imbricated  in  the  bud.  Corolla  5-mcrous, 
tubular  below,  limb  more  or  less  bilabiate,  convolute  in  bud.  Stamens 
didynamous  or  diandrous,  inserted  on  the  tube  of  the  corolla.  Fruit  a 
2-celled,  4-12-seeded  capsule.  Seeds  supported  by  hooks  or  cup-shaped 
processes  of  the  placentae,  exalbuminous. 

I  Seeds  destitute  ofhooled  supports. .  .(a) 

<i  Corolla  regular.    Seeds  few,  resting  on  little  cups.    Vines TntrN'BKnciA.  I 

a  Corolla  bilabiate.    Seeds  many,  with  no  supports Elyteakia.     'i 

%  Seeds  resting  on  hooks  proceeding  from  the  placenta3. ...('») 

h  Corolla  funnel-form,  subregular.    Stamens  4,  unequal Ruei.lia.  .'5 

h  Corolla  bilabiate,  ringent.    Stamens  4.     Tod  terete llyauOFiULA.  4 

b  Corolla  labiate,  the  upper  lip  wanting.     Stamens  4.     t  Rare Acanthus  mollis 

b  Corolla  bil.-ibiate.     Siamens  2. — c  Corolla  inverted,  upper  lip  3-toothed Dici.iptkua.     5 

— c  Corolla  straight,  lower  lip  3-lobed Diantueea.     6 

—c  Corolla  straight,  lover  lip  3-parted ..Cyutandka.    7 

1.  THUNB^RGIA,  L.  Calyx  short,  tootlied  or  truncate,  with  2  large 
bractlets  at  base.  Cor.  funnel-bell-form,  limb  5-lobe.\,  nearly  regular.  Sta. 
4,  unequal,  included.    Caps,  beaked,  3-^-seeded.    5  ^  Fls.  showy,  axillary. 

T.  A.LATA.  A  climbing  vine,  silky-hairy,  with  cordate-sagittate  lvs.  on  winged  pet.; 
fls.  \Y  deep  and  broad,  purple,  with  a  yellow,  buff",  orange  or  white  border.   E.  Africa. 

2.  ELYTRARIA,  Vahl.  Calyx  with  4  or  5  unequal  segments.  Cor. 
bilabiate,  lower  lip  of  3  bitid  segments.  Sta.  2  fertile,  2  sterile,  included. 
Caps.  8-sceded. — Herbs  acaulescent,  with  (oblong)  leaves  at  base  and  clasp- 
ing bracts  on  the  scapes,  and  the  small  flowers  in  a  terminal  spike. 

£.  vir{f  ata  Mx.  Scapes  several,  glabrous,  covered  with  Ihe  bracts,  which  are  ovate, 
cuspidate,  ciliate,  the  upper  subtending  the  white  flowers  ;  calyx  with  2  linear  bract 
lets  at  base,  ciliate.    2;  Wet  plains,  S.  Car.  to  Fla.    If.    August. 

3.  RUELLIA,  L.  Calyx  5-parted  into  slender  segments.  Cor.  funnel- 
form,  limb  spreading,  subequally  5-lobed.    Sta.  4,  included,  didyuamoua 


234:  Order  89.— ACANTHACE^. 

Caps,  narrow.   Seeds  4—16,  resting  on  hooks.     U  Low,  with  tumid  joint.^ 
opposite  leaves,  and  showy  axillary  blue,  purple,  or  white  flowers. 

§  DiPTERACANTHUS.    Anthers  pointless.    Style  bifid.    S^Ms  ^—12 Nos.  1  - 1 

§  CAL6pnANES.  Anthers  pointed  at  base.  Style  simple.  ^  .  -s  1  South... (a) 

a  Stems  erect  from  a  creepiiig  base,  with  obtuse  1'  •     -  Nos.  4,  5 

a  Stems  creepinj^,  diffuse,  with  the  leaves  entire Nos.  6,  7 

1  It.  sirepens  L.    Erect,  smoothish,  with  obovatc  to  oblon<^  petio.'at'-  'v-  :  -.f-d.  very 

short,  1^-flowered;  bractlets  as  long  as  the  narrow  sepals,  little  ,.>oiic.        ui  the 
slender  corolla  tube.    Dry  soils,  W.  and  S.    9—16'.    Leaves  2— 5'.    June,  .J.i>. 

2  R.  cillosa  Ph.    Erect,  white-hairy,  with  Ivs.  obovate  to  oblong,  abrupt  at  base  and 

subscssile ;  bractlets  and  sepals  not  half  as  long  as  the  tube  of  the  corolla.    Rich 
goils,  W.  and  S.    If  or  more.    Leaves  1—2'.    Flowers  2— 2^'.    June- September. 
/3.  h^bridna.    Low,  decumbent,  and  very  hairy.     Georgia  (Dr.  Feay). 
S  11.  tiibiflora  Le  Conte.    Downy  ;  leaves  oblong  to  lanceolate,  sessile  ;  fls.  solitaiy; 
sep.  lance-linear,  i  as  long  as  the  long  tube  of  the  white  cor.    Ga.,  Fla.    June— Aug. 

4  R.  oMongifolIa  Mx.    Very  downy;  Ivs.  obovate  to  oval,  subscssile ;  fls.  1—3  to- 

gether, bractlets  and  sepals  as  long  as  tube  of  the  spotted  corolla.    Dry,  Ga.,  Fla. 

5  R.  rlparia  (Chapm.)    Smoothish,  simple  ;  Ivs.  oblong,  petiolate  ;  flowers  clustered, 

small  (6"),  white,  bractlets,  sepals,  and  corolla  tube  equal.    Mid.  Fla.    12—18'. 

6  R.  liumistrata  Mx.    Smooth;  Ivs.  oblong-oval,  petiolate  ;  flowers  1—3  together, 

bractlets  shorter  than  the  setaceous  sepals.    Rich  soils,  S.  Car.  to  Fla. 

7  R.  linearis  T.  &  G.    Small,  rough-downy ;  leaves  linear-oblong,  imbricated,  tho 

bractlets  similar  ;  capsule  4-angled,  with  2 — 1  seeds.    S.  Fla. 

4.  HYGROPHILA,  R.  Br.  Calyx  half-5-cleft,  with  narrow  segments 
Cor.  ringent,  lower  lip  trifid.  Sta.  4,  unequal,  cells  of  the  anth.  divergent- 
sagittate,  violet.  Stig.  subulate.  Caps,  terete,  oo-seeded.  U  ^  Stolonif- 
erous,  4-angled.    Flowers  clustered  in  the  axils.    (See  Addenda.) 

H.  lacustris  Necs.    Erect,  simple,  smooth ;  leaves  lance-oblong,  sessile  (3—4');  fls. 
sessile,  appearing  whorled,  white.    Borders  of  lakes.    New  Orleans.    1— 2f. 

5.  DICLIPTERA,  Juss.  Fls.  in  bracted  heads.  Cal.  5-parted.  Cor. 
bilabiate,  inverted,  upper  lip  3-toothed,  sta.  2,  anth.  cells  equal,  one  placed 
above  the  other.    Caps.  4-seeded,  the  partitions  and  valves  separating.     U 

1  D.  brachlata  Spr.     Smooth ;  st.  C-angled,  brachiatcly  branched ;  leaves  lanceo- 

late, long-petiolate,  acuminate ;  heads  few-flowered,  the  upper  approximate,  sessile, 
lower  often  pedunculate  ;  flowers  purple,  5—6".    River  banks,  S.    1— 2f.    June— Aug. 

2  D.  Halei  Riddell.    St.  downy,  mostly  simple  ;  leaves  lance-ovate,  petiolate  ;  bract- 

lets and  sepals  fringed  with  long  haii-s  ;  corolla  5"  long.  Fla.  to  La.   1— 2f.  Jn.— Aug. 

3  I>.  assurgens  Juss.,  with  scarlet  {!')  corollas  in  1-sided  spikes,  grows  in  S.  Fla. 

6.  DIANTHERA.  Gron.  (Rhytiglossa,  Nees,  and  C-B.)  Cal.  5-parted. 
Cor.  bilabiate,  upper  lip  notched,  lower  3-lobed.  Stamens  2,  anth.  cells  un- 
equal, one  placed  above  the  otlier.  Capsule  tlattcned,  4-seeded  above  the 
middle.     U  ^'T  Lvs.  smooth,  entire.     Flowers  in  bracted  spikes  or  heads. 

1  I>.  Americana  L.     Erect,  angular,  tall ;   leaves  long-lanceolate,  wavy,  as  long 

(•.]—4')  as  the  peduncles ;   bracts  and  sepals  lanceolate,  3",  the  ringent  corolla  6", 
violet-purple.    Banks,  N.  Y.,  W.  and  S.    2— 3f.    June.  July. 

2  I>.  eiisiformis  Wood.    Erect  from  a  creei)ing  base,  slender;  leaves  linear,  oblique 

or  ensiform,  thick,  shorter  (•]— 4')  than  the  peduncles  ;  flowers  spicate  ;  calyx  6"  :  co- 
rolla purple.  1'.    Fla.    April.    (D.  crassifolia  Chapm.) 


Okdek  90.— VERBENACE^.  235 

3  D.  ovata  Walt.    St.  square,  ascending,  4—8' ;  leaves  lance-ovate,  acute,  longer  than 

the  3-4-flo,VGrecl  peduncles ;  corolla  pale-purple,  3—4'''.    S.  Car.  to  Fla. 

4  I>.  liwniilis  Wood.    Erect,  square,  1— IK ;  leaves  lance-elliptical,  shorter  than  the 

CO  -  flowered,  1-sided  spikes  ;  corolla  5",  purple.    Fla.  to  La.    (Justicia  Mx.) 

7.  CYRTANTHERA,  Nees.    Corolla  ringent,  upper  lip  falcate,  lower 
:n  3  narrow  segments.     Sta.  3,  antli.  nodding.     Caps.  4-seeded  ?     U  Brazil. 

V,  CARNEA.    Stem  tall,  stout,  with  ample  ovate  to  oblong  leaves,  and  large,  showy,  ter 
minal  spikes  of  many  flesh-colorer"  flowers.    In  the  gi*eenhouse. 


Order  XC.    VERBENACE^.    Vervains. 

llerbs  (or  generally  shrubs  and  trees)  with  opposite,  cxstipulate  leaves. 
Flowers  with  a  bilabiate  or  more  or  less  irregular  monopetalous  corolla. 
Stamens  4,  didynamous,  rarely  equal,  sometimes  only  3.  Style  1,  Finiii 
dry  or  drupaceous,  3-4-celled  (1-celled  in  Phryma),  forming  as  many  1- 
seeded  nutlets.    Seeds  erect  or  pendulous,  with  little  or  no  albumen. 

§  Herbs.    Fruit  dry,  consisting  of— 

a  4  one-seeded  nutlets.    Stamens  4.    Corolla  5-lobed Verbena.         1 

a  2  two-seeded  nutlets.    Stamen.s  4.    Corolla  5-cleft,  minute,  spicate.    S.  Fla Vriv\  ecJiiiihta. 

a  2  one-seeded  nutlets.    Stamens  2.    Flowers  spicate,  imbedded.    S.  Fla Stachytaepha. 

a  2  one-seeded  nutlets.     Stamens  4.     Corolla  4-parted Lippia.  2 

a  I  one-seeded  nutlet,  reflexed.    Stamens  4.    Corolla  bilabiate Phrtma.  3 

S  Shrubs.     Fruit  fleshy,  berry-like  (or  a  2-celled  capsule  in  No.  7). .  .(&) 

b  Leaves  compound,  digitate.    Flowers  5-parted.    Seed  1 Vitkx.  6 

b  Leaves  simple,  toothed.— c  Cymes  axillary.    Drupes  4-seeded Callicarpa.     4 

— c  Heads  axillary.    Drupes  2-seeded.  Lantana.  5 

6  Leaves  simple,  entire.— fZ  Drupe  2-seeded.    Spikes  terminal (Aloysia.)         2 

—d  Drupe  4-seeded.     S.  Fla Citharkxylum  viUdgurn. 

—d  Drupe  8-seeded.    S.  Fla Dhranta  Plumieri, 

— d  Capsule  4-seeded.    Flowers  in  heads ,. Avicennia  toinentdsa. 

1.  VERBENA,  L.  Vervain.  Calyx  5-toothed,  with  one  of  the  teeth 
often  shorter.  Cor.  funnel-form,  limb  somewhat  unequally  5-lobed,  lobes 
cmarginate.  Sta.  4,  included,  the  upper  pair  sometimes  abortive.  Drupe 
splitting  into  4,  1-seeded,  indehiscent  carpels. — Herbs  or  undershrubs. 
Leaves  opposite.    Flowers  sessile,  mostly  in  spikes  or  heads. 

§  \.;orymbed  ;  the  open  corollas  of  the  spike  forming  a  corymb.    Stems  weak.  ..{a) 

a  Leaves  3-cleft  or  pinnatifld,  the  lobes  cut-serrate  or  toothed Nos.  1—3 

a  Leaves  merely  serrate  or  toothed,  somewhat  incised Nos,  4—7 

§  Spicate;  the  open  corollas  lateral,  in  slender  spikes.,  .{b) 

b  Stem  simple  (mostly),  bearing  a  single  spike.     Leaves  oblong Nos.  8,  9 

b  Stem  branched,  with  many  spikes.— c  Leaves  mostly  simple Nos.  10—12 

— c  Leaves  much  divided Nos.  13—15 

1  V.  .iubletia  L.    Lvs.  ovate-oblong  in  outline,  3-parted,  cut,  acute  and  pctiolate  at 

base  ;  spikes  pedunculate  ;  bracts  half  as  long  as  the  cylindrical  calyx.    Dry  soils,  Va. 
to  111.,  and  S.    If.    Flowers  lilac,  varying  in  the  gardens  to  purple.    April,  May. 

2  V.  iNcisA.    Leaves  oblong  to  deltoid,  rugous,  cut-lobed  and  serrate,  abrupt  at  base, 

peliolate  ;  bracts  ovate,  a  fourth  as  long  as  the  glandular  calyx  ;  corolla  rose-purple. 
U  Brazil.    Stems  some  shrubby,  ascending. 
S  V,  MULTiFiDA.    Small,  creeping,  branched ;  leaves  maltifid  into  narrow,  acute  sog- 
ments  ;  bracts  subulate,  shorter  than  calyx.    (T)  Brazil,    Red  to  white. 


236  Order  90.— VERBENACEiE. 

4  V.  ven63A.    Nearly  simple,  with  rigid,  ot  long-sessile,  cut-serrate  leaves  ;  bracts  eub 

nlatc,  longer  than  the  calyx,  both  colored  ;  corolla  lilac  to  blue,     u  Brazil. 

5  V.  CHAM^DRiFoLiA.    Lcaves  oblong-ovate,  short-petiolate  ;  bracts  subulate,  not  half 

the  length  of  the  long  calyx  ;  corollas  scg.rlet  to  crimson,    u  Buenos  Ayres. 

6  V.  PHLOGiFLORA.    With  many  erect  branches,  and  long-petioled,  lance-deltoid  eaves  ; 

bracts  lanceolate,  half  as  long  as  the  calyx.    Flowers  large,  red  to  blue. 

7  V»  TEUCKioiDES  has  very  hairy,  wrinkled,  ovate-triangular,  crenate  leaves  on  short 

stalks,  with  large  while  to  roseate  sweet-scented  flowers,    u  Brazil. 

8  V.  angustifolia  Mx.    Leaves  oblong-linear,  tapering  to  base,  serrate,  with  fur- 

rowed veins ;  spikes  1  or  few,  slender  ;  corolla  deep-blue,  bracts  as  long  as  the  calyx 
(I'O-     n  Rocks  and  hills,  N.  Y.  to  Va.,  and  W.    If.    Leaves  2—3'.    July. 

9  \.  Caroliiiiaiia  L.    Leaves  oblong-obovate  to  oblong,  crenate-toothed,  sessile; 

spike  loose  ;  corolla  large,  roseate,  bracts  minute,     u  Dry  soils,  S.    1— 2f.    June. 

10  V.  liastata  L.  Common  Vervain.  Lvs.  lanceolate,  acuminate,  cut-serrate,  petio- 
latc,  the  lower  lobed  or  hastate  ;  spikes  panicled,  dense,  slender,  erect  and  parallel ; 
flowers  blue,  u  Waysides :  common.  3— 6f.  §  Europe.  July— September.  Hy 
brids  occur,  with  cleft  leaves  and  loose-flowered  spikes. 

11  V.  urticaefolia  L.  Leaves  ovate  to  lance-ovate,  serrate,  acute,  petiolate  ;  spikes 
axillary  and  terminal,  filiform,  lax ;  bracts  shorter  than  the  calyx,  u  A  homely  weed, 
in  waste  grounds.    3f.    Flowers  minute,  white.    §  Europe.    July,  August. 

12  V.  stricta  Vent.  Mullein  V.  Hairy  and  hoary,  rigidly  erect ;  leaves  oval  to  obo- 
vate,  unequally  dentate,  sessile,  rugous ;  spikes  dense,  li  Dry  fields,  W.  1 — 3f. 
Very  leafy,  rather  handsome.    Corolla  blue,  4"  broad.    July. 

13  V,  bracteosa  Mx.  Hairy,  divaricately  branched,  leaves  laciniate ;  bracts  lance- 
linear,  squarrous  on  the  peduncle  and  spikes,  longer  than  the  small  blue  flowers.  % 
Dry  fields,  roadsides,  N.  Y.,  W.  and  S.    8—16'.    June— September.    (V.  canescens.) 

14  V.  officinalis  L.  Smoothish,  erect;  leaves  lanceolate  to  oblong,  piunately lobed 
or  toothed,  subsessile  ;  spikes  slender,  panicled ;  bracts  not  longer  than  the  calyx ; 
flowers  purple,  small.     %  Waysides,  Conn,  to  Ga.    2— 8f.    (V.  spuria  L.) 

15  V.  strigosa  Hook.  Hoary,  rougli-dowuy,  rigid  ;  leaves  oblong,  3-parted,  incised, 
sessile  ;  spikes  strict,  lax-flowered  bracts  long  as  calyx  ;  corolla  large.  N.  Orl.  2— 3f. 

2.  LIPPIA,  L.  Fog-fruit.  Cal.  3-parted.  Cor.  funnel-shaped,  limb 
SLiblabiate,  upper  limb  entire  or  cmari^inate,  lower  3-lobed.  Sta.  didyna- 
mous,  included.  Drupe  dry,  thin,  enclosed  in  the  calyx,  2-seeded.  +>  U 
Leaves  opposite  or  whorlcd.     Flowers  small,  whitish,  in  heads  or  spikes. 

1  Ij.  uodiflora  Mx.    St.  4-angled,  geniculate,  simple,  creeping;  lvs.  lanceolate  to  ob- 

lanceolate,  cuneate  at  base,  i)eti()late,  shorter  than  the  ped.    Banks,  Pa.  to  111.,  and  S. 

2  I..  (Aloysia)  cxTuioDonA.    J^moii  V-nbena.    Shrub  smooth;  leaves  in  3"s,  lance-lin- 

ear, punctate  beneath,  straiglit-veined,  delightfully  fragrant.    3f. 

3.  PHRYMA,  L.  Lop-seeu.  Cal.  cylindric,  bilabiate,  upper  lip  longer, 
3-cleri,  lower  lip  2-toothed.  Corolla  bilabiate,  upper  lip  emarginate,  much 
smaller  than  the  O-lobed  lower  one.  Stamens  included.  Fruit  dry,  oblong, 
striate,  1 -celled,  1-secded.  %  '\\\i\\  ()i)posite  leaves.  Flowers  opposite, 
^picate,  dellexed  in  fruit. 

I*.  Icpto^itacliya  L.— Rocky  woods.  2— 3f.  Leaves  large  (3—6'),  thin,  coarsely- 
toothed  ;  flowers  small,  light-purple,  in  very  slender  spikes.    July. 

4.  OALLICARPA5  L.  FREifcii  Mulberry.  Calyx  4-toolhed,  bell- 
Bliapcd.  Corolla  short-bell-shapt  d,  limb  of  4  obtuse  segments.  Sta.  4,  un- 
equal, exscrted.  Stig.  capitate,  2-lobed.  Drupe  juicy,  enclosing  4  nutlets. 
+>  V'ith  opposite  leaves  and  axillary  cymes. 


Order  91.— LABIATiE. .  237 

C.  Americana  L.  Pubescent ;  Ivp.  ovate,  acuminate  at  each  end,  creuate-dentate, 
smooth  above  ;  clusters  shorter  than  the  petioles ;  fruit  forming  dense  verticils  Light 
Boils,  S.    Shrub  much  branched,  3 — 6f,  with  purple  flowers  and  fruit. 

5.  LANTANA,  L.  Cal.  minute,  obsoletely  4-toothed.  Corolla  fitnncl- 
form,  the  tube  long-exserted,  limb  oblique,  upper  lip  bifid  or  entire,  lower 
trifid.  Sta.  4,  didynamous,  included.  Drupe  fleshy,  double,  the  parts  sep- 
arable, 1-seeded.  +>  3 — 6f.  Tropical,  with  square  stems,  opposite  ])etio- 
Jate  leaves,  and  capitate,  handsome  flowers,  often  fragrant. 

*  Corollas  white  or  lilac,  not  becoming  yellow  or  scarlet Nos.  1—3 

*  Corollas  white  or  yellow,  changing  to  saffron,  scarlet,  crimson,  &c Nos.  4,  5 

1  li,  xfvEA.    Branches  with  reversed  prickles  ;  Ivs.  ovate  to  elliptic,  crenate-serrate,  as 

long  as  the  peduncles  ;  no  involucre  ;  flowers  white,  turning  to  blue.    Brazil. 

2  li.  Sellowiana.    Branches  strigous ;  Ivs.  rhombic  to  oblong,  coarse-serrate,  shorter 

than  the  peduncles  ;  heads  some  involucrate  ;  flowers  reddish  lilac.    Brazil. 

3  Ti.  Involucrata  L.    Whitish-downy;  Ivs.  obovate  to  roundish,  crenulate,  afe  long 

as  the  peduncles ;  heads  involucrate  with  the  outer  ovate  bracts,  lilac.    S.  Fla. 

4  Ij.  mixta.    Prickles  reversed  or  0 ;  Ivs.  ovate,  crenate,  abrupt  at  base,  shorter  than 

the  peduncles  ;  bracts  as  long  as  the  corollas,  which  are  white  at  first,  then  changing 
to  yellow,  then  orange,  and  lastly  red.    Brazil. 

5  li.  Camara  L.    Often  prickly  ;  Ivs.  as  in  No.  4,  but  equalling  the  peduncles  ;  bracts 

half  as  long  as  the  corollas,  which  are  successively  yellow,  orange,  red.    Ga.,  Fla. 

6.  VITEX,  L.  Chaste-tree.  Calyx  5-toothed.  Cor.  cup-shaped,  5- 
lobed,  somewhat  2-lipped.  Stamens  4,  unequal,  exserted.  Drupe  entire,  4- 
celled,  4-seeded.     J)  With  opposite,  digitate  leaves  and  paniculate  cymes. 

1  V,  Agnus-castus.    Leaflets  5  or  7,  lanceolate,  entire,  pointed  both  ways ;  panicles 

white-tomentous,  terminal,  interrupted  ;  corolla  purplish.    Hardy.    S. 

2  V.  Negundo.    Leaflets  3  or  5,  oblong,  serrate,  acuminate.    Mauritius. 

3  V,  iNcisA.    Leaflets  5  or  7,  incisely  pinnatifld,  acuminate.    China, 

Order  XCI.    LABIATE.    Labiate  Plants. 

Herbs  with  square  stems,  and  opposite,  aromatic,  exstipulate  leaves. 
Flowers  axillary,  in  verticillasters,  sometimes  as  if  spiked  or  in  heads.  Co- 
rolla labiate  (rarely  regular),  upper  lip  external  in  the  bud.  Stamens  4, 
didynamous,  or  only  2.  Omry  free,  deeply  4-lobed,  the  single  style  arising 
from  between  the  lobes.  Fruit  composed  of  4  (or  by  abortion  fewer)  sep- 
arable 1-seeded  nuts  or  achenia.    Figs.  23,  69,  96,  281,  292,  318,  384. 

§  stamens  2,  perfect,— p  ascending  beneath  the  galea  ;  anthers  1-celled.    (Tribe  IV.) 
— p  ascending  tlirougb  a  cleft  in  the  galea  ;  anthers  2-celled. .  .(6) 
—p  exserted,  distant  ;  anthers  2-celled.  ..(rZ) 
{  Stamens  4,  perfect,— 17  all  declined  toward  the  lower  lip.    (Tribe  I.) 
— q  erect,  or  ascending  toward  the  upper  lip. .  .(2) 
2  Stamens  of  equal  length,  corolla  almost  regular,  ■l-5-lobed...(»c) 

2  Stamens,  the  upper  pair  longer  than  the  lower  (outer),  and  calyx  13-15-veined.    (Trib«  VJ 
Stamens,  the  lower  pair  longer  than  the  upper  (interior)  pair... (3) 
3  Stamens  divergent,  apart,  mostly  straight  and  exserted ...  («) 
3  Stamens  parallel,  ascending  and  long-exserted  from  the  upper  side... (6) 
S  Stamens  parullel,  ascendmg  in  pairs  beneath  the  upper  lip. .  .(4) 
4  Calyx  13-veined,  5-tootaed,  and  somewhat  2-lipped. ..(/) 
4  Calyx  5-10- veined,  or  irregularly  netted.  ..(5) 


238  Order  91.— LABIATE. 

6  Calyx  strongly  2-lipped,  upper  lip  truncate,  closed  in  fruit. .  .(k) 
5  Calyx  not  2-lipped,  3  or  4-lobed,  open  in  fruit. .  .(A-) 
5  Calyx  subequally  S-toothed,  teeth  not  spinescent.  ..(m) 
5  Calyx  subequally  5-toothed,  teeth  spinescent... (n) 
5  Calyx  unequally  8-10-toothed.  ..(o) 

L  OCIMOIDE.iE.— r  Corolla  upper  lip  4-lobed,  lower  entire,  flattish OcisrtTM 

— r  Corolla  upper  lip  4-lobed,  lower  saccate,  deflexed Hyptis. 

— r  Corolla  upper  lip  3-4-fid,  lower  boat-form,  involving  the  sta..CoLEUS. 

— r  Corolla  upper  lip  2-lobed,  lower  3-lobed Lavandula. 

II.  AJUGOIDE^. — b  Stamens  2,  exserted  through  a  fissure  in  the  tube . .  Amethystea. 

— b  Stamens  4,  exserted  through  a  fissure  in  the  tube Tepcrium. 

— b  Stamens  very  long,  involute,  arching  the  corolla Trichostemma. 

— *c  Corolla  limb  equally  5-lobed.    Stamens  short Isanthcs. 

rn.  SATUREJE^.— (Stamens  diverging  or  ascending,  2-celled.     Corolla  lobes  flattish,  spreading.) 

— *c  Corolla  limb  obliquely  5-lobed.    Leaves  purple Pkrilla. 

— *c  Corolla  limb  4-lobed,  upper  lobe  broadest Mentha. 

d  Corolla  nearly  regular,  4-lobed.    Calyx  naked  in  the  throat Lycopcs. 

d  Corolla  bilabiate,— s  cyanic,  throat  naked.     Stamens  straight Cdnila. 

— s  cyanic,  throat  naked.     Stamens  ascending Hedkoma. 

— s  yellow,  throat  with  a  hairy  ring  inside Collinsonia. 

e  Calyx  15- veined.    Stamens  exserted,  divergent Hyssopus. 

e  Calyx  10- veined,  the  veins  obscured  by  hairs.    Corolla  yellow,  fringed Collinsonia. 

«  Calyx  10-13-veined,— <  throat  naked.— m  Stamens  straight,  divergent Pycnanthemom. 

— M  Sta.  ascending,  anth.  spurless Satureja. 

—u  Sta.  ascending,  anth.  spurred Dicerandra. 

—t  throat  hairy.— c  Bracts  roundish,  large Origanum. 

— 0  Bracts  narrow,  minute Thymus.  20 

/  Tube  of  the  corolla  straight.    Leaves  small,  snbcrenate  or  entire Calamintha.  21 

/  Tube  of  the  corolla  curved  upward.    Leaves  large,  coarse-crenate Melissa.  22 

rv.  MONARDEiE.— Connectile  long,  transverse,  distancing  the  anther  cells Salvia.  23 

— Connectile  continuous  with  fil.  toothed  at  the  juncture Eosmarinus.  24 

— Connectile  inconspicuous. — w  Calyx  subequally  toothed Monarda.  25 

— xc  Calyx  bilabiate,  aristate Blephyllia.  26 

V    NEPETE^. — Stamens  distant,  exserted.    Flowers  in  terminal  spikes Lophanthus.         27 

—Stamens  all  ascending. — x  Anther  cells  divergent,  much Nepeta.  23 

—X  Anther  cells  divergent,  little Dracocephalum.  29 

—X  Anther  cells  parallel.    Fls.  large Cedronella.         30 

VI.  ST.\.CHYDE.(E.— (Stamens  parallel,  ascending.     Cor.  upper  lip  galeate.    Cal.  5-10-veined.) 

h  Calyx  lips  toothed,  upper  3  teeth  minute,  lower  2  large Brunella.  31 

h  Calyx  lips  entire,  upper  with  an  appendage  on  the  back Scutellaria.         .32 

/c  Calyx  3-lobed.    Anthers  all  distinct.     Flowers  purple  streaked Macbridea.  33 

k  Calyx  4-lobed.    Anthers,  the  highest  pair  connate Synandra.  .34 

w  Corolla  tube  inflated  in  the  midst,  whitish.    Lips  small Physostegia.         35 

m  Corolla  tube  inflated  at  the  throat,  purple.    Lower  lip  long Lamium.  36 

m  Corolla  inflated  in  the  broad,  concave  upper  lip,  purple  or  yellow Phlomis.  37 

•J  Corolla  not  inflated,  short.— y  Calyx  salver-form,  10-ribbed Ballota.  .38 

— iy  Calyx  broad-bell-form,  netted Mollucella.         39 

n  Anthers  opening  transversely,  ciliate-fringed.     Leaves  notched Galeopsis.  4<) 

n  Anthers  opening  lengthwise.— s  Achenia  rounded  at  the  top.     Native... Stachys.  41 

— 2  Achenia  rounded  at  the  top.  Cultivated.  .Betonica.  42 

— z  Achenia  truncate,  3-angled  at  top Leonurus.  43 

o  Corolla  white,  upper  lip  flattish.    Style  equally  bifid Marrubium.  44 

o  Corolla  white,  upper  lip  concave.   Style  unequally  bifid.   South.  .Leucas. 

o  Corolla  scarlet,  exserted.    Calyx  upper  tooth  longest Leonotis.  45 

\  

1.  OOIMXJM,  L.  Sweet  Basil.  Upper  lip  of  calyx  orbicular,  lower 
4-fid.  Cor.  resupinate,  one  lip  4-cleft,  the  other  undivided.  Stam.  4,  de- 
clined, the  lower  pair  longer,  the  upper  often  with  a  process  at  their  base. 
Verticils  G-flowered,  in  terminal,  interrupted  racemes. 

O.  basiliciitn  L.    Lvb.  pmooth,  ovate-oblong,  Fubdentatc,  pctiolate ;  cal.  ciliatc.    (i) 
I'lant  6—12'.  in  the  kitchen-gardens.    Very  fra;;rant. 


OiiDER  91.— LABIATE.  239 

2.  COLEUS,  Lour.  Cal.  deflexed  in  fruit,  unequally  5-toothcd.  Cor. 
decurved,  upper  lip  obtusely  3-4cleft,  lower  longer,  entire,  concave,  in- 
volving the  4  stamens.    (T)  Verticils  6-  GO-flowered.    Asia. 

C.  Blumei.    Leaves  large,  ovate,  bluntly  serrate ;  verticillasters  distinct,  00-flowered. 
2f.    Tender,  cultivated  for  its  pplendid  leaves,  which  are  marked  with  crimson,  green, 
and  bronze.    Flowers  inconspicuous. 
/ 

3.  HYPTIS,  L.    Calyx  5-tootlied,  teetli  acute  or  subulate.    Cor.  tube 

cylindric,  limb  5-lobed,  the  lower  abraptly  deflexed,  contracted  at  its  base, 
the  4  others  flat,  erect  or  spreading.  Stam.  4,  declinate.  Ach.  ovoid  or  ob- 
long.— In  our  species  the  flowers  are  in  involucrate  heads.     Summer. 

H.  radlata  Willd.  Erect,  glabrous ;  leaves  lance-ovate  to  lauce-liuear,  unequally  and 
bluntly  serrate,  tapering  to  the  petiole ;  heads  opposite,  pedunculate,  at  length 
globular,  bracts  seeming  radiate,    n  Damp,  S.    2— 3f. 

4.  LAVANDULA,  L.  Lavender.  Cal.  ovoid-cylindric,  with  5  short 
teeth,  the  upper  one  often  largest.  Cor.  upper  lip  2-lobed,  lower  3-lobcd, 
lobes  all  nearly  equal,  tube  exserted,  stamens  included.     5 

li.  8PICA.  Leaves  hoary,  linear-oblanceolate  to  linear-lanceolate,  rolled  at  edge,  sessile, 
in  the  interrupted  spike  bract-like  ;  flowers  small,  lilac.  Very  fragrant,  and  yielding 
the  well-known  Oil-of-Lavender.    12—18'.    July. 

5.  AMETHYSTEA,  L.    Flowers  as  in  Teucrium,  but  the  stamens  ara 

only  2.    (i)  From  Siberia. 

A.  ccERULEA.— A  branching,  smooth  herb,  If  high,  with  the  leaves  3-partcd  and  indeed, 
and  blue  (to  white)  corollas  little  exceeding  the  calyx.    July— Oct. 

6.  TEUCRIUM,  L.  Germander.  Cal.  subcampanulate  and  subregii- 
hir,  in  5  acute  segments.  Cor.  with  the  4  upper  lobes  nearly  equal,  the 
lowest  largest,  roundish.  Stam.  4,  exserted  from  the  deep  cleft  in  the 
upper  side  of  the  tube. 

T.  Canadense  L.  Plant  erect,  hoary-pubescent ;  Ivs.  ovate-lanceolate,  acute,  serrate, 
petiolate ;  bracts  linear-lanceolate,  about  as  long  as  the  calyx ;  spike  long,  of  many 
crowded  verticils  of  odd-looking  purplish  flowers.    il  Damp  grounds.    2f.    July. 

N 

7.  TRIOHOSTEMA,  Lin.  Blue  Curls.  Calyx  very  oblique,  veiny, 
xower  lip  of  2  short  teeth,  upper  twice  as  long,  of  3,  all  acute.  Cor.  tube 
slender,  limb  obliquely  5-lobed.    Filam.  4,  very  long,  exserted  and  curved. 

0  Cymes  loose,  panicled.    Corolla  blue. 

1  T,  dlchotoma  L.    Lvs.  oblong-lanceolate,  attenuate  at  base,  obtuse,  entire  pube»- 

cent,  as  well  as  the  stem  and  branches.    Dry  soils,  Mass.,  and  S.    If.    August. 

2  T.  lineare  N.    Leaves  linear,  nearly  smooth ;  stem  and  branches  puberulent.    Dr? 

soils,  N.  Y.  (at  Salem),  and  S.    If.    Flowers  as  in  the  other,  4".    July,  Aug. 

8.  ISANTHUS,  Mx.    False  Pennyroyal.    Calyx  equally  5-toothed, 
throat  naked.    Cor.  5-parted,  tube  straight  and  narrow,  segm.  ovate  and 
equal.    Stam.  subequal,  incurved,  ascending,  longer  than  the  corolla.     U 
Viscid,  pubescent,  with  entire  leaves  acute  at  each  end.    Flowers  axillary. 
I.  coBriileiis  Ms.— Dry  fields,  N.  and  W.    1— Uf-    Branching  and  leafy,  resembling 

rcnuyrojal.    Leaves  lancc-elliptic,  3-vcincd.    Flowers  1—2  in  each  axil,  blua.    July. 


240  Order  91.— LABIATE. 

9.  PERILLA,  L.  Calyx  subequally  5-toothed,  in  fruit  becoming  gib- 
bous and  3-lipped.  Cor.  bell-form,  5-cleft,  lower  lobe  a  little  longer.  Sta 
4,  erect,  distant,  included. — Asia. 

p.  ocimoJdeb,  p.  NAifKiN:6N8i9,  IS  thc  PURPI.E  Perilla,  a  fine  leaf-plant,  2f  hish,  "oith 
large  bronze-purple,  ovate,  cut-fringed  leaves.    (jS.  crispa  Benth.)    (D 

10.  MENTHA,  L.  Mint.  Cal.  equally  5-tootbed.  Cor.  nearly  regu- 
lar, tube  scarcely  exserted,  border  4-cleft,  the  broadest  segment  emarginate. 
Stam.  4,  straight,  distant,  anth.  cells  parallel,  fil.  naked.  U  Strong-scented 
herbs.    Flowers  in  dense  verticils,  pale  purple.     Summer. 

*  Leaves  sessile.    Verticils  in  a  slender,  terminal  spike "Nos.  1  -.3 

*  Leaves  petiolate.— a;  Verticils  in  dense  oblong  spikes Nos.  4,  5 

—X  Verticils  axillary,  not  in  spikes Nos.  6--8 

1  M.  viridis  L.    Spearmint.    Smoothish ;  Ivs.  lance-oblong,  acute,  cut-serrate  ;  spikes 

interrupted,  attenuate  above.    Damp  soils.    1— 2f.    §  Europe. 

2  ]H.  rotundlfolla  L.    Whitish-downy;  Ivs.  roundish  to  broad-ovate,  sharp-serrate; 

spikes  cylindric,  nearly  continuous.    N.  J.,  Pa.  (at  Easton,  Prof.  Porter).    Ascending 
2— 3f.    Spikes  2—3'.    §  Europe. 

3  OT.  sylvestrls  L.    Woolly-toinentous  ;  Ivs.  lance-ovate,  canesccnt,  finely  serrate ; 

spikes  conic-cylindric.    Delaware  Co.,  Pa.  (A.  II.  Smith). 

4  M.  piperita  L.    Peppermint.    Smooth ;  Ivs.  ovate  to  lanceolate,  serrate ;  spikes 

1',  oblong  to  cylindric  ;  calyx  smooth.    Wet.    2f.    §  Europe. 

5  M.  aquatica  L.    Stem  reflex-hairy ;   leaves  ovate,  serrate,  hairy  or  smoothish ; 

spike  globular  or  oblong,  calyx  villous.    Muddy.    § 

6  M.  sativa  L.    Stem  r«flex-hairy,  erect,  branched  ;  leaves  ovate,  canesccnt  beneath ; 

calyx  teeth  subulate-awned.    Lancaster,  Pa.  (Porter).    §  Europe. 

7  IWf.  arvensls  L.    Smoothish,  ascending;   leaves  ovate,  serrate  above,  entire  and 

acute  at  base  ;  calyx  teeth  acute.    Fields,  M.  and  W. :  rare.    § 

8  ITI.  Canadensis  L.    Ilorsemint.    Upright,  hoary-pubescent  with  spreading  hairs  ; 

leaves  lanceolate,  very  acute  both  ways  ;  cymes  shorter  than  the  petioles  ;  stamens 
exserted.    Damp.    Can.  to  Pa.  and  Ky. 
/3,  horeaUa,    Plant  nearly  smooth,  with  narrower  leaves. 

11.  LYOOPUS,  L.  Water  IIoarhound.  Cal.  tubular,  4^o-cleft.  Cor. 
subrcgular,  4-cleft,  the  tube  as  long  as  the  calyx,  upper  segment  broadest, 
cmarginate.  Stam.  2,  distant,  diverging,  simple.  U  Bog  herbs,  with  the 
very  small  flowers  in  axillary,  dense  clusters. 

1  li.  Virginicus  L.   Bvgle  Weed.   Lvs.  broad  lanceolate,  serrate,  tapering  and  entire 

at  both  ends  ;  calyx  teeth  4,  obtuse,  spineless,  shorter  than  the  achenia.    Common. 
1— Hf.    Plant  often  purple,  and  often  with  long  slender  runners.    July,  August. 

2  1.1.  Europaeus  L.  Lvs.  lance-ovate  to  lance-oblong,  petiolate,  acute,  sinuate-toothed 

or  lobcd,  thc  lower  incised;  calyx  teeth  .5,  acuminatc-spincscent,  longer  than  tho 
smooth  achenia.    Common,  and  very  variable.    1 — 2f.    August. 
p.  ruhillua^  with  creeping  stolons,  and  downy  toothed  lvs.    (L.  rubellus  M<rnch.) 
y.  sinuatun^  with  smooth  sinuate-dentate  leaves— no  runners.    (L.  sinuatus  Ell.) 
5.  eacaltdtus.    Tall,  with  smooth  leaves  cut  into  linear  teeth.    (L.  exaltatus  Ell.) 
F^  ang^uHif  alius.    Leaves  narrow,  slightly  toothed  or  subentire.    (L.  anguet.  N.) 
^.  ges»ilifbUu9,  Lvs.  oblong,  sessile  or  clasping,  remotely  toothed.  N.  J.  (Porter). 

12.  OUNILA,  L.  DiTTA]!^Y.  Cal.  10-ribbed,  equally  5-toothed,  throat 
densely  villous  ;  upper  lip  of  corolla  flat,  emarginat*?.  Stam.  2,  erect,  ex- 
serted, distant. — Flowers  numerous,  pale  red. 


Order  91.— LABIATE.  241 

C»  Mariana  L.    Lvs.  ovate,  serrate,  subsessile,  1' ;  cymes  pedunculate,  corymbous, 
axillary  and  terminal,    u  Rocky  woods,  N.  Y.  to  Ga.  and  Ark.   1— 2f.    July,  Aug. 

13.  HEDEOMA,  Pers.  American  Pennyroyal,  Calyx  13-striate. 
gibbous  at  base,  bilabiate,  throat  hairy,  upper  lip  3-toothed,  lower  2-clett 
Cor.  bilabiate,  upper  lip  erect,  flat,  emar<;inate,  lower  spreading,  3-lobed. 
Stam.  2,  fertile,  ascending.— Low,  fragrant  herbs. 

1  H,  pulegioides  Pers.  Lvs.  oblonjj,  few-toothed,  petiolate,  narrowed  to  each  end; 

verticils  axillar}',  6-flo\vered ;  corolla  equalling  the  calyx.    (D  Dry  pastures.    6 — 12'. 
June— Aug.    A  small  herb  of  pungent  fragrance  and  taste,  common  and  much  used. 

2  H.  liisplda  Ph.    Hairy,  branching,  with  sessile,  linear,  obtuse  leaves  and  verticils 

()-flowered  ;  corolla  scarcely  exceeding  the  calyx.    ®  Banks,  W.    2—5'.    July. 

14.  OOLLINSONIA,  L.  Horse  Balm.  Cal.  ovoid,  10-striate,  upper 
lip  truncate,  3-toothed,  lower  2-cleft.  Cor.  exserted,  bell-ringent,  upper  lip 
in  4  subequal  lobes,  lower  longer,  declined,  fringed.  Stam.  2  or  4,  much 
exserted,  divergent,  if  Coarse,  strong  scented,  with  large,  ovate,  serrate, 
petiolate  lvs.  and  yellowish  fls.,  in  a  terminal,  leafless  panicle  or  raceme. 

♦  Stamens  4,  perfect,  long  exserted.    Leaves  very  large.    South Nos.  1,  2 

*  Stamens  2,  perfect,— a  the  upper  pair  of  filaments  mere  points Nos.  .3,  4 

—a  the  upper  pair  of  filaments  capitate.    South No.  5 

1  C.  vcrtlcillata  Baldw.    Viscid-downy  above ;  lvs.  broad-oval,  6 — 8',  acute,  peti- 

oles 1 — 2' ;  racemes  long,  naked ;  flowers  in  whorls,  9"  ;  lower  lip  strongly  fringed. 
Lookout  Mt.,  Tenn.,  and  Middle  Ga.     1— 2f.    Raceme  If.    May,  June. 

2  C.  aaisata  Ph.    Viscid-downy;  lvs.  cordate,  acuminate,  crenate.  5— 7',  petiole  1'; 

panicle  3—6',  bracts  ovate,  flowers  5— (5".    Ga.,  Fla.,  Ala.    1— 2f.    July— Sept. 

3  C  Canadensis  L.    Sparsely  downy  ;  leaves  mucronate-serrate,  acuminate,  abrupt 

at  base,  4—7' ;  lower  petioles  slender ;  panicle  5 — 8',  loose,  bracts  ovate ;  flowers 
6—6".    Damp  shades,  Can.  to  La.  (Hale).    3-^f.    Summer. 

4  C.  scabrluscula  Ait.    Leaves  scabrous  above,  small  (H— 2'),  acuminate,  acute  at 

base,  petioles  slender,  1' ;  panicle  leafy,  fls.  4—5",  calyx  1".    Woods,  S.    2f.    Sept. 

5  C.  punctata  Ell.    Pubescent ;  lvs.  4—7',  lance-ovate,  pointed,  acute  at  base,  resin- 

ous-punctate beneath  ;  panicle  leafy  below,  flowers  5".    Woods,  S.    2— 6f.    Sept. + 

15.  HYSSOPUS,   L.    Hyssop.    Calyx  tubular,  15-striate,  equally  5- 
toothed.    Upper  lip  of  the  corolla  erect,  flat,  emarginate,  lower  3-parted, 
the  middle  segment  largest,  tube  about  as  long  as  the  calyx.     Stamens  4. 
II.  officinalis  L.— Native  of  Europe  and  Asia,  occasionally  cultivated  for  its  medici- 
nal properties.    A  bushy  herb,  2f,  with  oblong-lanceolate  leaves,  and  bright  blue 
fls.  in  1-sided  verticils  approximate  in  a  terminal  spike.    St.  exserted,  diverging.    § 

16.  PYCNANTHEMUMj  Mx.  Basil.  Calyx  tubular,  10-13 -striate, 
5-tootlied,  teeth  equal  or  subbilabiate,  throat  naked  within.  Upper  lip  of 
corolla  nearly  entire,  lower  trifid,  middle  lobe  longest,  all  ovate,  obtuse, 
stam.  4,  distant,  subequal,  anth.  with  parallel  cells.  U  Erect,  rigid  branch- 
ing herbs,  all  N.  American.    Verticils  dense,  many-flowered.    Aug.,  Sept. 

§  Calyx  2-lipped,  in  flat  or  loose  cymes.    Leaves  petiolate,  subserrate. .  .(a) 
■*  Calyx  subregular,  in  roundish  dense  heads. .  .(i) 

a  Teeth  of  the  calyx  ovate,  acute,  awnless No.  1 

a  Teeth  of  the  calyx  tipped  with  bearded  awns  ." Nos.  2 — i 

b  Calyx  teeth  and  bracts  with  naked  awns  as  long  as  the  corolla Nos  5,  8 

b  Calyx  teeth  awnless,  shorter  than  the  corolla. .  .(c) 


242  Order  <J1.— LABIAT.E. 

c  Heads  panicled.    Leave?  suhpctiulate,  eubentire Nos.  7-  9 

c  Heads  corymbed.    Leaves  eessi  e,  entire Nos.  10—12 

c  Heads  solitary,  involucrate.    Leaves  serrate No.  13 

1  P.  albescens  T.  &  G.    Leaves  lance-ovate,  acute,  whitened  beneath,  the  upper 

whitened  both  sides  ;  flowers  in  little  secund  racemes.    Ala.  to  La.    2— 3f. 

2  P.  Tullla  Benth.    Villous-pubescent ;  leaves  ovate  to  lanceolate,  acute  or  pointed  ; 

the  floral  whitened  ;  inflorescence  as  in  No.  1.    Mountains,  S. 

3  P.  Incanum  Mx.     Wild  Basil.    Whitish,  with  a  soft  down  ;  leaves  ovate,  rounded 

at  base,  slightly  acuminate  ;  the  floral  whitened  both  sides  ;  cymes  V  and  less  broad, 
not  racemed  ;  corolla  pale  red,  dotted.    Rocky  woods,  N.  and  W.    2 — 4f. 

4  P.  cUnopodoides     T.  &  G.     Villous-canescent ;   leaves  lanceolate,  acute  both 

ways ;  cymes  small,  dense,  terminal  and  subterminal.    Dry  soils,  N.  Y.,  N.  J.,  and 
W.    2— 3f.    Plant  not  whitened.    Heads  6"  diameter. 

5  P.  arlsta.tnm  Mx.    Smoothish ;  leaves  ovate-oblong,  acute,  subscrrate,  rounded 

at  base,  petiolate  ;  bracts  rigid ;  heads  few,  6—9"  diara.    Barrens,  N.  J.,  and  S.    1— 2f. 

6  P.  Iiyssoplfolluin  Benth.    Smoothish;  leaves  linear-oblong,  obtuse,  nearly  ses 

sile  and  entire  ;  heads  few.  large,  V  diameter.    Barrens,  Va.  to  Fla.    1— 2f, 

7  P.  Torreyl  Benth.    Slightly  pubescent ;  Ivs.  lin. -lanceolate,  acute,  subentirc  ;  bracts 

and  subulate  calyx  teeth  white-pubescent.    Dry  hills.  New  York  Island,  N.  J. :  rare. 

8  P.  pilosis m  N.    Hoary  with  soft,  spreading  hairs  ;  leaves  lanceolate,  acute  at  each 

end,  subentire,  subsessile ;  calyx  teeth  ovate-lanceolate,  and  with  the  bracts  whitc- 
tomentons.    Prairies,  W.  States,  to  Ga.    2f.    Cymes  dense,  6—9". 

9  P.  luuticuin  Pers.    Minutely  white-downy  at  top;  leaves  ovate  to  lance-ovate, 

acute,  rounded  or  subcordate  at  base  ;  calyx  teeth  short,  merely  acute.   In  dry  woods. 
2-3f.    Heads  roundish,  dense,  4 — 6". 

10  P.  lanceolatum  Ph.  Leaves  linear-lanceolate,  entire,  acute,  rigid,  abmpt  at 
base,  sessile  ;  calyx  teeth  short,  hairy ;  heads  small  (3—5").  Dry  woods,  Mass.  to 
Car.,  and  W.    1— 2f.    Handsome,  fragrant,  nearly  smooth. 

11  P.  linifoliiiin  Ph.  Glabrous;  leaves  linear,  attenuated  both  ways  ;  heads  com- 
paci,  corymbed ;  calyx  teeth  pungently  awn-pointed.    Dry  soils.    1— 2f. 

12  P.  nudum  N.  Glabrous,  pale,  subsimple ;  leaves  few  and  small,  ovate-oblong, 
obtuse,  entire,  sessile  ;  calyx  teeth  acute,  pubescent.    Mts.,  N.  Car.  to  Ga.    1— 2f. 

1  3  P.  niontanuni  Mx.  Glabrous  except  the  villous-ciliate  ovate  and  linear  bracts  ; 
leaves  lanceolate,  serrate,  acute  ;  heads  involucrate.  Mountains,  Va.  and  Car.  1— 2f. 
Resembles  a  Monarda.    Fragrant. 

17.  SATUREJA,  li.  Summer  Savory.  Calyx  tubular,  lO-ribbed, 
throat  not  hairy.  Sygtueuts  of  the  bilabiate  corolla  not  equal.  Stamens 
diverging,  scarcely  exserted. — Herbs  with  small  leaves  and  purplish  fls. 

S.  liortensls  L.  St.  branching;  Ivs.  linear-oblong,  entire,  acute  at  the  end  ;  ped.  ax- 
illary, cymoiis.    (i)  River  bank.<,  W.,  escaped  from  gardens  :  rare.    § 

18.  DIOERANDRA,  Benth.  Calyx  13-striatc,  tubular,  upper  lip  sub- 
entire,  lower  bifid,  throat  hairy.  Cor.  tube  exserted,  straight,  strongly  3- 
lipped,  the  upper  ( rect,  cmarginate,  the  lower  spreading.  Sta.  4,  exserted, 
distant,  anther  cells  divaricate,  each  with  a  little  horn.  0  Branching, 
smooth,  with  loose  cymes. 

1  1>.  Unearirolla  B.    Stem  and  branches  strict;  Ivs.  linear,  or  linear-oblong;  cymes 

s'alked.  of  1—5  showy  pink  flowers,  forming  slender  panicles.    Dry  woods,  Prince 
Edward  County,  Va.  (Dr.  Mettauer),  to  Fla.  (Miss  Keen).    If.    October. 

2  D.  densiflora  B.    Leaves  lance-oblong  ;  cymes  sessile,  5-10-flowered.    E.  Fla. 

19.  ORIGANUM,  L.    Marjoram.     Calyx  tube  10-striatr,  S-toothed, 


Order  Ol.—LABIAT.E.  243 

haliy  in  throat.  Corolla  tube  scarcely  cxserted,  upper  lip  erect,  flat,  emar 
ginate,  lower  with  3  nearly  equal  segments.  Stamens  4,  ascending,  distant. 
U  Leaves  subentire.    Fls.  in  dense  oblong  spikes,  with  imbricated  bracts. 

1  O.  valgare  L.     ]\T,ld  M.    Leaves  ovate,  petiolate,  hairy  ;  spikes  corymbed  ;  bisits 

ovate,  purplish  ;  calyx  teeth  equal.    Fiekls* :  rare.    If.    June,  Julj'. 

2  O.  Maiworana.    Sweet  M.    Leaves  oval  or  obovate,  obtuse,  petiolate,  hoary-pubes- 

ccut ;  bracts  roundish  ;  calyx  tube  split  below.    If.    A  kitchen  vegetable. 

20.  THYMUS,  L.  Thyme.  Cal.  2-lippetl,  ovoid,  13-veined,  upper  lip 
of  3,  the  lower  of  2  subulate  teeth,  throat  hairy.  Cor.  moderately  2-lipped. 
Sta.  straight,  cxserted,  distant.  ^  Leaves  small,  entire,  strongly  veined. 
Bracts  minute.     Flowers  purple.    European  culinary  herbs. 

1  T.  Serpyllum  L.  Wild  T.  Stems  creepinj^and  ascending,  leafy,  each  terminated 
with  a  small,  dense,  oblong  head  of  flowers  grateful  to  bees,    t  §.    June. 

JJ  T.  VULGARIS.  Stems  erect  from  the  decumbent  base  ;  Ivs.  oblong-ovate  to  lanceolate, 
the  sides  revolute ;  fls.  in  term.,  leafy  spikes.    Much  branched.    H—W  high.   Jn.,  Jl. 

21.  CALAMINTHA,  Moench.  •Calaminth.  Cal.  tubular,  13-nerved, 
throat  mostly  hairy,  upper  lip  3-cleft,  lower  2-cleft.  Corolla  tube  straight, 
cxserted,  throat  inflated,  limb  l)ilabiate,  upper  lip  erect,  entire  or  emargi- 
nate,  low^er  spreading,  its  middle  lobe  largest.  Stamens  4,  the  lower  pair 
longer,  usually  ascending.     2^ 

§  Herbs  hairy.    Cymes  dense,  capitate,  bracted.    Calyx  tube  curved,  2-lipped.. No.  1 

§  Herbs  hairy.    Cymes  loose,  pedunculate.    Calyx  tube  straight,  2-lipped No.  3 

§  Herbs  smooth.    Cy.  loose,  sessile,  bracted.    Cal.  straight,  teeth  6ubregular...No.  3 
^  Shrubs  low,  slender,  nearly  smooth.    Cymes  few-flowered.    Fls.  large Nos.  4—7 

1  C.  Clinopodium.  Bcnth.     Wild  Basil.    Plant  clothed  with  whitish  hairs  ;  leaves 

ovate,  subserrate ;   fls.  purplish,  in  dense  verticils  or  heads,  with  many  subulate 
bracts.    Low  woods,  N.  and  W.    1— 2f.    Heads  near  1'  wide.    June— August. 

2  C  Nepeta  Link.    Branched  below,  soft-villous  ;  leaves  small,  broad-ovate,  obtuse  ; 

cymes  few-flowered,  becoming  some  raccmcd  ;  corolla  white,  3 — 4"  ;  calyx  V\    Va., 
Tenn.,  to  Ga.    Roadsides,  &c.    2f.    Strongly  aromatic.    July,  August.    §  Europe. 

3  C,  ;s:labella  B.    Smooth,  decumbent  at  base,  diffusely  branched  ;  leaves  narrowly 

oblong,  tapering  to  base;  verticils  6-10-flowered.    Rocks, O.  to  Ark.    IS'.   Cor. 4— 5", 

pale  violet.    Fragrant  like  Pennyroyal.    Often  produces  runners,  and  runs  into 

p.  diver  Hi  foil  a.    Flowering  stems  nearly  erect,  the  barren  prostrate  like  runners, 

bearing  small  ovate  leaves  (3 — i").    Rocks,  Niagara,  and  N-W.    10'. 

<1  C.  C'aroliiiiuiia  Sw.    Smooth,  simple  ;  Ivs.  ovate,  obtuse,  crenate-serrate ;  bracts 

similar  ;  cy.  few-flwd.,  on  short  stalks  ;  cor.  rose-purp.,  7—9'',   Dry  woods,  S.  15'.  Jl. 

5  C  cocci Hca  B.    Shrub  Avilh  virgate  branches  ;  Ivs.  narrowly  ovate-oblong ;  verti- 

cils of  2— ()  ample  scar.  fls.  ;  cor.  15—18",  gland. -pubescent.    Sandy  shores,  Fla.    2f. 

6  C.  cauesccns  T.  &  G.    Low  shrub,  mmutely  canescent-downy  ;  leaves  linear,  with 

rolled  edges,  obtuse,  crowded  ;  fls.  sol.,  opp.,  8",  rose-red.  Sandy  shores,  Fla.  8 — 12'. 

7  C.  dentata  Chapm.    Tomentous  ;  Ivs.  wedge-obovate,  2-4-toothed  at  apex.  Fla.  2f. 

22.  MELISSA,  Tourn.  Balm.  Calyx  13-ribbed,  the  upper  lip  3- 
toothed,  flattened  and  dilated,  lower  bifid.  Cor.  tube  recurved-ascending, 
upper  lip  erect,  flattish,  lower  spreading,  3-lobed,  the  middle  lobe  mostly 
broadest.     Stamens  ascending. 

II.  officlnaII«  L.    Pubescent;  st.  erect,  branching;  fle.  in  loose,  axillary  cymes ; 


244  OiiDEK  91.— LABIATE. 

leaves  ovate,  crcnatc-serrate,  petiolate ;  bracts  similar;  corolla  7",  yellowish.    Gar- 
dens, whence  it  has  escaped  into  the  fields  and  woods.    1— 3f.    July,  August. 

23.  SALVIA,  L.  Sage.  Cal.  striate,  bilabiate,  upper  lip  3-toothcd  or 
entire,  lower  bifid,  throat  naked.  Corolla  ringent,  tube  equal,  upper  lip 
straight  or  falcate,  lower  spreading  or  pendent,  3-lobed.  Stamens  2,  con- 
ned ile  transverse  on  the  filament,  supporting  at  each  end  a  cell  of  the 
halved  anther.     5  u  Figs.  9Q,  281. 

♦  Native  ppecics.— §  Calyx  limb  3-lobcd.    Lower  anther  cell  wanting Nos.  1— :i 

— §  Calyx  deeply  2-lipped,  5-toothed.    Both  cells  present.  .Nos.  4— »> 

*  Species  cultivated  (No.  ~  spontaneous).— a  Flowers  blue Nos.  7— D 

—a  Flowers  white Nos.  10,  1 1 

—a  Flowers  yellow No.  12 

—a  Flowers  red.— 6  Herbaceous.  .No?.  1.3, 14 
—b  Shrubby Nos.  15,  Hi 

1  S.  azurca  Lam.     Sraoothi.«h,  branching;  Iv?.  lincar-oblonj^  and  linear,  snbentirc, 

acutish  ;  racemes  slender  ;  verticils  2-6-flowered  ;  corolla  pubescent,  tube  barely  ex 
sorted  ;  limb  azure  blue,    ?j  S.  Car.  to  Fla.  and  La.     1— 3f.    Summer. 

2  S.  lonji^ifolia  N.  ?    Tall,  branched,  puberulent ;  leaves  oblong-lanceolate,  serrate  ; 

racemes  slender  ;  corolla  8—0'',  tube  twice  longer  than  calyx,    li  Ga.  to  Ark.    3— (if. 

3  S,  ni*ticifolia  L.    Thinly  pubescent;  leaves  rhomb-ovate,  acute,  serrate,  decurrent 

on  the  petiole;  verticils  4-10-flowered,  distant  in  the  raceme;  corolla  smooth,  tube 
little  longer  than  the  calyx,     u  Hilly  wood?,  Ya.,  and  S.    18'.    May. 
1  S,  lyrata  L.    Lvs.  radical,  lyrate,  erose-dentate,  many,  stem  Ivs.  about  1  pf\ir,  lin'^ar 
spatulate.  bract-like  ;  lis.  in  whorls,  racemed  at  top  of  the  square  scape,    u  In  woods 
6—15'.    Flowers  1',  violet-purple.    April— June. 

5  S.  obovata  Ell.    L:s.  broad-obovate,  entire,  the  floral  ovate;  verticils  remote  in 

the  raceme  ;  corolla  blue.  8",  calyx  3".    2^  Ga.  to  La.    1— 2f.    June,  July. 

6  S.  Claytoni  Ell.    Lvs.  cordate-  to  lance-ovate,  sinnate-pinnatifid,  and  toothed,  ru- 

gous, bracts  ovate,  pointed.     U  Sandy  fields.  S.  Car. 

7  S.  Sclarea  L.    Lvs.  ample,  rugous,  broad-cordate,  doubly  crcnate  ;  bracts  colored  ; 

corolla  pale  puri)le,  upper  lip  high-arched.    (2)  Gardens,  §  in  Penn. 

8  S.  OFFICINALIS.     Garden  Sage.    Shrubby ;  leaves  lance-oblong,  crenulate,  rugous  ;  co- 

rolla u])per  lip  vaulted,  equalling  the  lower.    From  S.  Europe.    If.    July. 

9  S.  FATEXS.    Hispid  and  hairy  ;  leaves  ovate-deltoid  or  ovate-hastate,  crenatc  ;  flowers 

very  large  ;  calyx  bell-foiin,  1" ;  corolla  blue,  2'  long ;  stamen  exserted.    Mexico.    3f. 

10  S.  AKGEXTEA.    Lcavcs  whitc  wlth  wool,  laige,  ovate,  sinuate-lobed,  the  floral  con- 
cave ;  flowers  18'',  racemed,  tlie  upper  lip  long-falcate.    S.  Europe. 

lis,  cnioNANTHA,  with  large  white-woolly,  linear-lanceolate  leaves  and  very  large  (20 

white  flowers  with  arched  galea,  is  from  Asia  Minor. 
\2  S.  AUKEA.    Shrub  3— 4f,  with  roundish  ovate  whitened  leaves,  the  splendid  ysllow 

flowers  2^',  calyx  1',  in  dense  racemes.    From  Africa. 
1  3  S.  cocciNEA.  Stem  ai»d  ovate-cordate  leaves  beneath  hoary-dov,ny  ;  verticils  of  G—IC 

red  smooth  flowers  (8")  in  a  raceme  ;  cal.  2-colored,  4",    71  Cuba,  §  in  Ga.,  &c.    1— 2f. 

S.  I'SEUDO-cocciNEA,  3f  high,  is  hispid  with  long  spreading  hairs,  has  ovate  leaves 

rounded  at  base.    Otherwise  like  No.  14.    ii 
1  5  S.  FLXGEXS.    Plant  branching,  weak-stemmed,  pubescent,  with  lance-ovate,  subcor- 

date  leaves,  the  corollas  2',  bright  red,  opposite,  in  terminal  racemes.    Mexico. 
16  S.  SPLENDENS.  I'lant  erect,  smooth,  with  ovate  lvs.  and  opposite  pubescent  flowers  ; 

calyx  1',  scarlet  as  well  as  the  2'  corollas.    The  commonest  species.    Mexico.    3f, 

24.  ROSMARINUS,  L.  Rosemary.  Calyx  upper  lip  entire,  loAver 
bifid.     Cor.  upper  lip  2-parted,  lower  lip  reflexcd,  in  3  divisions,  of  which 


Ordeu  91.— labiate.  245 

the  inirlcUe  is  the  largest.    Fil.  2,  fertile,  elongated,  ascending  toward  the 
upper  lip,  having  a  tooth  on  the  side.     ^)  S.  Europe. 

R.  officinalis.    Shrub  evergreen  with  oppoeite,  linear-oblong,  obtuse,  shining  leaves. 
Flowers  axillaiy  and  terminal,  bright  blue,  fragrant  of  camphor.    4f. 

25.  MONARDA,  L.  Mountain  Mint.  Calyx  elongated,  cylindric, 
striate,  subequally  5-toothed.  Cor.  ringent,  tubular,  upper  lip  linear,  lower 
lip  reflexed,  3-lobed,  the  middle  lobe  narrowest.  Sta.  2,  fertile,  ascending 
beneath  the  upper  lip,  and  mostly  exserted,  anth.  cells  divaricate  at  base, 
connate  at  apex.     2^  Verticils  few,  dense,  many-fiwd.,  bracted.    Jl. — Sept. 

*  Calyx  densely  hairy  in  the  throat.    Corolla  purple  or  whitish Nos.  1,  2 

*  Calyx  naked  in  the  throat.    Corolla  scarlet  or  yellow No«.  3,  4 

1  M.  fistulosa  L.    Horsemint.    Wild  Bergamot.    Lvs.  ovate  to  lanceolate,  pointed, 

serrate  or  subentire,  petiolate  ;  flowers  in  large  terminal  heads  ;  corolla?  1',  exserted, 
greenish  white,  pale  lilac,  or  blue.    Thickets,  W.  Vt.,  W.  and  S.    2— 4f.    Variable. 

2  OT.  Bradburiana  N.  La-s.  ovate  to  lanceolate,  acute,  rounded  at  base,  subsessile ; 

ral.  curved,  teeth  spinescent  (as  in  No.  1) ;  bracts  and  corolla  purple.    Prairies,  W.  3f. 

3  M:.  punctata  L.    Lvs.  lance-oblong,  tapering  to  the  petiole  ;  bracts  leafy,  colored, 

longer  than  the  pale  yellow,  brown-spotted  corollas.    Barrens,  N.  J.,  S.  and  W.  2— .3f. 

4  M.  didyma  L,    St.  branching,  acutely  4-angled ;  lvs.  broad-ovate,  pointed,  short- 

petiolate  ;  heads  terminal  and  subterminal,  with  large  (15")  showy  crimson  corollas, 
and  bracts  stained  with  the  same  hue.    Swamps  :  rare.    Often  cultivated.    2f. 

26.  BLEPHILIA,  Raf.  Calyx  13-veined,  upper  lip  3-toothed,  low^r 
lip  shorter,  2-toothed,  the  teeth  setaceous.  Cor.  upper  lip  short,  erect,  ob- 
long, obtuse,  entire,  lower  lip  of  3  unequal,  spreading  lobes,  the  lateral 
ones  orbicular.  Stam.  2,  fertile,  ascending,  exserted.  U  Verticils  dense, 
approximate  in  a  spike. 

1  O.  hirsuta  Benth.    Hirsute  all  over,  wide-branched ;  lvs.  ov.-lanceolate,  pointed, 

bcrrate,  petiolate  ;  bracts  oblong,  acuminate,  colored,  shorter  than  the  pale,  purple- 
j^potted  flowers  ;  cor.  5".    Damp  woods,  N.  Eng.,  W.  Pa.,  and  W.    1— 2f.    June,  July. 

2  If .  ciliata  Raf.    Thinly  hirsute,  simple  ;  lvs.  lance-oblong,  distant,  subsessile ;  ver- 

ticils .3—5,  the  ovate  bracts  long  as  the  calyx.  Barrens,  Pa.,  S.  and  W.    2-4f.  Jl.-Sept. 

27.  LOPHANTHUS,  Benth.  Hedge  Hrsr/r.  Cal.  lo-ribbed,  oblique, 
H-cleft,  upper  segments  longer.  Cor.  upper  1  jy  bifidly  emarginate,  lower 
lip  3-lobed,  the  middle  lobe  broader  and  crenate.  Stam.  diverging.  U 
Tall,  erect.     Verticils  spicate. 

1  I<.  nepctoides  B.    Stem  smooth,  stout,  angles  sharp  ;  lvs.  ovate,  pointed,  serrate  ; 

calyx  teeth  ovate,  obtusish,  green,  in  spikes  2 — 3'  long;    corollas  inconspicuous, 
greenish  white.    Fence-rows,  &c.,  M.  and  W.    .3 — 6f.    July,  Aug. 

2  Li.  scropliularlfolins  B.    Stem  pubescent,  angles  obtuse  ;  leaves  ovate,  crenale- 

serrate  ;  calyx  teeth  lanceolate,  acute,  colored  ;  corolla  pale  purple.  Borders  of  fields, 
M.  and  W.    3 — 4f.    July,  Aug.    Closely  resembles  No.  1. 

3  \i,  anisatus  B.    Smooth;  leaves  ovate,  &c.,  whitened  beneatli ;  calyx  teeth  as  ic 

No.  2 ;  corolla  azure-blue,  fragrant  of  anise.    Wis.  to  Dak.    (Dr.  Matthews.) 

28.  NEPETA,  L.  Catmint.  Ground  Ivy.  Cal.  tubular,  5-toothed  ; 
Cor.  tube  slender  below,  dilated  and  naked  in  the  throat,  upper  lip  emar- 
ginate, lower  3-lobed,  the  middle  lobe  largest  and  crenate,  margin  of  the 
orifice  reflected.     Sta.  ascending,  anther  cells  divergent.    Figs.  318,  384. 


216  Order  91.— LABIATE. 

§  Tall.    Verticils  m  a  terminal  raceme.    Calyx  nearly  regular No.  1 

§  Glechoma.    Low,  diffuse.    Flowers  axillary.    Calyx  curved,  oblique  No.  3 

1  N.  catarla  L.     Catnip.    Erect,  hoary-toraentous;  Ivp.  petiolatc,  cordate,  deltoid- 

ovate,  coarsely  crenate-serrate ;  flowers  spiked,  the  whorls  slightly  pcduncled.    11 
About  old  buildings,  &c.    2— 3f.    July.    §.    The  delight  of  cats. 

2  N.  Crlectioma  B.    GUl-over-the- Ground.    Leaves  reniform,  crcnate  ;  corolla -3  times 

longer  than  the  calyx  (10"),  bluish  purple,  anthers  forming  2  little  crosses,    u  Creep- 
ing in  grass,  about  walls,  &c.    3'— If.    May.    §  Europe. 

29.  DRAOOCEPHALUM,  L.  Dragon-head.  Calyx  subequal,  ob- 
lique, 5-cleft,  upper  segment  larger.  Cor.  bilabiate,  upper  lip  vaulted,  emar- 
ginate,  throat  inflated,  lower  lip  spreading,  3-cleft,  middle  lobe  much  larger, 
rounded  or  subdivided.  Sta.  4,  distinct,  ascending,  the  upper  pair  longer.  (2) 

I>.  parviflornm  N.  Plant  some  downy,  slender :  leaves  petiolate,  lanceolate,  deeply 
eerrate  ;  flowers  small,  bluish,  spicate.    N.  New  York,  and  W. :  rare.    18'.    July. 

30.  CEDRONELLA,  Mocnch.  Cal.  subcampanulatc,  5-toothed.  Cor. 
tube  exserted,  throat  dilated,  upper  lip  straight,  flattish,  emarginatc  or  cleft, 
lower  3-fid,  middle  lobe  largest.  Stam.  4,  ascending,  the  upper  longer,  an- 
ther-cells parallel.    Flowers  spicate,  bracted.    Summer, 

1  C,  cordata  N.    Pubescent,  producing  runners ;  leaves  cordate,  petiolate,  bluntly 

crenate  ;  spikes  unilateral,  corolla  pale  blue,  1'.    ■«  Rocks,  O.,  Va. :  rare.    If.    June. 

2  C.  Mexicana.    Erect,  with  cordate-lanceolate,  dentate  leaves ;  flowers  in  a  wpike  of 

close  whorls,  purple,  large.    Mexico.    2— 3f.    (Gardoquia  (Lind.)) 

31.  BRUNELIjA,  Tourn.  Self-heal.  Blue-curls.  Cal.  about  10- 
ribbed,  upper  lip  dilated,  truncate,  with  3  short  teeth,  lower  lip  with  2  lan- 
ceolate teeth.    Filam.  forked,  one  point  of  the  fork  bearing  the  anther.     % 

B,  vulj^aris  L.  Stem  simple  ;  leaves  oblong-ovate,  toothed,  petiolate  ;  flowers  blue, 
in  a  large  oblong-ovoid  spike  of  dense  verticils  with  reniform  bracts.  Low  grounds, 
very  common,  varying  from  8'  to  2f.    All  Summer. 

32.  SCUTELLARIA,  L.  Skull-cap.  Cal.  campanulatc,  lips  entire, 
upper  one  appendaged  on  the  back  and  closed  after  flowering.  Cor.  upper 
lip  vaulted,  lower  dilated,  convex,  tube  much  exserted,  ascenduig,  tliroat 
dilated.  Stam.  ascending  beneath  the  upper  lip,  anthers  approximate  in 
l>airs,  achcnia  tubercular.     % 

§  Flowers  large  (7  to  13"  long),  raccmed  at  top  of  tiie  stem,  with  bracts. . .(«) 

a  Bracts  ovate,  abrupt  at  base.    Lips  of  corolla  short.    Petioles  long. .  .Nos.  1, 2, 3 
a  Bracts  lance-oblong,  acute  at  bas3.    Leaves  notched,  petiolate..  .{b) 

b  Galea  of  the  corolla  longer  than  the  lower  lip Xo.*.  4.  .'5 

b  Galea  of  the  corolla  not  longer  than  the  lip Nos.  i\.  7 

a  Bracts  leaf-like,  longer  than  the  calyx.    Leaves  entire,  subsessile  . .  Nos.  8 — 10 

Flowers  large  or  small,  opposite,  solitary,  in  the  axils  of  the  leaves Nos.  11—13 

I  Flowers  small  (3"  long),  in  slender,  axillary,  one-sided  racemes No.  14 

1  S,  versicolor  N.    Glandular-hairy,  erect,  branched;  leaves  broad-ovate,  cordate, 

crenate,  veiny  ;  racemes  long,  many-flowered  ;  bracts  ovate,  entire,  eubsessile  ;  co- 
rolla 6— T",  lips  blue,  subequal,  lateral  lobes  distinct.    Pa.,  and  W.  States.    H — 4f. 

2  S.  rugosa  Wood.    Hairs  and  leaves  as  in  No.  1,  but  the  stem  is  weak,  ascending, 

bracts  petiolate,  and  the  lower  lip  of  the  (8'')  corolla  pendent  and  twice  loi/gcr  than 
the  upper.    Rocky  shores,  Harper's  Ferry,  Ta.,  and  S-W.    18'. 


Oeder  91.— LABIAT^i^.  •  247 

3  S,  KaXatills  Ricl.    Smoothish  and  not.  glandular,  ^veak.  asccndinj^ ;  leaves  as  in  Nos, 

1,  2  ;  bracts  as  in  No.  2 ;  corolla  8",  lips  equal,  upper  S-lobed.    Del.,  Va.,  and  W.    2f. 

4  S.  canesceus  N.    Erect,  pubescent-;  leaves  ovate  to  oblong,  lower  cordate;  rac. 

terminal  and  axillary ;  bracts  lance-linear ;  corolla  8",  canescent^  upper  lip  arched, 
remote  from  the  lower.    Dry  soils,  M.  and  W. :  common,    1— 3f.    (S.  arguta  Bkly.) 
6  S,  viltosa  Ell.  ?     Slender,  erect,  stem  finely  tomentous ;  leaves  lanceolate,  acuto 
both  ways,  servate  ;  flowers  paniculate,  bracts  lance-linear  ;  corolla  9",  tube  slender, 
galea  strongly  arched,  5  times  longer  than  lip.    Ga.  (Dr.  P'eay).    2— ;if. 

6  S.  serrata  Andr.    Erect,  subsimple,  green,  smoothish  ;  leaves  ovate,  pointed  both 

ways,  serrate ;  rac.  few-ilwd. ;  cor.  13",  lips  eubequal.  Woods,  E.  Pa.,  111.,  and  S.  2— 3r. 

7  S.  pilosa  Mx.    Erect,  subsimple,  pubescent ;  leaves  rhomb-ovate  or  oval,  obtuse,  re- 

mote, crenate-serr. ;  racemes  terminal ;  corolla  9— li",  lips  dis^tant.    Pa.  to  Ga.    2f. 

8  S.  iiitegrifolia  L.    Erect,  subsimple,  tomentous  or  downy  ;  leaves  ovate  to  lance- 

linear,  obtuse,  entire,  or  the  lower  crenate ;  flowers  9",  much  enlarged  above,  the 
lips  subequal,  in  a  terminal  raceme.    Dry  soils,  M.  and  S.    9'— 21". 

9  S.  Florldana  Chapm.    Slender,  branching;  leaves  all  linear,  obtuse,  entire,  with 

rolled  edges,  lowest  minute  ;  corolla  1',  enlarged  above,  lips  subequal.    W.  Fla.    If. 

10  S.  MACKANTHA  (or  Japonica).  In  gardens.  If,  smooth  (except  the  hairy  calyx) ;  Ivs, 
clasping,  lance-linear ;  flowers  1',  blue,  with  subequal  lips,  handsome.    China. 

1 1  S.  nervosa  Ph.  Slender,  erect,  producing  runners  ;  leaves  sessile,  broad-cordate, 
crenate-serr.,  3-5-veined  ;  fls.  few,  4",  with  small  floral  Ivs.   Rocks,  M.  andW.  8—15'. 

12  S,  parvula  Mx.  Root  a  string  of  tubers,  stem  erect,  3—9';  Ivs.  ovate  to  oblong, 
obtuse,  small  (()")i  sessile,  entire ;  fls.  3",  exceeding  the  Ivs.,  blue.   Fields,  M.  and  W. 

13  S.  galerlculita  L.  Commons.  Erect,  branched,  smoothish  or  downy;  leaves 
nearly  sessile,  cordate-oblong  or  lanceolate,  obscurely  crenate,  acute ;  flowers  few, 
large  (9 — 12"),  sessile,  axillary.    Low  meadows.  Can.  to  Penn.    12—18'. 

14  S.  lateriflora  L.  Mad- dog  S.  Smoothish,  subsimple;  Ivs.  petiolate,  lanceolate, 
serrate  ;  fls.  4";  rac.  axillary,  secund,  equalling  the  Ivs.    Ditches,  N.,  W.,  M.    1— 2f 

33.  MAOBRIDEA,  Ell.  Calyx  3-lobecl,  upper  lobe  oblong,  narrow, 
lower  rounded.  Cor.  tube  long-exserted,  throat  inflated,  upper  lip  erect, 
concave,  lower  short,  spreading,  the  middle  lobe  rounded,  broadest.  Sta. 
ascending  under  the  upper  lip,  anthers  approximate  by  pairs.  U  Erect, 
subsimple,  with  large  purple- white  flowers  in  heads. 

1  M.  pjtlclira  Ell.    Lvs.  wedge-lanceolate,  acute,  serrulate,  the  floral  ovate;  corolla 

18",  streaked  with  purple  and  wliite.    Wet  pine-barrens,  S.    12—18'.    Aug.,  Sept. 

2  in.  alba  Chapm.    Lvs.  wedge-oblong,  obtuse,  dentate;  the  floral  roundish  ;  corolla 

white  ;  lower  lobes  of  the  calyx  notched.    Pine-barrens,  W.  Fla.    12—18'.    July,  Aug. 

34.  SYNANDRA,  N.  Cal.  4-cleff,  segm.  unequal,  subulate,  converg 
ing  to  one  side.  Upper  lip  of  corolla  entire,  vaulted,  the  lower  obtusely 
and  unequally  3-lobed,  throat  inflated.  Sta.  ascending  beneath  the  galea 
upper  pair  of  anth.  cohering,  having  the  contiguous  cells  empty,  (g)  Flow 
ers  solitary,  axillary,  somewhat  spicate  above.    Figs.  69,  392. 

S.  grandiflora  N.— Woods,  O.  to  Tcnn.  6—18'.  Stem  simple.  Lvs.  cordate-ovata. 
acuminate,  petiolate.   Cor.  white,  1',  with  large  lobes,  purplc-striatc.    June. 

35.  PHYSOSTEGIA,  Benth.  Lion-heart.  Cal.  bell-fonn,  5-toothcd 
Cor.  much  exserted,  throat  inflated,  upper  lip  concave,  entire,  lower  of  o 
broad-spreading  lobes.  Sta.  4,  separate,  ascending  beneath  the  upper  lip. 
U  Smooth,  with  lane,  serrate  lvs.  and  terra,  spikes  of  showy  rose-white  fls. 
P.  Vlrginiaiia  B.    Stems  mostly  simple ;  Ive.  oblong  to  narrow  lanceolate,  seseila. 


248  Order  91  -LABIATE. 

thick  ;  eplkes  4-rowed,  00-flowcred ;  corolla  8—15",  spotted  ineide.    Wet  banks,  M., 
W.,  and  S.    Often  cultivated.    1 — 4f.    August,  September.— Variable. 

36.  LAMIUM,  L.  Henbit.  Cal.  5-veined,  with  5  subequal,  subulate 
teeth.  Cor.  dilated  at  throat,  upper  lip  vaulted,  galeate,  lower  lip  broad, 
emarginate,  lateral  lobes  truncate,  often  toothed  on  each  side  near  the 
margin  of  the  dilated  throat.     Stamens  4,  ascending.    May — November. 

*  Weeds  in  waste  grounds,  with  roundish  leaves  and  small  purple  flowers... Nos.  1.  2 

*  Lv8.  cordate,  ovate.    Fls.  larger  (!'),  hairy  in  throat,  side-lobes  toothed..  .Nos.  3,  4 

1  li.  amplexicaiile  L.    Leaves  cut-crenate,  petiolate,  the  floral  sessile-clasping; 

corolla  slender  (6"),  galea  entire,  side-lobes  not  toothed,  throat  spotted,    (i)  6—10'. 

2  li.  purpureum  L.    Lvs.  roundish  to  ovate,  crenate,  all  petiolate  ;  corolla  slender, 

6",  hairy  within,  side-lobes  with  a  subulate  tooth,  galea  entire,    (i)  Penn.,  &c. :  rare. 

3  Ij.  alba  L.    Lvs.  hairy,  petiolate  ;  cor.  white,  curved,  a  iiairy  ring  within,  and  the 

side-lobes  with  a  tooth.    Waysides :  rare.    Flowers  in  whorls.    Cultivated. 

4  li.  MACULATUM  (or  rugosum).    Leaves  hairy,  rugous,  petiolate,  marked  with  a  white 

oblong  spot  along  the  midvein.    Flowers  as  in  No.  3,  but  purplish.    Cultivated. 

37.  PHIiOMIS,  L.  Jerusalem  Sage.  Calyx  truncately  5-toothed. 
Cor.  galea  broad,  keeled,  lower  lip  spreading,  3-fid.  Stamens  ascending  be- 
neath the  galea,  the  upper  pair  appendaged  at  base.  Leaves  rugous. 
Verticils  showy,  axillary. 

P.  tuberosa.    Tall,  sraoothish,  with  large  ovate-cordate,  crenate  leaves  ;  fls.  30 — 40  in 
a  whorl,  purple,  hairy  inside.    Scarce  in  gardens  and  waste  grounds. 

38.  BALLOTA,  L.  Black  Hoarhound.  Cal.  funnel-form,  10-veined, 
D-toothed.  Cor,  tube  cylindrical,  as  long  as  the  calyx,  upper  lip  concave, 
crenate,  lower  lip  3-cleft,  middle  segment  largest,  emarginate.  Sta.  4,  as- 
cending, exserted.     Achenia  ovoid-triangular,     if 

B.  nigra  L.    Lvs.  ovate,  subcordate,  serrate  ;  bracts  linear-subulate ;  cal.  throat  di 
lated,  teeth  spreading,  acuminate.     Waste  places,  N.  Eng. :  rare.    July.    §  Europe. 

39.  MOLUCOELLA,  L.  Molucca  Balm.  Shell  Flower.  Calyx 
campanulate,  very  large,  the  margin  expanding,  often  repand-spinous. 
Corolla  tube  included,  limb  bilabiate.     Stamens  4,  ascending,     (i) 

in.  L^vis.    A  curious  plant,  noted  for  its  ample  calyx,  much  larger  than  its  pmall,  yel- 
lowish corolla.    Stem  smooth,  2f;  leaves  round-ovate,  cut-crenate,    Syria. 

40.  GALEOPSIS,  L.  Hemp  Nettle.  Cal.  5-cleft,  spinescent.  Up- 
per lip  of  the  corolla  vaulted,  subcrenate,  lower  lip  with  3  unequal  lobes, 
having  2  teeth  on  its  upper  side,  middle  lobe  largest,  cleft  and  crenate. 

Sta.  exserted,  anth.  cells  transverse,    (i)  Vert,  distant,  many-flwd.     ^  Eur. 

1  G.TetruIiit  L.    St.  hispid,  the  internodes  thickened  upward  ;  leaves  ovate,  hispid, 

serrate  ;  cor.  twice  as  long  as  the  calyx,  upper  lip  nearly  straight,  concave  ;  corolla 
white-purple.   A  common  weed  in  fields  and  waste  grounds,  N.  States.  1— 3f.  Jn.,  Jl. 

2  G.Ijadaiiuni  L.    Internodes  equal ;  lvs.  lanceolate,  subserrate,  pubescent ;  upper 

lip  of  the  corolla  slightly  crenate  ;  corolla  roseate.    Waste  soils:  rare.    If.    August. 

41.  STAOHYS,  L.  Hedge  Nettle.  Cal.  tube  angular,  bell-form,  5- 
or  10-ribbed,  with  5  acute  or  pungent  teeth.  Cor.  upper  lip  erect-spreading 
or  some  vaulted,  lower  spreading,  3-lobed,  mid-lobe  largest.    Stamens  aa- 


Order  91.-LABIAT^.  249 

cending,  lower  pair  longer,  anthers  approximating  by  pairs.    Verticils  2- 
10-flowered,  approximating  in  a  terminal  raceme. 

Our  epccies  are  mnch  alike,  yet  easily  distin^iished.  They  have  stems  mostly  hi^id, 
leaves  elliptic-lanceolate,  crenate-serrate,  narrowed  to  an  abrupt  base,  and  corolla  pale- 
pnrple  with  deeper  spots.    Summer. 

*  Plants  71,  leaves  smooth.    Calyx  teeth  divaricately  spreading Nos.  1,  2 

♦  Plants  hispid  or  hairy.— a  U  Calyx  teeth  spinescent.    Lvs.  snbsessile Nos.  3,  4 

—  a  Calyx  teeth  acute.    Leaves  petiolate Nos.  5,  6 

1  S.  liyssopifolla  Mx.    Leaves  sessile,  linear-lanceolate,  serrulate,  small  (1—20 ; 

calyx  teeth  half  as  long  as  the  7''  corolla.    Mass.  to  Mo.,  and  S.    6—12'. 

2  S.  glabra  Eid.    Leaves  all  petiolate,  serrate ;  calyx  teeth  much  spreading,  as  long 

as  the  corolla  tube.    Woods,  N.  Y.  to  Mich.,  and  S.    15'— 3f.    Racemes  3—7'. 

3  S.  palustris  L.    Stout,  hirsute  ;  leaves  some  pointed,  large,  hoary  beneath  ;  corolla 

twice  longer  (7— 8'0  than  the  calyx  teeth.    Moist  shades,  Can.  to  Car.    1— 4f. 

4  S.  aspera  Mx.     Slender,  hispid ;   leaves  pointed,  sharp-serrate ;   calyx  glabrous, 

teeth  hispid,  equalling  the  corolla  tube.    Damp  soils :  common.    2f.    Not  leafy. 

5  S.  cordata  Rid.    Stout,  with  large,  pointed  leaves,  crenate-dentate ;  calyx  teeth 

triangular,  much  shorter  than  the  corolla.    U  Shady  banks,  W.    2— 5f. 

6  S.  arvensis  L.    Weak,  diffuse  ;  lvs.  ovate-cordate,  obtuse  ;  bracts  very  short ;  cal, 

teeth  lanceolate  ;  corolla  tube  included,  lips  short.    ®  Waste  grounds,  N. :  rare.    § 

42.  BETONICA,  Tonm.  Betony.  Calyx  tubular-bell-form,  with  5 
awn-like  teeth.  Cor.  as  in  Stachys,  but  beardless  inside.  Stam.  ascending 
parallel  beneath  the  galea.  Style  bifid.  Low^er  leaves  long  petioled,  cor- 
date, all  crenate.    Verticils  large,  dense,  in  a  terminal  spike. 

1  B.  officinalis  L.    Wood  B.    Spike  interrupted  at  base ;  flowers  purple,  cor.  tvMce 

longer  than  calyx  (7''),  galea  entire.    Gardens,  and  escaped.    If.    Rare.    §  Europe. 

2  B.  GKANDiFLORA.    Yillous  ;  floral  leaves  clasping  ;  verticils  separate  ;  corolla  violet, 

large  (15"),  handsome,  galea  obcordate,  glabrous.    Gardens.    2f.    Siberian. 

43.  LEONURUS,  L.  Mother-wort.  Calyx  5-10-striate,  5-toothed, 
teeth  subspinescent.  Upper  iip  of  the  corolla  entire,  haiiy,  concave,  erect, 
lower  lip  3-lobed,  the  middle  lobe  obcordate.  Stam.  4,  ascending  beneath 
the  upper  lip.    Mostly  if .  Verticils  axillaiy.  Flowers  purplish.    Summer. 

1  Ij.  Cardiaca  L.    Lvs.  palmate-lobed,  3-fid,  to  lanceolate ;  corolla  longer  than  the 

calyx,  a  hairy  ring  within.    About  dwellings.    3— 5f.    §  Asia. 

2  li.  marrublastrum  L.    Leaves  oblong-ovate,  coarsely  cut-serrate;  cor.  shorter 

than  the  calyx  teeth,  naked  within.    Waste  grounds.    2 — 4f.    §  Europe. 

44.  MARRUBIUM,  L.  Hoariiound.  Cal.  tubular,  5-10-striate,  with 
5  or  10  subequal  teeth.  Cor.  upper  lip  erect,  flattish  or  concave,  entire  or 
bifid,  lower  lip  spreading,  3-lobed,  middle  lobe  broadest,  emarginate,  tube 
included.  Stam,  included  in  the  tube,  li  FJs.  in  dense  verticils,  white. 
in.  vulgare  L.  Hoary-pubescent;  lvs,  roundish,  ovate,  crenate-dentate,  downy  canes- 
cent  beneath  ;  cal.  of  10  setaceous,  hooked  teeth.    Fields,  &c,   1— 2f.    Jn.,Jl.    §  Eur. 

45.  LEONOTIS,  Br.  Lion's-ears.  Calyx  10-veined,  apex  incurved, 
throat  oblique,  sub-10-toothed,  upper  tooth  largest.  Cor.  tube  exserted,  up- 
per lip  concave,  erect,  entire,  lower  short,  spreading,  trifid.  Sta.  4,  under 
the  galea,  anth.  in  pairs. — Vert,  dense,  with  numerous  lin,-subulate  bracts. 
Ii»  nepetaefolla  Br.    Erect,  stout ;  lvs.  thin,  ovate,  crenate,  on  slender  petioles  ;  cal. 

teeth  8,  spinescent ;  whorls  very  large  ;  cor.  scarlet,  10".   (I)  Fields,  S,    4— 7f.    §  Afr. 


250  Ori  iR  92.— BORRAGINACEiE. 


Order  XCII.    BORRAGINACEJE.    Borrageworts. 

Herbs  (shrubs  or  trees),  with  round  stems  and  branches,  not  aromatic 
Leaves  alternate,  generally  rough,  with  stiif  hairs.  Stipules  none.  Flowen 
seldom  yellow,  generally  in  a  coiled  (scorpoid)  inflorescence.  Sepals  5. 
Petals  5,  united  below,  regular,  very  rarely  irregular.  Stamens  5,  inserted 
in  the  tube.  Oiary  4-lobed,  or  entire,  forming  mfimit  4  separate,  1-seedcd 
achenia  in  the  bottom  of  the  persistent  calyx.    Figs.  141,  455. 

I.  EHRETIE^.    Ovary  entire,  style  terminal.    Fruit  4-seeded,  fleshy.    Shrubs... (a) 

a  Calyx  4-5-toothed,  in  heads.    Corolla  funnel-form,  white.    Fla.  and  + CORDIA  hullala. 

a  Calyx  4-5-toothed,  in  corymbs.   Corolla  funnel-form,  white.     Fla.   Ehrktia  Beurreruu 

a  Calyx  5-parted,  in  secund  spikes.    Corolla  salver-forra,  pale Tournkfobtia.     1 

II.  UELIOTROPEjE.    Ov.  entire,  style  terminal.    Fr.  dry,  separating  into  parts... (/>) 

h  Corolla  tube  cylindrical,  throat  open.    P'ruit  separating  into  4  parts Hkliotropium.    2 

h  Corolla  tube  conical,  throat  constricted.    Fruit  separating  into  2  parts Heliophttum.     3 

III.  BORRAGE^.    Ovary  deeply  4-lobed,  style  basilar.    Fruit  4  achenia... (c) 

e  Corolla  irregular,  blue, — d  having  the  border  obliquely  lobed Echium.  4 

— d  having  the  slender  tube  bent Ltcopsis.  S 

t  Corolla  regular  in  both  tube  and  border.  .Ae) 

•  Achenia  armed  with  barbed  prickles.—/  Corolla  salver-form Echinospermum.  6 

—f  Corolla  funnel-form Cynoglossom.     7 

•  Achenia  unarmed.    Corolla  throat  closed  by  scales. .  .(.7) 

g  Corolla  wheel-form,  no  tube.    Anthers  exserted BoRRAGO.  8 

.g  Corolla  wheel-form,  a  very  short  tube.    Anthers  included Ohphalodes.  9 

.9  Corolla  tubular-bell-form,  white.    Style  exserted Symphytum.  10 

g  Corolla  funnel-form,  blue.    Stamens  included Anchdsa.  U 

«  Achenia  unarmed.    Corolla  throat  not  closed  with  scales. .  .(A) 

h  Corolla  tubular,  with  erect,  acute  lobes,  white Onosmodium.  12 

h  Corolla  lobes  rounded,  convolute  in  the  bud Myosotis.  13 

h  Corolla  lobes  rounded,  imbricate  in  bud, — h  white  or  yellow Lithospermujc.  14 

—k  purple-blue Mebtknsia,  15 

1.  TOURNEFORTIA,  L.  Summer  Heliotrope.  Cal.  5-parted.  Cor. 
salver-form,  throat  naked.  Sta.  5,  included.  Sty.  short.  Fr.  2-carpelled, 
4-celled  and  4-seeded.     ^  ^  With  entire  leaves  and  secund  spikes. 

I  T.  HELioTROPOiDES  Hook.  Shrubby  at  base,  erect,  hairy,  with  oval  obtuee  \vavy-edp:e(l 
leaves ;  ped.  terminal,  2  or  3  times  forked,  with  numerous  small  inodorous,  pale-lilac, 
pretty  flower?.    Buencs  Ayres. 

Si  T,  gnaplialoides,  a.1  white-silky,  and  T.  voliibilis,  climbing;  in  S.  Fla. 

2,  HELIOTROPIUM,  Tournef.  Heliotrope.  Calyx  5-parted.  Cor. 
salver-foiin,  throat  open,  folded  between  the  lobes.  Anth.  sessile.  Sty.  short, 
stigma  conical,  the  achenia  cohering  at  base,  at  length  separable,  if  ^)  Fls. 
white  or  puiple,  in  1-sided,  scorpoid  spikes.    Summer. 

§  Flowers  white,  in  forked  terminal  spikes,  or  single  lateral  ones Nos.  1,  3 

§  Flowers  white-purple,  in  a  cluster  of  terminal  spikes.    Cultivated Nos.  3,  4 

1  H.  £urop£euni  L.    Erect,  pubescent ;  Ivs.  oval,  veiny,  obtuse,  petiolate ;  calyx 

spreading  in  fruit,  hairy.    (T)  Rocky  banks,  moist  fields,  Va.,  and  N. :  rare.    8— 12^    § 

2  H.  Cnrassavlcum  L.    Glabrous,  ascending;  leaves  linear-oblong  to  Bpa\aiate, 

obtuse,  tapering  to  base,  veinless  and  glaucous.    (T)  Shores,  W.  and  S.    If. 

3  H.  Peruvianum.    Shrubby,  erect,  pubescent ;  leaves  rugous,  lance-ovate,  short-petio 

late ;  corolla  twice  longer  than  the  calyx,  peculiarly  fragrant.    Peru. 

4  H.  coKYMBosuM.    Pubescent,  with  lance-oblong  leaves  tapering  both  ways  ;  flowen 

deep  purple,  less  fragrant,  but  larger  than  in  No.  3. 


Order  93.— BORRAGINACE^.  251 

3.  HELIOPHYTUM,  DC.  Calyx  5-parted.  Cor.  salver-form,  throat 
constricted,  5-rayed.  Antli.  included.  Sty.  very  short.  Nuts  2,  each  2-celled 
(sometimes  with  2  additional  empty  cells). — Herbs  with  habit  of  Heliotrope. 
H.  Indlcum  DC.    Erect,  branching,  hairy ;  Ivs.  ovate,  erose-serrulate,  acute,  veiny. 

rugous,  abrupt  or  subcordate  at  base  ;  spike  terminal,  single  (rarely  forked) ;  corolla 
much  exserted  ;  fruit  with  four  empty  cells.    (T)  Fields,  W.  and  S.    1— 2f.    § 

4.  ISCHIUM,  Tourn.  Viper's  Bugloss.  Calyx  5-parted,  segm.  subu- 
late, erect.  Cor.  campanulate,  obliquely  and  unequally  lobed,  with  a  shoit 
tube  and  naked  throat.  Stigma  cleft.  Achenia  tuberculatc,  base  flat. 
Flowers  irregular,  in  spicate,  panicled  racemes.    Summer. 

E,  vulgare  L.  Plant  rough  with  bristles  and  tubercles ;  Ivs.  lanceolate ;  fle.  large, 
handsome,  violet-blue,  many  and  crowded.    (T)  Fields,  Pa.  to  Va.    l|f. 

5.  LYCOPSIS,  L.  Wild  Bugloss.  Calyx  5-cleft.  Cor.  funnel-form, 
tube  incurved,  throat  closed  with  ovate,  converging  scales.  Ach.  perforated 
at  base,  ovoid,  angular.    (T)  Distinguished  mainly  by  the  curved  cor.  tube. 

li.  arr^nsls  L.  Plant  hispid,  erect,  branched  above,  with  lanceolate,  repand-denticn- 
late  leaves ;  flowers  small,  sky-blue  with  white  scales,  the  bent  tube  longer  than  the 
calyx,  in  leafy  racemes.    Fields  and  waysides.    If.    §  S.  Europe. 

6.  ECHINOSPERMUM,  Swartz.  Bdrr-seed.  Calyx  5-parted.  Cor. 
hypocrateriform,  throat  closed  with  concave  scales.  Ach.  erect,  bearing 
1 — 3  rows  of  echinate  prickles,  smooth  between,  compressed  or  angular, 
fixed  to  a  central  column. — Herbs  witli  bracted  racemes  and  small  blue  fls. 
E.  liappala  Lehm.    Branched  above ;  Ivs.  hairy,  lanceolate  to  linear ;  corolla  longer 

than  calyx,  border  concave  ;  ach.  with  prickles  in  two  rows.    (J)  Dry  soils.    If.    July. 

7.  OYNOGLOSSUM,  Tourn.  Hound's  Tongue.  Cal.  5-parted.  Cor. 
j^hort,  funnel-form,  concave,  throat  closed  by  5  converging,  convex  scales. 
Ach.  covered  with  echinate  prickles,  depressed,  forming  a  broad  pyramidal 
fruit,  each  fixed  laterally  to  the  style.  Lvs.  large.  Cor.  blue,  purple  or  white. 

§  PJacemes  without  bracts,  or  nearly  so Nos.  1,  2 

§  Racemes  bracted  at  base,  but  the  pedicels  always  extra-axillary No.  3 

1  C.  offioiiiialis  L.  Common  II.  Silky-pubescent,  leafy  to  the  top;  leaves  oblong, 
lanceolate,  the  upper  sessile  ;  naked  racemes  panicled  ;  corolla  dull  purple.  2f  Pas- 
tures, &c.    1— 2f.    Plant  dull  green,  ill-scented.    July.    §  Europe. 

!4  €.  Vlrgiiilcum  L.  Plant  hairy,  leafless  above,  with  oblong-oval  lvs.  below,  and  a 
terminal  chister  of  thort  spikes  of  pale-purple  flowers.    2^  Woods,  Va.,  N.  and  W. 

3  C.  Wlorrlsoni  DC.  Beggar-ticks.  Rough-pubescent,  widely-branched  ;  leaves  acu- 
minate ;  racemes  forked ;  flowers  very  small,  white ;  fruit  with  doubly  barbed 
prickles  adhering  to  all  that  pass.    (I)  Rocky  places.    2— 3f.    July. 

8.  BORRAGO,  Tourn  Borrage.  Cal.  5-parted.  Cor.  rotate,  with 
acute  segments,  a  scale  at  base  of  each.  Sta.  converging.  Ach.  ovoid,  muri- 
cate,  excavated  at  base,  inserted  lengthwise  into  an  excavated  recep. — Eur. 
D.  OFFICINALIS.    Rough-haired,  branching ;  leaves  ovate ;  flowers  sky-blue,  showy,  in 

terminal,  loose  racemes.    (2)  In  old  gardens,  sowing  itself.    1— 2f.    All  Summer. 

9.  OMPHALODES,  Tourn.     Navelwort.     Calyx  deeply  .^-parted. 


252  Order  93.— BORRAGINACE^. 

Cor.  rotate,  tube  shorter  than  the  calyx  tube,  tliroat  closed.    Sta.  included 
Achenia  cup-form,  toothed  at  the  edges. — Oriental  herbs. 

1  O.  linifSlia.    Erect,  smooth,  glaucous ;   leaves  obovate  to  linear-lanceolate  ;  corolla 

white,  twice  longer  than  calyx.    ®  Spain.    If.    June— August. 

2  O.  VERNA.    Runners  creeping;  leaves  cordate  to  ovate, puberulent ;  racemes  In  pairs, 

few-flow3red ;  flowers  bright  blue.     U  S.  Europe.    6'.    April,  May. 

10.  SYMPHYTUM,  Toum.  Comfrey.  Cal.  5-parted.  Cor.  t.ubular- 
campanulate,  orifice  closed  with  5,  subulate  scales,  converging  into  a  cone. 
Ach.  smooth,  ovoid,  fixed  by  an  excavated  base.     2^  Oriental  herbs. 

S.  officinale  L.    Stem  hairy,  winged  with  the  decurrent,  lance-ovate  leaves  ;  fls.  white 
or  pink,  in  revolute  racemes.    Gardens  and  fields.    2 — 4f.    Summer. 

11.  ANOHUSA,  L.  BuGLoss.  Cal.  5-parted.  Cor.  funnel-fonii,  throat 
closed  with  5  scales.    Sta.  included.    Achenia  excavated  at  base. — Europe. 

A.  Italica.    Plant  bristly- hispid,  with  lanceolate  leaves  and  panicled  racemes  of  numer- 
ous bright-blue,  small  mellifluous  flowers.    A  hardy  biennial.    Summer, 

12.  ONOSMODIUM,  Mx.  Cal.  deeply  5-parted,  with  linear  segments. 
Cor.  cylindrical,  having  a  ventricous,  half  5-cleft  limb,  with  the  segments 
converging  and  the  throat  open.  Anth.  sessile,  included.  Style  much  ex- 
serted.  Achenia  whitish,  shining.  11  North  American.  Racemes  ter- 
minal, subspicate,  one-sided.    Flowers  white.     Summer. 

1  O,  Vlrglniaiium  A.  DC.    "Very  rough  with  appressed,  stiff  bristles  ;  Ivs.  oblong, 

sessile,  5-veined ;  cor.  hispid,  i  longer  than  the  lance-linear  sepals,  the  segm.  lauce- 
subiilate  ;  anthers  arrow-shaped.    Dry  soils.    15—30'.    Corolla  4—5". 

2  O.  Carolinianuin  DC.    Shaggy  with  long,  spreading,  rusty-white  bristles  ;  leaves 

lance-oblong,  7-veined  ;  flowers  shaggy-bristly  ;  corolla  near  twice  longer  than  sepals, 
the  segments  ovate,  obtuse.    By  streams,  M.,  W.,  S.    2— 4f. 

3  O.  molle  Mx.    Hoary  with  soft  appressed  hairs  ;  Ivs.  oblong-ovate  ;  corolla  hirsute, 

lobes  triangular,  pointed.    Dry  soils,  W.    2— 3f. 

13.  MYOSOTIS,  Dill.  Forget-me-not.  Cal.  5-cleft.  Cor.  salver-  or 
funnel-form,  tube  about  equalling  the  calyx,  the  5  lobes  convolute  in  bud, 
tliroat  closed  with  short,  concave  scales.  Ach.  ovate,  smooth,  with  a  small 
cavity  at  base. — Herbs  slightly  villous.  Racemes  bractless,  or  with  a  few 
small  leaves  at  the  base.    Flowers  never  axillary.    May — Aug.    Fig.  455. 

§  Kaceraes  one-sided.    Calyx  clothed  with  minute,  appressed  hairs,  if  any No.  1 

§  Rac.  two-sided.    Calyx  beset  with  spreading,  minut(;ly-hooked  bristles Nos.  2,  4 

I  M.  palustris  Roth.    Ronghish-downy,  or  nearly  smooth,  branching  ;  leaves  lance- 
oblong,  obtuse  ;  ped.  spreading,  longer  (2—3")  than  the  equal  cal. ;  cor.  2— 3'' broad, 
blue,  with  a  yellow  centre,      if  Gardens  ;  from  Europe,  also  escaped  in  fields,  &c. 
|8.  laaca^  taller  (If),  very  slender ;  Ivs.  lin.-obl. ;  ped.  4—6"  long.    Swamps,  ditches. 

5i  J?l.  arvensis  L.    Rough  with  tubercled  hairs,  branched  ;  leaves  oblong-lanceolate, 
acute  ;  rac.  loose,  naked  ;  ped.  twice  as  long  as  the  open,  equal  cal.  (2)  Fields.    6—15'. 

5  M.  verna  N.  (stricta  Link.)    Rough-bristly,  with  spatulate  to  lin. -oblong  Ivs. ;  ped. 
ascending,  as  long  as  the  closed,  bilabiate  calyx  ;  racemes  leafy  at  base.    (1)  Dry  hills. 

4  M.  versicolor  Pers.    Stem  very  slender,  hispid-villous ;  leaves  oblong;  racemes 

leafless ;  pedicels  shorter  than  the  deeply  and  equally  5-cleft  calyx  ;  flowers  yellow, 
varying  to  blue.    Del.  (Canby,  Porter).    §  Europe.    The  true  Forget-me-not. 

14.  LITHOSPERMUM,  L.    Gromwell.    Puccoon.    Cor.  funnel-  or 


Order  93.— HYDROPHYLLACE^:.  253 

salver-form,  limb  5-lobed,  orifice  open,  with  or  without  appendages,  a  nth. 
included.  Stig.  obtuse,  bifid.  Ach.  bony,  rugous  or  smooth,  flat  at  base. 
— Herbaceous  or  sufii'uticous,  generally  with  a  thick,  reddish  root.  Flow- 
ers spiked  or  racemed,  bracted,  white  or  yellow.     (See  Addenda.) 

§  Achenia  ragous-tubercled.    Corolla  throat  open,  not  appendaged,  white No.  1 

§  Achenia  smooth  and  white.    Corolla  throat  appendaged.— a  Fls.  white.,  .Nos.  2 — 1 

—a  Fls.  yellow.  .Nog.  5—7 

1  Ij.  arvense  L.     Wheat-thief.    Leaves  linear-lanceolate,  obtuse,  hairy ;  calyx  nearly 

equal  to  the  corolla,  with  spreading  segments,    (i)  A  rough  weed  in  fields.    If— IS'. 
Koot  reddish.    Fls.  small,  solitary  in  the  upper  axils.    May,  June.    §  Europe. 

2  li.  officinale  L.    Erect,  very  branching  above  ;  Ivs.  lanceolate,  acute,  veiny  ;  calyx 

nearly  equal  to  the  tube  of  the  corolla,    is.  Dry  soils,  N.  and  M.    1— 2f.    Flowers 
small,  pedicellate,  in  recurved,  leafy  racemes.    July.    §  Europe. 
li.  latifollum  Mx.    Rough,  erect,  subsiraple ;  leaves  ovate,  sessile,  pointed  both 
ways ;  racemes  leafy,  sepals  lance-linear,    n  Thickets,  N.  Y.  to  Va.,  and  W.    2f. 

4  li.  angnstilolium  Mx.    Ascending,  much  branched  ;  leaves  linear,  rigid  ;  flowers 

scattered  ;  corolla  hardly  exserted.    li  Sandy  banks,  W.    6— 15^    Leaves  1'. 

5  li.  caiiescens  Lehm.    Puccoon.    Erect,  subsiinple,  soft-villous ;  leaves  oblong  or 

linear-oblong,  obtuse ;  stem  revolute  at  top,  with  the  showy  orange-yellow  flowers 
axiKary.    %  Fields,  prairies,  N.  Y.,  W.  and  S.    8—12'.    June,  July. 

6  li.  hirtuiu  Lehm.    Erect,  simple,  rough-haired ;  Ivs.  lance-linear,  the  floral  lance- 

ovate  ;  corolla  twice  longer  than  the  linear  sepals.    %  Pa.,  W.  and  S.    8—15'.    May. 

7  li.  longlflorum  Spr.    Slender,  simple,  cinereous-strigous  ;  leaves  linear ;  corolla 

tube  4  times  longer  than  the  calyx  (9— 12'0.    Plains,  W.    10—15'.    July. 

1 5.  MERTENSIA,  Roth.  Smooth  Lungwort.  Calyx  short,  5-cleft. 
Cor.  tube  cylindric,  limb  subcampanulate,  5-cleft,  throat  open,  often  with  5 
folds  or  ridges  between  the  insertion  of  the  stamens.  Sta.  inserted  at  top 
of  the  tube.  Ach.  smooth  or  reticulated.  %  St.  and  Ivs.  usually  glabrous, 
pellucid-punctate,  the  radical  many-veined,  cauline  sessile.    Rac.  terminal. 

1  M.  Vfrsf  iulca  DC.    Ascending,  very  smooth  ;  root  leaves  large,  obovate  to  ovate, 

stem  leaves  sessile,  lance-oblong,  all  entire,  obtuse ;  fls.  somewhat  trumpet-shaped 
pendent,  10",  blue  to  lilac,  very  handsome.  Rich  soils,  N.  Y.,  S.  &  W.  1— Hf.  May.  1 

2  M.  maritlma  Don.    Glabrous,  weak  ;  Ivs.  ovate,  obtuse,  fleshy,  glaucous  ;  corolla 

twice  longer  than  calyx,  blue-purple.    Sea-shore,  N.  H.,  and  N. :  rare. 

3  I?l.  pauiculata  Don.    Scabrous,  erect;  Ivs.  acuminate,  cordate-ovate  to  oblonjj* 

corolla  thrice  longer  than  calyx,  blue  to  white.    Lake  Superior,  and  N.    t 

Order  XCIII.    HYDROPHYLLACE^.    Hydrophylls. 

Herhs  mostly,  with  alternate-lobed  leaves  and  regular  bluish  flowers. 
Caiyx  5-cleft,  usually  with  appendages  at  the  clefts,  persistent,  free.  Co- 
rolla 5-lobed,  often  with  10  honey  scales  or  farrows  near  the  base.  Stamens 
5,  inserted  into  the  corolla,  with  a  deeply  bifid  style.  Ovary  entire,  ovoid, 
free,  1-celled,  with  2  parietal,  several-seeded  placentae.  Fruit  2-valvet;, 
filled  by  the  placentae.     Seeds  reticulated,  albuminous. 

8  HYDROPHYLLEiil.    Ovary  and  pod  l-celled.     Style  bifid.     Leaves  cleft.  ..(a) 

<  HYDROLE.E.    Oviiry  and  pod  2-celled,  CO -seeded.     Styles  2.     Leaves  en  tire...  (4|) 
a  Lobes  of  the  corolla  convolute  in  the  bud. .  .{b) 
a  Loben  of  the  corolla  imbricate  (quiucuncial)  in  the  bud.  ..(c) 


254  Order  93.— HYDROPHYLLACE^. 

b  stamens  exserted.    Flowers  in  forked,  revolute  cymes HyoROPHTLLCif.  1 

b  Stamens  included.    Flowers  solitary,  opposite  tbe  leaves Nemophila.  2 

e  Flowers  solitary.    Calyx  enlarged  in  fruit Ellisia.  3 

c  Flowers  racemed.—d  Lobes  of  the  corolla  fringe-toothed Cosmanthds.  4 

— d  Lobes  of  the  wheel-bcll-form  corolla  entire Ph  aceli a.  6 

— d  Lobes  of  the  tube-bell-form  corolla  entire Whitlavia.  6 

«  Corolla  wheel-bell-form.    Leaves  ordinary,  with  soft  hairs IIydrolea.  7 

«  Corolla  funnel-form.    Leaves  large,  with  stingiug  hairs Wigandia.  8 

1.  HYDROPHYLLUM,  Tourn.  Water-leaf.  Burr-flower.  Se- 
pals slightly  united  at  base.  Corolla  bell-fomi,  convolute  in  bud,  with  5 
double  folds  (nectaries)  inside.  Sta.  exserted.  Caps,  globous,  1-cclled,  3- 
valved,  4-seeded,  3  of  the  seeds  mostly  abortive.  Placentae  3,  fleshy,  free 
except  at  the  base  and  apex,  ll  Leaves  large,  long-stalked,  pinnately  or 
palmately  veined,  cauline  alternate.    Cymes  scorpoid,  bractless. 

§  Calyx  appendaged  between  the  sepals  at  base.    Stamens  as  long  as  the  cor. .  .No.  1 
§  Calyx  not  appendaged.    Filaments  much  exserted Nos.  2 — 4 

1  H.  appendiculatum  Mx.    Hairy;  Ivs.  palmately  5-lobed,  the  lower  pinnately 

divided,  lobes  pointed  and  toothed  ;  sta.  often  included  ;  appendages  deflexed,  much 
shorter  (1")  than  sep.  (4— 5'0  ;  cor,  blue.  Woods,  N.  Y.  to  Wis.,  &  Va.  1— l^f.   May. 

2  H,  Virginicum  L.    Nearly  smooth  ;  leaves  pinnatifid  ;  segments  oval-lanceolate, 

pointed,  incised,  the  upper  3  confluent;  petioles  long;  ped.  still  longer,  bearing  a 
roundish  tuft  of  pale  flowers  with  hirsute  calyxes.    Moist  woods.    If.    June. 

3  H.  Canadense  L.    Lvs.  smoothish,  palmate,  roundish,  with  5 — 7  shallow  lobes, 

unequally  dentate,  teeth  obtuse-muci'onate ;  fls.  in  crowded  fascicles ;  ped.  shorter 
than  the  forked  petioles  ;  cor.  white  or  purplish.    Alpine  woods.    1— Ijf.    June,  Jl. 

4  H.  niacropliyllum  N.    Whitish,  with  reversed  hairs  ;  leaves  oblong-oval  in  out- 

line, pinnatifid,  and  cut  into  blunt-mucronate  teeth  ;  cymes  dense,  globous,  on  long 
peduncles  ;  corolla  white,  G"  ;  stamens  10".    Rocky  woods,  W.  and  S.    If.    June. 

2.  NIjMOPHILA,  N.  Cal.  5-parted,  the  sinuses  with  reflexed  ap- 
pendages. Cor.  wheel-bell-form,  lobes  rounded,  convolute  in  bud,  tube 
with  5  pairs  of  folds  within.  Sta.  included.  Ov.  and  caps,  as  in  Hydro- 
phyllum,the  placentae  each  2-13-ovuled.  (i)  Tender  and  fragile,  with  pin- 
nately-parted  leaves  and  scVitary,  showy  flowers. 

*  Leaves  all  or  the  lower  alternate.    Flowers  not  spotted Nos.  1 ,  2 

*  Leaves  all  opposite.    Flowers  spotted  with  blue  or  brown Nos.  3,  4 

1  N.  mlcrocalyx  F.  &  M.    Smooth  ;  leaves  triangular,  5-.3-cleft,  with  rounded,  mu- 

cronate  teeth ;  ped.  and  petioles  slender ;  corolla  1—2",  white,  calyx  still  smaller ; 
seeds  1  or  2.    Damp  woods,  S,    3—12',  very  weak.    April. 

2  N.  iNsiGNts.    Lvs.  oblong,  with  7—9  ovate,  acute  lobe>J,  shorter  than  peduncles  ;  fl*. 

V  or  more  broad,  the  border  pure  blue  with  a  white  centre.    California. 

3  N.  MACULATA.    Lcavcs  3-7-lobed,  tapering  and  entire  at  base  ;  flowers  on  long  ped., 

li-'  broad,  white,  with  a  violet  spot  on  the  apex  of  each  lobe.    California. 

4  N.  ATOMAiiiA.    Leaves  and  peduncles  nearly  as  in  the  last;  flowers  white,  10—12", 

sprinkled  all  over  with  small  brown  spots.    Sierra  Mountains. 

3.  ELLISIA,  L.  Cal.  5-parted,  equalling  the  tubular-bell- form  corolla, 
enlarged  in  fruit.  Cor.  tube  minutely  appendaged  within.  Sta.  included. 
Caps.  3-valved,  4-3-seeded.  Leaves  pinnatifid,  flowers  white,  May — July. 
£.  Nyctelaea  L.   Weak,  slender;  lvs.  petiolate,  the  upper  alternate,  lobes  0—11,  lin. 

oblong;  ped.  1-flowered.  with  calyx  lar;jer  than  corolla.    Woods.  Pa.,  W  and  S.    If. 


Okder  93.— HYDROPHYLLACE^.  255 

4.  COSMANTIIUS,  Nolte.  Miami  Mist.  Cal.  5-parted.  Cor.  wheel- 
bell-form,  tube  not  appendaged,  lobes  delicately  fringe- toothed,  as  long  as 
the  stamens.  Ovary  hairy.  Capsule  3- valved,  4-seeded.  ®  Delicate,  M'ith 
alternate  leaves  and  small  pale  flowers  in  long,  bractless  racemes. 

1  €.  PursUll  Wood.    Nearly  gmooth,  erect;  lv3.  pinnatiSd,  the  upper  sessile,  lobes 

5—7,  oblong,  acute  ;  rac.  9-15-flowered  ;  pedicels  longer  than  the  lance-linear,  ciliate 
sepals  ;  fls.  light  blue,  5—6".    River  bottoms,  111.,  Ky.,  to  Ga.    8—12'.    May,  June. 

2  C.  fitubriatus  Mx.    Pubescent ;  stems  clustered,  assurgent ;  leaves  pinnate,  with 

5—"  roundish  or  oblong-obtuse  lobes  ;  pedicels  as  long  as  the  oblong-spatulate,  ob- 
tuse sepals  ;  corolla  white,  4—5".    Mountains,  Tenu.,  Va.,  to  Ga.    May. 

5.  FHAC£iLIA,  L.  Cal.  not  appendaged.  Corolla  tubular-bell-form, 
lobes  entire,  imbricate  in  bud,  tube  appendaged  within.  Sta.  5,  generally 
exserted.  Ov.  and  caps,  hispid,  ovoid,  4-GO-seeded. — Herbs  hispid,  with 
alternate  leaves  and  1- sided  racemes.     May,  June, 

§  Capsule  4-8eeded.    Corolla  tube  evidently  appendaged  within Nos.  1—3 

§  EuTocA.    Caps,  (or  ovar})  8-  GO-seeded.    Cor.  obscurely  appendaged ...  (a) 

a  Seeds  or  oviile;^  O— 8.    Racemes  simple.    Native  South. .  Nos.  4 — G 

a  Seeds  or  ovulet'  20  or  more.    Rac.  forked  or  corymbed.   Gardens.   (I).  .Nos.  7—9 

1  P.  bipiniiatif  ida  Mx.    Stem  hairy,  suberect,  much  branched  ;  Ivs.  cut-pinnatifid, 

long-petioled,  segm.  airain  incised  ;  rac.  forked  or  simple,  loose  ;  corolla  twice  longer 
than  calyx,  6",  blue.    ©  Hilly  woods,  111.  to  N.  C.  and  Ala.    1— 2f. 

2  P.  TANACETiFoLiA.     Hispid  Or  hairy,  tall,  with  pinnatisect  leaves,  long,  detse  ra 

comes,  corollas  bliin,  and  long,  exserted  stamens.    C-alifornia.    1— 2f. 

3  P.  coNGESTA.    HoMiv-pubescent ;  Ivs.  pinnate  with  very  unequal  alternate-cut  Iftss. 

racemes  loose,  sp'cite;  flowers  small,  blue;  stamens  little  exserted.    California.    If. 

4  P.  parviflora   I'll.    Stems  smoothish,  weak;  Ivs.  all  petiolate,  pinnatifld  or  3-fiU. 

lobes  distant,  sni.  11 :  fls.  4'^  pale  ;  sep.  smoothish.    (a)  Shady  banks.  Pa.,  and  S.    9'. 

5  P.  maculata  V  ood.    Erect,  branched,  sparingly  hirsute  ;  Ivs.  pinnatifld,  5-7-lol)ed, 

lower  petiolate.  upper  sessile;  fls.  7",  violet-blue,  10-spotted  around  the  yellow  throat ; 
sepalu  bristly-ciliate,  linear-oblong,    (g)  Stone  Mountain,  Ga.,  and  W.    6 — 12''. 

C  P.  piiSilla  Buckley.  Pubescent ;  leaves  sessile,  pinnatifld,  lobes  abruptly  pointed  ; 
fls.  })ale-blue  or  white  ;  sepals  linear-oblong;  stamens  exserted.    Prairies,  Ala. 

7  P.  Fraiikliiiii  Gray.  Soft-hairy,  erect ;  Ivs.  bipinnatifid  with  crowded  lobes;  ra- 
cemes short,  dense,  crowded,  with  blue  fls.     Isl.  Royal  (Porter)  to  Oreg.  !   Cultivated. 

S  P.  visciOA.  Viscid  with  glandular  hairs,  ovate,  coarsely-toothed  leaves,  and  long, 
revolute  racemes,  uncoiling  as  the  large  (9")  purple-blue  flowers  expand.    Cal,    If. 

9  P.  Menziesii.  Lvs.  linear,  entire,  or  the  lower  with  few  linear-oblong  lobes ;  flow- 
ers sessile,  light-blue,  in  short  spikes.    Oregon. 

6.  WHITLAVIA,  Harvey.  Cal.  5-parted.  Cor.  tubular-campanulate, 
the  5  lobes  abruptly  spreading,  throat  slightly  contracted.  Sta.  exserted. 
Capsule  Qo-seeded.    ®  From  Texas  and  California. 

W.  ORANDiFL^RA.  Somc  viscid,  with  broad,  ovate,  petiolate,  coarsely-toothed  leaves, 
loose  racemes  of  large  (10  deep-blue  (or  white)  bell-shaped  flowers.    June—October. 

7.  HYDROIjBA,  L.  Sep.  5.  Cor.  rotate-campanulatc,  5-lobed,  bear- 
ing the  5  stamens.  Styles  2,  distinct.  Capsule  2-celled,  2-valved,  the  pla- 
centaj  large,  with  oo  minute  seeds. — Hvrbs  with  entire  leaves  and  cymes 
of  blue  flowers.    July — September. 

1  II.  corymbosa  Macbrlde.  Not  spiny,  some  hairy  above ;  lv5.  lance-ovate,  eesslle ; 
branchicts  corymbrd,  each  with  a  terminal,  showy,  azure  flower.     P«)nds,  S,    1— 2f. 


25G  Order  94.— POLEMONIACE.^.. 

2  H.  quadrlvalvis  Walt.    Spiny,  hispid  ;  leaves  lanceolate,  petiolate  ;  cymes  4- » 
flowered  ;  cor.  azure-blue,  5— G"  broad;  sep.  ovate.    Slow  watere,  S.  C,  and  W.    2£. 

8.  WIGANDIA,  H.  B.  K.   Cor.  funnel-forDi.— Herbs  with  large  leaves. 
W.  C ARACASANA.    Half-shrubby,  with  ovate-cordate,  doubly-crenate,  variegated,  ample 
leaves,  stinging  hairs,  and  revolute  spikes  of  small  flowers.    S.  Am.    Greenhouse. 

Order  XCIV.    POLEMONIACE^.    Phloxworts. 

Herbs  with  alternate  or  opposite  leaves  and  5-parted,  regu'ar,  showy 
flowers.  Corolla  monopetalous,  the  lobes  convolute,  rarely  imbricate  in 
aestivation.  Stamens  5,  adherent  to  the  corolla  tube,  and  alternate  with  iu* 
lobes.  Ovary  3-celled.  SUgma  3-cleft.  Capsule  3-celled,  3-valved,  loculi- 
cidal.  Seeds  few  or  many,  albuminous,  attached  to  a  permanent  colu- 
mella.   Fig.  46. 

I.  POLEMONIE^.    Sepals  united  at  base.    Lobes  of  the  corolla  convolute  in  bud. . .(«) 

CI.  DIAPENSIEiE.    Sepals  distinct,  oval.    Lobes  of  the  corolla  imbricated  in  bud Diafensia.  7 

a  Stamens  unequal,  included  in  the  tube  of  the  salver-form  corolla Phlox.  1 

a  Stamens  unequal,  in  the  tube  of  the  funnel-form  (scarlet)  corolla Collomia.  2 

a  Stamens  equal  and  protruded  from  the  corolla  tube.    Seeds  00... (6) 

h  Leavps  undivided,  opposite.    Corolla  wheel-funnel-form,  dentate Fknzlia.  3 

h  Leswes  variously  divided.     Ovary  and  pod  00 -seeded ...  (c) 

c  Stamens  equal  and  straight.     Corolla  of  various  forms Gilia.  4 

c  Stamens  declined  in  the  bell-form  corolla. — d  Low  herbs Polkmoxiitm.  5 

— d  Climbing  shrubs Cob.ea.  6 

1.  PHLOX,  L.  Phlox.  Lychnidea.  Calyx  prismatic,  deeply  5-cleft. 
Corolla  salver-form,  the  tube  more  or  less  curved.  Sta.  very  unequally  in- 
serted, and  included  in  the  tube.  Caps.  3-celled,  cells  each  1-seeded. — A 
highly  ornamental  North  American  genus.  Lvs.  mostly  opposite,  sessile, 
simple,  entire.    Fls.  in  terminal  cymes,  corymbed  or  panicled.    Fig.  40. 

*  Lobes  of  the  corolla  rounded  and  entire  at  the  end. .  .(1) 

1  Panicle  of  cymes  oblong  or  pyramidal,  many-flowered Nos.  1,  2 

1  I^nicle  of  cymes  corymbed,  level-topped,  flowers  fewer...  (-2) 

2  Plants  glabrous.    Calyx  teeth  shorter  than  its  tube Nos.  3,  4 

2  Plants  hairy.    Calyx  teeth  attenuated,  longer  than  the  tube. .  .(3) 

?j  Leaves  narrow,  linear,  or  nearly  so Nos.  5,  <; 

3  Leaves-broad,  ovate  or  lanceolate,  &c Nos.  7,  8  ^,  9 

*  Lobes  of  corolla  notched  or  bifid  at  the  end. — 4  Leaves  distant Nos.  8,  10 

—4  Leaves  imbricated No.  1 1 

1  P.  panlculata  L.    Smooth,  erect;  leaves  oblong-  or  ovate-lanceolafe.  pointed  at 

each  end  ;  fls.  numerous,  in  a  terminal  panicle,  pink-purple,  varying  to  white  ;  calyx 
teeth  setaceous-pointed.    %  Shady  banks,  Penn.,  W.  and  S.    2— lif.    July— Sept.    t 
jS.  acuminata,    Lvs.  ovate-acuminate,  downy  beneath  ;  stem  hairy. 

2  P.  macula-ta  L.     Stem  roughish,  purple-spotted,  upright ;  leaves  thickish,  lanceo 

late,  the  .upper  ovate-cordate ;  fls.  many,  purple,  in  an  oblong  panicle;  calyx  teulb 
lanceolate,  acu^^e.    ii  Moist  fields,  Penn.  to  Car.,  and  W.    2— 3f.    June— August. 

p.  grracilior.    Tall,  slender,  rough  :  leaves  lance-linear  and  linear.    Ga.  (Feay). 

y.  auaci'jlen*.    Smooth ;  flowers  white,  sweet-scented.     Gardens. 
8  P.  Carolina  L.    Ascending,  often  branched;  leaves  lanceolate,  rounded  at  base, 
pointed  ;  fls.  rose-purple,  in  small,  dense  cymes,     n  Prairies,  woods.  Pa.,  W.  and  S. 
9'— 2f.    May— July.— 3.  or'eta  has  roughish  stems  and  ovate  leaves. 


Or.DEu  94— POLEMONIACE.E.  257 

4  P.  glaberriina  L.    Slender,  erect ;  leaves  oblong-  to  lancc-lincar,  taper-pointed, 

thick,  with  rolled  margins;  calyx  teem  sharp-pointed;  corollas  pale-pink,  few.  U 
Prairies  and  barrens,  Wis.  to  Gu.    1 — 3f.    June,  July. 

5  P.  pilosa  L.    Ascending,  slender,  glandular-hairy  above ;  Ivs.  lanceolate  to  linear, 

attenuate  to  an  acute  zipex  ;  corymbs  loose  ;  calyx  teeth  bristle-pointed,  much  longer 
than  the  tube  ;  corolla  small,    n  Wis.  to  N.  J.,  and  S.    May,  June. 
/3.  floriddna.    Leaves  oblong-lanceolate  ;  calyx  teeth  lance-setaceous,    Fla. 

6  P.  involucrata  Wood.    Hoary-pubesceut,  branched  and  ascending  at  base ;  Ivs. 

linear-oblong,  rather  obtuse,  clasping,  flat,  the  floral  similar  and  closely  subtending 
the  dense  corymbs  as  if  involucrafe ;  calyx  teeth  linear  or  subulate-spatulate  ;  flowers 
purple  to  carmine,     u  Dry  soils,  S.    (5 — 12'.    May,  June. 

7  P.  reptaus  Mx.    Assurgent,  with  creeping  stolons  ;  Ivs.  obovate  to  ovate,  obtuse  ; 

fls.  few  :  sep.  linear-subulate  ;  cor.  blue-purple,    u  Hills,  Ind.  to  Pa.,  and  S.    9'.    Jn. 

8  P.  divaricata  L.    Low,  diflusc,  downy  ;  Ivs.  ovate  to  lance-oblong,  acute  ;  flowera 

grayish-blue,  lobes  notched  ;  sep.  lin. -subulate,   u  N.  Y.  to  Wis.,  and  S.  If.  Apr.,  May. 
p.  JjaphamU,    Leaves  ovate  ;  corolla  lobes  obtuse,  entire.    Wis.  (Lapham). 

9  P.  Drummondii  Ilook.    Upright,  forking,  glandular-hairy  ;  Ivs.  lanceolate  to  ob- 

long,  mostly  alternate  ;  sepals  lance-setaceous,  rcvolute  ;  flowers  in  dense  coi-ymb«, 
all  shades  in  the  gardens,  white  to  purple,  with  a  star,    (i)  Ga. !  to  Texas. 

10  P.  bifida  Beck.  Low,  assurgent,  difl'use  ;  Ivs.  lance-ovate  to  lance-linear;  fls.  few, 
sepals  linear,  petals  deeply  bifid,  purple.    ii  111.  to  Mo. :  rare.    6'.    April. 

IIP.  snbulata  L.  Moss  Fink.  Procumbent,  much  branched  and  vtry  leafy,  in 
tufts  ;  leaves  rigid,  linear  to  subulate,  fascicled  ;  flowers  pink  to  white,  cohering  the 
tufts  in  May.    5—8'.    Fenn.,  S.  and  W.,  and  in  gardens. 

2.  COLLOMIA  cocciNEA.  (i)  From  Chili,  has  bright  carmine-red  fls. 
in  heads  subtended  by  broad  bracts.  Leaves  ovate-lanceolate,  often  3-cleft  at  apes,  alter- 
nate.   Pods  3-seeded.    10—15'.    June,  July. 

3.  FENZLIA  DiANTHOiDES.  ®  California.  A  small  piuk-likc  herb,. 
3—0',  with  exquisitely  beautiful  flowers,  1',  solitary,  pink  with  5  purple  dots  around  a 
yellow  eye,  and  the  5  lobes  evenly  notched  at  the  end.    Leaves  linear,  opposite. 

4.  GIIilA,  R.  &  P.  Cal.  leeth  acute.  Coi-.  funnel-form,  the  lube  short 
or  long,  bearing  the  equal  sta.  more  or  less  exscrtcd  and  not  declined.  Pet. 
entire.    Pod  oo-seeded. — Herbs  with  elegant,  showy  flowers. 

§  IpoMorsis.    Corolla  tube  long  exserted,  in  thyrse-like  racemes.    Tall No.  1 

§  Leptosiphon.    Corolla  tube  long,  slender,  in  involucrate  heads.    Low No.  2 

§  EuGiLiA.    Corolla  tube  included  in  the  calyx,  scattered  or  capitate Nos.  3,  4 

1  G.  coronopif'olia  Pers.  Standing  Otjjn-ess.  A  splendid  herb  3— 4f,  plume-like  in 
form,  closely  beset  with  delicate  pinnatitid  Ivs.  and  bearing  at  top  a  long  (If)  thyrse 
of  bright  red  flowers  (IS'O-    ®  Sandy  banks,  S.  C.  to  Fla.,  and  W.    July— Sept.    t 

a  G.  ANDROSACEA.  Strict,  simple,  downy  ;  Ivs.  opp.,  digitatcly  5-9-cleft  into  very  nar- 
row segments  ;  cor.  1'  or  more  long,  lilac,  purple  or  white.    ®  Cal.    G— 12'.    May,  Jn. 

3  G.  TRicoLOK.    DiflFusely  branched  ;  Ivs.  2-:j-pinnatifid  ;  flowers  many,  3-colored,  limb 

lilac,  throat  purple,  tube  yellow.    A  great  favorite,  from  California. 

4  G.  CAPITATA,  with  the  blue  b"  floweru  at  length  in  round  dense  heads.    Cal.  and  Orcg. 

5.  POLEMONIUM,  L.  Gkeek  Valekian.  Calyx  and  corolla  bell- 
form,  with  suberect  segmenls.  Stamens  equally  inserted,  declined,  hairy  at 
base.  Capsules  3-valved,  3-celled. — Herbs  weak,  with  alternate  pinnately- 
divided  leaves  and  terminal  cymes,  blue  to  white. 

1  P.  rcptans  L.    Diffusely  branched  ;  leaves  7-11-foliate,  leaflets  acute  ;  fls.  nodding 
pod  cells  2- or  3-6eeded.     •y  Damp  uplands,  N.  Y.  to  Wis.,  and  S.    1— ]}f.    May. 


258  Order  9o.— CONVOLVULACE^E. 

3  P.  coeriilcuMi,    Tall,  with  erect  branches  ;  leaflets  11—17,  pointed ;  lis.  erect ;  seedfl 
00  .    Swamps,  Vt.,  N.  Y.,  N.  J.  (Dr.  Howe,  Prof.  Porter).    2— 3f.    Often  cultivated. 

6.  COBiEA  scANDENS.  Calyx  large  aud  leaf-like.  Cor.  large,  throat 
ample,  limb  ppreading,  dull  purple.  Leaves  piniiatisect,  endin2;  in  a  tendril.  Coarse 
climbers,  from  Mexico.    The  lower  leaf-i*egment3  resemble  stipules. 

7.  DIAPENSIA,  L.  Cal.  of  5  oval  sepals,  closely  subtended  by  bracts. 
Corolla  bcll-fonn,  imbricated  in  the  bud.  Fil.  Hat,  arising  from  the  sinuses 
of  the  corolla,  antli.  cells  diverging  at  base  and  the  dehiscence  transverse, 
(japs.  3-celled,  oo-seeded.  J^.  Prostrate,  "svith  densely  imbricated,  entire 
leaves  and  solitary  terminal  flowers. 

§  DiAPENPiA  proper.    Anthers  without  awns.    Flowers  pedicellatti No.  1 

§  I'vxrcAXTHERA.    Authers  with  the  lower  valve  awned.    Flowers  eessile No.  3 

1  I>.  Liapponica  L.    A  little  tufted  slirublet,  with  fleshy,  evergreen,  obtuse  leaves, 

and  tlic  tiny  white  flu.  raised  en  pedicels  V  long.    White  Mountains.    2 — 3'.    July. 

2  I>.  barbula-ta  Ell.    Prostrate,  creeping,  forming  dense  beds,  with  short  branches ; 

flowers  terminal,  sessfle ;  anth.  fchort-awned  at  base.   Barrens,  N.  J.,  and  S,  3-6'.  Jn. 

Order  XCV.    CONVOLVULACE^.    Bindweeds. 

Chiefly  twining  or  trailing  herhs^  sometimes  parasitic,  sometimes  shrubby. 
Leaves  (or  scales  when  leafless)  alternate.  Flowers  regular,  pentamerous 
and  5-audrous.  Sepals  imbricated.  Corolla  monopetalous,  5-plaited  or 
lobed,  convolute  in  bud.  Ovary  free,  2-(rarely  3-)celled  or  falsely  4-celled, 
or  of  2  distinct,  1-ovuled  pistils.  Capsule  2-6-seeded.  Enibryo  large,  coiled 
iu  mucilaginous  albumen.    Figs.  48,  Co,  81,  82,  209-10,  263. 

II  f.  CUSCUTINE/E.    Leafless,  twining,  orange-yellow  parasites Cuscuta.  11 

II.  r»ICH0NDREvE.    Leafy.    2  distinct  ovaries  with  2  di.stiuct  styles Dicho.NDHA.     lU 

I.  OONTOLVULE/E.    Leafy.    Ovary  L    Capsule  dehiscent.    Seed-lobes  leafy... (a) 
a  Styles  united  into  one... (ft) 
1  Styles  2  or  3,  distinct  or  nearly  so.    Stamens  included. . .(«) 

h  Ovary  and  pod  4-celled. — c  Stamens  exserted.    Flowers  small Qcamoclit.       1 

— e.  Stamens  included.    Flowers  large Batatas. 

h  Ovary  and  pod  3-celled.    Stigma  capitate,  granulate Puakbitis.        3 

6  Ovary  and  pod  2-celled.  ..(d) 

d  Stigma  1,  capitate. — e  Stamens  included Ipo.M(EA.  4 

— e  StHmcns  exserted CalontCtiox.    5 

d  Stigmas  2,— a;  ovate,  flattened.    S.  Fla jAOQUKMONXtA  violacea. 

—X  linear-terete.    Calyx  not  bracted Co:<volvulus.  6 

—X  oblong-terete.    Calyx  in  2  large  bracts Galystegia.      7 

e  Styles  earli  bifid.     Peduncle  very  short Evclvulus.       8 

«  Styles  eacii  simple.    Peduncles  longer  than  the  leaves Styi^ism.I.  9 

1.  QUAMOCLIT,  Tourn.  Cypress-vine.  Sep.  5,  mo&Ly  mucrouute. 
Cor.  tubular-cylindric,  with  a  salver-form  border.  Sta.  exserted.  Bty.e  1, 
stigma  capitate,  2-lobed.  O  v.  4-celled,  cells  1-seeded.  ^  From  Tropical  Am. 
1  Q.  Tiilgaris  Choisy.     C>//>refis-i'ine.    Lvs.  pinnatifid  to  the  midvein,  «cgm.  linear, 

parallel,  acute;  ped.  1-Hwd. ;  sep.  ovate-lanceolate;  cor.  scarlet,    (i)  An  oxceediugly 

delicate  vine,  in  gardens,  and  often  escaped  S.    July,  Aug.    § 
9  Q»  cocciiiea  Mcench.    Leaves  cordate,  acuminate,  entire  or  angular  at  base  ;  pod. 

3longated.  about  5-flowered  ;  calyx  awned;  flowers  light  scarlet,  Ivmb  nearly  entire 

^'  broad,     (i;  Along  rivers  S.  and  W.    June— Aug     §  t 


Order  95.— CONVOLVULACE^.  259 


2.  BATATAS,  Ruiiiph.  Sweet  Potato.  Cal.  of  5  sepals.  Cor.  cam- 
panulate,  with  a  spreading  limb.  Stam.  5,  included.  Style  simple,  stigma 
capitate,  2-lobed.  Capsule  4-celled,  4-valved,  with  4  erect  seeds.  ^  Herbs, 
or  shnibby,  with  milky  juice. 

1  B.  littoralis  Chois.    Creeping,  sending  out  runners ;  Ivs.  smooth,  thick,  sinuate 

with  3—5  rounded  lobes  and  cordate  at  base  ;  ped.  1-flowered,  as  long  as  the  leaf;  eep. 
abrupt-pointed  ;  seeds  tomentoas  :  corolla  white.    U  Coast  sands,  S.    Aug.— Oct. 

2  B.  macrorliiza  Wood.    Creeping  or  twining;  Ivs.  cordate,  lobed or  entire,  soft- 

downy  beneath ;  ped.  1-5-flowered,  shorter  than  the  leaves ;  cor.  purple ;  seeds  vil- 
lous,   n  Sands,  S.  C.  to  Fla.    Root  very  large.    (Ipomoea  Michauxii  Swt.) 

3  B.  edulls.    Sweet  Potato.    Lvs.  3-5-lobed  or  angled,  lobes  acute  ;  ped.  3-5-flowered, 

as  long  as  the  petioles,    n  W.  Indies.    Extensively  cult,  for  its  sweet  tubers.    Purple. 

3.  PHARBITIS,  Chois.  Morning  Glory.  Calyx  5-sepalled.  Cor.  bell- 
funnel-form.  Sty.  single,  stig.  capitate,  granulate.  Ov.  3-(rarely  4-)celled, 
cells  2-seeded.     b  Beautiful,  cultivated  and  spontaneous. 

1  P.  purpurea  Wood.    Twining  stem  clothed  with  reversed  hairs ;  lvs.  cordate,  en- 

tire ;  ped.  2-5-flowered  ;  corolla  large,  dark  purple,  varying  to  blue,  flesh-color,  «fec., 
appearing  in  long  succession,  in  fields  and  gardens.    June,  July.   §  ^ 

2  P.  Nil  Chois.     Some  hairy ;   leaves  cordate,  3-lobed  ;   ped.  1-3-flowered,  shorter 

than  the  petioles ;  sepals  ovate,  long-pointed,  corolla  tube  white,  border  indigo  (nii) 
blue.    Gardens,  and  in  fields.    July,  Aug.    5 

3  P.  HEDERACEA,  from  S.  Am.,  differs  from  P.  Nil  in  the  middle  lobe  of  its  lvs.,  which  is 

ovate,  and  contracted  at  base  ;  ped.  1-flwd. ;  cor.  2'  or  more  broad,  varying  in  purple 
and  blue,  blue  and  white,  pink  and  white,  &c.— The  hybrid  P.  limbata  has  a  purple 
star  with  a  white  border  and  leaves  scarcely  lobed.    ® 

4  P.  Learii,  from  Mexico,  has  ped.  longer  than  the  cordate,  velvet-silky  leaves,  each 

bearing  a  cluster  of  magenta-blue-red  flowers.    Greenhouse,    u.    10— 15f. 

4.  IPOMCEA,  L.  Cal.  5-sepalled.  Cor.  bell-funnel-form.  Sta.  included. 
Stjde  1,  stigma  capitate.  Ov.  and  capsule  2-celled,  cells  2-seeded. — Herbs, 
shrubs,  or  trees.    Our  species  are  herbs  creeping  or  climbing. 

*  Flowers  capitate,  involucrate,  small,  blue.    Sepals  hairy No.  1 

*  Flowers  separate.— a  Sepals  bristly  ciliate,  capsules  somewhat  hairy Nos.  2,  3 

—a  Sepals  glabrous. — b  Flowers  purple.    Maritime Nos.  4,  5 

— b  Flowers  white,  rarely  yellow. .  .Nos.  6 — 8 

1  I.  taninirolia  L.    Hairy;  leaves  ovate,  cordate,  acuminate,  large,  equalling  the 

peduncles  ;  fls.  crowded,  9''',  with  linear  bracts  and  sepals,    (i)  Ga.  to  La.    J 1.— Sept. 

2  i.  commutata  11.  &  S.    Smoothish ;  lvs.  cordate,  entire  or  3-lobed ;  ped.  as  long 

as  the  petioles  ;  flowers  2— .5,  purple  to  pink,  18'' ;  sep.  5''.    (i)  Fields,  S.    July— Oct. 

3  I.  lacunosa  L.    Puberulent ;  lvs.  cordate,  entire  or  angular-lobed  ;  ped.  i  as  long 

as  the  petioles  ;  flowers  1—3,  white,  with  a  purplish  rim,  1',  sepals  i  as  long.  (T)  Dry 
fields  and  hills,  Penn.  to  111.,  and  S.    2 -Of.    August,  September. 

4  B.  Pcs-Caprae  Sw.    Ronghish  ;  leaves  roundish,  emarginate  or  2-lobed,  thick  ;  ped. 

as  long  as  the  petioles  ;  As.  1— .5,  purple,  3'  long.    Coasts  of  Ga.  and  Fla.    June  + . 

5  I.  sagittilolla  (Mx.)    Glabrous;  lvs.  cordate-sagittate;  ped.  as  long  as  the  petiole, 

much  shorter  than  the  one  large  (3')  purple  flower,    li  Marshes,  S.    June-t-. 

6  I.  siiiuita  Ort.    Lvs.  palmately  7-cleft,  varying  to  sinuate-lobed  ;  segments  pinna- 

tifid  ;  pod.  1- or  2-flowered;  corolla  white,  1'.    2^  Ga.,  Fla.    20f.    July— October. 

7  I.  cillolata  Pers.    Leaves  cordate,  entire,  acuminate ;  ped.  1-flowered,  2-bractod 

above ;  corolla  large,  yellow ;  sepals  S''  long,     y  N.  Car.  and  Tenn, 

8  I.  paudiirata  Mej-cr.     Wild  Potato.    Leaves  broad-cordate  to  panduriform  ;  ped 


260  Ordeu  95.— CONVOLVULACE^. 

l-S-flcwored,  longer  than  the  petioles ;  sepals  i  as  lonjj  as  the  corolla ;  corolle  3', 
white  witii  a  purple  centre,    u  N.  Y.  to  111.,  and  S.    July,  August. 

5.  OALONYOTION  sPECidsuM  (or  Ipomoea  Bona-nox),  Good-night, 

is  a  tall  climber  of  the  W.  Indies  and  S.  Fla.,  often  cultivated  in  the  greenhouse.   Flow- 
ers 4 — 7  on  each  long  peduncle,  very  large,  funnel-form,  white. 

6.  CONVOLVULUS,  L.    Bindweed.     Sep.  5.    Cor.  bell-form.     Style 

1.  Stigmas  2,  thread-form,  often  revoliite.     Ovary  and  capsule  2-celled,  4- 
seede^l. — Herbs  or  shrubs,  twining  or  erect. 

1  C  arv^nsls  L.    Prostrate  or  climbing ;  leaves  arrow-sshaped  to  ear-shaped ;  ped. 

bearing  1  small  rose-white  flower  and  2  bracts,     u  Fields  :  rare.    June.    § 

2  C.  TRICOLOR.    Stem  weak,  1— 3f  high  ;  leaves  lance-obovate,  sessile,  shorter  than  the 

1-flowered  ped. ;  corolla  yellow  in  centre,  white  next,  border  blue.    ®  Europe. 

7.  OALYSTBGIA,  Br.  Calyx  5-parted,  included  in  2  leaf-like  bracts. 
Cor.  bell-form,  5-plicate.  Style  1.  Stigmas  2,  obtuse.  Capsule  ] -celled,  4- 
seeded. — Herbs,  with  the  flowers  solitary. 

1  C.  spitliamaea  Br.    Erect  or  assurgent,  6—8'  (a  span)  high ;  leaves  lance-oblong,  aa 
^       long  as  the  peduncles  ;  flowers  white,    it  Can.  to  Penn.,  and  W.    June. 

2  C.  Sepium  Br.    Rutland  Beauty.    Glabrous,  twining ;  Ivs.  cordate-sagittate,  lobes 

truncate  ;  bracts  cordate  ;  flowers  many,  large,  white  with  a  reddish  tinge.  U  Hedges, 
thickets.  Can.  to  Fla.    6— lOf.    May— July. 

/3.  Cateaheiana,    Pubescent,  with  small  leaves  and  short  peduncles.    S. 

y.  ?  paradoxa,    Tomentous  ;  bracts  linear,  remote  from  the  flowers.    (Pursh.) 

8.  EVOLVULUS,  L.     Sep.  5.     Cor.  bell-,  funnel-,  or  wheel-form.   Sty. 

2,  each  bifid.    Ovary  and  capsule  2-celled,  4-seeded. — Herbs  diffuse. 

£.  sericeus  Swtz.  Stem  dividing  at  base  into  simple,  filiform,  procumbent  branches ; 
leaves  lance-linear,  sessile,  3-veined,  silky  beneath,  9"  ;  ped.  1—2'',  1-flowered  ;  co- 
rolla wheel-form,  W,  white,     u  Prairies,  Ga.,  Fla.,  to  La.    If. 

9.  STYLISMA,  Eaf  Sepals  5,  equal.  Corolla  bell-form.  Stamer.a 
included.    Styles  2,  rarely  3.     Stig.  capitate.     11  Slender  creepers. 

1  S.  liumistrata  (and  aquatica)  Walt.    Hairy  or  smoothish  ;  leaves  oval,  oblong,  or 

linear,  obtuse  or  retuse  both  ways,  on  short  petioles  ;  ped.  longer  than  the  leaves,  a. 
(1 — .5-)flowered ;  bracts  minute  ;  styles  less  than  ^  united ;  corolla  6 — 9",  white. 
Sandy  soils,  Va.  to  O.,  and  S.  2— 5f.  Lvs.  12—18".   (S.  evolvuloides  Choisy.)  Jn.-Sept 

2  S.  Plckeriiigil  (Torr.)    Leaves  linear,  narrowed  to  subsossile  base;  bracts  leafy, 

equalling  the  flower ;  styles  more  than  ^  united,  otherwise  as  No.  1,    N.  J.  to  N.  C. 

10.  DICHONDRA,  Forst.  Sep.  5,  obtuse.  Corolla  bell-form,  5-cleft. 
Pistils  2,  distinct.     Capsules  2,  utricular,  1-seeded.     U  Prostrate. 

D.  repcus  Forst.  Lvs.  round-cordatv!  or  reniform,  the  petiole  longer  than  '.he  blade 
or  the  1-flowered  peduncles  ;  calyx  villous,  larger  (3'')  than  the  whitish  corolla  (2"). 
Wet  grounds,  S.    3—12'.     March— May. 

11.  CUSOUTA,  Tourn.  Dodder.  Fls.  5-(rarely  4-)parted.  Corolla 
globular-bell-form.  Sta.  appendaged  with  scales  or  fringes  at  base.  Sty  lea 
8.  Caps.  2-celled,  4-sceded.  ®  Stems  yellow  to  orange,  thread-form,  with 
minute  scales  for  leaves,  twining  against  the  sun  and  living  on  other  plants. 

§  Stigmas  nliform  as  well  as  the  styles.    Capsule  regularly  circumsciesile No  1 

S  Stigmas  capitate.    Capsule  indehiso.eut  or  biu-slin<,'  irrcirularljr. . .  (♦; 


Order  9G.— SOLANACE^.  2G1 

•  Sepals  distinct,  with  imbricated  bracts  added.    Flowers  sessile .Nos.  2,  3 

*  Sepals  united,  bracts  few  and  scattered.    Flowers  pedicellate. . .  (o) 

a  Corolla  cylindrical,  withering  on  the  top  of  the  capsule Nos.  4—6 

a  Corolla  bell-shaped,  persistent  at  the  base  of  the  capsule.,  .(ft) 

b  Lobes  of  the  corolla  acute  or  acuminate Nos.  7,  8 

b  Lobes  of  the  corolla  obtuse Nos.  9—11 

1  C.Epllinnin  Weih.    Flax  D.    Fls.  sessile  in  small,  dense,  remote  heads  ;  calyx  5- 

]  arted,  scarcely  shorter  than  the  globular  corolla  or  capsule.    Flax  fields.   Jn.   §  Eur. 

2  C  glomerata  Choisy.    Fls.  in  compact  masses  surrounding  the  foster  stem  while 

its  own  filiform  stems  decay  ;  sepals  1",  with  many  squarrous  bracts  ;  corolla  white, 
2'',  tube-bell-form, '5-lobed.    On  the  Compositue,  &c.,  W.  and  S. 

3  €,  coinpacta  Juss.    Fls.  in  large  (1—2')  masses,  with  thick  stems  ;  sep.  and  3—5 

bracts  minute  (J'O  ;  cor.  slender,  with  5  oblong  lobes.    N.  Y.,  W.  and  S.,  on  shrubs. 

4  C.  tenuiflora  Eng.    Pale,  much  branched,  on  high  plants  ;  fls.  short-pedicelled ; 

cor.  tube  slender,  twice  longer  than  the  calyx  or  its  own  short  obtuse  lobes  ;  capsule 
often  but  1-  or  2-seeded.    Wet  grounds,  N.  J.,  Pa.,  to  ill.,  and  W. 

0  C  Inflexa  Eng,    Fls.  pedicelled,  mostly  4-parted  ;  cor.  fleshy,  its  lobes  erect  and 

inflexed,  margins  crenulate  ;  capsule  brown,  capped  with  the  dead  corolla.    Prairies 
and  open  woods,  111.  to  Va.  and  Ga.    On  Hazel,  Rhus,  &c. 

6  €.  decora  Chois.    Fls.  pedicellate,  5-parted,  large  (H'O,  fleshy,  white ;  cor.  broad- 

bcll-form,  lobes  acute  :  capsule  enveloped  by  the  dead  corolla.    Wet,  111.  to  Fla. 

7  C.  chlorocarpa  Eng.    Low,  branching,  orange;   fls.  4-parted,  short-pedicelled, 

1",  bell-form,  the  lobes  of  cal.  and  cor.  acute  ;  caps,  large,  greenish.  Wis.  to  Del.,  &  S. 

8  C,  arvensls  Beyr.    On  low  plants  ;  flowers  small  (i")i  5-parted,  pedicellate  ;  corolla 

tube  shorter  than  its  pointed  lobes,  or  the  rounded  sepals.  N.  Y.  to  HI.,  and  S.  Jn..  Jl. 

9  C.  obtuslilora  H.  B.  K.    Low,  bright  orange  ;  fls.  pedicell..  dotted  with  red  glands 

(/3.  glandulosa) ;  sep.  round-obtuse  ;  caps.  1Y\   Mostly  on  Polygonum.    Ga.,  S.  and  W. 

10  C  Gronovil  Willd.  Stems  thick,  often  high-climbing;  fls.  mostly  5-parted,  at 
length  densely  panicled  ;  corolla  tube  bell-form,  longer  than  the  calyx,  its  lobes  ob- 
tuse, entire,  spreading.    Common  in  all  the  country.    Flowers  li'^ 

lie.  rostrata  Shutt.  Fls.  large  (2—3"),  iu  loose  cymes ;  corolla  deeply  bell-form, 
lobes  obtuse  ;  capsule  2— 3'^  with  a  2-pointed  beak.    Mountains,  Md.  to  S.  Car. 

Order  XCVI.    SOLANACE^.    Nightshades. 

Plants  liorbaceous,  rarel.y  shrubby,  with  a  colorless  juice  and  alternate 
leaves  often  in  pairs.  Flowers  mostly  regular,  often  extra-axillary,  5-parted, 
on  bractless  pedicels.  Corolla  valvate  or  plicate  in  the  bud,  and  often  con- 
volute. Calyx  persistent.  Stamens  5,  adherent  to  the  corolla  tube,  alter- 
nate with  its  lobes  ;  anthers  2-celled.  Fi-uit  a  2 -(rarely  3-  or  more)celled 
capsule  or  berry.  Seeds  go,  with  a  curved  embryo  in  fleshy  albumen. 
Figs.  66, 113, 168,  260, 483-4. 

1  NOLANE.iE.    Ovaries  fewer  GO,  distinct,  simple.     Corolla  funnel-bell-rorra. NoLAirA.  1 

I  SOLANEiE.     Ovary  1,  compoiind,  2-(or  more)celled...(») 

•  Corolla  wheel-form,  the  tube  very  short.    Anthers  convergent. .  .(&) 

•  Corolla  bell-form,  the  broad  tube  including  the  erect  anthers. .  .(c) 

•  Corolla  funnel-form,  tube  long  and— a  the  limb  somewhat  unequal.  ..(d) 

— a  the  limb  quite  regular... (e) 

h  Stamens  connate,  opening  by  slits  inside.     Berry  torous LtCOPKHSICUIL    S 

h  Stamens  connivent,  opening  by  terminal  pores.     Berry  round Solanum.  S 

h  Stamens  connivent,  opening  by  slits.     Berry  dryish,  angular Capsicum.  4 

c  Corolla  bluish.     Berry  dry,  enclosed  in  the  enlarged  calyx Nicandra.  5 

c  Corolla  yellowish.     Berry  juicy,  enclosed  in  the  enlarged  calyx Phtsalis.  « 

c  Coroll,-\  puri'lish.     Berry  blackish,  sitting  on  the  open  calyx Atropa.  7 


262  Order  96.— SOLANACE^. 

d  Stamens  exserted,  declinate.    Capsule  opening  by  a  lid Htosctamcs.  8 

d  Stamens  included,  unequal.     Capsule  opening  by  valves Petunia.  9 

e  Stamens  exserted,  growing  to  the  summit  of  the  tube Neirembergia.  10 

e  Stamens  exserted,  growing  to  the  bottom  of  the  tube LvciUM.  11 

e  Stamens  included.— x  Flowers  3'— 12'  long.    Calyx  prismatic Datura.  12 

— X  Flowers  l' — 4/  long.     Calyx  terete Nicotiana.  12 

—X  Flowers  6— 10"  long.     Calyx  terete,  short Cestrum.  H 

—X  Flowers  y  long.    Leaves  very  small Fabiana.  15 

1.  NOLANA,  L.  Calyx  5-parted.  Cor.  showy,  fimnel-bell-form.  Ova- 
ries 3 — 40,  distinct,  1-6-celled,  becoming  as  many  drupes  around  the  base 
of  the  style.     ^  }^  From  S.  America,  with  blue  flowers. 

1  N.  ATRiPLiciFoLiA.    Stems  procumbent ;  leaves  thick,  entire,  ovate  to  spatulate,  ob- 

tuse ;  flowers  solitary,  supra-axillary,  with  a  yellow  tube,  azure-blue  border,  and 
white  zone,  numerous  all  Summer. 

2  N.  PROSTRATA.    Leaves  ovate-oblong,  tapering  both  ways;  calyx  segments  trlangu 

lar-arrow-shaped ;  corolla  blue  with  dark-purple  streaks.    Otherwise  as  No.  1. 

2.  LYOOPERSIOUM,  Toiirn.  Tomato.  Calyx  5-6-00  -  parted.  Cor. 
rotate,  with  a  short  tube  and  a  plicate-valvate  limb.  Stamens  5-6-  GO,  ex- 
serted, anth.  connate  at  apex,  longitudinally  dehiscent  on  the  inner  face. 
Berry  fleshy,  3-3-00  -  celled.    Ped.  extra-axillary,  oo-flowered. 

li.  ESCULENTUH  Mill.  Hairy ;  st.  herbaceous,  weak  ;  Ivs.  unequally  pinnatifid,  segments 
cut :  corolla  many-lobed ;  fruit  torulous,  furrowed,  smooth.  (J)  A  coarse,  strong- 
scented  herb  with  yellowish  flowers  and  splendid  fruit. 

3.  SOLANUM,  L.  Potato.  'Calyx  5-parted,  persistent.  Cor.  rotate, 
subcampanulate,  tube  very  short,  limb  plicate,  5-cleft,  lobed  or  angular. 
Anth.  erect,  connivent,  distinct,  opening  at  the  top  by  2  pores.  Berry  2- 
celled,  subglobous  or  depressed.  Seeds  go. — Herbs  or  shrubs.  Peduncles 
terminal,  becoming  lateral  by  the  extension  of  the  axis.    Figs.  260,  483-4. 

§  Prickles  none.    Anthers  obtuse. . . (a) 

a  Herbs,  with  the  flowers  and  fruit  in  clusters Nos.  1,  2 

a  Shrubby  climbers,  with  clustered  flowers  and  fruit Nos.  3,  4 

a  Shrubs  erect,  with  orange  or  scarlet  berries Nos.  5,  6 

§  Plants  armed  with  prickles.    Anthers  linear-oblong,  pointed, .  .{b) 

b  Flowers  5-parted.    Calyx  open  in  fruit.    Anthers  equal No*.  7—9 

b  Flowers  5-parted.    Calyx  closed  on  the  fruit.    Anthers  unequal Nos.  10, 11 

b  Flowers  6-9-parted.    Calyx  open  with  the  large  fruit . .  Nos.  12, 13 

1  S.  tuberosum  L.    Common  Potato.    Subterranean  branches  bearing  tubers  ;  leaves 

pinnatifid  unequally  and  interruptedly;  corolla  5-angled,  ped.  jointed.    S.  America. 
Cultivated  since  the  17th  century.    Many  varieties. 

2  S.  nigrum  L.    Nightshade.    Smoothish ;  leaves  ovate,  toothed,  wavy,  or  entire ; 

umbels  lateral,  drooping,  flowers  small  (2 — 3'0,  whitish ;  berries  black,  as  large  as  a 
peppercorn.    Weed  in  old  fields.    2— .3f.    Summer.    §  Europe. 

3  S.  Dulcamara  L.    Bittersweet.    Stems  shrubby,  slender,  climbing  ;  leaves  cordate, 

entire  or  with  1  or  2  pairs  of  lobes  at  base  ;  clusters  terminal  and  lateral,  corolla  pur- 
p.e,  with  5  green  spots  ;  fruit  red.    July.    §  Europe. 

4  S.  jASJiiNoiDES.    Climbing  high,  smooth,  Ivs.  ovate,  entire  ;  clusters  blue-wh,  Brazil. 

5  S.  PsEUDO-CArsicuM.    Jeimsalem  Cherry.    Erect,  like  a  dwarf  tree ;  leaves  oblong- 

lanceolate,  smooth,  shining;  flowers  solitary,  white,  berries  scarlet,  as  large  as  cher- 
ries.   Mauritius.    2— 4f.    Handsome. 
9  S.  i.AciM.\Ti-H.    Slinil)  erect,  smooth  ;  Ivs.  pinnatifid  ;  fls.  blue  ;  fr.  orange,  Australia. 


Order  96.— SOLANACE^.  263 

T  S.  C'aroliiieiise  L.  Eorse  Nettle.  Pi-ickles  large,  yellow,  Bcaltercd  on  the  stem, 
petioles,  aud  veins ;  leaves  angular-lobed,  acute ;  flowers  white,  10—15",  racemed ; 
berries  yellow.    Roadsides,  N.  Y.,  S.  and  W.    1— 2f.    June, 

8  S,  Virglnianum  L.    Hairy  and  prickly ;  leaves  deeply  pinnatifid  with  angular- 

eiuuate  lobes  ;  flowers  pale-violet,  15",  in  leafy  racemes.    Va.,  and  S.    July. 

9  S.  mammosuni  L.    Ajyjile-of -Sodom.    Villous  and  with  scattered  spines ;  leavfis 

roundish-ovate,  subcordate,  lobed  ;  berries  inversely  pear-shaped.   ®  Waste  grounds. 
Ga.,  Fla.,  and  W.    Flowers  violet,  15".    Fruit  yellow. 

1 0  S.  KOSTKATUM.  Hoarj--tomentous  and  very  prickly ;  leaves  doubly  sinuate-lobed  * 
flowers  yellow,  12—15"  ;  fruit  closed  in  the  burr-like  calyx,    (i)  Kansas. 

lis.  heterod6xum.  Very  hairy  and  prickly ;  leaves  doubly  pinnatifid,  lobes  runci- 
nate  ;  flowers  violet-blue.    ®  From  Texas.    Fruit  black. 

12  S.  Melongexa  (or  esculenta).    Egg  Plant.    Prickly;  Ivs.  ovate,  wavy  or  sinuate; 
j       flowers  violet ;  fruit  very  large,  glossy-purple,  prized  as  a  great  delicacy.    E.  India.- 

A  variety  has  white  fniit  exactly  imitating  a  goose-egg. 

1 3  S.  Texanum.    With  scarlet  fruit  depresscd-globous  and  lobed.    From  Tex.    Mex. 

4.  CAPSICUM,  Toiirn.  Pepper.  Calyx  erect,  5-cleft.  Cor.  rotate, 
tube  very  short,  limb  plaited,  5-lobecl.  Anth.  connivent.  Fr.  capsular,  dry, 
inflated,  2-3-celled.  Seeds  flat,  very  acrid. — Herbs  or  shrubs,  with  hot  and 
acrid  taste.    Leaves  often  in  pairs.    Ped.  axillary,  solitary. 

C.  ANNUUM.  Bed  or  Cayenne  P.  Herb  with  angular,  branching  stem,  smooth  ovato 
entire  leaves  and  large  roundish  or  lance-form  red  fruit.    ®  Many  varieties. 

5.  NICANDRA,  Adans.  Apple  op  Peru.  Cal.  5-cleft,  5-angled,  the 
angles  compressed,  sepals  sagittate.  Cor.  campanulate.  Sta.  5,  incurved. 
Berry  enveloped  in  the  persistent  calyx.    ®  Peruvian.    Summer. 

N.  physaloides  Adans.  Herb  smooth,  with  ample  ovate-oblong,  sinuate-angled  Ivs. ; 
flowers  solitary,  axillary,  white,  with  blue  spots.    Gardens  and  fields.    2 — of.    § 

6.  PHYSALIS.  L.  Ground  Cherry.  Calyx  5-cleft,  persistent,  at 
length  inflated.  Cor.  bell-rotate,  tube  very  short,  limb  obscurely  5-lobed. 
Sta.  5,  connivent.  Berry  globous,  enclosed  v^ithin  the  5-angled  calyx. — 
Herbs  (rarely  shrubs)  with  angular  branches.  Leaves  alternate  or  un- 
equally twin.    Flowers  solitaiy,  nodding,  extra-axillaiy,  all  Summer. 

§  Anthers  yellow.    Ped.  elongated.    Fruit  edible,  not  filling  the  calyx.  ..{a) 

a  Corolla  yellow  with  brown-purple  in  the  centre Nos.  1—3 

a  Corolla  yellow  in  centre  as  well  as  border Nos.  4,  5 

§  Anthers  blue  or  violet.    Ped.  shorter  than  the  petioles. .  .(6) 

b  Peduncles  near  1'  long.    Berry  not  filling  the  closed  calyx Nos.  6—8 

b  Peduncles  2—3"  long.    Beny  filling  the  open  calyx No.  9 

1  p,  -viscosa  L.    Viscid-pubescent,  difliisc  ;  leaves  ovate  to  oblong,  mostly  abrupt  at 

base  and  bluntly  toothed  ;  corolla  8— 10" ;  fruiting-calyx  U'.    U  Dry  soils.    If. 

2  P.  Pennsylvanica  L.    Puberulent,  decumbent ;  leaves  ovate  to  lanceolate,  re- 

pand-toothed  or  entire,  base  obtuse  or  acute  ;  corolla  slightly  spotted,  6—8";  fruit- 
calyx  rounded,  1'.    ii  Dry  soils,  Penn.,  S.  and  W.    6 — 15'. 
/3.  lanceol'ata.    Pubescent ;  leaves  tapering  and  acute  both  ways.    S. 

3  P.  angustifolia  N.    Glabrous ;   leaves  lance-linear,  entire,  thickish ;  fruit-calyx 

wing-angled,  1';  corolla  10— 12".    2^  Wet  sands,  Fla.    6—12'. 

4  P.  nyctagiiiea  Dun.      Pubescent;   leaves  small,  elliptic-ovate,  bmnt-toothed ; 

calyx  hairy  ;  corolla  small  (5—6"),  wholly  yellow.    South.    6—12'. 

5  P,  Alkckengl  L.    Strawberry  Tomato.    Pubescent,  erect ;   leaves  deltoid-ovate, 

acuminate,  rcpand ;  calyx  reddening  in  fniit.    li  Gardens  and  fields.    1— 2f. 


264  Order  96.— SOLANACEiE. 

6  P.  pubescens  L.  Viscid-toraentons,  decumbent ;  leaves  ovate  or  cordate,  base  un- 
equal, repand  ;  corolla  spotted,  6"  ;  fruit-calyx  5-angled.  00  Damp,   S.  andW.   9—18', 

1  P.  angulata  L,  Smooth,  erect;  Ivs.  ovate  to  oblong,  acutely  toothed;  cor.  small 
(3—6") ;  fruit-calyx  ovoid-conic,  longer  than  its  stalk.    (T)  Dry  flelds. 

8  P.  liinkiaiia  Nees.    Smooth,  diffuse,  2f  or  more ;  leaves  lance-oblong,  affenvate 

both  ways,  si/bidate-toothed  ;  corolla  G"  ;  fruit-calyx  ly.    (T)  S.  C,  Ga.  (Dr.  Feay). 

9  P.  Pliiladelpliica  Lam.    Smoothish,  erect ;  Ivs.  obliquely  ovate,  pointed,  angu- 

lar-repand  ;  corolla  9",  spotted  and  striped  ;  berry  large,  red.    (T)  M.  and  W.    t 

7.  ATROPA,  L.  Deaui.y  Nightshade.  Calyx  5-parted.  Cor,  cam- 
panulate,  limb  5-cleft,  valvate-plicate  in  bud.  Stain,  5,  distant,  include  1. 
Berry  globous,  2-celled,  sitting  on  the  enlarged  calyx,  U  Herbs  of  lurid 
colors.    Leaves  often  twin, 

A.  Belladonna.— Europe.  Leaves  ovate,  entire,  large.  Berries  dark-purple,  handsome 
but  poisonous,  like  the  whole  plant.    Medicinal, 

8.  HYOSOYAMUS,  Tourn.  Henbane,  Calyx  tubular,  5-cleft.  Cor. 
funnel-form,  one  of  the  5  obtuse  lobes  larger,  Sta,  5,  declinatc.  Stigma 
capitate.  Capsule  ovoid,  2-celled,  opening  with  a  lid  near  the  summit. — 
Coarse  herbs,  native  in  Eastern  countries, 

H.  niger  L.  Branched,  very  leafy,  viscid-hairy  and  foetid ;  leaves  sinuate-lobed,  clasp- 
ing ;  corolla  stmw-color,  netted  with  purple,  in  one-sided  spikes,  (g)  In  old  fields, 
and  rubbish.    2f.    Poisonous— medicinal.    July, 

9.  PETUNIA,  Jnss.  Cal.  segments  oblong-spatulate.  Cor.  funnel-  or 
Balver-form,  tube  cylindric,  limb  spreading,  slightly  unequal.  Sta.  5,  in- 
serted in  the  middle  of  tlie  tube,  unequal,  included.  Caps.  2-celled.  Seeds 
minute.  South  American  herbs.  Leaves  alternate,  entire,  the  floral  twin. 
Flowers  solitary,  lai-ge,  all  Summer.     Fig.  06. 

1  P.  NYCTAGiNiPLORA.     Erect,  diffusely  branched,  viscid-hairy;    flowers  white,   tube 

slender,  thrice  longer  than  the  calyx,  limb  spreading  li — 3'.    u 

2  P,  viOLACKA.    Prostrate  at  base,  then  erect,  viscid-hairy ;  flowers  violet-purple,  tube 

inflated,  twice  longer  than  the  calyx.    By  admixture  numerous  varieties,  single, 
double,  striped,  &c.,  are  raised. 

10.  NIEREMBERGIA,  Kuiz  &  Pav.  Cal.  curved,  5-cleft.  Cor.  fun- 
nel-form, lube  long  and  slender,  limb  ample,  spreading,  plicate,  slightly 
unequal.  Sta.  o,  inserted  in  the  throat,  unequal,  connivent,  anth.  hid  1)C- 
ncath  the  stigma.  Cai>sule  2-celled,  cx-secded. — South  American,  chiefly 
herbs,  creeping,  with  elegant,  solitary,  extra-axillary  flowers. 

N.  GRACILIS.  Stems  very  slender  and  much  branched ;  Ivs.  linear  to  spatulatc ;  flow- 
ers 1'  or  more,  white,  lilac,  purple,  with  a  yellow  eye. 

11.  LYCIUM,  L.  Matrimony  Vine.  Cal.  2-5-cleft.  Cor.  tubular, 
bell-  or  funnel-form,  4-  or  5-lobed.  Sta.  4  or  5,  exserted.  Berry  2-celled, 
Bceds  several.  "^  ^  Often  spiny.  Leaves  alternate,  entire,  often  clustered. 
Flowers  small,  solitary  or  in  pairs. 

li.  Barbarniu  L.  Branches  spiny,  slender,  pendulous  or  climbing ;  leaves  lanceo- 
late ;  corolla  greenish-purple,  5-parted  ;  calyx  .3-  or  4-toothed  ;  berries  small,  orange* 
red.    From  Barbary.    Planted  for  arbors  walls,  <S-c, 


Order  96.-S0LANACE^.  265 

2  lit  Carolinian uiii  Mx.    Branches  rigid,  spiny,  upright;  Ivs.  fleshy,  club-shaped, 

clusterad ;  flowers  email,  4-parted,  purple.    Salt  marshee,  S.    3f. 

12.  DATURA,  L.  Thorn  Apple.  Calyx  large,  tubular,  inflated,  de- 
ciduous, or  spathe-form.  Cor.  funnel-form,  limb  plicate  in  bud,  with  5  or 
10  cuspidate  angles.  Sta.  5.  Caps.  2-celled,  4-valved,  cells  2-parted.  ®^ 
Coarse,  foetid,  poisonous,  with  large,  often  handsome  flowers.    Fig.  168. 

§  Calyx  deciduous,  its  base  persistent.    Flowers  suberect.    ©...(a) 

a  Limb  of  the  corolla  5-toothed.    Pods  erect Nos.  1 — 3 

■   a  Limb  of  the  corolla  10-toothed.    Pods  drooping Nos.  4,  5 

§  Calyx  persistent,  splitting  and  spathaceous.    Flowers  erect,    (i) No.  6 

§  Calyx  persistent,  often  splitting.    Flowers  pendulous.    Tree-like  Nos.  7—9 

1  D.  Stramonium  L.    Jimson  Weed.    Stem  forked  ;  Ivs.  large,  ovate,  with  unequal 

sides  and  angular  teeth  ;  corolla  cream-white,  2'  long.    Waste  grounds.    3f.    § 
p.  Tdtula.    Stem  purple  ;  flowers  bluish-white  ;  stem  o—4f.     S.  and  W.    § 

2  D.  QUERCiFOLiA.    Lcaves  sinuate-pinnatifid  ;  flowers  white,  5'  broad.    Mexico.    2f. 

3  D.  PASTudsA.    Stem  dark  purple,  with  whitish,  shining  dots ;  Ivs.  lance-ovate ;  cor. 

violet  without,  white  within,  single  or  double,  1'  long,    (i)  Egypt.    Splendid. 

4  D.  Metel.    Yillous-pubescent ;  Ivs.  ovate  ;  flowers  white,  4'  broad.    Mexico.    3 — 4f. 

5  D.  METEi^oiDES.     Smoothish,  slender;  leaves  ovate-oblong;  flowers  pure  white  or 

tinged  with  blue,  5'  broad.    Very  fine.    From  Mexico. 

6  D.  CERATOCAULA.     Stem  terete,  thick,  purple ;   leaves  lance-ovate ;   corolla  thrice 

longer  (5—7')  than  the  calyx,  tube  incurved,  limb  10-toothed.    Cuba. 

7  I>.  ARBoREA.    Leaves  lance-ovate,  downy;  calyx  spathaceous,  entire;  corolla  8—10' 

long,  white,  green-veined ;  anthers  distinct.    Peru.    Flowers  often  double. 

8  I>.  suAVEOLENS.    Lcavcs  ovate-oblong,  entire;  calyx  5-toothed;  corolla  9— 12' long, 

sweet-scented,  white;  anthers  cohering.    Mexico. 

9  D.  sanguInea,  has  flowers  8'  long,  limb  red,  tube  yellow,  with  purple  veins.    Peru. 

13.  NICOTIANA,  Tourn.  Tobacco.  Calyx  urn-shaped,  6-toothed. 
Cor.  funnel-form,  5-lobed.  Sta.  5.  Caps.  2-celled,  2-4-valved.  (i)  Coarse 
narcotics,  with  large,  entire  leaves  and  terminal  fls.    Jn. — Aug.    Fig.  113. 

1  N.  rusticaL.    Viscid-pubescent;  Ivs.  petiolate,  ovate  ;  corolla  tube  cylindric, lobes 

round-obtuse,  greenish-yellow.    Weed  in  N.  Y.,  &c.    1— IK-    § 

2  N.  Tabacum.     Virginia  T.    Viscid-pubescent;  leaves  lanceolate,  sessile  and  decur- 

rent ;  corolla  tube  inflated  in  throat,  lobes  acute,  rose-color.    4— 6f. 

3  N.  LONGiFLORA.    Branches  spreading ;  upper  leaves  sessile,  cordate-lanceolate  ;  flow- 

ers racemcd,  white-purple-yellow,  tube  slender,  4'.    Hardy  South. 

14.  OESTRUM,  L.  Calyx  often  colored,  5-cleft.  Cor.  tubular-funnel- 
form,  tube  clavate,  limb  5-cleft  or  5-parted,  plicate  in  bud.  Sta.  5,  included, 
adnate  to  cor.  below.  Style  1.  Berry  few-seeded.  5  S-  American,  with 
entire  leaves  and  brilliant  flowers  in  clusters,  fragrant. 

§  Habrothamnus.    Corolla  clavate,  red  or  purple,  limb  suberect Nos.  1,  2 

§  EucESTRUM.    Corolla  club-funnel-form,  yellow-orange,  limb  spreading Nos.  3,  4 

1  C,  elegans.    Lvs.  lance-ovate;  corolla  purple,  shining,  9";  calyx  purple,  3".    5— 6f. 

2  C.  FASCicuLATUM.    Lvs.  broad-ovatc  ;  coroUa  scarlct,  9" ;  calyx  reddened,  3".    5— 6f. 

3  C.  AURANTiACUM.    Lcaves  lance-ovate  ;  corolla  tube  inflated,  orange-colored,  5".    4f. 

4  C,  Parqui.    Leaves  narrow-lanceolate  ;  corolla  dull  yellow,  G",  tube  terete. 

15.  FABIANA  imbricata,  Ruiz  &  Pav.,  is  a  fine  little  shrub  resembling 
a  Tamarix,  with  small  (G"  long)  ovate  leaves  covering  the  numerous  branches,  and  small 
violet-white  flowers,     t  Chili. 


266  Ordek  97.— GENTIANACE^. 


Order  XCVII.    GENTIANACE^.    Gentianworts. 

Herhs  smooth,  with  a  colorless,  bitter  juice,  with  entire,  exstipulate 
leaves.  Fbwers  regular,  mostly  centrifugal  in  inflorescence  and  convolute 
in  the  bud.  Calyx  persistent.  Corolla  withering,  its  lobes  alternate  witli 
the  stamens.  Ovary  free,  1-celled,  with  2  more  or  less  projecting  paiieta. 
placentae.  Fruit  a  2-valvcd,  septicidal,  oo-seeded  capsule,  rarely  baccate 
Sc£ds  with  a  minute,  straight  embryo  in  the  axis  of  fleshy  albumen.    Fig  1 10. 

I.  GENTIANE^.    Corolla  convolute  (in  No.  8  imbricate)  in  the  bud.    Leaves  opposite. .. (6) 

II.  MENYANTHE.^.     Corolla  valvate-induplicate  li;  the  bud.     Leaves  alternate  or  radical.  ..((i) 

a  Petals  beardless  or  nearly  so.     Leaves  simple,  floating Li.mnanthemum.  JO 

a  Petals  bearded  inside.    Leaves  trifoliate,  erect Mentanthks.  9 

h  Sepals  only  2.     Corolla  4-parted,  tubular-campanulato Obolaria.  8 

h  Sepals  as  many  as  the  petals,  more  or  less  united. .  .(c) 

c  Corolla  lobes  furnislied  each  with  a  spur  in  the  middle  of  the  back IIalenpa.  7 

c  Corolla  lobes  furnished  each  with  a  large  central  gland Fraskka.  6 

c  Corolla  lobes  plain,  without  spurs  or  glands. .  .(d) 

d  Leaves  reduced  tj  scales.    Corolla  deeply  4-parted Baktosia.  5 

(Z  Leafy.— e  Style  none,  stig.  sessile.    Corolla  tubular Gkntiana.  4 

— e  Style  present.— a;  Corolla  tube  longer  than  the  limb Krythr^a.  3 

— X  Corolla  tube  shorter  than  the  limb Eustov.  a.  2 

— X  Corolla  wheel-form,  tube  none Sji  bbatia.  J 

1.  SABBATIA,  Adams.  American  Centaury.  Calyx  5-12-parted. 
Cor.  rotate,  5-12-parted.  Sta.  5 — 12,  anth.  soon  recurved.  Style  2-parted, 
Caps.  1-celled,     (DCg)  Slender,  with  very  beautiful  flowers,  in  Summer. 

§  LAPITU.EA.    Corolla  7-12-(mostly  9-)parted,  rose-red Nos.  1,  2 

§  Sabbatia  proper.    Corolla  5-(rarely  6-)partcd ...  (a) 

Flowers  white  but  j  —x  paniculate  or  scattered Nos.  3,  4 

drying  yeUowish  )  — x  ia  a  level-topped  cyme.     Branches  opposite Nos.  5,  6 

a  Flowert<  rose-red.— &  Branches  opposite No*,  7,  8 

—6  Branches  alternate Nos.  9, 10 

1  S.  cliloroidcs  Ph.    Simple  or  forked;  flowers  1^5,  pedunadate,  20";  petals  ob- 

lanceolate,   10" ;    sepals    linear-spatulate,  6" ;    leaves  lanceolate  to  oblonjj.     Wet 
grounds.  Plymouth,  Mass..  R.  !.,  and  S.    1— 2f.    t 

2  S.  gjentlaiioidcs  Ell.    Strict,  subsimple  ;  leaves  linear,  exceeding?  the  internodes  ; 

flowers  sessile,  2  bracted,  solitary,  or  several  together;  petals  obovate,  10";  sepaly 
l.^.nce-snbulate,  4".    Wet  barrens,  Ga.,  Fla.,  andW.    1— 2f. 
p.  ttoffkinii  (Gray).'   Leaves  lance-oblong,  at  least  the  lower.    Ga. 

3  S.  calycosa  Ph.    Rigid,  divaricately-forked  ;  flowers  few,  distant ;  sepals  oblancco- 

latc  (5— 8").  as  long  as  the  petals  ;  leaves  oblong,  3-veined.    Va.,  and  S.     If. 

4  S.   paniculata   Ph.      Stem  much  branched,  terete,   with  4  thread-like  ridges* 

branches  mostly  opposite  ;  leaves  small,  oval,  oblong  to  linear ;  panicle  diff"use  ;  se 
pals  subulate,  3"  ;  petals  (»".     Low  grounds,  Va.,  and  S.    1— 2f. 
|3.  miliottlU    Branches  alternate;  leaves  mostly  linear :  petals  7  or  8". 
*  S.  lanceolata  (Walt.)    Corymbously-branched  anJ  4-angled  above;  leaves  ovate 
to  lanceolate,  3-.5-veined  ;  flowers  O-parted,  V  broad.    Barrens,  N.  J.  to  Fla.    2f. 

6  S.  macropliylla  Hook.     Stem  terete  throughout,  corymbed  at  top  ;  leaves  erect, 

thick,  ovate,  acuminate,  .3-5-veined  ;  flowers  small  (i'  broad).    Fla.,  La. 

7  S.  angul    ris  PK.     Stem  with  4  ^^inlred  ansrles.  corymbous-panided  ;  leaves  ovate, 

5-vei;iecl,  clasping;   flowers  15—18'  broad,  with  a  greenish  star.    Wet  meadows, 
N.  Y.  to  111.,  and  S.    10—18'. 

8  S,  bracliiata  .'.'11.     Stem  obtufely  1  an;,'lcd,  paniclcd  ;  leave?  lance  linear  to  linear 


Okder  97.-GENTIANACE.E.  267 

lowest  ovate  ;  flowers  15",  the  star  pnrple,  bordered  with  green  ;  petals  obloug-obo- 
vate,  obtuse.    Prairies,  Ind.  to  Va.,  and  S.    If. 

9  S,  gracilis  Salisb.    Very  slender,  diffuse  ;  leaves  oblong  to  linear-filiform  :  flowers 

distant ;  pet.  elliptic,  obtuse,  5"  ;  sep.  filitbrra,  4".    Wet,  Mass.  to  Fla.,  and  La.    2f. 
p.  Btelthris.    Suberect,  tlie  flowers  larger  (13"  broad\  the  star  yellow. 

10  S.  CAMPESTKis.    Low  (6—10'),  erect ;  Ivs.  ovate  to  oblong;  fls.  few,  15"  broad,  the 
star  yellow  ;  calyx  tube  5-winged  ;  sepals  as  long  as  the  broad  petals.    La. 

2.  EUSTOMA.  Don.  Calyx  5-  or  G-parted,  Avith  subulate  segments, 
('or.  -svlieel-funnel-form,  5-6-parte(l.  8ta.  shorter  than  the  style. — Herbs 
i,daucous,  with  few  large  splendid  blue  flowers. 

1  E.  EussELLiANUM.    Stem  1— 2f,  forked ;  Ivs.  ovate,  cuspidate,  subcouuate  ;  fls.  long- 

stalked,  expanding  3—4',  petals  oval.    (T)  Ark.  (Mr.  Robertson). 

2  E.  oxaltatum,  taller,  with  flowers  2'  broad,  grows  in  S.  Fla.  (Chapman). 

3.  ERYTHR.a3A,  Ilenealm.  Calyx  5-4-parted,  angular.  Cor.  funnel- 
form,  5-4-parted,  tube  slender.  Anth.  5-4,  exserted,  spirally  twisted.  Style 
Klender.    (i)  Stem  squarish,  3 — 10'.    Leaves^connate  at  base. 

1  E.  rainosissima,  /3.  »lf  H/i/«fi&*rg-*l  (Griseb.)  Stem  l-3-time8-forked  into  a  loose 

cyme  ;  leaves  ovate-oblong  :  flowers  pedicellate^  bright  purple,  \".    L.  Is.  to  Va. :  rare. 

2  E.  spicata  Pers.    Stem  forking,  erect ;  leaves  oval  to  lanceolate ;  fls.  sessile,  8", 

spicate  on  tlie  long  branches,  rose-white.    Nantucket  to  Md,    §  Europe. 

3  E.  Centaiirium  Pers.    Erect;  Ivs.  oblong,  acutish  at  each  end;  flowers  subses- 

eile  in  the  loosely  corymbed  cymes,  rose-purple.  G".    Oswego,  N.  Y.    August.    § 

4.  GENTIANA,  Toinn.  Gentian.  Calyx  5-  or  4-partcd  or  entire. 
Cor.  tubulai-,  limb  5-  or  4-cleft,  closed  or  open.  Sta.  5  or  4.  Stig.  2,  style  0 
or  very  short.  Capsule  oblong,  1-celled,  seeds  numerous  and  minute. — 
Herbs  with  showy  flowers  in  August  to  October. 

§  Fls.  4-parted,  fringed,  sky-blue  ;  no  crown  or  folds.    (Ti Nos.  1,  2 

§  Fls.  5-parted,  blue,  pedicellate,  clustered  ;  no  fringe  or  folds,    (i) No.  3 

§  Fls.  5-parted,  corolla  with  folded  appendages  between  the  lobes,    i: ..  .(a) 

a  Flower  solitary',  terminal,  somewhat  stalked.    Leaves  linear No.  4 

a  Flowers  clustered,  sessile,— 6  ochroleucous  or  whitish Nos.  5.  fi 

— h  blue  ;  the  corolla  always  closed No.  7 

—b  blue  ;  the  corolla  open  or  expanding. ,. Nos.  8—10 

1  li.  crinita  Frcel.    Fringed  G.    Stem  and  branches  erect ;  leaves  lanceolate,  acute ; 

petals  oboval<?,  finely  fringed  at  margin.    (I)  Moist  soils.  Can.  to  Ga.,  and  W.    If.    A 
beautiful  and  interesting  plant. 

2  G.  detonsa  L.    Stem  and  few  branches  strict ;  leaA'es  lance-linear ;  flowers  solitary, 

long-stalked,  petals  crenate-ciliate.    ®  N.  Y.  to  Wis.    If. 

3  G.  quinqucflora  L.    St.  4-f.ngled  ;  Ivs.  ovate  to  lanceolate,  acute  :  fls.  7—8'',  pedi- 

cellate, clustered ;  sepals  subulate,  very  short,  or  (in  ^.  parriff'ora)  lance-linear,  4" ; 
corolla  segments  bristle-pointed,    (a)  Fields  and  woods.    If. 

4  G.  angustifolia  Mx.    Slender,  erect ;  fl.  18—20"  long ;  Ivs.  linear ;  sepals  linear, 

7—10"  ;  corolla  blue,  lobes  ovate,  the  cleft  folds  much  shorter.    N.  J.  to  Fla.    If. 
j8.  lirldiAora,    Flower  nearly  sessile,  15",  greenish  white,  folds  very  short.    S. 

5  G.  ocliroleuea  Frcel.    Lvs.  smoothish,  oval  to  elliptical,  acutish  both  ends  ;  calyx 

segments  lance-linear,  nearly  equalling  the  20"  corolla.    Pa.  (Prof.  Porter)  to  Fla.    If. 

6  G.  alba  Muhl.    Very  smooth,  stout;  lvs.  lanceolate,  the  broad  base  clasping;  fls. 

2'  long,  calyx  segments  ovate,  very  short.    Woods,  prairies,  M.  and  W.    11 — 2f. 

7  G.  Andre  wsil  Griseb.     Closed  Blue  G.    Simple,  smooth;  leaves  oval  lanceolate ; 


268  Order  9T.-GENTIANACE^. 

cluster  dense,  terminal ;  calyx  segments  ovate-oblong,  3—4" ;  corolla  18",  Inflated, 
nev^r  openmg,  folds  as  long  as  segments.    Woods,  N.  Eng.  to  Fla.    2f. 

8  G.  Saponsiria  L.    Snbsiraple,  stout,  smooth  ;  loaves  oblanceolate  to  lance-oblong, 

3-veined  ;  calyx  segments  linear,  (3—8"  ;  corolla  2',  folds  much  shorter  than  the  open 
erect  lobes.    N.  J.,  Pa.,  to  111.,  and  S.    2f.    Leaves  2—3'. 

9  iim  linearis  Wood.    Simple,  slender ;  Ivs.  lance-linear  to  linear,  l-(rarely  3-)veined; 

calyx  segments  subulate,  4—7";  corolla  folds  subentirc,  much  shorter  than  the  crecj 
or  spreading  lobes.    N.  Eng.  (rare)  to  Iowa  and  Ky.    1— lif-    Julj'— Sept. 

10  O.  piiberula  Mx.  Slender,  rough  or  puberulent ;  leaves  1',  oval  to  ovate,  very 
rough-edged,  clasping,  acute;  calyx  scgm.  lanceolate,  5'';  corolla  subcampanulatc, 
13",  lobes  very  acute,  folds  short,  cleft.    Prairies,  W.  and  S.    !J— 18'. 

5.  BARTONIA,  Mulil.  Screw-stem.  Fls.  4-parted,  persistent.  Cor. 
siibcampaniilate,  pet.  slightly  united.  Stig.  thick,  some  bifid.  Sds.  very  00 
and  minute.     U  Slender,  erect,  with  scale-like  Ivs.  and  small  white  fls. 

1  B.  veriia  Muhl.    Low,  simple,  3—5',  clustered  ;  ped.  1-flowered,  petals  3",  oblong, 

obtuse,  sepals  1'^  acute.    Bogs  and  barrens,  Va.  to  Fla.    March. 

2  B.  tenella  Muhl.    Branched  above,  very  slender,  5—12' ;  ped.  opposite,  erect,  sub- 

equal,  4";  petals  pointed.  1",  sepals  nearly  as  long.    Wet.    Mass.  to  Fla.    August. 
^.  brnchihtn.    Pedicels  bent  outward  and  ui)ward,  some  alternate.    S. 

6.  FRASERA,  Walt.     Columbo.    Fls.  mostly  4-partcd.     Pet.  united 
at  base,  oval,  spreading,  each  with  1  or  3  bearded  glands  in  tlie  middle. 
Sly.  1,  stig.  2,  distinct.   Caps,  compressed,  1-celled.    Seeds  few,  large,  ellip- 
tic, margined.     1i  Sliowy  and  tall,  with  opposite  or  verticillate  leaves. 
F.  Carolineiisis  Walt.   "Smooth,  4— 9f  high !  paniculate  above  ;  Ivs.  oblong,  sessile, 

in  4''s— Cs ;  petals  greenish  with  blue  dots,  and  a  large  purple  gland,    llich  soils, 
N.  Y.,  S.  and  W.    A  stately  plant,  and  a  good  tonic.    June,  July. 

7.  HALENIA,  Borkh.  Felwort.  Flowers  4-parted,  broad  bell-form. 
Each  petal  prolonged  at  base  into  a  spur,  which  is  glandular  at  tlie  end. 

Stigmas  2,  sessile. — Flowers  panicled. 

H,  dcflexa  Griseb,    Erect,  branched,  lower  leaves  oblanceolate,  upper  lance-ovate, 

3-5-veined ;  spurs  slender,  curved  outward,  half  as  long  as  the  4"  greenish-yellow 

petals.    (2)  N.  Eng.  (rare)  to  Wis.    18'.    August. 

8.  OBOLARIA,  L.  Pennywort.  Calyx  of  2  wedge-oblong  sepals. 
Corolla  tube-bell-form,  4-cleft.  Sta.  on  the  corolla.  Stigma  sessile,  bifid. 
Seeds  go,  very  minute,     if  Flowers  sessile,  pale. 

O  Virginica  L.— Woods,  N.  J.,  W.  and  S.  Stem  4— 8',  subfiimple.  Leaves  roundish, 
sessile,  thick,  crowded  above,  sepals  similar.    April,  May. 

9.  MENYANTHES,  Tourn.  Bcck  Bean.  Cal.  5-paited.  Cor.  rotate 
or  funnel-form,  limb  spreading,  5-lobed,  villous  within,  no  glands  at  the 
base.  Stamens  5.  Style  1,  stigma  bifid.  Capsule  1-celled. — Bitter  herbs, 
actively  medicinal.    Leaves  trifoliate,  nearly  radical. 

I?I,  trifollata  L.— In  muddy  places,  Penn.  to  Cal.,  and  N.  8—12'.  Petioles  long  and 
round.    Scapes  bearing  racemes  of  handsome,  flesh-colored  flowers.    May. 

10.  LIMNANTHEMUM,  Gmel.  Floating  Heart.  Cal.  5-parted. 
Cor.  rotate,  each  sog.  Avith  a  glandular  scale  at  base.     Sty.  sliort  or  0,  stig. 


Order  99.— APOCYNACE^.  269 

2-lobed.  Caps,  opening  by  decay.   /5r  Stagnant  water.  Pet.  long,  bearing  an 
umbel  of  small  white  lis.  below  the  roundish  leaf-blade,  also  oblong  tubers. 

1  li.  lacunosum  Griseb.     Leaves   small   (1—20,   smooth,   round-reniform ;   eeeda 

smooth  and  shming.    N.  Eng.  to  Fla.    (Villarsia  lacunosa  Vent.) 

2  li.  tracliysperiiiuni  Gray.    Lvs,  large  (3—50,  dotted  and  pitted  beneath;  seeds 

muricate  about  the  margins.    Md.  to  Fla.  and  La.    (Menyanthes,  Mx.) 

Order  XCVIIL    LOGANIACE^. 

Herba  or  shrubs  with  opposite  leaves,  stipules  between  the  petioles  or  at 
least  a  ridge,  and  with  4-  or  5-parted  regular  gamopetalous  flowers.  Ovary 
superior,  stigmas  as  many  as  the  cells.  Pi'uit  a  2-celled  capsule,  or  a  1-2- 
seeded  drupe.    Seeds  winged  or  peltate,  with  albumen.    Fig.  47. 

•  Delicate,  twininj;  shrubs,  with  large  yellow  flowers.    S Gelsemium.       1 

•  Low  herbs. — x  Flowers  scarlet,  tubular,  with  one  style Spigelia.  2 

— X  Flowers  small,  white,  5-parted,  iu  l-sided  racemes Mitreola.        3 

— X  Flowers  small,  white,  4-parted,  in  axillary  cymes Polyfrkmum.  4 

1.  GEILSEMIUM.  Juss.  Yellow  Jessamine.  Cor.  bell-funnel-form 
with  5  short  rounded  lobes.  Sta.  5,  now  longer  and  now  shorter  than  the 
style  {dimorplwus).  Caps,  flattened,  twin,  cells  each  with  4 — 6  winged  sds. 
■^  Very  slender,  with  numerous  flowers.    The  stipules  a  mere  ridge. 

G.  sempervlrens  Ait. — Woods  and  banks.  Vs.,  and  S.,  overrnnning  bashes  and  low 
trees.    Leaves  thick,  shining,  lanceolate.    Flowers  V.    March— May. 

2.  SPIGELIA,  L.  Pink-root.  Calyx  seg.  linear-subulate.  Cor.  nai- 
rowly  funnel-form,  limb  5-cleft.  Anth.  5,  convergent.  Caps,  twin-lobed, 
few-seeded. — Herbs,  with  the  flowers  sessile  in  terminal  spikes.    Fig.  47. 

S.  OTarilandlca  L.  Stem  square,  erect,  simple;  leaves  sessile,  ovate-lanceolate; 
spike  scorpoid,  uncoiling  as  the  .3—8  handsome  flowers  expand ;  corolla  1^—2'  long. 
n  Thickets,  Pa.  to  111.,  and  S.    June.    Medicinal. 

3.  MITREOLA,  L.  Corolla  tubular,  short,  5-cleft,  hairy  in  the  throat. 
Sta.  5,  included.  Ovary  2-celled,  styles  2,  united  only  at  top  with  1  stigma. 
Capsule  2-horned,  go -seeded.  @  Flowei*s  in  several  scorpoid  spikes  at 
top  of  a  long  terminal  peduncle.    June — August, 

1  I?!,  petlolata  T.  &  G.    Branching ;  leaves  ovate  to  lanceolate,  tapering  at  base  to 

a  petiole  ;  raceme  loose-flowered.    Va.,  and  S.    1— 2f. 

2  M.  sessilifolia  T.  &  G.    Nearly  simple ;  leaves  oval  to  elliptical,  sessile,  shorter 

than  the  internodes  ;  raceme  close-flowered.    S.  C.  to  Fla.    10—18'. 

4.  POLYPREMUM,  L.  Calyx  seg.  4,  subulate.  Corolla  broad  bell- 
form,  lobes  a  little  unequal,  obtuse,  throat  bearded.  Stamens  4,  included. 
Stigma  subsessile.  Capsule  ovoid,  (i)  Smooth,  diff'usely  branched  from 
base,  with  linear-subulate  leaves.    Flowers  sessile. 

p.  prociimbens  L.— Dry  fields,  Va.,  and  S.    6—12'.    In  dense  patches.    May— f^ept. 

Order  XCIX.    APOCYNACE.E.    Dog-banes. 
Plant  with  an  acrid,  milky  juice,  entire,  cxstipulate,  mostly  opposite  Iva. 


270  Order  99.— APOCYNACE.E. 

Flowers  5-parted,  regular,  the  calyx  persistent,  the  corolla  twisted  in  aesti- 
vation. Stamens  5,  with  distinct  filaments,  anthers  filled  with  granular  pol- 
len. Ovai'ies  3,  distinct,  but  their  stigmas  blended  into  a  head-shaped  mass. 
Fi'uit  1 — 2  follicles,  or  capsular  or  baccate,  with  albuminous  seeds. 

§  Herbs  erect,  native. — a  Corolla  bell-form,  whitish.    Leaves  opposite Apoctnum.  1 

— a  Corolla  salver-forra,  blue.    Leaves  alternate Amsonia.  2 

§  Half-shrubby,  cultivated,  trailing  or  erect.     Corolla  wide-spread Vinca.  3 

§  Shrubs  twining. — b  Native.     Flowers  small,  yellowish Forsteronia,  4 

—b  Cultivated.     Flowers  large,  white Echitks.  8 

§  Shrubs  erect. — c  Leaves  opposite  or  in  4's.    Corolla  yellow Allama.npa.  6 

— c  Leaves  opposite  or  in  3" s.     Corolla  roseate Nkrium.  7 

— c  Leaves  alternate.     Flowers  3".    Fruit  a  drupe.    S.  Fla Vai.lesia. 

1.  APOOYNUM,  Tourn.  Dog's-bane.  Cor.  bell-fonn  with  short  lobes. 
Sta.  included,  alternating  with  5  glandular  teeth  on  the  base  of  the  corolla. 
Ovaries  2.  Stigma  connate.  Follicles  slender,  distinct.  Seeds  comous.  U 
Leaves  entire,  mucronate,  opposite.    Flowers  pale,  in  cymes,  June — Aug. 

1  A.  androsaBitilfoIlum  L.    Leaves  ovate ;  cymes  terminal  and  lateral ;  cor.  3", 

with  red  stripes,  tube  longer  than  the  calyx,  lobes  spreading.    Hedges  and  fields.    3f. 
A  handsome  plant,  smooth  or  downy. 

2  A.  cannabinuin  L.    Leaves  oval  to  lance-oblong,  often  downy  beneath ;  cymes 

terminal ;  corolla  1",  tube  not  longer  than  the  calyx,  lobes  erect.    In  shades.    2 — 4f , 
Pods  3'  long.    (A.  hypericifolium  Ait.) 

2.  AMSONIA,  Walt.  Calyx  segment  pointed.  Cor.  tube  hispid,  fun- 
nel-form, limb  in  5  linear  segments  twisted  in  bud.  Style  1.  Ovaries  2, 
connate  at  base,  follicles  2,  erect,  slender.  Seeds  not  comous.  U  Leaves 
alternate,  entire.     Clusters  terminal,  blue. 

1  A.  TabernsBinontana  Walt.    Leaves  ovate-lanceolate,  acuminate ;  sepals  lance- 

acuminate  ;  corolla  8",  livid  blue.    Damp  grounds,  W.  and  S.    2f.    May,  June.— 
Varies  with  leaves  lance-elliptic,  and  sepals  acute. 

2  A.  cillataWalt.    Leaves  more  or  less  crowded,  linear  or  filiform,  the  margins  cili- 

ate ;  cluster  long-stalked,  corymbed,  or  soon  panicled  ;  corolla  glabrous  outside. 
Sands,  S. :  common.    1— 2f.    April,  May. 

3.  FORSTERONIA,  Meyer.  Corolla  funnel-form,  deeply  5-cleft,  twisted 
in  bud.  Anthers  adherent  to  the  stigma.  Stigma  2-lobed.  Follicles  2, 
spreading,  seeds  comous.     "^  Leaves  opposite. 

F.  diflormis  DC.  Climbing;  leaves  round-oval  to  lance-oval,  cuspidate-point'od  ; 
cymes  axillary  and  terminal,  stalked ;  calyx  segments  ovate,  long-pointed ;  corolla 
3 — 4",  pale  yellow.    Swamps,  Va.,  and  S.    May— August. 

4.  VINOA,  L.  Periwinkle.  Cor.  funnel-  or  salver-form,  convolute, 
with  the  5  lobes  oblique,  orifice  5-angled.  Two  glands  at  base  of  the  ovaiy. 
Follicles  2,  erect,  slender.    [^  ^  Lvs.  opposite.    Flowers  solitaiy,  axillary. 

1  V,  JiiNOR.    Procum'.^ent ;   Agaves  elliptic-lanceolate,  not  ciliatc ;   sepals  lanceolate ; 

llowers  scentless,  violet,  purple,  or  white.    May,  June.    Europe. 

2  V,  MAJOR.    Decumbent ;  leaves  ovate,  ciliate  at  edges ;  sepals  long,  bristle-pointed. 

In  shades,  forming  loose  masses,  leaves  often  silver-edged.    Europe. 
'J  V.  ROSEA.     Erect,   soft-downy;   leaves  oval,  obtuse;    flowerii  large,  roseate,  often 
white  or  white-edged,  perpetual.    From  Madagascar. 


Order  1 00. -ASCLEPI  ADAGES. 


271 


5.  EOHITESj  Br.  Cor.  funnel-  or  salver-form,  not  nppendaged,  lobes 
convolute,  bearing  the  subsessile  anthers  in  the  throat ;  5  glands  at  base  of 
ovaries.  Foil.  2,  slender.  Sds.  comous.  "^  ^  Lvs.  opp.  (Mandevilla,  Lindl.) 
E.  8UAVE0LENS.    Climbing ;  leaves  cordate-ovate,  acniuinalc,  shorter  than  the  axillary 

or  terminal  racemes  ;  flowers  frao;raut,  2'.    S.  America. 
E.  utnbellata  Jacq.  and  E.  Andr^ivsli  Chapm.  are  indigenous  in  S.  Fla. 

6.  ALLAMANDA  cathartica.  Shrub  from  Guyana,  with  slender 
branches,  oblong  thin-pointed  leaves,  and  bright-yellow  flowers  2^—3'.  Cor.  ftmnel-bell- 
form,  lobes  5,  rounded,  throat  appendaged.    Ova.  1,  becoming  a  prickly,  1-cellcd  capsule. 

7.  NERIUM,  L.  Oleander.  Corolla  salver-form,  convolute,  throat 
crowned  with  5  cleft  scales.  Anth.  arrow-shaped,  tipped  with  a  long  hairy 
bristle.    +>  Lvs.  lanceolate,  acute  both  ways,  thick  and  leathery,  in  2's  or  3's. 

1  N.  Oleander.    Leaves  lanceolate  ;  scales  of  the  crown  each  of  3  or  4  pointed  unequl 

teeth  ;  fls.  clustered,  inodorous,  often  double,  2'.    Palestine.    5— lOf,  very  handsome. 

2  N.  ODORTJM.    Leaves  linear-lanceolate;  scales  of  the  crown  each  4-7-cleft ;  appenda- 

ges of  the  anthers  exserted  ;  flowers  fragrant.    India. 

Order  C.    ASCLEPIADACE^.    Asclepiads. 


Plants  (chiefly  herbs  in  the  United  States)  with  a  milky  juice,  oftet 

twining.  Leaves  opposite  (rarely  whorled 
or  scattered),  without  stipules,  entire. 
Flmcers  generally  umbellate,  5-parted,  re- 
gular, the  sepals  and  also  X\\e  petals  united 
at  base,  both  valvate  in  aestivation.  Sta- 
mens united,  adherent  to  and  covering 
tlie  fleshy  mass  of  the  two  united  stig- 
mas. Pollen  cohering  in  masses.  Ovaries 
2,  forming  follicles  in  fruit. 


Fig.  530.— 1.  Asclepias  cornuti.  2.  A  flower,  the 
petals  and  sepals  reflexcd,  and  the  corona  erect. 
3.  One  of  the  segments  of  the  corona  with  the 
hora  bent  inwardly.  4.  A  pair  of  pollen  masses 
suspended  from  the  glands.  5.  A  mature  follicle. 
6.  Vertical  section  of  P.  phytolaccoides  showing 
the  two  ovaries.    7.  Lobe  and  horn  of  the  corona. 


§  Stems  erect,  leaf}-,  herljaceous. ..(«) 
§  Stems  climbing,  often  shrubby.,  .(r) 
§  Stems  low,  leaves  fleshy,  all  radical. .  .Stapelia. 

n  A  little  horn  in  each  hood  of  the  crown.    Petals  reflexed Asclkfias. 

a  No  horns  in  the  cr  >wn.— 6  Petals  reflexed  or  spreading Aceratks. 

—h  Petals  erect Podostigma. 

c  Corolla  salver-form,  white,  the  crown  in  the  bottom  of  the  tube Stephanotis. 

e  Corolla  wheel-form,  flattish,  the  lobes  spreading.,  .(n) 

t  Corolla  sesmeuts  erect,  crown  5  leaved,— </  each  leaflet  2-awned.   ENSLEifjA. 

-./  leaflets  awnlasg MtTAhiKr.MA. 


272  Order  100. -ASCLEPI  ADAGES. 

n  Crown  double,  the  outer  a  ring,  the  inner  5-leaved.    S.  Fla Sarcostemma. 

»  Crown  simple,— X  deeply  5-parted.     Leaves  linear Skutera.  \ 

— a;  of  6  awned  scales.    Leaves  ovate Periploca.  9 

—X  a  ring  5-10-lobed,  or  merely  wavy.  ..(y) 

y  Anther  slits  vertical,  pollinia  pendulous.     Leaves  thin  Vincktoxicum.  7 

y  Anther  slits  horizontal,  pollinia  spreading.    Leaves  cordate Gonolobus.  9 

y  Anther  slits  vertical,  pollinia  erect.    Leaves  thick Hoya.  11 

1.  ASCLEPIAS,  L.  Milk-weed.  Silk-weed,  Calyx  and  cor.  segm. 
soon  reflexed.  Staminal  crown  of  5  distinct  lioods  (cucuUate  leaflets),  each 
with  a  little  curved  horn  from  witliin.  Anth.  consolidated  with  the  stig., 
forming  a  5-angled  truncate  mass  (antheridium),  opening  by  5  chinks. 
Pollen  masses  (pollinia)  5  pairs,  hanging  vertically  by  a  pedicel  from  a  cleft 
gland.  Follicles  2,  lance-shaped,  seeds  comous.  U  Erect,  with  the  flow- 
ers in  simple  umbels  which  are  between  the  petioles  or  terminal.  Jn. — Aug. 

*  Flowers  whitish,  greenish,  or  puri)le  in  various  shades. . . (a) 

*  Flowers  orange-colored  or  scarlet.    Leaves  narrowly  lanceolate Nos.  15 — 17 

a  Leaves  ovate  to  lanceolate,  narrowed  to  a  petiole.  ..(6) 

a  Leaves  ovate-oblong  to  cordate,  sessile  or  clasping Nos.  12—14 

a  Leaves  linear,  very  narrow. .  .{x) 

b  Both  crown  and  corolla  greenish-purple.    Pods  woolly-spiny Nos.  1,  2 

b  Both  crown  and  corolla  pure  purple.    Pods  smooth Nos.  .3,  4 

b  Crown  white ;  corolla  white  tinged  with  pink.    Flowers  small Nos.  5—7 

b  Crown  white  ;  corolla  greenish-white.— c  Umbels  pedunculate Nos.  8,  9 

— c  Umbels  subsessile.    S Nos.  10,  11 

X  Leaves  all  opposite,  or  rarely  the  highest  alternate Nos.  18,  19 

X  Leaves  mostly  verticillate  or  scattered.    Flowers  greenish Nos.  20,  21 

1  A.  CorniitI  Dcsn.    Loaves  oblong-ovate,  downy  beneath,  acatish  at  base  and  short- 

stalked,  longer  than  the  many-flowered  umbels  ;  hoods  ovate ;  horns  acute.    Koad 
sides  and  hedges.    2 — 4f.     Leaves  5—8'.    Flowers  6''. 

2  A.  Sulllvantil  Eng.     Leaves  ovate-oblong,  smooth  both  sides,  nearly  sessile  ^ 

hoods  obovate  ;  horns  blunt ;  flowers  9'^    Ohio  to  111,    July. 

3  A.  purpura:sceiis  L.    Simple ;  leaves  ovate  to  elliptical,  acate  mucronate  ;  um 

bels  subsolitary,  terminal ;  peduncle  1—2' ;  pedicels  1' ;  horns  horizontal.    N.  Eng. 
to  N.  Car.,  and  W.    3 — 4f.    Flowers  large  (6";,  dark  purple.    Hoods  lance-ovate. 

4  A.  incarnata  L,    Branching  above  ;  leaves  lanceolate  ;  umbels  many  or  few,  some 

what  panicled  ;  flowers  small  (3") ;  ped.  f— 2'.    Wet  places.    3— 5f:  common. 
/3.  pulchra.    Hairy  ;  leaves  lance-oblong  or  -ovate.    Very  handsome,    t 

5  A.  ovalifolia  Dcsn.    Low,  downy;  Ivs.  ovate,  acutish ;  umbels  subsessile,  10-15- 

flwd. ;  pet,  oval ;  hoods  yellowish,  obtuse,  longer  than  the  horns,  W,  (A.  Vaseyi  C-B,) 

6  A.  perennis  Walt.    Branched  at  base,  half-shrubby,  smooth;  leaves  thin,  lanceo- 

late, pointed  both  ways,  long-stalked,  exceeding  the  small  white  umbels;  hoods 
shorter  than  the  horns.    Low  grounds,  W.  and  S.    2f.     (A.  parviflora  C-B.) 

7  A.  qiiadrifolia  Ph.    Simple,  smooth  ;  leaves  ovate,  acuminate,  some  of  thera  in 

whorls  of  4;  umbels  few,  loose-flowered,  long-stalked.    Dry  woods.    2f. 

8  A.  varlegata  L.     Simple,  smoothish ;   leaves  oval  to  lance-oval,  short-pointed, 

acute  at  base  ;  umbels  densely  GO-flowered,  small  (I'— 18"  diani.) ;  hoods  orbicular. 
p.  nieea,    Lvs.  elliptical,  pointed  both  ways ;  umb.  10-15-flwd.  N.  J.,  W.  &  S,  1— 3f. 

9  A.  pliytolaccoides  Ph.    Tall,  simple;  leaves  broadly  ovate,  pointed  both  ways, 

glaucous  ;  umbels  lateral,  with  about  20  drooping  fls. ;  peduncles  and  pedicels  1—3' 
long;  hoods  truncate,  with  4  unequal  teeth;  horns  exserted.    Damp  shades.    4— 6f. 

1 0  A.  tomentosa  Ell.    Woolly,  stout ;  leaves  lance-oblong,  wavy,  cuspidate  ;  umbels 
lateral,  with  many  large  (lowers  ;  hoods  obovate,  truncate.    Barrens.  S. 


Order  100.— ASCLEPIADACE^.  273 

11  A.  obovata  Ell.  Tomentous  ;  leaves  obovato,  obtuse,  miicronate;  umbels  10-14* 
flowered,  lateral ;  lis.  large,  yellowish-greeu  :  hoods  elongated.    Gravels,  Ga.,  Fla. 

12  A.  rubra  L.  Simple,  glabrous ;  Ivs.  ovate,  loug  and  acutely  pointed,  subsessile ; 
umbels  panicled  above,  few  ;  flowers  red-purple  ;  hoods  acute,  some  longer  than  the 
slender  exserted  horns.    Barrens,  N.  J.,  and  S.    2— 3f.    Leaves  3—5'. 

1 3  A,  obtusifolla  Mx.  Simple,  smooth  ;  leaves  oblong  to  oblong-ovate,  eubcordale, 
obtuse-mucronate ;  umbels  1—3,  terminal,  pedunculate,  15-25-flowered ;  hoods  trun- 
cate, shorter  than  the  sickle-shaped  horn  ;  flowers  G",  red-green.    M.,  W.,  S.    3f. 

14  A,  amplexicaulis  Mx.  Simple,  flexuous,  glaucous;  Ivs.  ovate,  cordate-clasp- 
ing, obtuse,  not  mucronate  ;  ped.  lateral  aud  terminal,  with  GO  dull-purplish  flow- 
ers ;  pedicels  slender  ;  hoods  ovate,  including  the  horns.    Copses,  S.    1— 2f. 

15  A.  tuberosa  L.  Butterfly-weed.  Stem  ascending,  hairy,  umbellate  branched; 
leaves  sessile,  alternate,  lance-oblong ;  umbels  many,  erect ;  flowers  bright  orange- 
red  ;  hoods  oblong ;  horns  suberect.    Dry  fields.    Root  tuberous.    Stem  2f.    t 

16  A.  paupercula  Mx.  Smooth  and  virgate  ;  leaves  linear  and  oblong-linear,  4 — 6' 
long ;  umbels  with  few  large  yellow-red  flowers  at  the  naked  summit.    N.  J.,  and  S. 

1 7  A.  Curassavica  L.  Half-shrubby  and  branching  at  base  ;  branches  terete,  leafy 
to  the  top  ;  leaves  lance-linear ;  umbels  with  few  large  scarlet  flowers.    S.  Fla.    Cult. 

ISA.  cinerea  Walt.  Stem  wiry,  simple,  naked  above  ;  leaves  linear-filiform,  1—3', 
erect ;  umbels  terminal,  several,  bracteolate,  3-5-flowered ;  peduncles  4—6"  ;  pedi- 
cels 6—8''' ;  corolla  ashy-purple,  3— 4'^    Damp  barrens,  S.  C.  to  Fla.    2— 3f. 

1 9  A .  viridula  Chapm.  Stem  and  leaves  as  in  No.  18  ;  umbels  6-12-flowered,  yellow- 
ish green,  shorter  than  the  leaves.    Fla. 

20  A.  Micliaiixll Dcsn.  Stems  difi"use;  leaves  linear,  3 — 4',  scattered;  umbels  GO- 
flowered,  often  panicled,  mostly  shorter  than  the  Ivs. ;  fls.  W,  fragrant.  Sands,  S.  If. 

21  A.  vertlclllata  Ell.  Simple,  slender,  erect;  leaves  linear,  very  narrow,  generally 
verticillate ;  umbels  small,  many,  lateral,  1'  diameter,  pedunculate.    Swamps.    2f. 

'    2.  ACER  ATE  S,  Ell.    Hoods  of  the  crown  destitute  of  a  horn.    Other 
wise  nearly  as  in  Asclepias.     U  Flowers  greenish.    June — August. 

§  AcERATEs  ^^roper.    Umb.  lateral ;  pet.  reflexed ;  crown  adnate  to  anth,.  .Nos.  1 — 3 
§  Anantherix.    Umbels  terminal ;  pet.  spreading  ;  crown  free  from  anth.. Nos.  4,  5 

1  A.  vlridiflora  Ell.    Stout,  whitish-downy ;  leaves  thick,  oval,  obtuse,  petiolate, 

varying  to  elliptic-lanceolate,  or  even  to  orbicular  (Ga.,  Prof.  Pond) ;  umbels  small, 
dense,  subsessile.    Sands.    2f.    Leaves  exceedingly  variable. 

2  A.  longifolia  Ell.     Rough-puberulent,  simple ;   leaves  alternate,  lance-linear  to 

linear ;  umbels  lateral,  pedunculate,  densely  many-flowered  ;  flowers  small,  W,  crown 
stipitate.    Prairies,  W.    2— .3f.    Peduncles  V. 

3  A,  lanuginosa  Dcsn.     Low,  stout,  hairy;    leaves  lanceolate;  umbel  1,  on  the 

naked  summit  of  the  stem,  dense  ;  crown  sessile.    Prairies,  Wis.    If. 

4  A.  connivens  Dcsn.    Strict,  half-shrubby ;  leaves  oval-oblong  ;  umbels  7-12-flwd., 

along  the  naked  summit  of  the  stem  ;  pet.  5",  oval,  with  a  short  cusp  ;  hoods  conni- 
ren<  over  the  anthers.    Barrens,  Ga.,  Fla.    2f.    Leaves  20— 30'^ 

5  A.  paniciilata  Desfn.      St.  angular;  Ivs.  lance-oblong,  obtuse;  umbels  clustered 

at  the  leafy  top,  5-9-flowered ;  pet.  large,  half-erect,  1" ;  pods  glabrous,  seeds  with 
long  silky  tufts.    Ga.  to  111.  and  Kan.    (Rev.  J.  H.  Carruth.) 

3.  PODOSTIGMA,  Ell.  Cor.  seg.  5,  erect,  oblong.  Crown  stipitate^ 
hoods  without  horns.  Follicles  2,  long,  slender,  smooth.  %  Low  and 
simple,  with  opposite  leaves  and  supra-axillary  few-flowered  umbels. 

P.  pubescens  Ell —Wet  grounds,  S.  A  curious  plant,  with  linear-oblong  leaves  and 
3—5  umbels  of  yellowish-green  flowers,  in  May,  June.    If. 

4.  ENSLENIA,  Nult.    Cor.  5-parled,  segments  erect ;  hoods  or  scalea 

18 


274  Obder  100.— ASCL1>PIADACE^. 

of  the  crown  5,  free,  each  terminated  by  2  filiform,  flexuous  lobes.    Pol- 
linia  oblong,  pendulous.     Stig,  5-angled,  conical.    Follicles  cylindraceous, 
smooth.     ^  A  twining  herb,  with  opposite,  cordate  leaves,  and  cream- 
white  flowers  in  small  lateral  coiyrabs. 
E.  albida  N.— W.  and  S. :  common.    6— lOf.    Clusters  5-8-flwd.,  fragrant.    July,  Aug. 

5.  ME!TAST£jLMA,  Br.  Cor.  somewhat  bell-form,  segments  incurved 
at  apex.  Crown  of  5  distinct  scales.  Stigma  flat.  Pods  smooth,  slender, 
seeds  comous.     ^  Lvs.  cuspidate,  smooth.    Umb.  of  few  small  flowers. 

Ifl.  Fraserl  Dcsn.    Leaves  oval ;  umbels  sessile ;  pet.  ovate,  clliate,  as  .bng  as  tho 

linear  crown-scales.    In  Carolina  (Fraser,  in  DC). 
M.  Schlectendablii  and  other  species  grow  in  S.  Fla.  (Dr.  Chapman.) 

6.  SSUTERA,  Reich.  Sepals  5,  lanceolate.  Cor.  rotate,  segm.  acute. 
Crown  on  the  base  of  the  sessile  anthers,  of  5  retuse  segments.  Pollinia 
ovoid,  pendulous.  Stigma  bifid.  Pods  smooth,  seeds  comous.  ^  Leaves 
linear,  fleshy.    Umbels  few-flowered. 

S.  maritlma  Dcsn.— Salt  marshes,  S.,  twining  on  the  rushes,  &c.    Leaves  opposite, 
r.    Umbels  7-10-flowered.    Pet.  greenish,  crown  short,  white.    June— October. 

7.  VINCETOXICUM,  Mcench.  Calyx  and  cor.  5-parted,  wheel-form. 
Crown  a  fleshy,  5-10-lobed  disk.  Anth.  tipped  with  a  membrane.  Pollinia 
and  fruit  as  in  Asclepias.     U  ^  Flowers  small,  in  dense  clusters. 

1  V,  nigrum  Moench.    Herb  somewhat  twining,  with  lance-ovatc,  attenuately-acute 

leaves  and  small  blackish  clusters  in  the  axils.    Gardens  and  fields :  rare. 

2  V.  scoparium  (N.)  Shrubby  at  base,  much  branched  ;  leaves  thin,  linear,  1' ;  clnn 

ters  short-stalked,  downy,  with  few  green  flowers  ;  pods  slender,  1'.    Fla. 

8.  GONOLOBUS,  Mx.  Corolla  subrotate,  5-parted,  convolute  in  bud. 
Crown  a  small,  fleshy,  undulate-lobed  ring,  attached  to  the  throat  of  the 
corolla.  Anth.  opening  transversely  beneath  the  stigma.  Pollinia  5  pairs, 
horizontal.  Pods  turgid,  seeds  comous.  "^  Leaves  cordate.  Umbels  few- 
flowered,  short,  extra-axillary.    Flowers  brownish. 

*  Gon6lobus  proper.    Cor.  rotate,  flat,  lobes  linear  to  oblong,  smoothish. .  .Nos.  1—5 

*  Chthamalia.    Corolla  bell-form,  small  (woolly),  lobes  ovate,  1"  long No.  4 

1  G.  macropliyllus  (and  laevis)  Mx.    Smooth,  or  with  minute  down  and  scattered 

hairs  ;  leaves  short-pointed,  base-lobes  open ;  umbels  .5-flovvered,  buds  conic-pointed ; 
pet.  linear-subulate,  4"  ;  pod  smooth,  ribbed.    Shady  banks,  Va.  to  Ky.,  and  S.  3— 5f. 

2  €r,  oMiqiius  Bi".    Hirsute  with  spreading,  unequal  hairs ;  leaves  acuminate,  base- 

lobes  closed  and  some  oblique  ;  umbels  2-5-flowered,  buds  oblong,  pet.  lincar-oblong 
^" ;  pod  muricate,  ribless.    Banks,  O.  to  Pa.  and  Ga.    3 — 5f. 

3  G.  liirsutus  Mx.    Hirsute;  leaves  acuminate;   umbels  5-8-flowered,  bud»  cv*>ifl. 

petals  oblong,  3",  yellow,  downy  ;  pod  rauricate.    Woods,  South.    4 — Sf. 

4  G.  prostratiis  Ell.    Branches  from  base,  prostrate,  6— 12' ;  leaves  small  (1'},  reni- 

form-cordate  ;  umbels  sessile,  3-5-flowered ;  corolla  segments  ovate,  1'',  veiy  wDolly 
inside,  daik  purple.    Sands,  Ga.  (Dr.  Feay).    (Chthamalia  pubera  Dcsn.) 

9.  PERIPLOCA,  L.  Cor.  rotate,  flat,  5-parted.  Crown  5-cleft,  tipped 
with  5  filiform  awns.  Filaments  distinct,  anthers  cohering.  Pollinia  5, 
each  4-lobed,  single. 


Order  101.— OLEACE.i!:.  275 

W,  Graeca  L.    Leaves  ovate,  acuminate,  3—4' ;  flowers  panicled  on  a  long  peduncle; 
petals  very  haii-y,  linear,  obtuse,  purple.    Gardens,  &c.    10— 15f,    August.    § 

10.  STEPHANOTIS,  Pet.-Th.  Sepals  distinct.  Cor.  salver-form,  limb 
5-lobed,  convolute  in  bud,  tube  including  the  5-leaved  crown  in  its  en- 
larged base.     "^  Leaves  thick,  very  smooth. 

S.  FLORreuNDA.  Leaves  oval ;  flowers  5—8  on  each  peduncle,  white  and  fragrant,  tube  t', 
limb  1  J'  broad.    Greenhouse  plant,  from  Madagascar. 

11.  HO YA^  Br.  Wax-plant.  Sepals  5.  Corolla  rotate,  flat,  valvate  in 
bud.  Crown  of  5  depressed,  spreading  segm.  Pollinia  fixed  by  the  base, 
connivent.    Pods  smooth,  seeds  comous.     "^  Smooth,  fleshy. 

H.  CARNOSA.    Branchlets  puberulent;  leaves  oval-oblong;  flowers  in  dense  umbels, 
pink-colored,  wax-like.    Greenhouse  plant,  from  E.  India. 

12.  STAPELIA,  L.  Carrion-flower.  Calyx  5-parted.  Cor.  rotate, 
fleshy,  5-cleft.  Crown  double,  of  2  rings  entire  or  lobed.  Pollinia  erect 
Pods  erect,  smooth. — Fleshy,  leafless,  cactus-like  plants,  from  S.  Africa, 
with  large,  dark-red /(k^/cZ  flowers,  in  the  greenhouse. 

S.  H'RSUTA,  with  erect,  dull-green  4-eided  branches,  toothed  on  the  angles,  and  flowers 
3 — 4'  broad,  with  purple,  ciliate,  lance-ovate  petals. 

Order  CI.    OLEACE^.    Olr^ewgrts. 

Trees  and  shrubs,  with  opposite,  simple  or  compound  leaves,  ^nd  regula? 
4-8-parted  diandrous  flowers.  Corolla  rarely  wanting,  its  divisions  more- 
in  number  than  the  stamens.  Ovai^  free,  2-celled,  with  2  (rarely  1  or  00 
ovules  in  each  cell.    Fig.  Ifi. 

I.  JASMIXE-E.     Corolla  5-8-parted.     Ovary  cells  each  with  1  erect  ovule Jasminuji.  \ 

II    OLEACE^  proper.    Corolla  valvate,  4-parted  or  0.    Ovary  cells  2-  or  QO-ovuled. .  .(*) 

*  Flowers  perfect,  corolla  present.    Lea%-es  simple. .  .(a) 

*  Flowers  inaperfeet,  inconspicuous,  often  npetalous...(c) 

a  Flowers  yellow.    Ovary  with  many  ovules  in  each  cell Forsythia. 

a  Flowers  white,  or  lilac.    Ovary  cells  2-ovuled...(/j) 

h  Stamens  exserted.     Fruit  a  fleshy  drupe  or  berry Oleum. 

b  Stamens  included.— .r  Corolla  salver-form,  tube  longer  than  lobes SjRINGA. 

—X  Corolla  funuel-form,  tube  shorter  than  lobes Ligustkum. 

— X  Corolla  lobes  long,  linear,  drooping C'hioxanthus. 

c  Leaves  simple.     Corolla  0.    Fruit  a  fleshy  drupe Forestieka.      7 

«  Leaves  pinnate.    Corolla  0,  or  present.    Fruit  a  winged  samara Fraxi.vus. 

1.  JASMINUM,  L.  Jessamine.  Calyx  5-8-lobed.  Cor.  salver- form, 
limb  5-8-cleft,  convolute  in  bud.  Sta.  included.  Berry  double,  2-secded. 
■^  ^  Petioles  jointed. 

I  ^.eaves  opposite,  unifoliate.    Flowers  white,  8-10-parted Nos.  1,  2 

§  Leaves  opposite,  3-9-foliate     Flowers  white,  5-parted Nos.  3-  5 

§  Leaves  alternate,  .3-7-foliate.    Flowers  yellow,  5-parted Nos.  6,  7 

1  J,  Sambac.    Scarcely  climbing;  leaves  ovate  ;  petals  S,  rounded,  fragrant.    India. 

2  J.  lauuifolium.    Climbing  ;  leaves  lanceolate  ;  pet.  9  or  10,  linear,  fragrant.    India. 

3  J.  Az6kicum.    Difl'use  ;  leaflets  3,  ovate,  shining ;  flowers  very  fragrant.    Azores. 

4  J.  oFKiciNAi.K.    Climbing;  Ifts.  7,  lanceolate ;  sop.  linear,  cqual.ing  cor.  tube.    Asia. 


276  Order  101.— OLEACE^. 

5  J.  GRANDiKLdRtTM.    Climbing;  leaflets  9,  oval,  some  confluent,  the  odd  one  pointed; 

sepals  thrice  shorter  than  the  corolla  tube  ;  petals  oval.    India. 

6  J.  KBVOLUTUM.    Not  Climbing;  Ifts.  ovate,  pointed  ;  pet.  roundish,  recurved.    Asia. 

7  J.  ODORATibsiMUM.    Climbing  ;  Ifts.  oval,  obtuse ;  fls.  less  fragrant  than  No.  6.  Azores. 

2.  FORSYTHIA,  Valil.  Calyx  very  short,  deciduous.  Cor.  subcam- 
panulate,  lobes  long,  twisted  in  bud.  Sta.  inserted  in  the  base  of  the  tube, 
included.  Seeds  oo  in  the  2-celled  pod.  +)  Leaves  opposite  or  in  3's,  ap- 
pearing after  the  yellow  flowers. 

1  F.  viRiDissiMA.    Branches  erect,  strict,  covered  with  flowers  in  early  Spring,  each 

flo'.ver  separate,  pedicellate,  lateral ;  leaves  lanceolate.    China. 

2  F.  susPENSA.    Branches  weak,  pendulous  ;  leaves  ovate  ;  flowers  scattered.    Japan. 

3.  SYRINGA,  L.  Lilac.  Calyx  small,  persistent,  many  times  shorter 
tlian  the  tube  of  the  salver-form  corolla.  Sta.  included.  Pod  2-celled, 
valves  bearing  the  septum  in  the  middle,  seeds  4.     +>  Leaves  opposite. 

1  S.  VULGARIS.     Comrron  L.    Leaves  cordate-ovate,  entire,  glabrous ;  flowers  lilac  to 

lilac-purple,  in  a  dense  thyrse,  very  fragrant.    A  beautiful  shrub,  from  Hungary  :  vary- 
ing with  flowers  bbiish.  or  white.    April — June. 

2  S.  Persica.    Pernan  L.    Leaves  lanceolate,  acute,  smooth,  often  pinnately  cleft ; 

thyrse  loose,  smalK'r,  white,  or  lilac-blue.    Persia. 

3  S.  viLLosA.     Chinese  L.    Leaves  elliptic,  acute,  hairy  beneath.    N.  China. 

4.  OLEA,  Tourn.  Olive.  Calyx  short.  Corolla  tube  short,  limb  4 
parted,  spreading.  Stamens  2,  inserted  in  the  base  of  the  tube,  exsertcd. 
Ovary  with  4  suspended  ovule«i,  ripening  only  1  or  2  seeds.  Drupe  fleshj^ 
oily-     5  b  Leaves  opposite.    Flowers  white. 

*  Racemes  axillary,  shorter  than  the  coriaceous  leaves Nos.  1— g 

*  Racemes  in  a  large  terminal  panicle.    (Visiana  paniculata  C-B) No.  4 

1  O.  Americana  L.    Leaves  oblanceolate  to  elliptic,  entire,  smooth,  shining,  at- 

tenuated to  a  petiole ;  raceme  compound,  scarce  longer  than  the  petiole ;  flowera 
dioecious  ;  drupes  globular.     Swamps,  N.  J.  to  Fla.     15— 20f. 

2  O.  EuROPyEA.    Leaves  lanceolate,  mucronate ;    racemes  longer  than  the   petioles ; 

drupes  oval.    Europe.    Cultivated  in  California,  rarely  far  South.    20— 40f. 

3  O.  FRAGRANP.    Shrub ;  leaves  lance-oblong,  serrate ;  flowers  small,  white,  very  fra- 

grant, in  axillary  corymbs,  white-red ;  styles  2,    China.    (Osmanthus.) 

4  O.  CLAVATA.    Shrub  with  OA'^ate  entire  leaves  and  many  small  flowers  in  large  pani- 

cles ;  style  1.  club-shaped,  exserted  like  the  stamens.    China.    Hardy  S. 

5.  LIGUSTRUM,  L.    Privet.    Prim.    Cal.  minutely  toothed.    Cor. 
funnel-form,  4-lobed.    Sta.  subincluded.    Sty.  very  short.    Berry  2-celled,  2- 
4seeded.   Sds.  angular.    +)  With  simple  Ivs.  and  term,  panicles  of  white  fl'3. 
li.  vulgare  L.    Leaves  lanceolate  to  obovate,  1—2',  obtuse  or  acute,  thick  but  decidu- 
ous ;  flowers  small,  in  small  thyrses ;  anthers  partly  exserted,  but  shorter  than  the 
ovate  corolla  lobes.    Planted  in  hedges.    May,  June.    §  Europe. 

6.  CHIONANTHUS,  L.  Fringe  Tree.  Cal.  short,  4-parted.  Cor. 
tube  very  short,  including  the  2  stamens,  the  limb  of  4  linear  lobes. 
Style  very  short-  Drupe  fleshy,  with  a  bony  1-seeded  nut.  5t)  With 
opposite  leaves  and  white  flowers  in  panicles. 

C.  Virgf  inlcusL.  Leaves  oval  to  oblong ;  panicle  with  filiform  branches  and  pedicels : 


Order  101.— OLEACE^.  277 

petals  very  narrow,  drooping,  10".    A  highly  ornamental  shrub  or  small  tree,  in 
woods,  S.  Penn.,  and  S.    April— June. 

7.  FORESTIERA,  Poir.     Dioecious,    apetalous ;    buds    oo-flowered, 

5  Flowers  sessile,  crowded,  each  flower  a  pair  of  stamens  surrounded  by 
A  calyx  of  4  sepals.  ?  Flowers  pedicellate,  umbellate,  no  calyx,  an  ovary 
tipped  with  a  slender  style  and  capitate  stigma,  cells  2,  ovules  4.  Drupe 
l-seeded.     ^  +>  Leaves  opposite,  simple.    Flowers  minute, 

1  F.  acuminata  Poir.    Glabrous ;  leaves  lance-elliptic,  pointed  both  ways,  serru- 

late, petiolate  ;  drupe  linear-oblong,  pointed.    Streams,  111.  to  Ga.    15f. 

2  F.  ligustrina  Poir,    Some  downy  ;  leaves  ovale  to  oblong,  obtuse,  attenuate  to  a 

petiole,  serrulate  ;  drupe  oval-oblong.    Banks,  Ga.,  Fla. 

3  F.  poriilosa  Poir.    Smooth;  leaves  lance-oblong,  obtuse,  sessile,  dotted  and  rusty 

beneath  ;  drupe  round-ovoid.    Coast  of  E.  Ga.  and  Fla. 

8.  FRAXINUS,  Tourn.  Asn,  Fls,  ,5  5  2  or  ^  ?.  Cal.  4-toothed, 
rarely  0.  Cor,  of  2  or  4  oblong  or  linear  petals,  or  0,  Sta,  2.  Stig,  bifid. 
Samara  2-celled,  flattened,  winged  at  apex,  4-ovuled,  but  2-seeded.  ^  +> 
licaves  opposite,  odd-pinnate,  petiolate.  Flowers  racemed  or  panicled. 
Wood  valuable  for  timber.    April,  May.    Fig.  16. 

§  Native  species,  all  dioecious  and  apetalous,  in  woods,  &c,.  .(a) 

§  European  species,  polygamous,  planted  for  shade,  «fcc Nos,  1,  2 

a  Calyx  persistent  at  the  terete  base  of  the  samara No.  3 

a  Calyx  persistent  at  the  narrow^  flattened  base  of  the  samara Nos.  4—6 

a  Calyx  none,  the  samara  naked  at  the  broad  base Nos.  7,  8 

1  F.  Ornus,    Flowering  Ash.    Lfts.  7— 9,  lanceolate,  serrate  above;  buds  pubescent; 

panicles  dense  ;  petals  2  or  4.  linear-oblong,  white  ;  fl-uit  lance-linear.    Parks, 

2  F.  EXCELSIOR.    European  Ash.    Leaflets  11—13,  lance-oblong,  serrate  ;  racemes  short, 

dense  ;  fruit  linear-oblong,  notched  at  end  ;  pet,  and  calyx  0,    A  tall  tree,  in  parks, 
&c.    ^.  PENDULA,  the  Weeping  Ash,  is  one  of  its  varieties, 

3  F.  Americana  L,    White  Ash.   Leaflets  7— 9,  ovate,  acuminate,  subentire,  shining ; 

panicles  loose ;  fruit  calyculate,  the  seed  portion  terete,  half  as  long  as  the  oblong 
wing,    A  forest  tree  40— 80f.    Timber  excellent. 

4  F.  pubescens  Walt.    Bed  Ash.    Leaflets  7—9,  lance-ovate,  acuminate,  subserrate, 

petioles  and  branchlets  velvety -pubescent ;  fruit  calyculate  at  the  acute  base,  gradu- 
ally widened  into  the  oblanceolate  wing.    Wet  woods.    30— 60f. 
a  F.  viridis  Mx./.     Green  Ash.    Lfts.  7—9,  lance-ovate,  serrate,  long-pointed,  bright 
green,  and,  with  the  petioles  and  branchlets,  glabrous ;  fruit  calyculate,  spatulate, 
obtuse,  the  seed  portion  as  long  as  the  wing.    Woods,  W.  and  S.    15— 25f. 

6  F.  platycurpa  Mx.    Leaflets  5 — 7,  elliptical,  acute,  obscurely  serrate,  some  downy ; 

fruits  broadly-spatulate.  attenuate  to  the  calyculate  base,  some  of  them  (especially  in 
/3.  Iriptera)  with  Z  angles  winged  !    Va.,  and  S. 

7  F.  quadraiigulata  Mx.    Blue  Ash.    Leaflets  7—9,  short-petiolulate,  lance-ovate, 

acuminate,  sharply  serrate;  branchlet's  square  or  acutely  4-angled ;  buds  velvety; 
fi  Hit  oblong,  winged  to  the  base.     Woods,  W.    GO— 80f. 

8  F.  sambncirolla  Lam.    Black  Ash.    Leaflets  7—11,  lance-ovate,  sessile,  serrulate, 

pointed  ;  fruit  oblong  with  equal  ends,  notched  at  apex.    Swamps,  Can.  to  Pa.  and 
Ky.    40— 70f,    Wood  used  for  hoops,  baskets,  &c. 


278  Order  102.— AllISTOLOCHlACE^E. 


Cohort  3.    APETAL^, 

Or  Moxochlamydeous  Exogejs'S.  Plants  with  no  coro?la, 
the  calyx  or  perianth  green  or  colored,  consisting  of  a  single 
series  of  similar  organs,  or  often  wholly  wanting. 

Order  CII.    ARISTOLOCHIACE^.    Birthworts. 

Low  herbs  or  climbing  shruhs,  with  alternate  leaves  and  perfect  flowers. 
Perianth  tube  adherent  to  the  ovary,  brown  or  dull,  valvate  in  the  bud. 
Stamens  6  to  12,  epigynous  and  adiiereut  to  the  base  of  the  styles.  Otary 
G-celled,  becoming  a  C-celled,  many-seeded  capsule  or  berry.  Seed  albu- 
minous, cmbr^'o  minute.     Figs.  24,  333. 

1.  ASARUM,  Toura.  Wild  Ginger.  Calyx  bell-form,  regular,  8- 
cleft.  Sta.  12,  placed  upon  the  ovary,  anth.  adnate  to  the  middle  or  sum- 
mit of  the  filaments.  Style  very  short,  stigma  6-rayed.  Fruit  fleshy, 
6-celled,  crowned  with  the  calyx,  U  Acaulescent,  with  creeping  rhizomes 
and  1  or  2  leaves  on  each  branch.    Flowers  solitary. 

§  Leaves  in  pairs.    Calyx  lobes  pointed,  reflexed.    Ovary  wholly  adbcrent No.  1 

§  Leaves  solitary.    Calyx  lobes  obtuse,  suberect.    Ovary  partly  free Nos.  2,  3 

1  A.  Canaden»8  L.    Lvs.  2,  broad-reniform,  on  long,  opposite,  radical  petioles  with 

the  flower  between ;  sepals  greenish-purple,  pointed,  reflexed ;  filaments  extended 
above  the  anthers.    Rich  shades.    The  root  is  a  popular  remedy.    May,  June. 

2  A.  Virginlcum  L.    Leaf  orbicular-ovate,  glabrous,  coriaceous,  deeply  cordate, 

entire,  obtuse ;  flowers  subsessile ;  calyx  short,  smooth  outside ;  segments  obtuse, 
dull  purple.     Rocky  eoils,  Va.,  Ky.,  and  S.    April. 

3  A.  arlluliuiii  Mx.    Leaf  broadly  hastate  with  a  deep  sinus  ;  fl.  7— 9",  tubular,  soon 

U'rceolate,  lobes  short  and  obtuse.    Rich  soils,  Va.,  and  S.    March— May, 

2.  ARISTOLOCHIA,  Tourn.  Birthwort.  Calyx  tubular,  tube  vari- 
ously bent  and  inflected  above  the  ovary,  limb  irregular.  Anth.  C,  subses- 
sile on  the  style.  Stig.  6-lobed.  Caps.  6-celled,  oo-seeded.  if  Caulescent, 
with  alternate  leaves  and  lateral  lurid  purple  flowers. 

§  Stem  erect.    Calyx  tube  sigmoid  {i.  e.,  twice  bent  like  the  letter  S) Nos.  1,  2 

§  Stem  climbing,  woody.  Calyx  tube  recurved,  once  bent  upward.  May,  Ju.. Nos.  3,  4 

1  A.  serpentarla  L.     Jlrginia  Snake-roof.    Stem  flexuous ;  lvs.  petiolate,  oblor.g 

or  ovate,  thin,  cordate,  acuminate  ;  ped.  radical,  many  bracted  ;  cal.  tube  smoolhi:«h, 
contracted  in  the  midst.     Thickets,  Pa.,  S.  and  W.    8—1:^'.    June.  July. 
8.  hnslhta.    Leaves  narrowly  oblong,  auricled  at  base,  short-sl.;:lked.    S. 

2  A.  reticulata  N.    St.  very  flexuous  ;  lvs.  oval,  cordate-clasping,  with  decussatii.^ 

lobes,  strongly  reticulated  ;  flowers  radical,  small  {o").    La.    If. 

3  A.  Siplio  L'Her.    Dutchman's  Pipe.    Lvs.  glabroKS,  ample,  round-reniform  ;  ped. 

1-flowered,  with  1  clasping  bract ;  floMcrs  If,  bent  like  a  siphon  or  tobacco-pipe, 
limb  spreading.    A  vigorous  climber,  30— 40f,  in  hilly  woods.  Pa.  to  Ky.,  and  S.     t 

4  A.  tomentosa  Sims.     Leaves  downy  or  hairy  beneath,  ronnd-cordate,  very  veiny ; 

ped.  solitary,  1-flowered,  bractlegs;  flowers  20^',  tube  yellowish,  limb  purple,  reflexed. 
throat  nearly  closed.    Banks.  111.,  and  S.    30--40f.    May. 


OiiDEK  103.— NYCTAGINACE.E  279 


Order  CIII.    NYCTAGINACE^.    Marvelworts. 

Herbs  (shrubs  or  trees)  with  tumid  joints,  entire  and  opposite  leaves 
Flowers  generally  surrounded  with  an  involucre  (calyx-like  when  the  flowei 
is  solitary).  Calyx  a  delicate,  colored,  funnel-form  or  tubular  perianth, 
deciduous  above  the  1-celled,  1-seeded  ovary,  leaving  i.ts  persistent  base  to 
harden  and  envelop  the  fruit  (achenium)  as  a  kind  of  pei'icai*p.  Stamens  1  to 
several,  definite,  slender,  hypogynous,  exserted,  unequal.  Embryo  coiled 
around  the  copious  white  albumen.    Figs.  143,  207. 

?  Involucre  just  like  c  calyx,  including  one  flo\^er Miuabilis.      1 

§  Involucre  5-lcnved,  including  many  flowers  in  an  umbel-like  head Abkoma.         2 

S  Involucre  .5-lobed.  including  3—5  flowers Oxyeaphus.    .3 

§  Involucre  0.— -x  Herbs,  with  minute  flowers  in  little  clusters Bokrhaavia.  4 

—X  Shrubs.     Flowers  dioecious,  cymous.    S.  Fla PisoiviA. 

1.  MIRABIIiIS,  L.  Marvel  op  Peru.  Four-o'clock.  Involucre 
calyx-like,  5-lobed,  1-flowered,  lobes  acuminate.  Perianth  (calyx)  tubular- 
funnel-form,  limb  spreading.  Sta.  5,  and  style  more  or  less  exserted.  Fruit 
(as  in  all  the  genera)  an  achenium  invested  in  the  permanent  base  of  the 
calyx.     If  Cultivated.    Leaves  ovate,  more  or  less  cordate,  acuminate. 

1  m.  Jalapa.    Erect,  glabrous ;  flowers  '^—%  in  each  terminal  fascicle,  short-stalked, 

opening  at  about  4  o'clock  p.  m.,  and  remaining  in  bloom  all  night,  infinitely  various 
in  color.    Peru.    2f.    Summer. 

2  M,  dich6toma.    Erect,  glabrous  ;  flowers  sessile,  mostly  yellow,  smaller  than  in  M. 

Jalapa ;  limb  6'.    Mexico.    2f.    Summer. 

3  M.  LONGiPLoRA.    Weak,  diffuse,  viscid-pubescent ;  lower  leaves  long-petioled  ;  flow- 

ers sessile,  tube  6'  long,  hairy,  border  V,  white.    Mexico. 

2.  ABRONIA,  Juss.  Involucre  5-leaved,  suiTounding  an  umbel-like 
head  of  many  small  flowers  on  a  long  peduncle.  Perianth  salver-form, 
limb  5-lobed,  corolla-like,  deciduous.  Sta.  5,  and  style  included.   U  Fleshy. 

1  A.  UaMUELLATA.  St.  prostratc  ;  Ivs.  ovate,  long-petioled  ;  umbellate  heads  compact ;  fin. 

rosy-lilac  or  pink,  the  lobes  obcordate.    Sandy  sea-coasts,  California.    1— 2f. 

2  A.  PiJAGP.ANs.    Stem  ascending ;  leaves  lance-ovate,  long-stalked ;  umbels  loose,  fis. 

and  involucre  white,  tubes  near  V.    Dalles,  Oregon. 

3.  OXYBAPHUS,  Vahl.  Invol.  5-cleft,  containing  3—5  fls.,  persistent. 
Perianth  tube  very  short,  limb  bell-form,  plicate,  deciduous.  Sta.  8,  and 
style  exserted.     Fruit  obovoid,  ribbed.     U  Flowers  small,  purple. 

1  O.  iiyc'tag.iiieiis  Sweet.    Smoothish,  erect,  forked  ;. Ivs.  broad-ovate  to  lanceolate, 

siibcordate.  acute:  ped.  solitary;  involucre  3-5-flowered.    Banks,  W.     June— Aug. 

2  O.  aiigustll'oliiis  Sweet.    Bushy,  with  alternate  branches;  Ivs.  lanceolate,  acute 

both,  ways,  subsessile,  1—2';  ped.  i— i',  axillary;  involucre  cup-shaped,  hispid,  3 
llo\\ered  ;  ovary  hispid.     Dry  spoils,  S.    2— .3f.    June— July. 

3  O.  albidits  Sweet.    Stem  with  strict  slender  branches,  or  simple;  leaves  linear  - 

oblong,  petiolatc,  the  upper  often  bract-like  ;  ped.  half  as  long  (6"— 1')  as  the  leaver, 
involucre  hairy,  :i-flowered.    S.     1— 2f.    May. 

4.  BOERHAAVIA,  L.  Involucre  0,  bractlels  deciduous.  Perianth 
fLuniel-  or  bell-form,  colored,  5-lobed,  upper  half  deciduous,  lower  persist- 


280  Ordek  10-!.— POLYGONACE.f:. 

ent.     Sta.  1 — 4.    Fruit  5-ribbecl,  truncate  at  apex,  1-seeded.    (i)  Leaves 

petiolate.    Flowers  very  small. 

B.  erecta  L.    Glabrous  ;  Ivs.  ovate,  wavy,  pale  beneath  ;  clusters  3-6-fl\vd.,  distant  m 

a  strict  panicle  with  filiform  hranchlets.    Sands,  S.    2— 4f.    June— Sept. 
B.  lilrsiita,  and  B.  viscosa,  grow  in  S.  Fla.,  according  to  Dr.  Chapman. 

Order  CIV.    POLYGONACE^.    Sorrelworts. 

Herbs  (rarely  shrubs)  with  alternate  leaves  and  mostly  shealhinf^  <;tipule9 
[pchrece)  surrounding  the  stem  above  each  tumid  joint.  Flowers  mostly 
perfect.  Perianth  (or  calyx)  3-6-cleft,  mostly  colored,  imbricated  in  bud 
and  persistent.  Stamens  4 — 15.  Ovary  1-celled,  free,  with  a  single,  erect 
ovule.  Styks  or  stigmas  2  or  3.  Fruit  a  3-angled  achenium  enclosed  in 
the  calyx.  Seed  erect,  albuminous,  with  a  curved  embiyo.  Figs.  147, 
151-4,  286,  304,  313,  337,  521. 

§  Ochreae,  or  sheathing  stipules,  present  at  each  joint... (t) 

§  OchreiE  none. — a  Flowers  in  involucrate  umbels,  6-sepalled Eriogoxum.    1 

—a  Flowers  in  bracted  racemes,  5-sepalled.    Stems  with  tendrils Bbunnichia.   2 

6  Sepals  4,  equal  by  pairs.    Stamens  6.    White  Mountains:  rare Oxtria.  3 

t  Sepals  6,  all  similar.     Stamens  9.     In  gardens:  common Rhecm.  4 

h  Sepals  6,  the  3  inner  increasing,  tuberculate Rumex.  5 

b  Sepals  5  (in  one  Polygonum  4  irregular). .  .(c) 

c  Sepals  all  or  the  3  inner  f-.inged.    Pedicels  solitary Thtsanella.  6 

c  Sepals  all  entire, — x  opo,  or  3  closed  on  the  fruit.     Pedicels  solitary...  .....Polygonella.  7 

— x  open  at  base  of  fruit.    Pedicels  fascicled Fagopyrum.    8 

— X  closed  on  the  angular  fruit.    Herbs  Polygo.vum.    9 

—X  combined  with  the  round  fruit.    Trees.    Fla Coccolobus. 

1.  ERIOGONUM,  Mx.  Fls.  many  in  each  common  5-toothed  involu- 
cre. Cal.  deeply  5-clcft.  Sta.  9,  sty.  3.  Ach.  3-angled  or  3-lobed. — Herbs 
clothed  with  down  or  wool.  Lvs.  alternate,  exstipulate,  mostly  at  the  base 
of  the  stem,  the  upper  bract-like,  often  whorled  at  the  forks  of  the  umbel- 
late inflorescence.    Very  abundant  in  the  Pacific  States.    June — Aug. 

1  E.  tomentosum  Mx.    Lower  Irs.  crowded,  oblong-obovate,  rusty-white  beneath, 

the  upper  whorled  in  3's  ;  involucre  sessile  ;  calyx  colored.     U  Dry  soils,  S.    2— 3f. 

2  E.  longiroliuin  N.    Lower  lvs.  crowded,  oblong-linear,  white  beneath,  the  upper 

(scattered  ;  involucre  pedunculate  ;  calyx  green,  woolly.    Fla.,  and  W.    2— 4f. 

2.  BRUNNICHIA,  Banks.  Calyx  colored,  5-parted,  lobes  oblong,  at 
length  increased  and  closed  on  the  obscurely  3-angled  achenium.  Fil.  8, 
capillary,  styles  3,  slender,  stigmas  entire.  "^  Teiv.lrils  from  tlie  ends  of 
the  branches.    Flowers  racemed,  greenish. 

B.  cirrliosa  Banks.— A  smooth,  shrubby  vine,  10— 20f,  on  river  b.-.nkp.  Car.  to  Fla., 
and  W.    Leaves  cordate  to  ovate,  entire.    Sheaths  obsolete.    May. 

3.  OXYRIA,  R.  Br.  Mountain  Sorrel.  Cal.  herbaceous,  4-sepalled, 
the  2  inner  sepals  erect,  larger,  the  2  outer  reflexed.  Ach.  lens-shaped, 
thin,  girt  with  a  broad,  membranous  wing.  Sta.  G,  equal.  Stig.  2,  sessile;, 
penicillate.     U  Low,  nearly  acaulescent,  alpine  plants. 

O,  renU'orinlM  Hook  (or  digyr.a  Camp.)    Root  leaves  on  long  stalke.  reniform  ;  ontor 
Kepals  \  ai?  long  a^  the  inner  ;  fruit  orbicular.    White  Mountains,  and  N.   Z—V.   June, 


Order  104.— POLYGONACExE.  281 

4.  RHEUM,  L.  Rhubarb.  Calyx  colored,  G-sepallecl,  persistent.  Sta. 
9.  Sty.  3,  very  short,  spreading,  stig.  multifid,  reflexed.  Ach.  8-angled, 
the  angles  margined.     U  Flowers  ftvsciculate  in  racemous  panicles. 

R.  Rhatonticum  L.  Pie-plant.  Leaves  smooth,  cordate-ovate,  very  large  (1— 2f), 
the  petioles  juicy  and  pleasantly  acid,  of  equal  length  ;  stems  nollovv,  3— 4f,  panicles 
bursting  from  large  white  bracts.    Siberia. 

5.  RUMEX,  L.  Dock.  Sorrel.  Calyx  of  6  sepals  nearly  distinct, 
the  3  inner  (valves)  larger,  petaloid,  connivent  over  the  achenium,  1  or 
more  of  them  usually  bearing  a  tubercle  or  grain  on  the  back,  the  3  outer 
green.  Sta.  6.  Styles  3,  short,  stigmas  penicillate-fringed.  Ach.  and  seed 
3-angled,  embryo  lateral. — Weed-like  herbs  with  small,  greenish  flowers, 
often  whorled,  in  racemes  or  panicles.    May — July.    (See  Addenda.) 

§  Docks.   Flowers  all  or  mostly  perfect.  Valves  bearing  grains  on  the  back. .  .(*) 

§  Sorrels.    Flowers  dioecious.   Valves  grainlcss.    Leaves  acid  (hastate) Nos.  11,  12 

*  Valves  entire,  or  merely  angular. .  .(a) 

*  Valves  conspicuously  toothed  on  each  side  near  the  base Nos,  8—10 

a  Pedicels  in  fruit  2—5  times  longer  than  the  mbcordate  valves Nos.  1—3 

a  Pedicels  in  fruit  shorter  or  not  longer  than  the  valves. .  .(ft) 

b  Leaves  flat,  all  tapering  to  both  ends Nos.  4,  5 

b  Leaves  wavy,  the  lower  cordate  or  subcordate Nos.  G,  7 

1  R.  crtspus  L.     Yellow  D.    Root  fusiform,  yellow  ;  Ivs.  lanceolate,  wavy,  acute,  the 

lower  oblong,  subcordate  ;  ped.  twice  longer  than  calyx  ;  valves  broad  ovate,  cordate, 
each  bearing  a  grain  ;  rac.  long,  some  leafy.     Zf  Fields.    2— 3f.    §  Europe. 

2  R.  verticlllatus  L.    Water  D.    Leaves  acute  at  each  end,  lance-oblong ;  rac.  leaf- 

less, dense  ;  ped.  7—9"  long,  deflexed  ;  valves  broad-ovate,  eacn  bearing  a  large  grain. 
U  In  muddy  places.    2f.    Whorls  10-30-flowered. 

3  R.  Hydrolapatlium  Huds,    Great  Water  D.  p.  oi-Mculutum,   Tab  (3— 5i) ;  Ivs. 

lance-obl.,  acute  both  ways,  erose-crenulate,  the  lower  very  long;  pan.  naked,  dense: 
ped.  5—6"  ;  valves  round-ovate,  obtuse,  all  grain-bearing.    2;  Pools,  M,  and  N. 
y.  Vlortdanua,    Valves  deltoid-ovate,  obtusely-pointed.    Fla. 

4  R.  altisslmus  Wood.    Peach-leaved  D.    Tall  (:B— 6f);  leaves  entire,  lance-ellipti- 

cal, acute  both  ways  ;  rac.  leafless,  panicled,  slender;  valves  broadly  subcordate,  one 
of  them  grain-bearing,  one  obscurely  so.  and  one  naked.  %  Wet,  M.  and  W.  (R. 
Britannicus  Melsn.  nee  Linn,  who  says  "A'alves  all  grain-bearing.") 

5  R.  salicifoUus  Weinm.    Pale  P.    Lvs.  lin. -lanceolate,  atteuuate-acute  both  ways  ; 

pan.  leafy  at  base ;  ped.  very  short ;  valves  all  grain-bearing.     ii  Coast,  N-E.    3f. 

0  R.  coiig]oiueratU8  Murr.    Lvs.  oblong  to  lanceolate,  lower  subcordate. ;  whorls 

mostly  axillary  ;  valves  oblong  ovate,  all  grain-bearing.    li  Wet.    N.    2— 3f.    § 

7  R.  sanguineus  L.    Lvs.  as  in  No.  6,  mostly  with  red  veins;  pan.  leafy  at  base, 

whorls  distant :  valves  oblong-obovate,  one  or  two  grain-bearing.    li  Fields.    § 

8  R.  obtusllolius  L.    Lower  leaves  ovate-cordate,  obtuse,  upper  narrow,  acute ; 

panicle  leafy,  whorls  distant ;  valves  hastate-ovate,  one  chiefly  grain-bearing,  all  with 
some  bristle-shaped  lateral  teeth,     li  Fields,  &c.    2— 3f.    §  Europe. 

9  R.  maritimus  L.     Golden  D.    Low  (If);  leaves  lance-linear,  the  lowest  cordate, 

wavy  ;  whorls  crowded  ;  valves  rliomb-ovate,  pointed,  each  wilh  4  lateral  awns  and  a 
large  grain,  yellowish,    (i)  Brackish  waters,  Mass,  to  Car. 

10  R.  pulclter  L.    Lower  lvs.  cordate,  some  fiddle-shaped,  upper  lanceolate  ;  whorls 
,       distant,  leafy;  valves  strongly  toothed,  unequally  grain-bearing.    S.    § 

11  R.  Acetosella  L.  Shee])  Sorrel.  Leaves  oblanceolate,  the  base  lobes  conspicu- 
ous ;  valves  not  increasing  in  fruit.    A  common  weed.    6'— If 

12  R.  liastulatus  Baldw.  Leaves  with  small  auricles  or  none,  glaucous  .;  valves  In- 
creasing to  round-cordate  in  fruit ;  ped.  jointed.    Mo.  to  Ga. .  lare. 


282  OiiDER  104.— POLYGONAOj!.^^. 

6.  THYSANELLA,  Gray.  Fls.  5  ¥  ? .  Cal.  colored,  S-partcd,  lobes 
all  erect,  the  2  outer  cordate,  the  3  inner  smaller,  pectinate-fringed.  Sta. 
8.  Styles  3.  Achenia  3-angled,  acuminate. — A  smooth,  erect  herb,  with 
the  habit  of  Polygonclla.    (Polygonum,  Ell.) 

T,  fimbriata  Gr.— Pine-barrRne,  Ga.,  Fla.     Stem  branched,  2— 3f.    Sheaths  bristle- 
fringed.    Lvs.  linear,  1—2'.    Fls.  ro!?e-white,  in  crowded,  panicled  spikes.    July— Oct. 

7.  POLYGONEIiLA,  Mx.  Calyx  colored,  5-sepalled,  persistent.  Sta. 
8,  included.  Styles  3  or  almost  0.  Ach.  3-cornered,  naked  or  enclosed  in 
the  3  inner  sepals  enlarged  and  become  scarious  valves.  Embiyo  straight. 
— Herbs  or  delicate  shrubs,  with  very  narrow  leaves  and  the  small  flow- 
ers solitary  in  each  ochrea. 

§  Fls.  dioecious.    Pedicel  1".    Filaments  all  filiform.    Stig.  nearly  eessile..  .Nos.  1—3 
§  Fls.  all  5  .    Pedicel  2".    The  3  inner  filaments  dilated.    Styles  manifest..  .Nos.  4,  5 

1  P.  parvlfolla  Mx.    Shrubby,  branches  strict,  leafless  above  ;  Ivs.  linear-cuneatc  ; 

panicle  oblong ;  inner  sepals  equalling  the  acute  achenia.    S.    1— 2f. 

2  P.  gracile  N.  Annual,  glaucous  ;  branches  filiform  ;  leaves  spatulate;  3  inner  sepals 

exceeding  the  pointed  achenia.    Dry  sands,  S.    2— 3f. 

3  P.  Croomia  Chapm.    Shrubby  ;  branches  slender  ;  leaves  linear  (2—3") ;  3  valves 

unequal,  2  roundish,  1  oblong,  exceeding  the  achenia.    Uplands,  S. 

4  P.  Melsneriana  Shutt.    Shrubby,  very  leafy,  leaves  linear,  filiform,  6—10",  ever- 

green, ochrta  tipped  with  a  white  membrane  ;  2  outer  sepals  reflexed.    Uplands,  Ga., 
Ala.,  Fla.    1— 2f.    A  delicate  bushy  shrub. 

5  P.  articulata  Meisn.    Annual,  strict,  with  erect  branches,  which  are  soon  nearly 

naked  :  leaves  linear,  caducous  from  the  tops  of  the  truncate  sheaths  ;  sepals  flesh- 
colored,  *^xpanding.    Dry.    N.  J.,  and  W. :  rare. 

8.  POLYGONUM,  L.  Knot-grass.  Calyx  of  5  sepals,  rarely  fewer, 
colored  or  greenish,  similar,  imbricated  in  bud,  at  length  all  connivent, 
persistent.  Sta.  8,  rarely  fewer.  Sty.  3  or  3,  mostly  3,  short  filiform.  Ach. 
3-cornered  or  lens-shaped,  enclosed  in  the  dry,  withered  calyx.  Embryo 
curved,  lateral,  lying  in  a  groove  at  one  angle  of  the  albumen.  Plerbs  with 
ochreate-jointed  stems  and  small,  white,  red,  or  greenish  fls.    June — Sept. 

%  stems  armed  with  retrorse  prickles.    Lvs.  cordate-sagit.    Echinocaulon.  .Nos.  21,  22 

§  Stems  unarmed,  twining.    Leaves  cordate-hastate.    Tiniaria Nos.  18—20 

§  Stems  erect  or  decumbent,  unarmed.    Leaves  hardlj'  ever  cordate. .  .(*) 

*  Calyx  unequally  4-cleft.    Styles  2,  long  deflexed.    Tovaria No.  IT 

*  Calyx  equally  5-parted.    Styles  erect. .  .{a) 

a  Sheaths  salver-form.  Stamens?.  Style  2-parted.  Tall.  Amblyogonum...No.  10 
a  Sheaths  subcylindrical.    Stamens  5,  G,  8.    Styles  2  or  3. .  .(6) 

b  Flowers  in  leafless,  terminal,  spike-like  racemes.  Persicaria.  .  .(c) 
0  Flowers  axillary,  or  seldom  forming  a  leafy  raceme. .  .(e) 

c  Raceme  1,  dense.    Stem  at  base  or  rliizome  decumbent Nos.  14, 15 

c  Racemes  several.    Sheaths  naked,  not  fringed Nos.  12,  13 

c  Racemes  several.    Sheaths  bristly,  fringe-ciliate. .  .{d) 

d  Style  2-(or  3-)cleft.    Achenia  flat  or  lens-shaped Nos.  9—11 

d  Style  3-cleft.     Achenia  sharply  3-cornered Nos.  5—8 

e  Achenium  protruding  beyond  the  calyx,  3-angled  Nos.  3,  4 

e  Achenium  included  in  the  calyx,  3-angled Nos.  1,  2 

1  P,  avlciilarc  L.    Bird's  K.    Booriveed.    Procumbent,  diffuse;  leaves  lanceellip- 


OiwEu  104.— POLYGONACE^.  283 

tic,  acutifsh,  1' ;  flowers  2  or  3  together,  suhsessile,  reddish ;  achenia  striate,  dull, 
enclosed  ;  stamens  5—8.    (T)  A  common  weed,  6  —16'.    lu  rich  shady  Boils  it  arises  to 
p.  erectum^  Avith  larger  oval  leaves  and  pedice^ate  flowers. 

2  P.  tenue  Mx.    Slender,  rigid,  erect,  with  long  simple-angular  branches  ;  Ivs.  lineai, 

erect;  sheaths  bristle-fringed;  flowers  solitary ;  achenia  shining.    Dry.    i— If. 

3  P.  maritiiunxn  L.    Prostrate,  diflfuse,  glaucous,  with  very  short  joints  and  swell- 

ing torn  sheaths  ;  Ivs.  fleshy,  oblong,  \—^'' ;  fls.  sessile,  at  length  spicate  ;  fruit  little 
exserted,  smooth  and  shining.    (I)  Sandy  coasts,  Mass.  to  Ga.    i— If. 

4  P.  ramosissiiuum  Mx.    Erect  or  ascending,  wi«c/t  ftranc/ietf,  striate  ;  Ivs.  linear 

oblong,  1—2' ;  flowers  greenish,  pedicellate ;  fruit  \  exserted,  olive-green,  shining, 
H".    (T)  Sandy  shores,  R.  I.  to  Mich,  and  Md.    2— 3f. 
6  P.  lilrsutum  Walt.    Densely  hirsute  with  spreading  tawny  hairs,  erect;  Ivs.  lan- 
ceolate ;  sheaths  fringed  ;  flowers  white,  in  2  or  3  slender  spikes,    (a)  S.    2— 3f. 

6  P.  hydro plperoides  Mx.    Mild  Water-pepper.    Stem  smooth,  slender,  shcatha 

long,  close,  fringed  and  hispid ;  Ivs.  linear-lanceolate,  not  acrid ;  spikes  erect,  slen- 
der, loose  at  base  ;  calyx  glandless  ,  achenia  shining. 
/3.  Met  acta  the  leaves  and  stem  above  are  more  or  less  hispid,    if  Wet.    1— 3f. 

7  P.  acre  H.  B.  K.     Wafer  Smartweed.    Glabrous,  virgate,  slender ;    sheath   loose, 

bristle-fringed ;  Ivs.  lanceolate,  acrid  ;  spikes  filiform,  erect ;  flowers  reddish-green, 
dotted  like  the  leaves  ;  fruit  shining.    (T)  Wet  places.  S.  and  W.    2— .5f. 

8  P.  TiNCTOKiUM.    Madder.    Lvs.  oval ;  spikes  oblong,  dense,  roseate.    China.    1— 2f. 

9  P.  Hydropiper  L.     Water  Pepper.    Glabrous  ;  sheaths  bristly-ciliate  ;  lvs.  lanceo- 

late^  very  acrid,  finely  punctate ;  spikes  nodding,  loose,  slender,  greenish ;  calyx 
punctate  ;  stamens  mostly  6 ;  achenia  roughened,  black.    (T)  Damp.    1— 2f.    J 

10  P.  Careyl  Olney.  Stem  erect,  3— 5f,  bristly  and  much  branched;  leaves  lanceo- 
late, some  hispid  ;  stipules  tubular-truncate,  ciliate  ;  spikes  dense,  purplish,  nodding 
on  long  hairy  peduncles.    (T)  Swamps,  N.  Eng.  to  Penn.  (See  p.  447.) 

11  P.  Persicaria  L.  Smart-weed.  Glabrous,  erect:  leaves  lanceolate,  usually 
marked  with  a  brown  spot ;  sheaths  fringed  ;  spikes  dense,  erect,  oblong  ;  stamens 
6 ;  style  2-cleft ;  achenia  shining.    (I)  Waste  grounds :  common.    1— 2f.    § 

12  P*  Pennsylvanicuin  L.  Branches  above  and  pedicels  glandular-hispid  ;  leaves 
lanceolate ;  spikes  erect,  oblong,  crowded,  rose-colored,  showy  ;  achenia  lens-shaped, 
with  flat  sides,    (i)  Margins  of  waters.    2 — 4r. 

^,  denain'orum.    Smooth;  racemes  slender ;  achenia  truly  lens-shaped.    South. 

13  P.  incarnatum  Ell.  Smoothish  ;  leaves  lanceolate;  branches  and  ped.  glandu- 
lar-dotted; spikes  linear,  nodding,  becoming  long;  achenia  lens-shaped,  with  con- 
cave sides,    d)  Ditches  and  pools,  W.  and  S.    2— 3f. 

14  P.  ampliibium  L.  Stem  prostrate  and  rooting  below,  ascending;  leaves  thick, 
smooth,  lance-oblong,  variable  ;  spikes  oblong,  ovoid  or  dense  ;  stamens  5  ;  style  2- 
cleft.    Pools  and  swamps.    3— 4f.    Spike  V  or  more. 

/3.  terrestre.    Plant  more  or  less  hirsute  ;  spikes  elongated. 

15  P.  viviparum  L.  Low,  simple,  erect  from  a  creeping  rhizome;  leaves  lance 
linear,  with  rolled  edges  ;  spike  1,  linear.     ii  White  Mountains,  and  N. 

16  P.  orientale  L.  Pnnce's  Feather.  Tall,  erect,  branched;  leaves  large,  with 
hairy  salver-form  sheaths ;  stamens  7  ;  styles  2 ;  spikes  large,  red,  nodding,  showy. 
(D  Fields  and  gardens.    3— 8f.    § 

17  p,  Virglnianum  L.  Stem  simple;  leaves  lance-ovate,  acn,miujt<»  •  flowers  re- 
mote, 1  from  each  sheath,  in  a  slender  raceme,  greenish,    v.  Shade.-'.    3— 4f. 

ISP.  convolvulus  L.  Knot  Bindweed.  Prostrate  or  climbing,  roughish,  sheathg 
naked;  leaves  hastate,  pointed;  flowers  in  axillary  fascicles  or  in  interrupted  ra- 
cemes; fruit  exserted,  dull,  blackish.    ©Fields.    2 — 4f.    § 

19  P.  clllnode  Mx.  Climbing;  sheaths  ciliate  at  base;  leaves  deeply  coalate, 
pointed ;  racemes  paniculate,  loose  ;  achenia  shining.    Hedges.    3— Sf. 

20  P.  dumetoruin  L.    Hedge  Bindweed.    Climbing  high  ;  joints  not  ciliate  ;  I'^aves 


281  Order  lOG.— CHENOPODIACE^. 

cordate-hastate,  with  acute  lobes  ;  outer  sepal  keeled  and  winged  on  the  back  ;  fruit 
smooth,  black.    Thickets.    3— 12f.    §.— A  native  form, 
/3.  scanttenit,  has  the  raceme  panicled  and  the  sepals  with  very  broad  wings. 

21  1*.  sagittatum  L.     Scratch-grass.     Climbing,  3— 5f,  rough  backwards;  leaves 
lanco-sagittatc ;  flowers  in  small  heads,  whitish  ;  stamens  8  ;  style  3.    ®  Wet. 

22  I*,  arifolium  L.    Rough  with  reversed  prickles,  3— 5f ;  leaves  hastate,  apex  and 
lobes  pointed  ;  flowers  racemed  ;  stamens  6  ;  styles  2.    Wet, 

9.  FAGOPYRUM,  Toui-n.  Buckwheat.  Calyx  colored,  equally  5- 
parled,  persistent,  unchanged.  Stamens  8,  alternate  with  8  honey-glands. 
Styles  3,  with  capitate  stigmas.  Ach.  3-angled,  much  exceeding  the  calyx, 
(i)  Leaves  cordate-hastate.    Flowers  rose-white,  in  panicled  racemes. 

1  F,  esculentum  Moench.     Smoothish  ;  leaves  with  obtuse  lobes ;  flowers  showy, 

numerous,  sought  by  bees :  achenia  ovoid-triangular,  wingless,  black.  Fields.  2— 4f.  § 

2  F.  Tautaricum.    India  Wheat.    Glabrous;  leaves  broader  thau  long,  lobes  acutish  ; 

racemes  axillary  and  terminal,  scarcely  panicled ;  achenia  lance-triangular,  angles 
einuate-dentate.  rather  obtuse  ;  calyx  minute.    Tartary.    Cultivated. 

Order  CV.    PHYTOLACCACE^.    Pokeworts 

Rej'hs  with  alternate,  entire  leaves  and  perfect,  5-parted  flowers.  Cali/x 
frea  Stamens  5 — 30,  alternate  with  the  sepals  when  of  the  same  number. 
Ovary  of  1  to  several  carpels,  each  1-ovuled.  Styles  and  stigmas  as  many 
as  carpels  Fruit  baccate  or  acheniate.  Seeds  erect,  with  the  embryo 
coiled  around  the  albumen. 

§  styles  and  carpels  5 — 12.     Fruit  baccate.    Leaves  exstip'ilate Phytolacca.  I 

g  Style  and  carpel  1.    Leaves  with  stipules.— <t  Berry  globinar,  nmootb Rivina.  3 

— a  Acheniura  with  2- boulfs Pktiveria.      3 

1.  PHYTOLACCA,  Tourn.  Poke.  Garget-weed.  Calyx  5-parted. 
Stamens  5 — 25.  Styles  5 — 12.  Berry  depressed-globular,  with  as  many 
seeds  as  styles. — Herbaceous.  Racemes  terminal,  soon  opposite  the  leaves. 
P,  decandra  L.    Stem  stout,  purplish,  tall ;  leaves  ovate  ;  flowers  with  10  stamens 

and  10  styles  ;  berries  black,  full  of  crimson  juice.    Hedges.    .5— 8f.    July  +  . 

2.  RIVINA,  Plum.  Calyx  4-parted,  3-bracted.  Sta.  4  or  8.  Berry  at 
last  dry,  1-seeded,  embryo  a  vertical  ring.  Shrubby,  with  racemes  termi- 
nal, soon  lateral. 

R.  lie  vis  L.    Branching,  smooth.  G— 8f;  Ivs.  ovate;  fls.  rose-white,  in  long  racemes* 
stamens  4.    Fla.,  and  W.    Herbage  bright-green. 

3.  PETIVERIA  alliacea  L.  Half-shrubby,  2— 3f,  with  obovate-ob- 
luse  leaves  and  spicate  flowers.    Grows  in  S.  Car.  (Michaux),  and  S.  to  the  tropics. 

Order  Q\l.    CHENOPODIACE^.    Ciienopods  or  Goose-foots. 

llerhs  chiefly  weed-like  and  homely,  more  or  less  fleshy,  with  alternato 
cxstipulate  leaves.  Bracts  not  scarious.  Flowers  greenish,  regular.  Caly:-: 
imbricated  in  bud.  Stam.ens  as  many  as,  and  opposite  to  the  calyx  lobes,  oi 
fewer.  Ovary  2-styled,  1-celled,  becoming  a  l-secded,  thin  utricle  or  cary- 
cpsis.     Embryo  coiled  or  spiral. 


OiiDEii  lOG.— ClIENOPODIxVCEiE. 


285 


n  V  "  M      \    '^ — #////!      ■*■  ^^^^^'^''  ^f  Chenopodium 

^///  \l%v       \a  (/in        I  .^KJSWi    ^'^^'C'ii  showing  the  ovary  and 

^Hr!I  ^^)l     ^dr  I^^pIfbi    2  stamens.    3.  Seed  cut  across, 

"'''i)]^   showing  the   coiled  embryo. 

4.  Branch  of  Salicornia  herba- 

_,/WJ         ^^^^SJ^  KA  J//        )1  "^5^/     ^^^'    ^- "^"'0  joints  magnified. 

"^^21     ^^^3       4^^f       ^//2\r\|      «•  Ovary  of  a  flower. 

g  Leaves  flat,  neither  fie.sliy  nor  spiny.    p:mbryo  a  ring  around  copious  albumen. ..(«'» 

g  Lenves  none,  or  linear  and  fleshy  or  spinescent.     Embryo  a  spiral  or  folio.     Albumen  0...(j/) 

rt  Stems  twinins  and  climbing.     Flowers  white,  in  racemes BoussingadltU.    1 

n  Stems  erect.     Flowers  greenish,  all  similar  and  perfect. .  .(6) 

a  Stems  erect.     Flowers  greenish,  of  two  sorts,  monoecious  or  diaecions...(x) 

b  Seed  horizontal. — c  Pericarp  rough  and  corky.    Calyx  ribbed Beta.  2 

— c  Pericarp  thin,  in  a  calyx  bordered  all  around Ctcloloma.  3 

— c  Pericarp  thin,  in  a  plain,  unbordered  calyx Chknopodiom.  4 

h  Seed  vertical. — d  Fruit  smooth,  sepals  distinct,  mostly  fleshy BliT0M.  6 

— d  Fruit  in  a  veiny,  wrinkled  calyx.    Leaves  pinnatifid Roubieta.  5 

—d  Fruit  axillary  to  a  bract,  no  calyx.    Leaves  linear Corispermcm.  10 

X  Fruit  enclosed  in  a  hardened  calyx  without  bracts.    Cultivated tiPiNACiA.  9 

X  Fruit  naked  (no  calyx)  between  two  bracts.    Leaves  oval  or  triangular. . . Atriplex.  7 

y  Embryo  folded,  not  spiral.    Stems  jointed,  leafless Salicornia.  11 

1/  Embryo  a  flat  spiral,  horizontal.    Leaves  acHte Chenopodina.  12 

y  Embryo  a  conic  spiral.    Sepals  appendaged.    Leaves  spinescent Salsola.  13 

1.  BOUSSINGAULTIA,  Kunth.  Mexican  Vine.  Cal.  corolla-like, 
open,  5-  or  6-parted,  with  several  imbricated  bracts.  Stig.  3,  club-shaped. 
Pericarp  thin.  ^  Twining  to  the  right.  Leaves  thick,  petiolate.  Flow- 
ers in  many  spike-like  racemes.    S.  America. 

B.  BASELLoiDES.    LeEvcs  bfoadly  cordate-ovate,  acuminate,    u  Arbors.    15f. 

2.  BETA,  Tourn.  Beet.  Cal.  5-cleft,  persistent.  Sta.  5.  Ovary  half- 
adherent.  Stig.  2.  Utricle  depressed,  corky,  enclosed  in  and  consolidated 
with  the  ribbed  calyx. — Herbs  with  fleshy  roots,  furrowed  stems,  alternate 
leaves,  and  greenish,  spicate  flowers. 

B.  vulgaris.  Glabrous ;  leaves  large,  wavy,  acute  both  ways  ;  spikes  in  a  large  pani 
cle  the  second  year.    (2)  S.  Eur.    Cultivated  for  its  root,  which  is  commonly  red. 

/3.6Vcl<»,    iScarcifij.    Leaves  roughish  ;  root  slender,  whitish  ;  flowers  in  3's. 
y.Bapa,     Turnip  Beet.    Root  napiform,  white  or  red,  very  sweet. 
S.JUang-el'wurtzel,    Root  very  large,  mostly  white.    Cultivated  for  stock. 

3.  OYCLOLOMA,  Moquin.  Calyx  5-cleft,  lobes  strongly  keeled,  at 
length  appendaged  outside  with  a  circular  membranous  border  or  crown. 
Sta.  5,  styles  3.  Utricle  depressed,  enclosed.  (1)  With  furrowed  stems, 
tilternate  lobed  leaves,  and  small  sessile  flowers. 

C.  platypliylliim  Moq.— Banks  of  the  Mississippi,  111.,  and  W.  1— HA  white-downy 
above.  Leaves  lance-oblong,  sinuate-toothed  or  lobed,  2'.  Flowers  at  length  in 
email  panicles.    July—Sept. 

4.  CHENOPODIUM,  Tourn.  Pigweed.  Goosefoot.  Calyx  bract- 
less,  5-cleft,  lobes  often  keeled,  never  appendaged,  more  or  less  enclosing 
the  fruit.     Sta.  5,  styles  2.     Utricle  depressed,  membranous,  seed  mostly 


286  Order  106.— CHENOPODIACE^. 

borizoutal,  lenticular.    Weeds  often  glaucous  or  glandular,  with  alternate, 
often  rhombic  Ivs.,  and  the  minute  fls.  in  panicled  spikes.    June — Aug. 

§  Plants  ill-scented,  smooth,  never  glandular.    Emljryo  a  complete  ring. .  .(*) 
§  Plants  glaudular-pubcrulcnt,  green,  aromatic.    Embryo  a  half  ring..  .(J) 

*  Herbage  glaucous  or  whitish,  covered  with  mealiness Nob.  1—3 

*  Herbage  green,  rarely  purplish,  not  glaucous  or  mealy.,  .(a) 

a  Leaves  entire,  ovate-oblong,  on  slender  petioles   No.  4 

a  Leaves  toothed  or  lobed,  petiolate Nos.  5 — 7 

b  Flowers  glomerate,  axillary,  in  spike-like  racemes Nos.  8,  S 

h  Flowers  cymous,  innumerable,  in  long  raceme-like  panicles No.  10 

1  C»  glaiiciim  L.    Prostrate  or  ascending,  branched  ;  leaves  ovate  to  oblong,  obtuse, 

sinuate-angled  or  -dentate  ;  racemes  simple  ;  seed  partly  enclosed,    (i)  Mass.  to  Pa. : 
rare.    If.    Leaves  1—2',  whitish  beneath.    §  Europe. 

2  C.  album  L.     Common  P.    Erect,  loosely  branched,  striate ;  Ivs.  rhombic  ovate, 

sinuate-toothed  to  subentire  ;  i-acemes  some  panicled ;  seed  wholly  enclosed.   (J)  The 
commonest  of  weeds,  2— 7f,  often  striped  with  purple. 

3  €.  Boscianum  Moq.    Erect,  branched;  Ivs.  small,  lance-linear,  entire,  canescent 

beneath  ;  seed  partly  enclosed.    (T)  Shades,  Pa.  (Prof.  Porter),  and  S.    2f. 

4  C.  polysperiiium  L.    Ascending,  branched  from  base;  Ivs.  ovate  to  oblong,  en- 

tire, bright  green  ;  racemes  spike-like,  strict ;  fruit  partly  enclosed.    Rare.    §  Eur. 

5  C  liybridum  L.    Leaves  ample,  subcordate,  deeply  sinuate-angled,  with  pointed 

lobes ;  racemes  leafless  ;  seed  rugous,  dull.    ®  Common,  2 — 4f.    §  Europe. 

6  €.  inurale  L.    Ascending;    leaves  ovate-rhombic,  acute  at  base,  unequally  and 

acutely  toothed;  seed  acute-edged,  dull-rugous.    (I)  Rare.    12—18'.    § 

7  C  urbiciim  L.    Erect;   leaves  as  in  No.  6,  but  slightly  mealy;   racemes  strict, 

dense,  in  an  erect  narrow  panicle  ;  seed  blunt-edged,  shining.    (I)  2-4f.    § 

8  €.  ambrosioides  L.    Mexican  Tea.    Branched;    leaves  oblong  to  lance- linear, 

attenuate  both  ways,  sinuate-toothed  to  entire;  spikes  dense,  leafy,  seed  shining, 
obtuse-edged  ;  fruit  wholly  enclosed,    (i)  1— 2f.    §  Mexico. 

9  C,  antliclmillticuni  L.     Worm-seed.    Subsimple ;  leaves  ovate-oblong,  deeply 

sinuate-serrate  or  pinnatifld  ;  racemes  spike-like,  long;  styles  mostly  3;  fruit  as  in 
No.  8.     n  Waste  grounds.    1— 3f.    §  Mexico. 
IOC.  Botrys  L.     Oak-of- Jerusalem.    Leaves  oblong,  obtuse,  sinuate-subpinnatifid ; 
branches  strict,   panicles  slender,   spirally  twisted.    (T)  Sands,   &c.    1— 2f.    Plants 
strongly  aromatic  of  turpentine. 

5.  ROUBIEVA,  Moq.  Calyx  5-toothed.  Sta.  5.  Styles  and  stig.  8. 
Seed  lens-shaped,  quite  vertical,  enclosed  in  the  veiny  rugous  calyx.  11 
Pubescent,  mucli  branched.     Leaves  pinnatifid. 

K.  multifida  Moq.— Roadsides  about  New  York.    Prostrate  and  ascending.    1— 2f. 
Flowers  minute,  in  numerous  panicled  racemes.    Leaves  V.    §  S.  America. 

6.  BLITUM,  Tourn.  Elite.  Calyx  3-5-sepallcd,  mostly  becoming 
juicy  and  berry-like  in  fruit,  enclosing  the  utricle.  Sta.  1—5.  Styles  2. 
(i)  Leaves  petiolate.    Flowers  glomerate. 

§  Heads  forming  a  dense  terminal  spike.    Calyx  dry No.  1 

§  Heads  axillary,  some  spicate  above.    Calyx  thickened Nos.  2,  3 

1  B.  Bonus-Henrlcus  Reich.    Goo  i  King  Henry.    Subsimple,  ascending,  mealy ; 

leavc-.s  triangular-hastate  ;  stamens  5.    Waysides,  N. :  rare.    §  Europe. 

2  B.  inaritimum  N.    Much  branched;  leaves  lanceolate,  attenuate  to  both  ends; 

stamen  1 :  seed  shining.    Marshes,  R.  L,  N.  Y.,  and  N.  J.    1— 2f.    August. 

3  B.  oapitatum  L.    Siraivbei-nj  i'-    Bnmched ;  leaves  triangular-hastate ;  glomer 

ale  iViiit  riHldeiied  like  stravv berries,  in^ii.id.    Va  ,  and  N.'    1-  2f.    June. 


•OiiDEK  106.— ClIENOPODIACEiE.  287 

7.  ATRIPLEX,  Gaert.  6  Bractless.  Calyx  3-5-sepallcd.  Sta.  3—5. 
$  Ovary  3-styled,  with  no  stam.,  enclosed  between  3  leaf-like  bracts,  with 
or  without  a  calyx. — Herbs  or  shrubs,  often  mealy  or  scurfy,  with  oppositi 
or  alternate  hastate  leaves  and  glomerate-spiked  green  flowers. 

§  Leaves  partly  opposite.    Bracts  triangnlar-ovate Nos.  1,  J 

§  Leaves  all  alternate.— a;  Bracts  rhombic,  cauescent,  toothed  No.  h 

—X  Bracts  round-ovate  or  -cuueate Nos.  4,  5 

1   A.  liastata  L.    Slender,  weak,  green  ;  leaves  petiolate,  hastate,  remotely-toothed  ; 

flowers  single  in  the  slender  spikes,  bracts  triangular-ovate,  denticulate.    N.  Eng.  to 

S.  Car.,  coastward.    1— 3f.— JS.  Purahiana  is  scurfy. 
S  A,  llttoralls  L.    Erect  with  many  strict  branches ;  leaves  short-stalked,  lanceolate 

to  linear,  subentire ;  flowers  glomerate,  forming  interrupted  spikes;  bracts  hispid, 

triangular-hastate,  denticulate.    Lake  shores,  N-W. 

3  A.  rosea  L.    Canescent,  ascending,  branched ;  Ivs.  ovate  to  oblong,  sinuate-toothed  ; 

glomerules  axillary,  bracts  rhombic,  toothed.  Albany,  N.Y.  (Prof.  Porter).  2f.  §  Eur. 

4  A,  HORTENsis.    Garden  Orache.    Erect,  branched ;  Ivs.  triangular-hastate  or -oblong, 

subentire,  bright  green  ;  bracts  roundish,  entire.    Asia. 

5  A.  arenaria  N.   Sand  Orache.   Mealy-cauescent,  branched  ;  leaves  oval  to  oblong, 

entire,  short-petioled ;   bracts  broad-cuneate,  united,  denticulate.    (T)  Sea-beaches, 
Mass.  to  Fla.    (Obione,  C-B.)    6—12',    July— Sept. 

9.  SPINACIA,  Toum.  Spinage.  Dioecious,  bractless.  i  Cal.  3-5- 
sepalled.  Sta.  4  or  5,  exserted.  $  Calyx  tubular,  2-  or  4-toothcd,  soon 
hardening  and  enclosing  the  compressed  achenium.  Styles  4.  (i)  Leaves 
petiolate.    Flowers  green,  axillary.    June,  July. 

S.  OLERACEA.  Lcaves  hastate-lanceolate  to  arrow-shaped ;  fruit-calyx  solitary,  3-anglcd' 
armed  with  2  or  4  slender  prickles,  or  unarmed.    (J)  Gardens.    1— 2f. 

10.  CORISPERMUM,  Juss.  Calyx  1-3-sepalled  or  0.  Stam.  1—5. 
Styles  3,  short.  Pericarp  oval,  flat  and  thin,  adnate  to  the  seed,  vertical. 
(D  With  narrow,  sessile  leaves,  and  sessile,  solitary,  axillary  flowers. 

€.  liyssopifollum  L.  Hairy  or  glabrous,  much  branched ;  flowers  in  many  bracted 
spikes,  bracts  ovate,  subulate-pointed ;  leaves  1'  and  less ;  fruit  a  pellucid  disk. 
Sandy  lake-shores,  Buflfalo,  and  W.    § 

11.  SALICORNIA,  Tourn.  Saltwort.  Samphire.  Flowers  2  or  3 
together,  sunk  in  the  cavities  of  the  jointed  stem.  Calyx  bladder-like, 
denticulate,  enclosing  the  compressed  vertical  fruit.  Stamens  1  or  2. 
Styles  2.  Embiyo  folded.— Seaside,  jointed,  fleshy  herbs  almost  leafless, 
with  opposite  branches. 

1  S,  Iierbacca  L.    Suberect;  spikes  elongated,  green  ;  joints  truncate  and  bractless; 

middle  flower  largest.    (T)  Salt  marshes.    8— 12^    August. 

2  S.  Virginica  L.    Erect ;  spikes  short,  soon  red  ;  joints  short,  tipped  with  2  acute 

bracts  ;  flowers  all  alike.    %  Salt  marshes.    6—9'.    Sept.    (S.  mucronata  C-B.) 

3  S.  fniticosa  L.    Prostrate,  with  ascending  branches ;  spikes  slender,  joints  tipped 

with  2  obtuse  bracts,    n  Sandy  beaches.    (S.  ambigua  C-B.) 

12.  CHENOPODINA,  Moq.  Glasswort.  Calyx  bracteolate,  cup- 
shaped,  5-parted,  fleshy  in  fruit  with  the  seed  horizontal.  Sta.  5.  Stigma 
sessile.  Embryo  a  flat  spiral.— Smooth  seaside  fleshy  plants,  with  alter- 
nate  sessile  leaves  and  axillaiy  flowers.    (Suajda,  Forsk.) 


288  Order  107.— AMARx^NTACE^  -  . 

C»  maritlma  Moq.    Diffusely  branched ;  Ivs.  linear,  2'  and  less,  semitcretc  ;  flowers 
micute,  green,  clustered,  sessile ;  seed  black,  shining,    (i)  Marshes.    August. 

13.  SALSOLA,  Gaert.    Saltwort.    Fls.  5  sessile.    Sep.  5,  transversely- 
winged  on  the  back.    Wings  enlarged  and  scarious  in  fruit.    Sta.  5.   Styles 
2.     Utricle    depressed,  horizontal.     Embryo  cochleate. — Seaside  fleshy 
plants,  with  terete  leaves  and  axillary,  whitish  flowers. 
S.  Kail  L.    Branches  diffuse  on  the  sand,  rigid,  with  crowded  subulate  leaves,  each 

tipped  with  a  spine ;  flowers  solitarj',  wings  purplish ;  seed  with  a  thin  testa  and 

green  embryo  coiled  like  a  snail-shell.    (T) 

Order  CVII.    AMARANTACE^.    Amaranths. 

Herbs  similar  to  tlie  last  Order,  but  with  an  imbricated  involucre  ot  3 
dry,  scarious  bracts  added  to  the  flowers.  Sepals  3 — 5  (rarely  but  1),  per- 
sistent and  often  colored,  unchanged  in  fruit.  Stamens  3 — 5.  Ovary  com- 
pressed, 1-celled,  1-oo-ovuled.  Style  1.  Fruit  a  utricle,  caryopsis  or 
berry.    Seed  vertical,  albuminous.    Embryo  annular. 

§  Anthers  2-celIed.    Ovary  with  many  ovules.    Cultivated Celosia.  1 

§  Anthers  2-celled.    Ovary  l-ovuled.    Leaves  alternate... (*) 
§  Anthers  1-celled.    Ovary  l-ovuled.    Leaves  opposite... («) 

*  Flowers  monoecious  or  polygamous,  all  with  a  calyx  and  stamens Amarantus.  I 

»  Flowers  dioecious,  the  pistillate  with  neither  calyx  nor  stamens Acnida.  3 

a  Sterile  stamens  none.— (Flowers  white,  paniculate) Iresine.  4 

a  Sterile  stamens  none.— (Flowers  crimson,  Ac.    Capitate.    Cultivated) Gomfhrena.  5 

a  sterile  stamens  5,  the  5  fertile  in  a  tube.— a;  Heads  axillary Telanthera.  6 

—X  Spiites  terminal  and  axillary. . . .  Fkoilicuia.  7 

1.  CELOSIA,  L.  Cockscomb.  Fls.  perfect,  3-bracted.  Calyx  of  5  se- 
pals. Sta.  5,  auth.  2-celled.  Stig.  2  or  3,  recurved.  Utricle  circumscissilc, 
many-seeded,  more  or  less  enclosed  in  the  calyx. — Herbs  or  shi'ubs,  smooth, 
erect,  with  alternate  leaves  and  brilliant,  scarious  flowers. 

I  C.  CRiSTATA.    Leaves  lance-ovate ;  spikes  ovoid-pyramidal,  varying  in  cultivation  to 
fantastic  shapes,  crimson  or  even  white.    (T)  E.  India.    2 — 4f. 

2.  AMARANTUS,  Tourn.  Amaranth.  Fls.  5  5  $  or  6* ,  3-bractcd. 
Cal.  of  5  or  3  sepals.  Stamens  3 — o,  rarely  2,  anth.  2-celled.  Stig.  2  er  3. 
Fruit  a  1-seeded  utricle,  circumscissilc,  or  tearing,  or  not  opening.  (T) 
Coarse  weeds,  with  alternate  petioled  Ivs.  and  minute  fls.  in  clusters.  Aug. 

§  Amarantus  proper.    Utricle  thin,  regularly  circumscissilc.    Not  spiny.,  .(a) 
§  EuxoLUS.    Utricle  somewhat  fleshy,  indehiscent,  or  tearing  open.  ..(c) 

a  Flowers  5-parted,  in  long  panicled  spikes,— J  crimson-tinged Nos,  1,  2 

— b  green Nos.  3,  4 

a  Flowers  3-parted,  in  separate,  axillary,  dense  glomerules Nos.  5,  6 

c  Spines  2  in  each  axil.    Bracts  not  longer  than  the  5  sepals No.  7 

c  Spines  none.— a;  Bracts  longer  than  the  3-5-sepalled  calyx Nos.  8,  9 

—X  Bracts  shorter  than  the  5-sepalled  calyx Nos.  10, 11 

1  A.  liypocliondriacus  L.    Prince's  Feather.     Smoothish;  leaves  lance-oblong, 
,       on  long  stalks,  some  reddened ;  spikes  very  obtuse,  the  terminal  one  much  the 

largest ;  flowers  deep  purple.    Fields  and  gardens.    3— Gf.    §  Mexico. 

2  A.  paiiiculiitus  Mcq.    Prince's  F.    Pubescent,  pale-green;  leaves  lance-ovate* 


Order  107.— AMARANTACE^.  289 

spikes  Blender,  acutish,  crowded,  all  nearly  equal,  reddish-green,  or  in  /3.  gang-uineus^ 
crimson  ;  bracts  short-awned.    Fields  and  gardens.    2— 3f.    §  Mexico. 
S  A.  retrofl^xus  L.    Pubescent,  erect,  stout ;  leaves  ovate  or  subrhombic,  obtuse- 
pointed;  panicle  of  thick,  crowded,  dense  spikes;  bracts  awned,  longer  than  calyx. 
A  common  weed  in  gardens  and  fields.    2— 4f.    Plant  green  or  glaucous.    § 

4  A.  liybridus  L.     Erect,  glabrous,  green  ;   leaves  ovate,  bright  green ;  panicle 

loose  ;  spikes  terete,  obtuse  ;  calyx  shorter  than  the  awned  bracts.    §  Mexico. 

5  A.  albus  L.     White  Pigweed.    Whitish,  diffusely  spreading;  leaves  long-petioled, 

rhomb-ovate,  very  obtuse  ;  glomerules  remote,  in  pairs,  4-  or  5-flo\vered :  common.  § 

6  A.  melaucliolicus.    Love-lies-bleeding.    Erect,  usually  dark-purple  ;  leaves  lance- 

oblong,  obtuse,  emarginate  ;  glomerules  dark-purple.    Asia.    2 — 4f. 
/3.  tricolor.     Leaves  variegated  with  purple,  green,  and  yellow. 

7  A.  spinosiis  L.    Much  branched;  leaves  rhomb-ovate,  obtuse,  with  2  spines  in 

each  axil ;  spikes  panicled,  erect,  acute  ;  bracts  equalling  the  sepals;  utricle  falling 
without  oijeuing.    Waysides,  Peun.  to  Fla.,  and  W.    § 

8  A.  lividus  Moq.    Erect,  smooth,  livid-purplish;  Ivs.  elliptic,  obtuse,  emarginate  ; 

spikes  slender,  rigid,  acute  ;  sepals  thrice  longer  than  bracts ;  fruit  rugous.    § 

9  A,  deflexus  L.    Ascending,  ashy-green,  branches  deflexed ;  leaves  rhomb-lanceo- 

late, obtuse  ;  spikes  thick,  obtuse  ;  sepals  longer  than  bracts;  fruit  smooth.    § 

10  A.  viridis  L.    Erect;  livid-purple;  leaves  long-petioled,  ovate;  epikes  panicled, 
rather  loose  and  long  ;  sepals  twice  longer  than  the  bracts.    Waste  grounds,  S. 

1 1  A,  pitinilus  Kaf.    Diftuse  or  prostrate  ;  leaves  subsessile,  obovate  ;  flowers  in  ax- 
illary, sessile  glomerules  ;  fruit  twice  longer  than  the  calyx.    Sandy  sea-coasts. 

3.  AONIDA,  L.  Water  Hemp.  Fls.  6  ?  ,  3-bracted.  6  Calyx  of  5 
equal,  erect  sepals.  Stamens  5,  anth.  2-celled.  ?  Cal.  0.  Ovaiy  l-ovuled, 
with  3 — 5  stig.  Utricle  1-seeded,  naked,  (i)  Glabrous,  tall,  branched,  with 
long-stalked,  entire  leaves  and  fls.  small,  green,  in  slender  spikes.  Jl. — Oct. 

§  AcNiDA  propei\    Utricle  indehiscent,  longer  than  its  stigmas No.  1 

§  MoNTELiA.    Utricle  circumscissile,  shorter  than  its  stigmas No.  2 

1  A.  caiinabiiia  L.    Leaves  lanceolate  to  linear,  pointed.,  2—8';  i  spikes  numerous, 

rather  dense,  2 — 4' ;  ?  spikes  interrupted  ;  panicle  leafy  ;  fr.  1^',  obovoid,  bracts  \  as 
long.    Salt  marshes.    3— Sf.    The  two  sorts  quite  dissimilar. 

2  A.  taniarisciiia.    Leaves  lance-oval,  1 — 5' ;  spikes  interrupted  and  leafy  at  base, 

or  throughout ;  ?  bracts  longer  than  the  ovary.    Wet  shores,  E.  and  W.    1— 6f.    The 
i  plant  scarcely  difters  from  i  No.  1. 

4.  IRE  SINE,  13 r.  Fls.  5  2  or  ?  ,  3-bracted.  Calyx  of  5  erect  sepals. 
Sta.  5,  anth.  l-celled.  Stigmas  2  or  3.  Utricle  valveless,  included  in  the 
calyx. — Leaves  opposite,  petiolate.  Flowers  minute,  scarious,  white,  ia 
dense  spikes  or  heads.     September,  October. 

I.  celosioides  L.    Branches  opposite,  strict;  leaves  ovate-lanceolate  ;  flowers  in  nu- 
merous delicate  panicled  spikes,    (i)  Banks,  W.  and  S-W.    2— 4f. 

5.  GOMPHRENA,  L.  Globe  Amaranth.  Fls.  3-bracted.  Cal.  5- 
sepalled,  erect.  Fil.  5,  3-cleft  at  apex,  middle  tooth  bearing  the  l-celled 
anth.  Stig.  capitate.  Fr.  as  in  Ircsine.  Tropical  plants.  Lvs.  opposite. 
Flowers  in  heads. 

G.  GLOBosA.    Trichotcmously  much  branched ;  leaves  oblong,  entire  ;  flowers  fadeleea 
bright  purple,  in  heads  V  diameter.    (T)  E.  India.    1— 2f. 

6.  TELANTHERA,  Br.    Fls.  3-bracted.     Cal.  of  5  sepals.    Stamens  5, 


290  Ordek  108.— LAURACE.E. 

with  5  intervening  sterile  filaments,  antli.  1-celled.     Stig.  capitate.    Fr.  as 
in  Iresine.    Leaves  opposite.    Heads  axillary  and  terminal. 

T.  polygonoides  Moq.  rrocnmbeut,  diffuse,  hairy  ;  leaves  oval,  obtuse,  attennate 
to  a  winged  petiole  ;  flowers  silvery  whitish.    U  Waste  grounds,  S. 

7.  FRCELICHIA,  Moench.  Fls.  8-bracted.  Calyx  tubular,  5-cleft  at 
apex.  Sta.  5,  connate  into  a  tube,  with  5  sterile  filaments.  Anth.  1-celled. 
Stigmas  capitate  or  tufted.  Utricle  enclosed  in  the  hardened  calyx,  (i) 
Hairy  or  woolly  stems,  long-jointed. 

F.  Floridana  Moq.  Nearly  simple,  strictly  erect;  leaves  linear;  flowers  in  short 
dense,  cottony  spikes.    liiver  banks,  W.  and  S.     1— 3f.    July,  AugusL 

Okder  CVIII.    LAURACE.E.    Laurels. 

Tr-ecs  and  shrubs  aromatic,  mostly  with  alternate,  simple,  punctate  leaves. 
Flowers  with  a  colored  perianth  of  4 — 6  slightly  united,  strongly  imbri- 
cated sepals.  AntMrs  2-  or  4-celled,  opening  upward  by  as  many  recurved, 
lid-like  valves.  Ovary  1-celled,  1-ovuled,  free,  in  fruit  a  berry  or  a  drupe. 
Seed  without  a'ibumen. 

§  Flowers  perfect.     Stamens  12,  the  3  inner  sterile. — a  Evergreen  trees Peksea.  1 

— a  Leafless  vines.    S.  Fla C assyta. 

5  Flowers  dioecions.     Stamens  9,  all  fertile.     Leaves  deciduous... (*) 

*  Involucre  none.    Anthers  4-celled,  4-valved.    Leaves  lobed Sassafras.         2 

*  Involucre  4-lertved.    Anthers  2-celled,  2-valved.    Leaves  entire Benzoin.  3 

*  Involucre  4-leaved.    Anthers  4-celled,  4-valved.    Leaves  entire Tktrantuera.  i 

1.  PERSE  A,  Gaert.  Red  Bay.  Bay  Galls.  Fls.  5  ,  umbellate,  with 
no  involucre.  Cal.  of  6  sepals.  Sta.  12,  the  3  inner  sterile,  reduced  to  mere 
glands,  anth.  4-celled  (2  cells  above  and  2  below).  Drupe  oval,  seated  on 
the  persistent  cal3\\',  containing  1  large  seed.     ^ 

P.  Caroliueiisis  Mx.  Tree  30 — 40f,  often  bnt  a  shrub,  with  lance-oblong,  entire,  firm 
leaves,  G' ;  umbels  small,  on  ped.  1—2' ;  drupe  oval,  blue.  Swamps,  Va.  to  Fla. 
Bark  deep-furrowed  ;  wood  fine,  rose-colored.    April,  May. 

2.  SASSAFRAS,  Nces.  Sassafras.  Fls.  S  ?.  Calyx  6-parted,  de- 
ciduous.    6  Sin.  9,  the  3  inner  with  a  pair  of  glands  at  base,  anth.  4-celled. 

?  Sla.  G,  all  sterile.     Ov.,  style,  and  stig.  1.     Drupes  ovoid,  blue,  on  thick 
red  pedicels,     ^j)  Flowers  yellow,  appearing  before  the  leaves  in  Mar. — Jn. 

S.  officinale  Nets.  Shrub  or  small  tree,  10— 20f ;  leaves  of  two  forms— ovate  and  en- 
tire, or  3-lobed.  cuneate  at  Ixise  ;  flow«*rs  handsome,  in  racemes  or  corymbs.  Fields 
and  woods.     Bark  pleasantly  aromatic. 

3.  BENZOIN,  Nees.  Spice  Wood.  Flowers  $,  ?  ,  with  4  involucratc 
scahs.  Cal.  5-  or  G-parted.  ^  Sta.  9,  tlic  inner  3  glandular  at  base,  anth. 
2-celled.  ?  Sta.  15—18  rudiments.  Drupe  obovoid,  red.  f)+)  Lvs.  entire. 
Fls.  3^cllow,  in  small  lateral  clusters  before  the  leaves.    (Lmdera,  Tlmnb.) 

1  B.  odoriferum  N(?e«i.    Shrub  6 — 12f;  leaves  lance-obovate,  acute  at  base;  buda 

aud  pedicels  smooth.    Moist  woods  :  common.    May. 

2  B.    nieli»<».sa;foliuin  Nees.    Shrub  2— 3f ;  leaves  lance-oblong,  abrupt  or  cordate 

at  base  ;  buds  and  pedicel*  villous.    Swamps.  S.    February,  March 


OiiDEK  110.~SANTALACE.E.  291 

4.  TETRANTHERA,  Jacq.    Pond  Spice.    Fls.  as  in  Benzoin,  but 
the  anthers  arc  4-cclIecl  and  4-valvecl  as  in  Sassafras.     Diiipc  globular 
(red).     J)  Flowers  yellow,  precocious.    Februarj^  March. 
T.  geniciileta  Necn.    Shrub  8— 15f,  with  branches  and  branchlcts  very  crooked  aud 
divaricate.    Leaves  small,  oval  to  oblong.    Swamps,  S. 

OiiDEii  CIX.    LORANTHACE^.     Loranths. 

Shrvbb^  planiSy\yaras\i[c  on  trees,  with  thick,  opposite,  cxstipulatc  leaves. 
Floicers  mostly  diclinous,  an  adherent  calyx  of  2 — 8  lobes,  with  stamens  of 
the  same  number,  opposite  the  calyx  lobes.  Ovary  1-celled,  becoming  a 
fleshy  fruit  with  one  albuminous  seed.    (See  Addenda.) 

PHORODENDRON,  N.  Mistletoe.  Fls.  5  $ ,  in  jointed  spikes, 
mostly  3-lobed.  S  Anth.  sessile  on  the  base  of  each  lobe,  the  2  cells  di- 
vergent. $  Stig.  sessile  (no  stamens).  Fr.  a  pulpy,  viscous  beriy. — Herb- 
age yellowish-green.  Stems  brittle,  woody,  firmly  engrafted  on  the  limbs 
of  oaks,  elms,  &c. 
P.  fla.Tcsccii8  N.    Stems  much  branched,  1— li-f ;  leaves  wedge-obovate,  thick,  entire, 

as  long  as  the  spikes ;  berry  white,  pellncid,  sticking  to  the  limb  which  it  touches 

until  it  takes  root. 

Order  CX.    SANTALACE^.    Sandalworts.^ 

Trees,  shrubs,  and  herbs,  with  alternate,  undivided  leaves,  witli  the  calyx 
tube  adherent  to  the  ovary,  limb  4-5-cleft,  valvate.  Stamens  as  many  as 
the  sepals,  and  opposite  to  them.  Ovary  1-celled,  with  a  free  central  pla- 
centa bearing  at  top  2 — 4  suspended  ovules,  but  in /nuY  drupaceous,  1 - 
seeded,  crowned  with  the  persistent  calyx. 

§  Ilair-slirubby.    Anthers  connected  to  the  sepals  by  a  tuft  of  hairs Comandra.    1 

§  Shrubs.    Anthers  free.— *  Flowers  4-parted,  with  4  petals  in  the  9  flowers Buckley  A.    2 

— *  Flowers  5-parted,  all  apetalous.    Leaves  alternate Pyrularia.  .^ 

1.  COMANDRA,  N.  Bastard  Toadflax.  Calyx  tube  adherent, 
limb  4-  or  5-parted.  Anth.  4  or  5,  connected  as  above  mentioned.  Fil.  on 
a  5-lobed  perigynous  disk. — Smooth  plants,  with  herbaceous  branches  and 
whitish  flowers  in  small  umbels. 

1  C.  ntubellata  N.    Flowers  perfect ;  branches  strict,  corymbed  above  ;  leaves  ob- 

lanceolate,  subsessilc ;  umbels  3-flowcrcd,  exceeding  the  leaves ;  connecting  haira 
yellow.    Rocky  woods.    If.    Leaves  scattered,  O'-'.    June. 

2  r.  Darbya  A .  DC.    Flowers  dioecious ;   branches  short,  leafy ;  leaves  elliptical, 

mostly  opposite ;  umbels  5-flowered,  shorter  than  the  leaves  ;  connecting  hairs  white. 
Woods,  S. :  rare.    1— 2f.    The  fertile  plant  unknown. 

2.  BUCKLEYA,  Torr.  Fls.  5  ? ,  the  ?  with  a  double  calyx,  the  in- 
ner (corolla)  caducous,  and  without  stamens.  Sty.  4-lobed.  $  Calyx  sin- 
g\fi,  4-lobed,  with  4  stara.  Fruit  oblong,  lO-furrowed,  1-seeded.  ^  Leaves 
fiubsessile,  entire.     Sterile  flowers  clustered,  feilile  solitary. 


292  Okdek  112.— EL^AGNACEiE. 

B.  dlst)'ehopli]flla  Torr.— Mountains  of  E.  Tenn,      Shrub  10— 20f ;  leaves  ovate, 
acuminate  ;  fruit  8—9"  lonj?,  resembling  that  of  Forestiera. 

3.  PYRULARIA,  Mx.  Oil-nut.  Fls.  S  ?  .  Calyx  5-cleft,  half-adhe- 
rent  by  the  5-tootlied  disk.  Style  1,  stigmas  2  or  3.  Drupe  pear-shaped, 
1 -seeded,  with  the  albumen  very  oily.     J) 

P,  pnbera  Mx.    Shrub  4— 6f,  spineless,  with  oval-oblong  leaves  and  small  greenish 
flowers  in  terminal  racemes  ;  drupe  7— 9".    Mountain  streams,  Pa.,  and  S.    May. 

OiiDER  CXI.    THYMELACE^.    Daphnads. 

Shrubs  with  a  very  tough,  acrid  bark,  entire  leaves  and  perfect  flowers, 
with  the  calyx  tubular,  colored,  the  limb  4-(4-  or  5-)parted,  regular,  the 
tube  bearing  the  stamens,  as  many  or  usually  twice  as  many  as  its  lobes, 
and  free  from  the  ovary,  which  is  1-celled,  1-ovuled,  the  suspended  seed 
with  little  or  no  albumen. 

1.  DIRCA,  L.  Leatherwood.  Cal.  colored,  tubular,  limb  obscurely 
4- toothed.  Sta.  8,  exserted.  Style  1,  Berry  1- seeded.  ^  Fls.  opening 
before  the  oblong-obovate,  alternate  leaves,  3  from  each  bud. 

D,  palustris  L.    Shrub  3— 5f,  along  streams,  with  very  tough  bark  ;  flowers  4",  yel- 
lowish, in  April,  May ;  berry  oval,  small,  red. 

2.  DAPHNE,  L.  Cal.  colored,  funnel-form,  limb  spreading,  4-parted. 
Anthers  8,  subincluded.  Stigmas  capitate.  Berry  fleshy,  1-seeded.  ^> 
Native  of  the  Old  AVorld. 

1  I>.  Mezereum.    Shrub  1— 3f,  with  very  smooth  lanceolate  leaves  appearing  later  than 

the  lateral  clusters  of  rose-purple,  sweet-scented  flowers. 

2  I>.  ODOKA.    Shrub  2— 3f ;  leaves  lance-oblong,  evergreen  ;  clusters  terminal,  roseate, 

very  fragrant.    Greenhouse, 

3  D.  Laureola.    Shrub  1— 5f,  hardy,  with  large  oblanceolate,  shining,  evergreen  leaves 

and  axillary  clusters  of  greenish  flowers. 

Order  CXII.    EL^AGNACE^.    Oleasters. 

Shrubs  or  trees  usually  with  the  leaves  covered  with  a  silvery  scurf,  en- 
tu*e.  Floicers  mostly  dioecious,  the  calyx  free,  entire,  persistent,  becoming 
in  fruit  pulpy  and  berry -like,  enclosing  the  1-celled,  1-seeded  achenium. 
Embryo  straight,  with  little  albumen. 

»  Flowers  perfect.    Stamens  4.    Leaves  alternate,  petiolate,  entire Elkagnus.        1 

•  Flowers  dioecious.     Stamens  8.    Leaves  opposite,  after  the  flowers Shkphkrdia.  2 

•  Flowers  dia'cious.     Stamens  4.    Leaves  alternate,  after  the  flowers HiPPOPn.*.      3 

1.  ELJEAGNUS,  L.    Oleaster.    Cal.  4-cleft,  colored  within.    Sta.  4, 
alternate  with  the  sepals.    Achenium  enclosed  in  the  mealy,  8-furrowed 
calyx  tube.     5  h  With  silvery  foliage. 
1  E.  ARGENTKA  Ph.    SUverberry.    Shrub  8— 12f;  leaves  broadly  or  narrowly  elliptical, 

acute,  1—2' ;  flo^vers  axillary,  deflexed,  canescent.    ])akota,  and  W. 
'I  E.  iioRTENsis.    Tree  with  narrow-lanceolate,  acute  leaves  ;  flowers  axillary,  erect.— 

Also,  E.  i.ATiFoLiA,  with  evergreen  leaves,  is  cultivated. 


Order  113.— EUPHORBIACE^.  293 

2.  SHEPHERDIA,  K    Fls.  $  $  .     Cal.  4-cleft.     Sta.  8,  with  8  glands. 
$  Calyx  tube  closely  investing  the  ovary,  limb  4-lobed.     Sty.  and  stig.  1. 

Berry  globular,  fleshy.     +>  Spinescent. 

1  S.  Canadensis  N.  Shrub  6— 8f;  leaves  elliptic-ovate,  clothed  beneath  with  stel- 
late hairs  and  rnsty  scales,  nearly  smooth  above.  Banks  of  streams,  N.  Clustera 
Bnbsessile.    Berry  sweetish. 

3  S.  AROENTEA  N.  B'^ffalo  Berry.  Tree  12— 18f;  leaves  oblong-ovate,  obtuse,  both 
surfaces  smooth  and  covered  with  silvery  scales.  Fruit  the  size  of  a  currant,  scar- 
let, wcU-flavorcd.    Mit^souri. 

3.  HIPPOPHJE  RirAMNOiDES.  Shrub  with  lance-linear  leaves,  silvery 
white  beneath,  and  a  crowd  of  yellow,  acid  drapes.    Europe. 

Order  CXIII.    EUPHORBIACE^.    Spurgeworts. 

Ilerhs,  shrubs,  or  trees,  usually  with  a  milky,  acrid  juice.  Flowers  dicli- 
nous, sometimes  enclosed  in  a  cup-shaped  involucre.  Cali/x  inferior,  some- 
times wanting.  Corolla  scale-like  or  colored,  often  wanting.  Ovary  free, 
sessile  or  stipitate,  2-,  3-(or  more)-carpelled ;  styles  distinct  or  united.  Fruit 
of  2,  3  (or  more)  1-2-seeded  carpels  (rarely  of  1  carpel)  united  to  a  common 
axis,  at  length  separating.    EmJrryo  in  fleshy  albumen.    Fig.  142. 

y     547.  Head  or  capitulum  of  Euphor- 
bia corollata.    8. The  involucre  tube 
J  cut  open,  showing  the  moiiandrous, 

.  Y(-  staminate  flowers  surrounding  the 

^WJ  ^  ^^  ir    pistillate.    0.  One  of  the  i  flowers, 

w^ith  a  toothed  bract  at  base.    50  Cross-section  of  the  ovary,  showing  the  3  one-seeded 
tiells  or  carpels. 

t  Cells  of  the  ovary  1-ovuled  ;  fruit  cells  or  carpels  1-seeded. .  .(•) 

f  Cells  of  the  ovary  2-ovuled  ;  fruit  cells  or  carpels  each  2-seeded. .  .(x) 

*  Flowers  in  a  cup-shaped  involucre,  the  ^  many,  each  merely  a  stamen,  the  J 

only  1,— an  ovary  exserted  on  a  pedicel EuPHORniA.  1 

*  Flowers  not  in  an  involucre,   g  ,  all  apetalous,  with  a  calyx  only. .  .{a) 

a  stigmas  and  carpels  6—9.    Fruit  fleshy,  apple-like.    Trees.    R.  Fla Hippoma.vk  Manrinella. 

a  Stigmas  and  carpels  3.     Fruit  dry,  capsular...© 
6  Stamens  erect  in  the  bud,  2 — 4  in  number. .  .(c) 
h  Stamens  erect  in  the  bud,  8— 00  i«  number... (fft 
b  Stamens  infie.xed  in  the  bud.     $  Flowers  usually  with  small  petals... (r) 

♦  Staminate  caly.x  imbricated  in  bud.   Anthers  pendulous.    Tree.    S.  Fla Skbasti.\^i\  Iwida. 

?  Stam.  calyx  imbricated  in  bud.    Anthers  erect.     Flowers  in  spikes Stillingia.  2 

c  Stam.  calyx  valvate  in  bud.    Flowers  in  racemes.     Plant  downy..   Tragia.  3 

d  Flowers  in  cymes,  with  white,  imbricated  sepals.     Stinging Jatropha.  4 

d  Flowers  in  small  spikes  with  large  bracts.     Sepals  valvate Acalypha.  H 

d  Flowers  in  long  interrupted  spikes.     Sepals  3,  valvate  in  bud Mkrcurialis.  6 

fZ  Flowers  in  panicles.    Leaves  palmately  lobed,  glabrous Ricincs.  7 

«  Ovary  3- or  2-celled  and -seeded.    Plants  hairy,  downy,  Ac (Jroton.  8 

e  Ovary  1-celled  and -seeded.     Plants  silvery-scurfy Crotonopsis.  9 

ft  Calyx  5-6-parted  ;  stamens  3.  united.     Flowers  axillary,  small Phvllanthus.  10 

X  Calyx  4-parted  ;  stamens  4,  distinct,  large.     Flowers  in  bracted  spikes Pachysandka.  11 

X  Calyx  4-parted  ;  stamens  4,  distinct.     Fls.  axillary.     Shrub.    Lvs.  opposite BtrxtTS.  12 

1.  EUPHORBIA,  L.  Spurge.  Fls.  monoecious  and  achlamydeous, 
levcral  in  an  involucrate  clutter,  simulating  one  flower  (see  figures).    In- 


2M  Okder  liO.— eupiiorbiace^.. 

Tolucre  calyx-like,  4-  or  S-lobed,  often  with  4  or  5  large  |;lauds.  $  Fls. 
9  or  more,  each  a  stamen  with  a  bract.  ?  Flower  central,  a  3-celled,  3- 
ovuled  ovaiy  on  a  pedicel.  Styles  3,  2-clel't.  Caps.  3-lobed,  separating 
into  3  nutlets. — Plants  with  a  milky  juice. 

§  Shrubs  of  the  greenhouse,  with  scarlet  bracts  or  involucres Nos.  33—35 

$  Herbs,  erect,  without  stipules.    Leaves  alternate  or  opposite. .  .(a) 
§  Herbs,  mostly  prostrate,  diffuse.    Leaves  all  opposite,  oblique  at  base, 
small,  furnished  with  small  stipules  at  base.    Glands  of  the  involucre 

4,  usually  white-margined.    ®  May— Nov (x) 

a  Glands  of  the  involucre  5,  bordered  with  white  petaloid  appendages..  .(&) 
a  Glands  of  the  involucre  4  or  5,  crescent-shaped  or  2-horned. .  .(c) 
a  Glands  of  the  involucre  1—5,  neither  white  nor  horned. .  .{d) 

b  Heads  pedunculate.    Branches  regular.    Leaves  oblong  to  linear Nos.  1,  2 

b  Hoads  pedunculate.    Branches  irregular.    Leaves  oval  or  ovate Nob.  3,  4 

b  Heads  nearly  sessile.    Leaves  with  broad  white  margins . .  .No.  5 

c  Umbel  of  many  rays.    Stem  leaves  narrow,  alternate.    Seeds  smooth.   "Zf  ...Nos.  6,  7 

c  Umbel  of  3  rays,  and  forked.    Stem  leaves  alternate,  thin Nos.  8,  0,  10 

c  Umbel  of  3  or  4  rays,  and  forked.    Stem  leaves  opposite,  thick No.  11 

d  Inflorescence  a  simple  terminal  cluster.    Leaves  toothed  or  lobcd....Nos.  12, 13 

d  Inflorescence  a  forked  cyme,  peduncles  in  the  forks.    Lvs.  entire Nos.  14,  15 

d  Inflorescence  a  con:;pound  umbel.    Heads  terminal.,  .(e) 

e  Seeds  reticulated  or  wrinkled.    Leaves  serrulate Nos.  16,  17 

e  Seeds  smooth  and  even,— A;  in  a  rough,  warty  fruit Nos.  18—20 

— k  in  a  smooth  and  even  fruit Nos.  21—23 

X  Leaves  serrulate  or  serrate.    Seeds  roughened  with  wrinkles  or  pits. .  .(y) 

y  Stems  ascending  or  erect.    Plants  smooth  or  smoothish Nos.  24—26 

y  Stems  flat  on  the  ground,  spreading,  mostly  hairy Nos.  27,  28 

X  Leaves  entire.    Seeds  smooth  and  even.    Plant  glabrous Nos.  29—32 

1  E.  corollata  L.    Flowering  S.    Erect,  glabrous,  or  subglabrous  ;  umbel  3-7-rayed, 
rays  3-  and  2-forked  ;  lvs.  oblong  to  oblong-linear,  obtuse,  those  of  the  umbel  whorled 
or  opposite  ;  involucre  glands  obovatc,  petaloid.     u  Dry  fields,  1— 2f.    July,  Aug. 
/3.  an^usti  folia.    Leaves  oblong-linear  ;  umbel  becoming  irregular.    S. 

%  E.  Curlisii  Eng.  Smooth,  slender,  branched  from  base,  divisions  about  3-forked, 
then  2-forked;  leaves  opposite  or  in  3's,  linear-oblong  or  linear ;  heads  minute  ;  in- 
volucre glands  narrowly  white-bordered.    2{  Barrens,  S.    If.    (E.  discoidalis  Chapm.) 

3  E.  pubcntissima  Mx.    Hairy,  2  or  3  times  forked  ;  leaves  oval  or  ovate-oblong, 

petiolate  or  subsessile,  scattered,  the  floral  much  smaller;  heads  minute  ;  involucre 
glands  minutely  white-margined,  entire.    Dry.    S.     If.    (E.  paniculata  Ell.) 

4  E.  mercurialiua  Mx.    Stem  naked  below,  leafy,  and  3- or  2-forked  above,  pubes- 

cent;  leaves  oval  or  ovate,  pctiolate,  mostly  opposite;   involucre  M)es  crenvdalc, 
white.    Teun. :  rare.    8— 10'.    Too  near  to  the  preceding. 

5  E.  inari^^iiiata  Ph.    Leaves  lance-oblong,  sessile,  the  floral  crowded,  and  with  a 

broad  white  margin  ;  umbel  3-raycd,  capitate.    (T)  Ky.,  and  W.     If.    t 

6  E.  Cyparisslas  L.    Lvs.  linear,  much  crowded,  the  floral  broad-cordate,  all  sessile ; 

umbel  of  many  simple  rays  ;  glands  lunate.     U  Fields  and  gardens.    If.    § 

7  E.  Esiila  L.    Lvs.  lance-linear,  the  floral  broadly  cordate ;  umbel  of  many  lorked 

rays,  aud  scattered  branches  below  ;  glands  2-horned.    Fields  :  rare.    § 
S  E,  l»eplus  L.    Leaves  round-cuneate,  the  floral  ovate  ;  umbel  of  3  (rarely  5)  forked 

rays  ;  carpels  doubly  wing-keeled  on  the  back.    Fields,  N.  Eng. :  rare.    §  Europe. 
9  E.  Oliiotica  Steud.    Smooth,  erect  fr<.>m  a  decumbent  branching  base  ;  lvs.  mostly 

floral,  rcniform,  sessile,  the  pairs  appearing  orbicular ;  carpels  not  winged  ;  glands  S 

borncd.    ii  Woods,  Ohio,  W.  and  S.    If.    (E.  commutata  Eng.) 


Order  113.— EUPHORBIACExE.  295 

10  E.  tetrapora  Eiig.    Leaves  linear-spatulate,  the  floral  larger,  transversely  ovate; 

umbel  3-rayed  ;  seeds  ^-pitted  on  the  inner  face.    (V)  Ga.  to  La.    10'. 
HE.  liathyris  L.     Caper  S.    Stout,  2  or  3f  high ;  leaves  sessile,  lance-linear,  all 

opposite  ;  umbel  4-rayed,  then  forked  ;  glands  homed.    Gardens,  and  §. 

12  E.  lieterophylla  Mx.  Stem  with  scattered  branches,  1— 3f ;  leaves  ovate,  or 
sinuate-lobed,  or  panduriform,  all  petiolate  and  scattered,  the  upper  stained  red  on 
the  margins  ;  gland  1,  sessile.    Iowa  to  Ga.    June,  July. 

13  E.  dentata  Mx.  Stem  8'— 2f,  hairy,  with  opposite  branches;  leaves  opposite, 
ovate,  rfenCa/e,  petiolate ;  heads  subsessile ;  seed  tubercled,  rouud  and  black;  gland 
1  or  more,  stalked.    (I)  Shades,  Penn.  to  Iowa  and  La. 

14  E.  Ipecacuanlia;  L.  Root  long,  stems  clustered,  slender,  diffusely  forked  ;  Ivs. 
opposite,  all  oblong  to  linear,  obtuse,  sessile  ;  heads  on  filiform  pedicels  ;  seed  white, 
compressed,  pitted,    %  Sands,  coastward.    8—12'.    (E.  gracilis  Ell.) 

15  E.  nudicaulis  Chapm.  Slender,  forking  above;  leaves  minute  d"),  obovate, 
the  upper  opposite  ;  heads  minute,  glands  margined,  greenish,     li  Fla. 

16  E.  Helioscopia  L.  Stout;  umbel  5-rayed,  rays  trifid,  and  forked;  Ivs.  cuneatc 
to  obovate,  whorled  above  ;  glands  round,  stalked,    (i)  Waysides,  N.    § 

1  7  E.  dictyosperma  F.  «fc  M.    Slender ;  umb.  once  or  twice  3-forked,  then  2-forked  ; 

floral  leaves  roundish-ovate,  subcordaie,  cauline  oblong-spatulate  to  obovate ;  fruit 
warty,  seeds  reticulated.    (I)  Ky.,  and  S-W.    (E.  Arkansana  C-B.) 

18  E.  Darlingtonli  Gray.  Tall  (2— 3f ) :  umbel  5-8-rayed,  rays  forked  or  trifid; 
leaves  entire,  oblanceolate,  the  floral  oval,     ii  Woods,  Penn.,  and  S. 

19  E.  platypliylla  L.  Erect,  8—16' ;  umbel  5-raycd  ;  leaves  lance-oblong,  eubcor- 
date,  serrulate,  the  floral  triangular-ovate,    (i)  Lake  shores,  N.    § 

20  E.  obtusata  Ph.  Erect,  l—2f;  umbel  3-rayed,  rays  trifid  or  forked;  leaves  all 
sessile,  serrulate,  obtuse,  the  floral  roundish-cordate,  the  lower  oblanceolate ;  fruit 
very  warty.    (I)  Woods,  Va.,  and  W. 

21  E.  iniindata  Torr.  Smooth,  erect;  umbel  3-rayed,  and  forked;  leaves  entire, 
sessile,  lanceolate  to  oblong-ovate ;  glands  round,  entire ;  seeds  globous.  u  Wet 
barrens,  Fla.    6—12'.    Heads  on  slender  peduncles.    Root  woody. 

22  E.  spha;rosperina  Shutt.  (E.  Floridana  Chapm.)  Lvs.  lance-linear  to  cordate- 
ovate  ;  heads  green,  glands  crenate.     Othcrwiso  like  No.  21.     2f  Dry.    Fla.    1— 2f. 

2  J  E.  tclcpliioides  Chapm.    Plant  some  fleshy,  2—5'  high  ;  lvs.  ovate,  large  on  the 

stem,  small  on  the  umbel.    Otherwise  like  No.  22.     il  West  Fla.    May,  June. 
21  E.  liypericil'olia  L.    St.  1— 2f;  lvs.  6— 12",  oval-oblong,  serrate  all  around  ;  sds. 
oval,  obtusely  4-angled,  wrinkled  and  tubercled,  black,    (i)  Fields  :  common. 

25  E.  glyptosperma  Eng.  St.  .5—1(1' ;  lvs.  4—6",  linear-oblong,  serrulate  toward  the 
apex  :  stip.  fringed ;  sds.  ovoid,  obtuse-angled,  wrinkled,  amber-color.  Wis.,  and  S-W. 

26  E.  maculata  L.  Hairy;  leaves  oblong,  serrulate,  often  with  a  broM-n  spot;  stip. 
minute  ;  seeds  sharply  angled,  obscurely  wrinkled,  reddish.    Sandy  fields  :  common. 

2.7  E.  liHinistrAta  Eng.  Hairy;  lvs.  elliptic-obovate,  serrulate  at  apex,  rarely  spot- 
ted ;  stipules  fringed;  seeds  obtuse-angled,  oval,  roughened,  brownish.    Banks,  W, 

28  E.  serpyllilolia  Pcrs.  Smooth;  lvs.  obovate-oblong,  serrulate  at  apex,  seldom 
EI)ot  ted ;  stipules  fringed  ;  seeds  acutely  4-angled,  cross-wrinkled.    Banks,  W. 

29  E.  polygoniiolia  L.  Lvs.  oblong-linear;  glands  of  invol.  not  appendaged ;  seeds 
large  (1"  long),  ovoid,  smooth  and  whitish.    Sandy  sea  and  lake  coasts. 

30  E.  <Jeyeri  Eng.  Leaves  oblong-obovate  ;  glands  with  narrow  appendages  ;  seeds 
small  (i"),  ovoid,  acute,  obtusely  3-angled,  ash-colored.    Sandy  soils,  N-W. 

31  E.  serpens  H.  B.  K.  Lvs.  round-ovate,  very  small  (1—2") ;  stip.  triangular;  glanda 
scarcely  appendaged  ;  pod  acutely  keeled,  seeds  ovoid-.3-angled.    111.  to  La. 

32  E.  cordilolla  Ell.  Lvs.  4—6",  cordate-oval ;  glands  conspicuously  white-appen- 
daged  ;  pods  and  seeds  as  in  No.  31.    Fields,  South.    Spreading  If. 

33  E.  SPLENDENS.  Shrubby  and  fleshy,  thorny;  lvs.  ovate,  acute  both  ways  ;  ped.  ax- 
illary ;  floral  leaves  in  pairs,  broader  than  long,  scarlet.    Madagascar. 


296  Order  113.— EUPHORBIACE^. 

34  1^.  FULGENS.  Not  spiny ;  Ivs.  lanceolate,  pointed  both  ways,  floral  Ivs.  scon  falling; 
lobes  and  appendages  of  the  involucre  red  and  purple.    Mexico, 

35  E.  PULCHERRiMA  (or  Poinsettia).  Floral  leaves  lanceolate,  of  a  brilliant  red,  lower 
leaves  wedge-oblong,  often  fiddle-shaped,  all  pointed.    Mexico. 

2.  STILLINGIA,  Gard.  Fls.  <?  ,  in  a  terminal,  dense  spike,  apetalous, 
S  Calyx  cup-form,  lobed  and  crenulate.     Sta.  2  or  3.    Fil.  exserted,  with 

short,  2-lobed  anthers.  $  Calyx  3-lobed.  Style  trifid,  with  3  diverging, 
simple  stigmas.  Capsule  3-lol)ed,  3-celled,  3-secded. — Plants  smooth,  erect, 
with  alternate  leaves.  Fertile  flowers  at  the  base  of  the  sterile  spike. 
Bracts  of  the  spike  biglandular  at  base.    May — Sept. 

1  S.  sylvatlca  L.    Herbaceous;  stems  clustered;  leaves  eubsessile,  lance-linear  to 

lance-oblong,  and  obtuse  to  acuminate,  crenate-serrulate ;  spikes  yellowish,  longer 
than  the  leaves  ;  glands  cup-shaped.    U  S.    1— Of. 

2  S.  aquatlca  Chapm.    Shrubby ;  stem  single ;  Ivs.  short-stalked,  lanceolate,  acute, 

sharply  serrulate  ;  spikes  shorter  than  the  leaves  ;  glands  peltate.    Fla.    3— Of. 

3  S.  llgustriiia  Mx.    Shrubby;  leaves  hnce-ovate,  petiolate,  entire  ;  stipules  ovate ; 

spikes  shorter  than  the  leaves  ;  sta.  3.    Swamps,  S.    6— 12f.    (Sebastiania,  MuUer.) 

4  S.  sebifera  L.     Tallow  Tree.    Tree  30— 40f ;  Ivs.  long-petioled,  rhomboidal,  acumi- 

nate, entire  ;  fruit  rough,  blackish,  seeds  white.    S.    §.    (Excoecaria,  Mul.) 

3.  TRAGIA,  Plum.  Fls.  <? .  Cor.  0.  $  Calyx  3-parted.  Sta.  2  or  3, 
distinct.  ?  Calyx  5-  to  6-  to  8-parted,  persistent.  Style  3-cleft.  Stig.  3. 
Fruit  3-lobed,  3-cclled,  separating  into  3  bivalve,  1-seeded  nutlets,  if  ^ 
Homely  weeds.  Lvs.  mostly  alternate,  pubescent,  stipulate.  Fls.  small, 
racemed.    May — August. 

1  T.  macrocarpa  Willd.    Slender  summits  of  the  branches  twining ;  lvs.  cordate- 

ovate,  acuminate,  serrate  ;  rac.  long  (3 — 4') ;  fr.  5—6".    Copses,  Ky,,  and  S.    2 — 4f. 

2  T.  urticaefolia  Mx.    Erect,  hairy,  sparingly  branched ;  leaves  deltoid-lanceolate, 

truncate  at  base,  sharp-serrate  ;  fruit  very  hairy.    Dry.    S.    1 — 2f. 

3  T.  innocua  Walt.    Erect,  branched,  puberulent ;  leaves  ovate-oblong,  varying  to 

linear,  coarsely  few-toothed  or  entire.    Dry.    S.    If.    (T.  urtns  L.,  but  it  does  not 
Bting  as  Linnaeus  supposed.) 

4.  JATROPHA,  L.  Spurge  Nettle.  Fls.  8  ,  in  forked  cymes ;  the 
fertile  generally  in  the  forks.  Calyx  colored,  imbricate  in  bud.  Corolla 
present  or  not.  Sta.  10 — 30,  monadelphous.  Styles  3,  forked.  Pod  3-car- 
pclled.     If  Leaves  palmi-veined,  stipulate. 

J,  urens,  /3.  stimulhaa  Mul.  Loav,  hispid  with  bristly  stings  ;  leaves  half  .3-5-lobed, 
cordate,  lobes  lanceolate,  serrate ;  sepals  white,  oval,  spreading ;  corolla  0.  Sandy 
woods,  S. :  common.    Stings  white,  i'  long.    March — July.   (Cnidoscolus,  Pohl.) 

V 

5.  ACAIjYPHA,  L.  Three-seeded  Mercury.  Fls.  <?  ,  in  short  clus- 
ters or  little  spikes,  surrounded  b}^  a  large  cut-toothed  bract.  Cor.  0.  $ 
Calyx  4-parted.  Sta.  8 — 12,  monadelphous,  with  halved  anthers,  s  Calyx 
3-parted.  Styles  3,  each  2-  oo-eleft.  Fr.  3  nutlets,  (i)  Weeds  resembling 
Nettles,  with  stalked  alternate  leaves  (and  J)  tropical).     Summer. 

1  A.  Virginica  L.    Leaves  lance-ovate,  obtusely  pointed,  obscurely  serrate,  equal 
ling  their  petioles  (1—2') ;  sterile  spikes  hardly  exserted.    Dry.    10—20'. 
^.  f^racillenla,    L<;aves  narrower,  ori  shorter  stalks  ;  i  spikes  exserted. 


Order  113.— EUPHORBIACEiE.  2^7 

2  A.  Carollniana  "Walt.  Lvs.  ovate,  cordate,  closely  and  strongly  serrate ;  i  epikea 
axillary,  ?  terminal,  fruit  soft-echinate,  bracts  with  linear  lobes.    W.  and  S. 

6.  MERCURIALIS,  Tourn.  FJs.  8 ,  apetalous,  axillary,  in  bractlesa 
spikes  or  fascicles.  Calyx  3-parted.  Sta.  10 — 20,  anth.  2-celled,  extrorse. 
Fruit  2-carpcllecl,  2-seedcd. — Herbs  with  opposite,  petiolate  leaves. 

m.  annua  Willd.  Lvs.  lanceolate,  &c,,  thrice  longer  than  the  stalks ;  branches  oppo- 
site ;  i  spikes  long,  interrupted,  seeds  oval,  pitted.    @  Waysides,  S. :  rare.    § 

7.  RICINUS,  Toura.  Castor  Oil  Plant.  Fls.  8 ,  apetalous.  Calyx 
8-5-parted,  valvate  in  the  bud.  5  Sta.  go,  with  irregularly  united  fila- 
ments. ?  Style  short,  stigmas  3,  2-parted,  plumous,  colored.  Capsule 
cchinate,  3-lobed,  3-celled,  3-seeded. — Herbs  or  shrubs. 

R.  COMMUNIS  L. — A  stout  ®  herb  with  peltate,  palmi-lobed  leaves,  4—12',  divided  into 
lance-shaped  lobes.  Southward  it  becomes  a  shrub,  or  tree  10— 20f.  Cult,  for  its  seeds, 
yielding  the  castor  oil,  or  for  the  ornament  of  its  splendid  foliage.*  E.  India. 

8.  OROTON,  L.  Fls.  8 .  Calyx  4-8-parted.  Petals  hypogynous,  4—8, 
mostly  minute,  often  (especially  in  the  $)  wanting.  6  Disk  with  4 — 6 
lobes.  Sta.  5  or  more,  anthers  inflexed  in  the  bud.  $  Ovaiy  3-celled, 
styles  3, 1-8-times  forked.  Fruit  3-carpelled,  3-seeded. — Plants  glandular, 
clothed  with  scurf  or  stellate  hairs.    Leaves  alternate. 

§  Downy.    Fertile  calyx  5-parted,  with  2  styles,  and  pendulous No.  1 

§  Hairy  or  scaly.    Fertile  calyx  5-parted,  with  3  styles,  each  2-  or  3-cleft Nos.  2 — 4 

§  Densely  woolly.    Fertile  calyx  8-parted.    Styles  3,  each  twice  2-cleft Nos.  5,  6 

1  C.  m  on  antilogy  n  us  Mx.  Stellate-downy,  di- and  tri-chotomously  branched ;  lvs. 

ovate  or  subcordate,  silvery  beneath  ;  fls.  in  the  forks.    (T)  Prairies,  111.,  and  S.    If. 

2  C,  s^landulosus  L.    Hispid,  tri-(or  4-)chotomonsly  branched ;  lvs.  clustered  at  the 

forks,  lance-  to  linear-oblong,  serrate,  with  2  concave  glands  at  base ;  fls.  in  clusters, 
the  sterile  4-parted,  8-androus.    ®  A  straggling  weed,  W.  and  S.    1— 2f. 

3  C,  argyrantliemus  Mx.  Clothed  with  silvery  glandular  scales,  branched  at  base ; 

lvs.  oval  to  oblong ;  fls.  in  a  hd.  or  spike,  silvery  all  over,  all  5-parted.    n  Ga.,  Fla.    If. 

4  C.  maritimus  Walt.    Half-shrubby,  bushy,  trichotoraously  branched,  tomentous; 

lvs.  broad-oval,  silvery  beneath ;  flowers  in  dense  heads  on  long  stalks  ;  stain,  aoont 
10  ;  stigmas  18—20.    Drifting  sands,  sea-coast,  S.    2— 3f.    July— Oct. 

5  C.  capltatus  Mx.    Lvs.  ovate  to  oblong,  long-petioled,  obtuse ;   ?  cal.  large  (7'0, 

7-8-cleft ;  styles  3,  each  4-parted  to  base  ;  seed  double-convex.    W.  and  S. 

6  C  Elliottii  Chapmn.    Lvs.  lance-oblong,  short-petiolate,  acutish ;   $  cal.  6''diam., 

5-8-cleft ;  styles  3,  each  4-cleft  to  the  middle  ;  seeds  plano-convex.    ®  S.    2— 3f. 

9.  OROTONOPSIS,  Mx.  Fls.  8 ,  minute,  in  spikes.  Calyx  5-parted. 
^  Petals  5,  spatulate.    Sta.  5,  distinct.     ?  Petals  0,  5  scales  instead.    Stig. 

3,  each  bifid.    Ovary  and  pod  1-celled,  1 -seeded.    ®  Slender,  silvery-scurfy, 
with  small,  alternate  leaves.    Upper  liowers  sterile. 

C.  linearis  Mx.— Sandy  swamps,  N.  J.  to  111.,  and  S.  Stems  as  slender  as  Flax,  re- 
peatedly trifid  and  forked,  1— 2f.    Leaves  linear-oblong,  G— 10".    June— Sept. 

10.  PHYLLANTHUS,  L.  Flowers  8  ,  axillary.  Calyx  in  5  or  6  seg- 
ments. Petals  0.  Stam.  3,  very  short.  Styles  3,  bifid.  Ovules  and  seeds 
2  in  each  2-valved  carpel. — Leaves  alternate,  in  2  ranks. 

P.  Carolinensis  Walt.  St.  slender,  with  alternate  branches ;  lvs.  oval,  6—10",  the 
raminl  much  smaller ;  flowers  subsolitary.    ®  Pa.  to  Til.,  and  S.    6—18'.    Jane — Aug. 


298  Order  114.— URTICACE^. 

11.  PAOHYSANDRA,  Mx.  Flowers  8  ,  apetalous,  in  bractcd  spikes. 
Calyx  4-parted.  $  Filaments  4,  long-exserted,  flat.  ?  Styles  3,  recui*ved. 
Capsule  3-honied,  3-celled,  cells  2-seeded.  if  Prccumbent  stems  from 
long  creeping  root-stocks.    Leaves  alternate. 

P,  procumbens  Mx.  Lvs.  ovate  toobovatc,  coarsely  toorthed,  clugtered  above  the 
ppikes,  which  are  all  near  the  base  of  the  stem.   Va.  to  Ky.,  and  S.    March— May. 

12.  BUXUS,  L.  Boxwood.  Flowers  8 ,  axillary.  $  Calyx  3-leavcd, 
petals  2.  Sta.  4.  5  Cal.  4-sepalled.  Pet.  3.  Sty.  3.  Caps,  with  3  beaks 
and  3  cells.    Seeds  6.     ^)  ^  Leaves  opposite,  ovate,  entire,  smooth. 

B.  BEMPERViRENS.  A  tree  of  slow  growth,  fine-grained  wood,  in  Europe.  The  dwarfed 
varieties  are  planted  in  gardens  for  edgings. 

Order  CXIV.    URTICACE^.    Nettleworts. 

Plants  of  various  habit,  with  stipules  (which  are  often  early  deciduous) 
and  with  small  inconspicuous,  mostly  diclinous  flowers.  Calyx  regular, 
free  from  the  1 -celled  ovary.  Stamens  as  many  as  the  calyx  lobes  and  op- 
posite to  them.  Fruit  a  1-seeded  samara,  drupe  or  achenium,  separate  or 
aggregated.    The  following  groups  have  usually  been  regarded  as  Orders. 

?  ULMACE^.    Trees  with  colorless  innoxions  juice.    Flowers  habitually  perfect,  not 

inaments.    Fruits  separate.    No  albumen.    (Figs.  181,  256,  295,  316,  382,  509)... (a) 
g§  ARTOCARFE.iE.    Trees  with  milky  poisonous  juice.   Flowers  diclinous,  in  aments 

or  heads.    Fruits  aggregated.    Seed  albuminous.    (Figs.  195-6,  298,  349)... (6) 
|§§  URTICEiE.    Ilerhs.    Flowers  diclinous,   not  in   aments.    Filaments  crenulate. 

Fertile  calyx  S-5-parted.    Embryo  straight.     (Fig.  503). . . (c) 
§&§§  CANNABINE.^.    Herbs.    Flowers  diclinous.    Filaments  straight.    Fertile  calyx 
of  1  sepal,  spathe-like.    Embryo  curved  or  coiled.    (Fig.  213). .  .{d) 

a  Flowers  appearing  before  the  leaves.     Fruit  a  samara  winged  all  around Ulmus.  I 

a  Flowers  wUh  the  leaves.    Fruit  wingless,— x  a  dry  nut  from  a  1-celled  ovary Flankra.  2 

— X  a  sweet,  fleshy  drupe Celtis.  .3 

b  Flowers  enclosed  within  a  hollow  receptacle,  both  kinds  together Ficus.  4 

ft  Flowers  external.—?/  Fertile  aments  globular.    Branches  thorny Maclura.  5 

— ij  Fertile  aments  globular.    Plants  thornless BRoassoNKxw.  6 

—y  Fertile  aments  oblong,  fruit  sweet,  juicy MORUS.  7 

c  Herbs  with  stinging  hairs.— s  Stamens  4.    Leaves  opposite Urtica.  8 

— 2  stamens  5.    Leaves  alternate  Laportea.  9 

«  Herbs  stingless.— n  Stamens  3.    Fertile  calyx  3-sepalled Pilea.  10 

— n  Stamens  4. — o  Flowers  in  slender  spikes Boihmeria.        11 

— o  Flowers  in  involucrate  clusters I'arietaria.       12 

d  Herbs  twining.     Fruit  in  an  imbricate  strobile-like  ament Humulus.  13 

d  Herbs  erect.    Fruit  a  2-valved  caryopsis  in  axillary  pairs '. Cannabincm.    14 

1.  ULMUS,  L.  Elm.  Fls.  5  .  Calyx  4-9-cleft.  Stam.  4—9,  fil.  long 
and  slender.  Styles  2.  Ovary  2-celled.  Samara  flat,  1-seeded.  5  Fls. 
yellowish,  or  reddish,  in  precocious  clusters.    Figs.  181,  256,  295. 

*  Samara  fringed  veith  hairs,  hanging  on  slender  ped.,  2-beaked Nos.  1—3 

*  Samara  not  fringed,  nearly  sessile,— a  slightly  notched  at  apex Nos.  4,  5 

— X  cleft  down  to  the  seed Nos.  6,  7 

1  XJ  Americana  L.  WJiite  Elm.  Lvs.  oval,  acuminate,  doubly  serrate  ;  flowers  in 
ooso,  umbel-like'llusters  ;  fruit  oval,  6'^  its  2  beaks  M'ith  points  incurved  and  meet- 
ing. A  majestic  tree,  with  ascending  branches  and  often  long  pendulous  "  weeping" 
braiichlcts.    Native,  and  everywhere  cuUivatod. 


Ordek  114.— urticace^.  299 

2  V.  raceniosa  Thomas.    Cork  Elm.    Smaller  tree,  wiih  rigid  branches ;  branchleta 

downy,  often  with  wing-like  corky  ridges ;  flowers  2—4  in  each  fascicle,  which  are 
arranged  in  racemes.    N.  H.  to  Wis.,  and  S.    20— 30f. 

3  U.  Floridaiia  Chapm,    Tree  30— 40f,  with  brittle   branches,  smooth;  Ivs.  thick, 

acute  ;  fruit  orbicular,  2—3",  its  teeth  broad  and  erect.    W.  Fla. 

4  U.  alata  Mx.     Winged  Elm.     Whahoo.    Tree,  with  its  branchlets  here  and  there 

winged  with  2  corky  ridges;  leaves  lance-oblong,  acute,  1—2^';  flowers  racemed; 
fruit  downy  all  over,  with  its  2  beaks  slender.    111.  to  Va.,  and  S. 

5  U.  fulva  L.    ned  Elm.    Slipiyery  Elm.    Tree  20— 40f;   buds  covered  with  fnlvous 

down ;  leaves  oblong-ovate,  acuminate ;  flowers  reddish,  7-parted,  sessile ;  fruit  or- 
bicular.   Low  grounds.    Valued  for  its  very  mucilaginous  liber. 

6  U.  CAMPESTKis.    English  Elm.    A  stately  tree,  50— 70f,  with  rigid  branches  and  dense 

foliage  ;  leaves  small,  ovate  ;  stamens  5  ;  fruit  nearly  orbicular.    Europe, 
p.  suBERosA.    Branchlets  with  thick  corky  wings  ;  stamens  mostly  4.    Europe. 

7  U.  MONTANA.    Scotch  Elm.    Witc/i  Mm.    Large  tree,  with  ample  obovate,  cuspidate 

leaves,  rough  above,  downy  beneath  ;  flowers  5-parted  ;  fruit  oblong,  V.    Europe. 

2.  PLANER  A,  Grnel.  Fls.  $  ^  2.  Cal.  lobes  and  sta.  4  or  5.  »tig.  2, 
oblong,  diverging ;  ova.  1-celled,  fruit  1-seeded,  wingless,  indehiscent.  ^ 
P.  aqiiatica  Gm.    Tree  30— 40f,  elm-like,  with  small  smooth,  ovate,  acute,  serrate 

leaves  and  axillary  flowers  in  clusters  of  2—5  ;  nut  roughened.    Swamps,  S. 

3.  CELTIS,  Toiirn.  Nettle  Tree.  Sugar-bertiy.  Fls.  $  ^  9 ,  the 
$  6-parted  and  the  2  5-parted.  Sty.  2,  elongated,  spreading.  Drupe  glo- 
bular,   f^  fy  Leaves  mostly  oblique  at  base.  Flowers  subsolitary.    Fig.  316. 

1  C.  occldentalis  L.    Tree  30— 70f,  with  wide-spread  branches ;  Ivs.  ovate,  subcor- 

date,  acuminate,  serrate,  rough-hairy  beneath  ;  ped.  longer  than  the  petiole  ;  sepala 
triangular-ovate,  erect,  white  ;  drupe  3",  dark  purple.    Woods,  &c. 

p.  craftaifbHa.    Leaves  cordate,  thick,  mottled  with  dark  and  light  green. 

y.  integ-rt  folia.    Leaves  smooth,  subentirc  ;  bark  smooth.    W.  and  S. 

2  €.  pikmila  Ph.    A  straggling  shrub,  3— lOf,  with  broad-ovate,  acute,  smooth,  ser- 

rate leaves  ;  calyx  of  6  oblong-linear  spreading  segments,  2".    Woods,  S. 

4.  FICUS,  Tourn.  Fig.  Banian.  Fls.  5',  minute,  fixed  upon  the 
inner  surface  of  a  hollow  receptacle,  i  Calyx  3-parted,  sta.  3.  ?  Calyx 
r)-parted,  ovary  1,  seed  1.  Fruit  (syconus)  composed  of  the  enlarged,  fleshy 
receptacle  enclosing  the  numerous  dry,  imbedded  achenia.     Fig.  195. 

1  F.  Carica.     Common  Fig.     Leaves  cordate,  3-5-lobed,  repand-dentate,   rough  and 

downy;  fig  pear-shaped.    From  Asia.    A  shrab  in  our  conservatories,  a  small  tree  S. 

2  F.  elastica.    India-rubber  Tree,  in  the  greenhouse,  with  a  straight,  simple  trunk, 

and  very  large  (8—10'),  shining,  thick,  oblong  leaves.    E.  India. 

3  F.  REPENS.    Creeping  on  walls,  &c.,  with  ovate,  cordate,  acute,  serrate  Ivs.    E.  India. 

4  F.  Indica,  the  Banian  (§  207),  with  many  trunks,  may  grow  South. 

5.  MACLURA,  N.  Osage  Orange.  Flowers  6  $ ,  the  i  raccmous, 
f  alyx  4  parted.  $  Flowers  in  a  dense  globular  head.  Calyx  4-sepalled, 
fleshy,  finally  embracing  the  obconic  achenium,  all  ripening  into  a  globu- 
lai  sorosis,  resembling  an  orange.  Style  terminal.  ^  Juice  milky.'  Leaves 
alternate,  entire.     Branches  with  sharp  spines.    Fig.  298. 

m,  aiirantiaca.    Lvs.  shining,  ovate-oblong,  thickish,  pointed;  fruit  yellow  when 
ripe,  lactescent,  pendulous.    Arkansas.    Planted  for  hedges.    May,  June. 

6.  BROUSSONETIA,  L'lTcr.  PvrER Mulberry.  Fls.  .^  ?  ,  in  amcnts. 


300  Ordeii  111— URTICACE^. 

the  i  cylindric,  the  ?  globular,  style  lateral,  ovary  becoming  a  fleshy  club- 
shaped  1-seeded  fr.  protruding  from  the  tubular,  3-  or  4-toothed  calyx.    ^ 
B.  PAPTRiFKRA.    Tree  with  a  low  bushy  head,  of  rapid  growth,  with  rough  and  downy 
leaves,  ovate  or  variously  lobed ;  fruit  dark  red,  hispid.    Japan.    Fig.  349. 

7.  MORUS,  Tourn.  Mulberry.  Fls.  6" ,  in  amenls,  the  $  loose,  the  9 
dense  and  spike-like.  Cal.  4-parted,  sta.  4,  sty.  2.  Achenium  compressed, 
enclosed  in  the  fleshy  calyx,  the  whole  spike  thus  constituting  a  compound 
berry  (sorosis).    ^  Leaves  alternate,  broad,  often  palmately  lobed.    Fig.  196. 

1  JTI.  rubra  L.    Tree  or  shrub,  15 — 60f ;  roots  yellow;  leaves  rough  and  downy,  sub- 

cordate,  serrate ;  fertile  spikes  cylindric  ;  fruit  dark  red,  very  sweet. 

2  M.  ALBA.     Chinese  M.    Shrubs  (here),  with  smooth  and  shining,  cordate,  unequally 

serrate  leaves  ;  fniit  whitish.    Introduced  for  silkworms. 

3  M.  NIGRA.    Tree  for  ornament  and  shade,  from  Persia,  with  rough,  ovate  or  lobec? 

leaves  ;  fertile  spikes  oval ;  fruit  reddish-black,  acid. 

8.  URTiOA,  Tourn.  Nettle.  Fls.  8 ,  sometimes  5  ? .  6  Calyx  4- 
sepalled.  Ovary  a  cup-shaped  rudiment.  Sta,  4.  ?  Sepals  4,  the  outer 
pair  minute,  the  inner  at  length  surrounding  the  shining,  compressed 
achenium.  Stig.  1,  sessile. — Herbs  with  stinging  hairs.  Leaves  opposite. 
Fls.  green,  in  axillary  or  subterminal  clusters  or  racemes.  Summer.  Fig.  503. 

§  Clusters  compound,  longer  than  the  petioles.    Perennials Nos.  1,  2 

§  Clusters  simple,  shorter,  or  not  longer  than  the  petioles.    Annuals Nos.  3,  4 

1  U.  procera  Willd.    Stem  tall  (3— 6f ),  slightly  hispid,  with  few  stings  ;  leaves  lance- 

ovate,  5-veined,  uncinate-serrate  ;  spikes  panicled  above.    Waste  places  :  common. 

2  U.  dioica  L.    St,  1— 3f,  very  hispid  and  stinging ;  leaves  ovate,  deeply  serrate,  the 

slender  point  entire  ;  spikes  clustered  in  the  axils.    Wastes:  common.    § 

3  U.  iiren.s  L.    Low  (If),  hairy;  Ivs.  broadly  ovate,  coarsely  serrate,  5-veined  ;  clus- 

tere  pedunculate,  loose,  by  pairs  in  each  axil.    Waste  grounds,  E.    § 

4  U.  cUaiiiaedrioides  Ph.    St.  1— 2f,  with  scattered  bristles  ;  leaves  ovate,  crenate- 

serrate  ;  clusters  capitate,  1  or  2  in  each  axil,  spiked  above.    Ky.,  and  S. 

9.  LAPORTEA,  Gaudich.  Wood  Nettle.  Fls.  in  axillary  panicles, 
the  5  calyx  5-parted,  the  $  of  4  sepals,  the  2  inner  larger.  Sta.  5.  Stig. 
subulate.  Achenium  flat,  ovate,  very  oblique.  U  Hairs  stinging.  Lvs. 
ample,  ovate,  petiolate. 

Ij.  Canadensis  Gaud.    Leaves  .3—5',  acuminate,  serrate;  flowers  minute,  green,  in 
panicles,  1—2',  the  lower  sterile.    Damp  woods.    2 — (if. 

10.  PILEA,  Lindl.  RicnwEED.  Fls.  in  dense  axillar}'-  clusters,  the  i 
with  3  or  4  sep.  and  sta.  ?  Sepals  3,  unequal,  oblong.  Sta.  3  rudiments. 
Achenia  roughened,  erect,  ovate.    ®  Smooth,  stingless.    Stipules  united. 

P,  piiniila  Gray.    Stem  succulent,  weak;  leaves  rhomb-ovate,  crenate-serrate,  long- 
stalked  ;  flowers  green,  in  short  clusters.    Moist  shades.    3—18'.    July,  Aug. 

11.  BCEjHMIjRIA,  Jacc  False  Nettle,  s  Calyx  4-parted,  with 
lanceolate,  acute  segments,  stamens  4.  $  Calyx  tubular,  truncate,  or  4- 
toothed,  persistent  and  closely  investing  the  ovate,  pointed  achenium. — 
Herbs  or  shrubs,  stingless.    Flowers  minute. 

B.  cylindrlca  Willd.    Erect,  simple;  leaves  generally  opposite,  on  long  petioles, 


Order  116.— CALLITRICHACEiE.  301 

ovate,  acuminate,  dentate;  upper  spikes  interrupted,  leafy  at  top,  sterile,  lower 
dense,  fertile.    7i  A  coarse  weed  in  swamps.    2—31".    Spikes  1—6'.    July,  August. 
/3.  lateriflora  has  narrower  leaves,  shorter  stalks,  all  alternate. 

12.  PARIETARIA,  Touru.  Pellitory.  Fls.  polygamous,  in  clus- 
ters, surrounded  by  a  many-bracted  involucre.  $  Cal.  4-sepalled.  Sta.  4, 
at  first  incurved,  elastically  expanding.  $  Stigma  tufted.  Acli.  polished, 
enclosed  within  the  persistent,  4-lobed  calyx. — Herbs  weed-like,  with  al- 
ternate leaves.     Clusters  of  green  flowers  axillary. 

1  P,  Penusylvanica  Muhl.    Lvs.  oblong-lanceolate,  veiny,  tapering  to  an  obtuss 

point,  entire  ;  involucre  longer  than  the  flowers.    (J)  Rocky  shades.    6 — 12'. 

2  P.  Florldana  N.    Leaves  round-ovate,  obtuse,  entire,  on  long  petioles ;  flowers 

as  long  as  the  involucre.    (T)  Damp  sands,  S.    10'.    (P.  debilis  Forst.  ?) 

13.  HUMUIiUS,  L.    Hop.    Fls.  S  5  ,  the  $  pauicled,  with  5  sep.  and 
sta.    Antli.  with  2  terminal  pores.     $  Amcnts  with  large  imbricated,  en- 
tire, l-flowered  bracts.    Cal.  of  1  sepal,  investing  the  achenium.     Styles  2 
Embryo  coiled.     ^)  Twining  with  the  sun.    Leaves  opposite.    Fig.  213. 
II*  lupulus  L.— Rich  alluvion,  along  streams,  and  extensively  cultivated.     Sterna 

10— 20f.    Leaves  cordate,  3-5-lobed,  rough,  on  long  stalks.    Bitter,  narcotic.    July. 

14.  CANNABIS,  Tourn.  Hemp.  Flowers  $  $  ,  the  5  with  5  sep.  and 
sta.,  in  panicles.  ?  In  spikes.  Cal.  a  single  spathe-like  sepal  enfolding  the 
2-valved  cariopsis.    Embryo  curved,    (i)  Leaves  opposite,  digitate. 

C.  sativa  L.— Fields,  waste  grounds.    Tall,  erect,  4— 8f.    Leaves  petiolate,  regularly 
formed  of  5—7  lanceolate-serrate  leaflets.    Cultivated  S-W.    June.    § 

Order  CXV.    SAURURACE^.    Saururads. 

Herbs  with  jointed  stems,  alternate,  entire  leaves  furnished  with  stipules. 
Flowers  in  spikes,  perfect,  naked,  having  neither  corolla  nor  calyx.  Sta- 
mens definite.     Ovaries  3 — 5,  more  or  less  united.    Fig.  15. 

SAURURUS,  L.  Lizard-tail.  Inflorescence  a  terminal  spike  of  1- 
flowercd  scales.  Sta.  6,  7,  8  or  more.  Ovaries  4.  Berries  4, 1 -seeded,  if 
Stem  angular.    Leaves  cordate,  acuminate,  petiolate. 

S.  cernuus  Willd.— Common  in  marshes,  1— 2f.    Leaves  4—6'.    Spikes  slender,  r«»- 
curved  at  the  more  slender  top,  its  flowers  whitish.    July,  August. 

Order  CXVI.    CALLITRICHACEJE.    Starworts. 

Herbs  aquatic,  small,  with  opposite,  simple,  entire  leaves.  Flowers  axil- 
lary, solitary,  veiy  minute,  polygamous,  achlamydeous,  with  2  colored 
bracts.  Stamen  1,  rarely  2;  filament  slender;  anther  1-celled,  2-valved. 
reniform.  Ovary  4-celled,  4-lobed :  ovules  solitary.  Styles  2 ;  stigmas 
simple  points.    Fruit  1-celled,  4-seeded,  indehiscent.    Seeds  albuminous. 

CALLITRICHE,  L.  Character  the  same  as  that  of  the  order.  SS 
Very  delicate. 


302  Order  119.— EMPETHACE.E. 

*  stems  short  (6"-  20,  spreading  on  moist  grounds.    Leaves  reniform Nos.  1,  2 

*  Stems  (3—16')  growing  in  water.    Fruit  sessile.— a;  Leaves  of  two  kinds. .  .Noe.  3,  4 

—X  Leaves  all  linear No.  5 

1  C.  Austinii  Eng,    Lvs.  obovate,  1—2"  ;  fruit  depressed,  4-lobed  all  around,  its  pedi- 

cel and  stig.  nearly  as  long,  lobes  narrowly  winged.    N.  J.  (Porter),  N.  Y.,  and  W. 

2  C  peploides  N.    Lvs,  elliptical,  1"  ;  fruit  roundish,  4-lobed  above,  sessile,  its  stig- 

mas twice  as  long,  lobes  not  winged.    Tenn.  to  La.  (Hale).    1—2'. 

3  C.  verna  L.    Floating  lvs.  3",  rosnlate,  obovate,  narrowed  below,  the  submersed 

leaves  6'',  oblong-linear ;  fruit  oval,  emarginatc,  longer  than  its  stigmas.    Pools. 

4  C.  heteroph^lla  Ph.    Floating  leaves  spatulate,  attenuate  below,  4 — 6",  the  sub- 

mersed linear,  6 — 9'';  fruit  globous,  obcordate,  its  stigmas  rather  longer.    Pools. 

5  C.  aiitumnalis  L.    Leaves  all  submersed,  3—5".  linear,  obtuse  at  both  ends  ;  fruit 

rounded,  its  lobes  slightly  united,  winged  ;  styles  slender.    Lakes  and  rivers. 

Order  CXVII.    PODOSTEMIACE^.    Threadfoots. 

Herbs  aquatic,  with  tlie  habit  of  seaweeds,  with  alternate,  dissected 
leaves,  with  floicers  minute,  perfect,  naked  or  with  3  sepals.  Stamens  1  or 
many,  hypogynous.  Ovary  compound,  2-3-celled,  with  as  many  stigmas, 
and  numerous  ovules.  Fruit  a  many-seeded  capsule,  ribbed  and  some- 
what pedicelled.    Albumen  none. 

PODOSTEMUM,  L.  C,  Rich.  Tiireadfoot.  River  Weed,  Fls. 
axillary,  solitary.  Sta.  2,  til.  united  below.  Ovary  oblong-ovoid.  Stig.  2, 
sessile,  recurved.  Caps.  2-celled.  Seeds  minute. — Small,  submersed  ^^, 
adhering  to  stones  and  pebbles. 

P.  ceratopltylluni  Ms,    Leaves  alternate,  repeatedly  forking  into  linear,  thread- 
form  segments  ;  stem  a  few  inches  long,  in  running  water:  common. 

Order  CXVIII,    CERATOPHYLLACE^.    IIornworts. 

Herbs  aquatic,  with  whorled,  dichotomously  dissected  leaves.  Flowers 
8 ,  sessile,  axillary,  minute,  with  neither  calyx  nor  corolla.  Involucre  8- 
12-cleft.  AntJiers  (12 — 24)  sessile.  Fertile  flower  a  simple  1-celled  ovary 
with  one  ovule.     Cotyledons  4. 

CERATOPHYLLUM,  L.    Hornwort.  Character  that  of  tlie  order,  ^r' 
C  deriiersuiti  L.    Stem  floating  or  prostrate,  8—16',  with  numerous  branches  and 
whorls  ;  leaf-segment  filiform,  sharply  toothed.    Pools. 

Order  CXIX.    EMPETRACE^.    Crowberries. 

Heath-like  slmibs,  with  evergreen,  linear,  exstipulate  leaves,  and  small, 
imperfect ^wers.  Calyx  of  4 — 6  hypogynous,  imbricated  scales,  the  inner 
often  colored  and  petal-like.  Stamens  2 — 4,  with  compound  pollen.  Ovary 
free,  2-9-celled,  2-9-ovuled.  Fruit  fleshy,  with  as  many  seeds.  In  Balis 
the  drupes  are  consolidated. 

•StamensS.  Stigmas  6-9-ra.ved.     Berry  6-9-seeded Empktrum.    1 

•  Stamtns  3.  Stigmas  3  or  4.     Style  slender.    Drupe  3- or  4-seeded Oouema.        2 

•  Stamens  2.  Stigmas  4.     Berry  2-seeded.     Shrub  erect O-ratiola.  3 

•Stamens*  Stigma  1      Berry  4-8eedcd.     Prostrate..,    ...Batis.  i 


Order  121.— JUGLANDACE^.  303 

1.  EMPETRUM,  Touru.  Crowberry.  Fls.  $  ^  .  Perianth  consist- 
ing of  2  series  of  scales,  the  3  inner  petaloid,  $  Sta.  3,  anth.  pendulous  on 
long  filaments.  ?  Stig.  subsessile,  6-9-rayed.  Drupe  globular,  with  G — 9 
seed-like  nutlets.     ^  Alpine. 

E.  uigriim  L.  A  small  prostrate  shrub,! — 4f;  branches  closely  beset  with  obloag- 
linear  leaves  with  rolled  edges,  2—3" ;  berries  black,  eatable.  High  mountains  of 
N.  Eng.,  N.  Y.    May,  June. 

2.  COREMA,  Don.  Perianth  of  5  or  6  bractlets,  the  3  inner  sepaloid. 
$  Sta.  3,  exserted.      ?  Ovary  3-  or  4-celled.     Style  filiform,  3-  or  4-cleft, 

with  narrow  stigmas.     Drupe  globular,  minute,  with  3  or  4  seeds.     |) 

C  Conradil  Torr.  Shrublets  diffusely  branched,  6—12',  with  narrowly  linear  leaves, 
2— .S'';  flowers  in  terminal  clusters,  with  brownish  scales  and  purple  stameub, 
Sandy  barrens,  N.  J.  and  N-E.,  forming  blackish  tufts.    April. 

3.  OERATiOLA,  Mx.  Sand-hill  Rosemary.  Fls.  <9 ,  of  6—8  imbri- 
cated, concave,  fimbriate  scales,  the  2  or  4  inner  membranous.  $  Sta.  2, 
exserted,  anth.  2-celled,  roundish.  $  Ovary  2-celled.  Style  short.  Stig. 
4  or  6,  spreading,  toothed.  Drupe  2-seeded.  +>  Branches  whorled,  erect. 
C  ericoides  Mx.— Sandy  places,  Ga.,  Fla.  3— Of.  Leaves  whorled,  croweied,  linear- 
terete,  5— (J".    Flowers  reddish,  followed  by  yellowish  drupes.    March,  April. 

4.  BATIS,  P.  Br.  Fls.  s  ?  ,  in  cone-like  spikes.  $  Calyx  of  2  unequal, 
united  sepals.  Pet.  4,  clawed.  Sta.  4,  anthers  introrse,  exserted.  ?  A 
mass  of  4-celled  ovaries  only,  becoming  a  sorosis  of  4-seeded  drupes.     |j) 

B.  tnaritima  L.— Salt  marshes,  Fla.  Stems  prostrate,  2— 3f;  leaves  club-shaped 
fleshy,  1'.    Spikes  5",  fleshy.    Petals  white.    June — September. 

Order  CXX.    PLATANACE^E.    Sycamores. 

T7'ees  with  a  watery  juice,  alternate,  palmate  leaves,  and  sheathing,  sea- 
rious  stqiulea.  Flowers  monoecious,  in  globular  aments,  destitute  of  both 
calyx  and  corolla.  Sterile. — Stamens  single,  with  only  small  scales  inter- 
mixed. Anthers  2-celled,  linear.  Fertile. — Ovary  terminated  by  a  thick 
style  with  one  side  stigmatic.  Nut  clavate,  tipped  with  the  persistent,  re- 
curved style.    Seed  solitaiy,  albuminous.    Fig.  288. 

PLATANUS,  L.  Plane  Tree.  Button  Wood.  Sycamore.  Char- 
acter of  the  genus  the  same  as  that  of  the  order.  The  S  and  ?  flowers 
in  separate  aments. 

P.  occideiitalis  L.  Tree  in  hard,  gravelly  soil,  50— 80f.  The  trunk  grows  to  groat 
siy.c,  and  hollow  ;  bark  whitish  ;  leaves  large,  angularly  lobed  and  toothed  ;  stipules 
oblique;  balls  pendulous,  solitary.    May. 

Order  CXXI.     JUGLANDACE^.    Walnuts. 

Trees  vfith  alternate,  pinnate,  exstipulate  leaves  and  monoic'ious  Jloicers. 
Sterile  flowers  in  aments,  with  an  irregular  perianth.  Fertile,  solitaiy  or 
clustered.  ?  Calyx  regular,  3-5-lobed,  tube  adherent  to  the  partly  2-4- 
<;elled  ovary.     Fruit  a  tryma  (§  157),  with  a  fibrous  ci)icarp  [sJnick)  and  a 


304  Order  122.— CUPULIFERyE. 

bony  endocarp  {shell).    Seed  large,  ortliotropous,  exalbuminous,  with  lobed, 
often  sinuous,  oily  cotyledons. 

•  Sterile  aments  solitary,  simple.    Epicarp  persistent  on  the  <rf/7mi Juglans.  1 

•  Sterile  aments  clustered,  lateral.    Epicarp  4-valved  and  separating Carya.      2 

1.  JUGLANS,  L.  Walnut.  $  Fl.  a  calyx,  scale-like,  5-  or  G-parted, 
with  about  20  stamens.  $  Fls.  terminal,  4-parted,  with  4  greenish  petals 
and  2  fringed  stigmas.  Tryma  with  a  spongy  epicarp  closely  investing 
the  very  rough  endocarp.     ^  Leatlets  many.    Pith  in  transverse  plates. 

1  J.  cinerea  L.     White  W.    Butternut.    Tree  40— 50f,  with  a  large  but  short  trunk, 

and  wide-spread  branches ;   leaflets  15—17,  lanceolate ;  fruit  oblong-ovate,  viecid- 
hairy.    Good  for  its  fruit  and  handsome  wood.    April,  May. 

2  J.  nigra  L.    Black  W.    Tree  60— 90f,  with  a  long,  straight  trunk;  leaflets  1.5—21, 

lance-ovate,  subcordate ;  fruit  globous,  glabrous,  uneven,  the  kernel  edible.    The 
wood  is  dark-purple,  used  in  cabinet-work.    April,  May. 

3  J.  KEGiA,  from    Persia,  but  called  English  walnut,  has  7—11  leaflets,  and  a  smooth- 
ish  endocarp  (shell)  with  a  rich  kernel,    llarely  cultivated. 

2,  OARYA,  N.  Hickory.  $  Calyx  scale-like,  3-parted,  with  4 — 0 
stamens.  $  Calyx  4-cleft,  no  petals.  Stig.  2-lobed,  lobes  bifid.  Epicarp 
4-valved,  disclosing  a  smooth,  even  nut.  ^  Timber  very  strong.  Leaves 
and  both  kinds  of  flowers  from  same  bud,  in  March — May. 

§  Leaflets  13—15,  scythe-shaped.    Nut  oblong,  thin-shelled,  very  sweet No.  1 

§  Leaflets  7—11.    Nut  with  a  tender  shell  and  very  bitter  kernel Nos.  2,  3 

§  Leaflets  5—9.    Nut  roundish,  hard-shelled,  sweet  and  eatable. .  .(*) 

*  Valves  of  the  epicarp  distinct  to  the  base.    Bark  with  loose  plates Nos.  4,  5 

*  Valves  of  the  epicarp  united  below.    Bark  continuous,  firm Nos.  (5 — 8 

1  C.  olivaeformis  N.    Pecan  Nut.    Tree  60— 90f;   leaflets  falcate,  5—6';  $  amenta 

separate  to  base  ;  nut  with  its  kernel  loose  in  the  thin,  oblong  shell.    River  bottoms, 
Ind.,  111.,  and  S.    Bark  at  length  shaggy. 

2  €,  amara  N.    Bitter  Nut.    Tree  20-40f ;  leaflets  about  9,  ovate-oblong,  sharply 

serrate  ;  fruit  roundish,  valves  half-united  ;  nut  white.    Moist. 

3  C  aquatica  N.    Tree  30 — 40f ;  leaflets  about  11,  lanceolate,  oblique,  subentire ; 

fruit  pedunculate,  ovate,  with  a  thin,  reddish  shell.    Swamps,  S. 

4  C  alba  N.    Shagbark.    Tree  40— 50f,  with  a  rough,  shaggy  bark  ;  leaflets  5,  the  two 

lower  much  smaller;  fruit  and  nut  roundish,  squarish,  with  a  thin  shell  and  very 

sweet  meat:  common.    Fruit  and  timber  excellent. 
fi  C,  sulcata  N.     Thick-shellbark.    Tree  40— 80f,  with  shaggy  bark ;  leaflets  7  or  9,  the 

odd  one  subsessile  ;  fruit  large,  oval,  4-furrowed ;  nut  pointed  at  each  end,  1  J— 2' 

long,  with  thick  shell.    Common  West. 
6  C.  tomentosa  N.    Mocker  Nut.    Tree  40— 60f ;  bark  rugged,  but  not  shaggy  ;  leaf- 
lets 7—9.  odd  on»  stalked,  all  and  the  petiole  rough-downy  ;  aments  hairy  ;  nut  witb 

a  very  thick  shell  and  small  kernel. 
1  C.  porciiia  N.    Pignut.    Tree  60-  lOOf :  leaflets  5  or  7,  nearly  glabrous  ;  fruit  ovate 

to  pyriform,  with  a  bitteri:<h  kernel :  common.     (C.  glabra  Torr.) 
8  C.  mlcrocarpa  N.    Tree  CO— 80f ;  leaflets  5  or  7,  glabrous  ;  aments  glabrous  ;  fruit 

roundish-ovoid,  as  small  as  a  nutmeg.    Woods,  N.  Y.,  and  S. 

Order  CXXII.    CUPULIFER.E.    Mastworts. 

Trees  or  shrubs.  Leaves  alternate,  simple,  straight-veined,  with  decidu- 
ous stipules.     FUnoen  $  ,  the  sterile  in  aments  which  are  rucemed  or  cnpi- 


OuDETi  122.— CUPULIFER^.  305 

tate.  5  Calyx  scale-like  or  regular,  with  5 — 20  stamens  inserted  at  its 
base.  ?  Cahjx  adlierent  to  the  2-3-celled,  2-6-ovuled  ovary.  Fruit  a  1- 
celled,  1-seeded  nut,  solitaiy  or  several  together,  invested  by  an  involucre 
which  forms  a  scaly  or  echinate  cupule.  Seed  destitute  of  albumen,  filled 
by  the  embryo  with  its  large  cotyledons.  Figs.  1-4, 182,  256,  277,  218-22, 
338-40,  381,  386,  435,  507,  511. 

§  sterile  flowers  in  aments,  fertile,  solitary,  or  few  together...  (») 

*  Involucre  of  many  scales,  valveless,  cup-like,  partly  enclosing  the  1  nut Quercps.     1 

*  Involucre  of  prickly  scales,  4-valved,  enclosing  2  or  3  nuts Castanea.  2 

*  Involucre  of  soft,  prickly  scales,  4-valved,  enclosing  2  nnts Fagus.         3 

»  Involucre  of  2  or  3  large,  lacerated,  united  scales,  valveless,  with  1—2  nnts Coktlus.    4 

g  Sterile  flowers  and  fertile,  both  kinds  in  pendulous  aments... (*) 

*  Involucre  scales  in  pairs,  with  their  edges  united,  inflated Ostrya.       5 

*  Involucre  scales  in  pairs,  distinct,  3-lobed,  becoraing  leaf-like Carpinus.   6 

1.  QUEROUS,  L.  Oak.  s  Fls.  in  loose  aments.  Calyx  mostly  5- 
cleft.  Sta.  5 — 10.  2  Fls.  in  clusters  or  scattered.  Ov.  3-celled,  6-ovuled 
(Fig.  102),  with  3  stig.,  but  in  fruit  a  1-seeded  nut  (acorn)  seated  in  a  scaly 
cup  or  involucre.  ^  t)  -^  noble  genus.  In  many  oaks  the  fruit  is  (g),  that 
is,  2  3^ears  in  ripening,  known  by  its  occupying  the  old  wood  below  the 
leaves  of  the  season. 

§  Leaves  mostly  entire,  the  ends  subequal,  petioles  very  short..  .(*) 

*  Peduncle  longer  than  the  oblong  acorn.    Leaves  evergreen.    Fruit  (I) No   1 

*  Peduncle  shorter  than  the  acorn.    Fruit  (^.—x  Lvs.  downy  beneath. .  .Nos.  2,  .3 

—X  Lvs.  smooth  both  sides... No.  4 

§  Leaves  3-lobed  and  dilated  above,  awnless  when  mature.    Fruit  ® .Nos.  5,  6 

§  Leaves  3-9-lobed  or  pinnatifid,  broad,  lobes  setaceously  awned.    Fruit  ®. .  .(*) 

*  Lvs.  at  base  cuneate,  ehort-pct.,  3-  or  5-lobed.   Shrubs  or  small  trees.  .Nos.  7—9 

*  Leaves  at  base  abrupt  or  truncate,  mostly  long-petioled,  7-9-Iobed. .  .(a) 

a  Nut  one-third  immersed  in  the  saucer-shaped,  fine-scaled  cup. .  .Nos.  10,  11 
a  Nut  near  half  immersed  in  the  hemispherical,  coarse-scaled  cup. .  .(&) 

b  Leaves  cinereous-downy  beneath,  acorn  also  downy No.  12 

b  Leaves  (except  when  young)  glabrous  both  sides Nos.  1.3,  14 

§  Lvs.  5-9-lobed,  divisions  obtuse,  never  bristle-awned.   Fr.  (T),  sessile.  ..Nos.  15 — 18 
§  Lvs.  9-25-toothed,  downy  beneath,  awnless.    Acorn  (I),  sweet,  eatable..  .Nos.  19,  20 

1  Qt.  vireiis  Ait.    Live  Oak.    Tree  40— 50f,  often  much  smaller,  very  valuable  for  tim- 

ber ;  leaves  small,  firm,  elliptic-oblong,  obtuse,  downy  and  pale  beneath,  rarely  a  few 
sharp  teeth  ;  nut  oblong-obovoid  ;  ped.  1'.    Va.,  and  S. 

2  Q.  clnerea  Ph.    Upland  Willow  0.    Shrub  4— 20f ;  lvs.  as  in  No.  1,  but  more  downy 

beneath  ;  nut  roundish,  in  a  saucer-shaped  cup.    Barrens,  Va.  to  Fla. 

3  Q.  Imbricaria  Mx.    Laxirel  0.   Shingle  0.   (Fig.  338.)  Tree  beautiful,  40— 50f,  with 

dense  dark-green  foliage  ;  lvs.  3—5',  lance-oblong,  wavy,  shining  above  ;  nut  round- 
ish, in  a  shallow  cup.    Common  W.  and  S.    Makes  poor  shingles. 

4  Q.  Pliellos  L.     Willow  0.    Tree  30— 60f,  with  poor  timber ;  lvs.  linear-lanccolatf, 

entire,  3 — 4',  glabrous;  acorn  roundish,  C,  in  a  shallow  cuj).    Borders  of  swamps, 
N ,  J.  to  Ky.  and  Fla.    Young  shoots  with  toothed  leaves. 
/3.  lauri folia,    A  large  handsome  tree  ;  lvs.  3—5',  often  with  a  few  teeth.    S.    t 

5  <l.  aquatica  Mx.     Water  0.    Tree  20— 40f,  of  rounded  form  and  dense,  shining 

foliage;  leaves  wedge-obovate,  entire  or  obscurely  3-lobed  above,  attenuate  to  base, 
short-petioled  ;  nut  round-ovoid.    Swamps,  Md.  to  Fla.,  and  cultivated. 
G  Q.  uigra  L,    Black-jack.    Barren  0.    Iron  0.    Tree  small  and  gnarled,  with  dark 
massy  foliage ;  leaves  short-petioled,  wedge-form,  mostly  with  3  subequal  roundf^U 
lobe^  at  apex,  subcordate  at  base,  rust-downy  beneath.    N.  Y.,  W.  and  S. 


oOG  Ot^dek  122.— CUPULIFER^. 

T  d.  triloba  Mx.  Downy  Black- Jack.  Tree  of  rapid  growth,  20— 30f;  leaves  oblong- 
cuneiform,  acute  at  base,  rusty-tomentona  beneath ;  lobes  at  apex  often  toothed, 
bristle-pointed  ;  nut  depressed.    Barrens,  N.  J.  to  Fla. 

8  <l.  Catesbaei  Mx.     'J'vrkey  0.    Tree20— 25f;  leaves  large,  very  irregular,  glabrous, 

cuneate  at  base,  lobes  deep,  narrow,  with  bristle-pointed,  divaricate  teeth  ;  cup  large, 
half  covering  tl'C  ovoid,  mealy  nut.    Barrens,  South. 

9  a.  lllclfolia  Wang.    Scinib  0.  Bear  0.    Shrub  3— 7f,  straggling ;  Ivs.  petiolafe,  obo- 

vate,  angularly  5-(3-7-)lobed,  3—4',  whitish-downy  beneath  ;  acorn  small  (5—6"),  cup 
very  shallow.    Barren  tracts  :  common.    Animals  feed  on  the  acorns. 
/3.  (ieorg-tana.    Leaves  smaller  and  smoother,  of  the  same  form,  on  Stone  Mt. ! 

10  Q.  rubra  L.  J?e(l  0.  Tree  50— 70f,  wide  and  high  ;  leaves  long-stalked,  glabrous, 
sinuses  rounded,  shallow,  lobes  7—9,  with  bristle-pointed  teeth  ;  acorn  1',  ellipsoid, 
i  immersed  in  the  shallow  cup.    Wood  reddish,  coarse  :  common. 

1 1  Q.  pal  ustriN  Mx.  Pin  0.  (Figs.  1-4.)  Sinuses  deep  and  broad,  lobes  oftener  5. 
petioles  long  (1—2'),  toothed  as  in  Q.  rubra;  acorns  7— 8";  nut  i  immersed  in  the 
cup.    Tree  (K)— 80f,  Avith  a  light  open  foliage,  in  wet,  cool  soils. 

12  Q.  falcata  L.  Spanish  0.  TreeGO— 70f;  Ivs.  long-stalked,  obtuse  at  base,  ashy- 
tomentous  beneath,  lobes  5—7,  narrow,  simple  or  toothed,  more  or  less  falcate  ;  acoru 
globular,  4—5",  in  a  shallow  subsessile  cup.    Va.  to  Fla. 

13  Q.  cocciiiea  Wang.  Scarlet  0.  Trees  very  large  (89f) ;  Ivs.  much  like  Q.  rubra, 
but  changing  to  scarlet  in  Autumn,  while  that  becomes  red-brown  ;  acorn  7—8",  nut 
i — f  immersed  in  the  cup.  In  young  shoots  the  leaves  almost  lose  their  lobes  and 
teeth,  but  keep  their  bristles.    Not  rare. 

/3.  tinctoHa,    Black  0.    Leaves  oftener  obovate  in  outline ;  bark  black  and  bitter. 

14  i^.  liCana  N.  Lea's  0.  Leaves  oblong,  blunt  at  base,  margin  with  a  few  angular, 
very  irregular  lobes :  acorn  roundish,  in  a  hemispherical  cup.  Rare.  Ohio  (Clark), 
111.  (Wolf).    A  hybrid  ?  but  very  constant. 

15  Q.  alba  L.  White  0.  (Fig.  339.)  Lvs.  short-petioled,  acute  at  base,  oblong,  sinn- 
ate-pinnatifid,  lobes  subequal,  obtuse  ;  acorn  sessile  ;  nut  oblong-ovoid,  i  immersed 
in  the  tubercled  cup.    Timber  very  useful. 

16  Q,  obtusiloba  Mx.  Iron  0.  Post  0.  Tree  middle  size,  wide-spreading ;  leaves 
cuneiform  at  base,  downy  beneath,  deeply  sinuate,  the  3  upper  lobes  dilated,  each  2- 
lobed  ;  nut  oval,  half  immersed,  sweet.    Timber  good. 

1 7  Q.  macrocarpa  Mx.  Moss-cup  0.  (Figs.  340,  4.35.)  Leaves  deeply  and  lyrately 
siimate-lobed  (most  deeply  in  the  middle) ;  cup  very  daep,  fringed  with  the  pointed 
scales,  nut  J  or  more  immersed,  V.    Common.    W.  and  S. 

18  Q.  lyrata  Walt.  Over-cup  0.  Tree  large  ;  leaves  acute. at  base,  whitish  beneath, 
with  7—9  triangular  acute  lobes  ;  cup  rugged  with  the  scales,  nearly  or  quite  inclu- 
ding the  round  nut.    Swamps,  S. 

19  Q,.  bicolor  Willd.  Swa7np  White  0.  Tree  handsome,  70f;  leaves  obovate,  acute 
and  entire  at  base,  white-downy  beneath,  with  9  or  more  obtuse  teeth  or  lobes ; 
acorns  in  pairs  on  long  (1—2')  peduncles.    Low  woods. 

20  Q.  Priniis  L.  Swamp  Chestnut  0.  Tree  50— 70f,  with  large  (!')  sweet  acorns; 
leaves  4—7',  obovate,  crenate-undulate,  downy  beneath,  with  straight,  strong  veins  ; 
fruit  ped.  shorter  than  the  petioles ;  nut  ^  immersed.     (Q.  monticola.) 

ft.  acuminattt,    Lea\es  oblanceolatc,  pointed,  teeth  sharp  ;  fruit  subsessile. 
y.  prliiftitlex.    Shrub  13— 4f;  fruit  crowded,  sessile  ;  leaves  small. 

2.  CASTANEA,  Tourn.  Chestnut.  Sterile  fiowens  in  loii^,  slender 
nnients,  fertile  lis.  few,  3  together,  in  an  involucre.  Cal.  6-lobed  or  parted. 
Sta.  8—  20.  2  Ovar}^  ^-C-celled,  with  as  many  stigmas.  Fr.  a  prickly  in- 
volucre (bun),  4-valvcd,  enclosing  1 — 3  coriaceous  1-seedeJ  nuts.  ^^ 
Leaves  acuminate,  expanding  before  the  flowers.  Fig.  381. 
1  C.  vesi-a  L.    Tree  50— SOf,  with  a  large  straight  trunk.   Lvg.  6— 9' long,  lancc-obicng, 


Order  128.— BETULACE^.  307 

Bcrrate,  smooth ;  nuts  mostly  2  or  3  together ;  aments  6— y,  yellowish,  in  July,  the 
bro-^n  nuts  ripe  in  October.    In  woods. 
2  C,  puniila  Mx.     Chinqvapin.    Shrub  6— 12f,  much  branched;  leaves  obovate  to 
oblong-ovate,  downy  beneath ;  nut  solitary.    N.  J.,  W.  and  S. 

3.  FAGUS.  Tourn.  Beech.  Sterile  flowers  in  capitate  aments,  sus- 
pended by  a  slender  peduncle,  fertile  2  within  an  involucre.  Calyx  5-  or 
6  cleft  or  lobed.  8tam.  5—12.  $  Ovary  3-celled  with  3  stigmas.  Fruit 
a  pair  of  1-seeded,  sharply  3-angled  nuts  in  a  prickly  involucre.  5  Leaves 
plicate  in  bud.    May.    Figs.  182,  256,  B. 

1  F.  ferruginea  Ait.    Tree  50— 80f,  with  a  smoothish  ash-colored  bark ;  Ivs.  ovato 

to  oval,  short-petioled,  pointed,  regularly  and  remotely  toothed,  hairy  when  young. 
Timber  fine-grained.    Hardly  distinct  from 

2  F.  sYLVATicA,  the  European  Beech,  which  has  broader  leaves,  and  is  occasionally 

cultivated,  especially  the  variety  vfith  purple  leaves. 

4.  c6rYLUS,  Tourn.  Hazel-nut.  Sterile  flowers  in  a  cylindrical 
ament,  fertile  flowers  in  a  capitate  one.  Calyx  represented  by  2  scales  in 
the  axil  of  a  bract.  Stam.  8,  with  half-anthers.  2  Ovary  adherent,  2- 
ovuled,  2-styled.  Nut  bony,  roundish,  1-seeded,  enclosed  in  a  many-cleft 
involucre.     ^  Leaves  acuminate,  expanding  after  the  flowers.    May. 

1  C.  Americana  Walt.   ShrubS— lOf;  leaves  roundish,  cordate ;  involucre  bell-form, 

much  wider  than  the  nut,  coarsely  toothed.    Thickets  :  common. 

2  C.  rostrata  Ait.    Shrub  3— 6f ;  leaves  ovate  to  oval ;  involucre  bottle-shaped,  longer 

than  the  nut,  2-parted,  with  toothed  segments.    Thickets. 

3  C.  AvELLANA.    Filbert.    Shrub  a— lOf ;  leaves  as  in  No.  1 ;  involucre  not  larger  than 

the  large  rounded  nut.    From  Europe,  rarely  cultivated. 

5.  OSTRYA,  Michl.  Lever-wood.  Hop  Hornbeam.  $  Aments 
cylindrical,  hairy.  Calyx  a  scale,  with  8  1-celled  bearded  anthers.  $ 
Aments  loose,  flowers  in  pairs  under  each  deciduous  scale ;  ovary  with  2 
stigmas,  enclosed  in  a  sac  (involucre),  which  in  the  hop-like  fruit  is  inflated, 
ovoid,  and  much  larger  than  the  nut.     5  Wood  very  hard  and  strong. 

O.  VlrginlcaWilld.    Small  tree  20— 30f;  leaves  elliptical,  acuminate,  serrate;  buds 
acute  ;  fertile  ament  oblong,  pendulous,  2'.    Woods.    April,  May. 

6.  CARPINUS,  L.  Hornbeam.  Ikon-wood.  $  Aments  long,  cylin- 
dric.    Calyx  a  roundish  ciliate  scale,  with  8—14  stamens,  slightly  bearded. 

$  Aments  loose,  with  large  oblong  3-lobed  bracts,  each  1-3-flowered.  Calyx 
O-toothed.     Stigmas  2.     Nut  ribbed.     ^  April,  May. 

C.  Americana  L.    Tree  small,  12— 20f;   leaves  ovate-oblong,   acuminate,  serrate; 
bracts  of  the  fertile  aments  becoming  leaf-like,  1'  long.    In  woods. 

Order  CXXHI.    BETULACE^.    Birchworts. 

Trees  or  shrubs  with  bark  in  thin  layers,  leaves  alternate,  simple,  straight- 
veined,  and  with  deciduous  stipules.  Flowers  8  ,  3  together,  in  the  axil  of 
each  3-lobed  bract  of  the  ament.  Calyx  0.  $  Stamens  distinct,  definite. 
Anthers  2-celled.  ?  Ovary  2-celled,  2-ovuled,  becoming  in  fruit  a  thin,  1- 
celled,  1-seeded  nut.    Figs.  163-4,  283,  296,  3^7,  312,  437. 


308  Order  124.— MYRICACE^. 

t 

1.  BETULA,  Tourn.    Birch.     ^  Fls.  in  clustered,  drooping,  slender 

aments,  bracts  peltate,  deeply  3-parted.  Calyx  a  scale,  sta.  4.  ?  Aments 
oblong-ovoid,  bracts  3-lobed,  3-flowered.  Calyx  0.  Ovary  tipped  with  2 
styles.  Nut  flattened,  winged.  ^  +)  Buds  sessile.  Flowers  yellow,  pre- 
cocious, in  Spring.     Figs.  163-4,  437. 

*  Trees  with  a  yellowish  bark,  smoothish  leaves,  and  short,  erect,  ?  aments No.  1 

*  Trees  with  a  reddish-brown  bark  and  ovate-oblong,  suberect,  ?  aments Nos.  2,  3 

*  Trees  with  a  white  bark,  long-stalked  leaves,  and  drooping  ?  aments Nos.  4,  5 

*  Shrubs  with  brownish  bark,  roundish  leaves,  and  short,  erect,  ?  aments Nos.  6,  7 

1  B.  lutea  Mx./.     Yellow  B.    A  forest  tree  40— 80f,  known  at  sight  by  its  silver-yel- 

low bark  ;  leaves  ovate,  deeply  and  doubly  serrate  ;  i  aments  2 — 4',  drooping,  the  ? 
o/oid-oblong,  1',  erect.    Can.  to  N.  Car.     (B.  excelsa  C-B.  not  of  Ait.  ?) 

2  B.  lenta  L.    Black,  Sweet,  or  Cherry  B.    A  noble  tree,  about  60f ;  Ivs.  cordate-oval, 

acuminate,  sharply  serrulate;   $  aments  .3 — 4',  $  aments  erect,  pedunculate,  much 
shorter.   Woods,  Can.  to  Ga.   Timber  rose-colored.  Cambium  (§  418)  sweet  and  spicy. 

3  B.  nigra  Ait.    Bed  B.    Tree  30— oOf,  the  bark  loose  and  torn ;  leaves  rhomb-ovate, 

acute  both  ends,  repand  and  serrulate,  small,  petioles  hairy ;  $  aments  2— 3',  droop, 
ing,  $  oval,  sessile,  erect,  6".    Swamps,  Mass.  to  Fla.    Twigs  very  slender. 

4  B.  populilolia  Ait.     White  B.    Tree  30— 40f,  trunk  white,  twigs  brown ;  leaves 

deltoid  (Fig.  307),  lobed  and  serrulate,  acuminate.    Thickets,  Me.  to  Pa. 
/i  B.  papyracea  Ait.   Paper,  ox  Canoe  B.  Tree  50— 70f,  trunk  white,  branches  brown ; 
Ivs.  ovate,  acuminate,  doubly  serrate  ;  ?  aments  V  long.    Mt.  woods.  Can.  to  Pa. 
^.  minor.    Shrub  6— 9f,  with  smaller  and  merely  acute  leaves.    White  Mountains. 

6  B.  pumila  L.    Dwarf  B.    Shrub  2— 7f,  branches  (not  glandular)  and  young  leaves 

downy;  Ivs.  rounded  to  obovate,  serrate,  6 — 16'''.    Swamps,  Ct.  to  Pa.  (Prof.  Porter). 

7  B.  glandulosa.  Mx.    Shrub  1— 4f,  upright,  branches  glabrous,  dotted  with  wart- 

like glands  ;  leaves  round-obovate,  glabrous,  crenate,  9".    Mts.,  N.  and  N-W. 
|3.  rotundifolia,    Shrublet  prostrate,  6—12' ;  Ivs.  orbic.  White  Mts.  (B.  nana  C-B.) 

2.  ALNUS,  Tourn.  Alder.  S  Flowers  in  cylindric,  drooping  aments, 
bracts  peltate,  with  5  scales  and  several  flowers  beneath.  Calyx  4:-parted, 
sta.  4,  anth.  2-celled.  $  Aments  ovoid,  bracts  cuneate,  truncate,  thick, 
2-flow-ered.     Calyx  of  4t  scaler,  persistent.     ^  t>  -Buds  peduncled. 

*  Fls.  developed  before  the  Ivs.  in  early  Spring.    Fruit  almost  wingless Nos.  1,  2 

*  FLs.  developed  with  or  after  the  leaves.    Fruit  winged,  No.  3, wingless,  No.  4 

1  A.  incaua  Willd.    Speckled,  or  Black  A.    Stems  8— 20f ;  leaves  obtuse  at  base,  broad 

oval  or  ovate,  sharp-serrate  and  some  lobed,  glaucous-downy  beneath  ;  stipules  lance- 
oblong.    Thickets  by  streams,  N.  Eng.  to  Wis.  and  Can. 

2  A.  serrulata  Ait.    Smooth  A.    Stems  in  clumps,  straightish,  10— 15f ;  Ivs.  obovate, 

pointed,  doubly  serrulate,  smooth  ;  stipules  elliptical,  obtuse.    Swamps. 

3  A,  viridis  DC.    Mountain  A.     Shrub  3— 4f;  Ivs.  oval,  acute,  clammy;  stip.  broad- 

ovate  ;  fertile  aments  on  long  stalks,  oval.    Streams  in  mountains,  northward. 

4  A.  luaritiina  Muhl.    Tree  20f;  leaves  glabrous,  ovate  to  obovate,  cuneate,  serru- 

late ;  l;i-ti'.e  aments  ovoid-oblong,  1'.    River  banks,  Del.,  and  S. 

Order  CXXIV.    MYRICACE^.    Galeworts. 

Shrubs  with  alternate,  resinous-dotted,  often  fragrant  leaves,  witli  the 
flowers  monoecious  or  di(ecious,  both  kinds  in  scaly  aments,  and  destitute 
of  ecroUa  or  calyx.  $  Stamens  2 — 8.  $  Ovary  1-celled,  witli  1  erect  ovule. 
Stig.  filifoj-m.     Ft.  diy  or  drupaceous,  indehiscent.    8eed^s\\h  no  albumen. 


OiiDER  125.— SALICACEtE.  309 

1.  MYRICA,  L.  Candleberry  Myrtle.  Fls.  5  ? ,  the  ^  in  cylin- 
drical  aments  ;  anth.  4 — 10  in  each  scale,  large,  2-cellecl.  ?  Aments  ovoid, 
ovary  1  to  each  bract,  in  a  cnp  of  3 — 5  scales,  stigmas  1 — 4,  spreading. 
Drupes  covered  with  wax  or  resinous  dots.     J)  Leaves  undivided. 

*  Stigmas  2  or  4.    Fruit  small  (1— 3'0,  ovoid Nos.  1—3 

*  Stigma  solitary.    Fruit  large  (fi"),  oblong.    (Leitneria,  Chapm.) No.  4 

1  M.  cerifera  L.    Bayberry.    Shrub  3— 4f;  Ivs.  1—2',  oblong  to  oblanceolate,  entire 

or  a  few  remote  teeth  above  ;  stam.  about  6  ;  aments  6—9"  ;  dT^pe  oval,  S",  covered 
with  white  wax  (bayberry  tallow).    Coasts,  Can,  to  Fla. 

/3.  Carolin^nsig,    Lve.  large  (3— 5'),  evergreen,  tapering  to  the  petiole.   M.  and  S. 

•y.  pumila.    Leaves  linear-oblanceolate,  acute  at  each  end.    1— 3f.    S. 

2  M.  Gale  L.    Sweet  Gale.    Shrub  3 — 4f ;  leaves  wedge-oblong,  obtuse  and  serrulate 

at  apex,  1— U' ;  aments  4— S" ;  nuts  avwded,  1",  reddish.    Shores. 

3  M.  iiiodora  Bartr.    Shrub  6 — 16f,  with  whitish  bark;  Ivs.  thick,  evergreen,  1—2', 

oblong,  obtuse,  entire,  with  rolled  edges  ;  drupe  3",  ovoid,  black.    Fla. 

4  OT.  Floridaiia  (Chapm.)    Shrub  2— 6f,  with  brown  bark  ;  Ivs.  oblanceolate,  acute, 

entire,  long-stalked,  deciduous  ;  drupe  oblong.,  greenish,  C.    Mid.  Fla. ! 

2.  COMPTONIA,  Sol.  Sweet  Fern.  Fls.  6> ,  the  5  in  cylindric 
aments,  with  reniform  pointed  bracts  and  3 — 6  stamens.  $  Aments  glo- 
bular. Ovaiy  surrounded  by  6  linear  scales  longer  than  the  bracts.  Nut 
ovoid.     5  Leaves  pinnatifid^  narrow,  fern-like,  stipulate. 

C.  asplenlfolia  Ait.— Dry  hills.  Can.  to  Va.    Shrub  2f,  with  brown  twigs,  the  very 
fragrant  leaves  3—5'  long,  with  20 — 30  wing-like  lobes.    Stipules  pointed. 

Order  CXXV.    SALICACE^.    Willow-worts. 

Trees  or  shrubs  with  alternate,  simple  leaves  and  deciduous  or  persistent 
ntipules.  Flowers  $  ?  ,  both  kinds  in  aments,  one  under  each  bract  of  the 
anient.  Calyx  none  or  cup-form  and  entire.  Ovary  1-2-celled,  with  2  short 
styles.  Fruit  a  capsule,  2-valved,  co-seeded.  Seeds  with  a  tuft  of  hairs 
coma)  and  no  albumen.    Figs.  17-20,  200,  287. 

1,  SALIX,  Tourn.  Willow.  Osier.  Aments  cylindric,  bracts  imbri- 
cated, entire.,  1-flowered,  no  calyx,  but  a  little  nectariferous  gland  instead. 
6  Sta.  2 — 7.  ?  Ovary  ovoid-acuminate,  stigmas  2,  short.  Caps.  1-celled, 
the  valves  revolute  when  open.  Seeds  oo.  5 1)  b  Branches  mostly  long 
and  slender.  Leaves  mostly  narrow  and  pointed,  and  with  stipules.  Nos, 
4, 10,  and  21  are  used  in  basket-making. 

§  Stamens  3—10.    Aments  with  the  leaves,  scales  green-yellow,  caducous Nos.  1 — 3 

§  Stamens  2,  the  filaments  united.    Aments  precocious,  scales  black No.  4 

g  Stamens  2,  rarely  3  (1  in  No.  13),  the  filaments  distinct..  .(*) 

♦  Scales  yellow-green.  Am.  with  the  Ivs.— a  Ov.  subsessile,  glabrous.  Trees... .5— 7 

—a  Ovaries  stalked.    Sin  libs Nos.  8,  9 

♦  Scales  of  the  $  aments  brownish  or  blackish,  persistent. .  .(J) 

b  Ovaries  and  pods  sessile.    Shrubs Nos.  10, 11 

b  Ovaries  and  pods  stalked,  and  glabrous.    Aments  wi'Ji  the  Ivs Nos.  12,  13 

b  Ovaries  and  pods  stalked,  and  downy  or  silky. .  .(c) 

c  Aments  appearing  with  the  leaves.    Shrubs Nos.  14 — 18 

c  Aments  appearing  before  the  subentire  hairy  leaves Nos.  17—19 

c  Am.  before  the  serrate,  smooth  or  downy  long-petioled  lv» Nos.  20,  21 


310  Order  125.— SALICACE^. 

1  S.  luclda  Muhl.    Shining  W.    Tree  small,  handsome,  5— 15f ;  branche?  green  ;  hva 

smooth  and  shining',  lance-ovate,  acuminate  with  a  long  point;  ptip.  serrate;  stam. 
mostly  5.    Along  streams,  especially  northward  and  northwest.    Often  cultivated. 

2  S.  PENTANDRA.    Bay  W.    Tree  20—401',  very  elegant,  in  shrubberies;  Ivs.  lance <)vate, 

cuspidate-pointed,  shming ;  twigs  reddened  :  aments  yellow  ;  sta.  5  +  .     Europe. 

3  S.  nigra  Marshall.    Black  W.    Shrub  10— 20f ;  leaves  linear-lanceolate,  attenuate  to 

both  ends  ;  stip.  small,  caducous  ;  branches  pale  yellow;  stamens  .3— 5.    Common. 

4  S.  purpurea  L.    Shrub  6— lOf,  with  long,  slender,  olive-colored  twigs  ;  leaves  very 

smooth,  oblanceolate  ;  1  filament  with  2  anthers.    Low  grounds,    t 

5  S.  fra gills  L.     Crack  W.    Bedford  W.    Trees  tall  (OO— 80f),  of  quick  growth,  with 

greenish  divergent  twigs  brittle  at  base  (like  many  other  species) ;  leaves  lanceolate  ; 
etipules  cad.iccue;  stamens  2,  rarely  3.    Often  planted  in  parks.    §  Europe. 

/3.  dectpieug,    A  smaller  tree,  with  red  polished  twigs  and  upper  leaves  obovate. 

y.  Huaselliana^  has  long-pointed,  serrate,  bright  Ivs.  with  conspicuous  stipules. 

6  S.  ulba  L.    White  W.    Yellow  W.    Large  trees,  with  straight  branches  and  yellowisL 

tough  twigs ;  Ivs.  lanceolate  with  a  straight  point,  and  silky-whitish,  especially  be 
neath  ;  stigmas  STibsessile,  2-lobed.    Common,  of  rapid  grow^th.    § 

j3.  ritelUna^  has  shining,  yellow  branches,  with  narrower  leaves. 

y.  cmrulea^  leaves  bluish,  nearly  or  quite  smooth  beneath.    By  rivers. 

7  S.  Babyixxica  L.     Weeping  W.      Tree  of  large  size,  with  long,  slender,  pendent 

branches  :  Ivs.  linear-lanceolate,  acuminate  ;  stipules  roundish  ;  ?  aments  1—2'  long, 
the  t,  unknt-vai  in  U.  S.— ^.  annularis,  leaves  curled  into  a  ring.    Not  drooping. 

8  S,  longifolia  Muhl.     Shrub  difluse,  2— lOf,  with  wnitish  twigs;  Ivs.  long,  linear, 

pointed  both  ways,  remotely  toothed,  hairy.    River  banks,  N.  Eng.,  and  W. 

9  S.  myrtllloidcs  L.    Shrub  low,  erect,  glabrous;  Ivs.  elliptic-oblong,  entire,  acute 

or  obtuse.    Mountain  bogs,  N.  and  N-W.    (S.  pedicellaris  Ph.) 

10  S.  viniiutilis  L.  Basket  Osier.  Stems  long,  straight,  slender,  10— 12f ;  Ivs.  lance- 
linear,  long,  pointed,  silky-canescent  beneath  ;  aments  precocious.    Wet. 

lis.  lierbacea  L.  Arctic  W.  Low%  creeping,  1—2'  high  ;  Ivs.  round-oval,  cordate, 
serrate,  glabrous  ;  aments  few-flowered,  terminal.    Summits  of  White  Mountains. 

12  S.  cordata  Muhl.  Shrub  6— 8f,  with  smooth,  green  branches;  Ivs.  lance-oblong, 
cordate,  acuminate,  smooth  ;  stipules  large,  serrate.    Wet  grounds. 

/3.  mt^ricoidea.    Leaves  not  cordate,  with  2  glands  at  base,  glaucous  beneath, 
y.  aiujuHthta,    Leaves  lanceolate,  acute  at  base  ;  stipules  much  smaller. 

13  S  Ciitleri  Tuckm.  Low,  prostrate ;  Ivs.  elliptic  lo  obovate,  shining  above;  sta 
men  single  ;  aments  pedunculate,  dense.    White  Mountains.    (S.  uva-ursi  C-B.) 

14  S.  vagans,  ^.  roatrdta  (Andersson).  Shrub  3— 12f,  with  straight,  erect,  yellowish 
branches  ;  leaves  lance-ovate  to  lance-obovate,  acute,  subentire,  glaucous-downy  be- 
neath ;  Slip,  toothed;  fertile  aments  becoming  long  and  loose;  ovaries  long-pointed 
{rostrate).    Dry  grounds,  Penn.,  N.  and  W.    (S.  livida  Wahl.) 

1 5  S.  argyrocarpa  And.  Shrub  low,  creeping ;  leaves  lance-oblong  or  -linear,  t  lau- 
cous  beneath  with  appressed  silvery  hairs ;  pod  short-conical,  silvery-silky,  style 
slender.    White  Mountains.    Young  plants  all  silvery.    (S.  repens  C-B.) 

IG  S.  cliloropliylla  And.  Shrub  low,  spreading  ;  Ivs.  glabrous,  glaucous  beneath : 
lanceolate  to  oblanceolate,  subentire ;  fruit  very  short-stalked  ;  style  very  long,  stigma 
entire  ;  stipules  0.    White  Mountains,  and  N.    (S.  phylicifolia  C-B.) 

17  S.  trislis  Ait.  Sage  W.  Small  downy  shrub  with  a  profusion  of  small  naked 
aments  ;  leaves  lance-linear  to  oblanceolate  ;  stipules  minute,  caducous.    Dry  fields. 

18  S.  IiuMillLs  Marsh.  Shrub  4— 8f,  with  brown  twigs  ;  Ivs.  oblanceolate  ;  stip.  lunate, 
subdentate,  shorter  than  the  distinct  petioles.    Dry.     (S.  Muhlenberghiana  Barr.) 

19  S.  Candida  Willd.  Shrub  4— 6f,  handsome,  all  whitish  ;  leaves  liuear-lanceolato, 
very  long ;  stipules  lanceolate,  as  long  as  the  petioles.    In  damp  woods.     Common. 

20  S.  discolor  Muhl.  Shrub  7-1.5f;  branches  greenish-brown  ;  leaves  lance-oblong 
remotely  toothed,  glaucous  beneath  ;  stipules  lunate,  toothed  or  entire;  ov.  conical, 
dt-nsely  silky  ;  stigmas  long,  linear.    Swamps.    (S.  eriocephalus  Mx.) 


Order  12G.— CYCADACE^.  311 

21  S.  petiolaris  Sm.    Shrub  4— 15f,  twigs  long,  slender,  tough,  purplish  or  yellow- 
ish ;  Ivs.  linear-lanceolate,  smooth,  glaucous  beneath  ;  stipules  lunate,  dentate ;  ova- 
ries ovoid,  densely  silky,  stigmas  very  short.    Sandy  banks  of  streams. 
/3.  sericea,    Lvs.  grayish-silky  beneath ;  stigma  sessile ;  stipules  deciduous.  • 

2.  POPULUS,  Tourn.  Poplar.  Aspen.  Aments  cylindric,  scales 
lacerate-fringed.  Cal.  an  oblique,  disk-like  cup,  its  margin  entire,  s  Sta. 
8—30.  5  Ova.  free,  stig.  very  large,  2-lobed.  Caps.  2-valved,  2-celled.  5 
Large  trees,  with  soft,  light  wood.  Leaves  broad,  on  long,  often  com- 
pressed petioles.    Aments  lateral,  before  the  leaves. 

§  Buds  not  viscid.    Leaves  lobed,  always  white-downy  beneath No.  1 

§  Buds  not  viscid.    Leaves  round-ovate,  soon  glabrous  and  green Nos.  2 — \ 

§  Buds  viscid  with  a  resinous  varnish.    Leaves  always  glabrous. . .  (x) 

X  Leaves  ovate,  whitened  beneath.    Stamens  20—30 Nos.  5.  0 

X  Leaves  deltoid  or  deltoid-cvato     Stam.  6—30.    Petioles  compressed.  .Nos.  7—9 

1  P,  ALBA.    Abele  P.    Silver-leaf  P.    Tree  rapidly  growing,  and  spreacimg  by  the  roots  ; 

leaves  cordate,  lobed,  dark  green  above,  very  white  beneath.    Europe. 

2  P.  tremuloides  Mx.    American  Aspen.    Tree  25 — 40f;  bark  smooth,  greenish; 

lvs.  roundish-cordate,  abruptly  pointed,  dent-serrate  ;  petioles  compressed,  rendering 
the  leaves  tremulous  in  the  slightest  breeze.    Woods :  common. 

3  P.  lieteropli^lla  L.    Cotton-wood.   Tree  40 — 60f,  with  smooth  greenish  bark ;  lvs. 

roundish,  cordate  or  ovate,  serrate,  white-downy  when  young;  buds  very  downy, 
short,  obtuse ;  stamens  very  many  ;  seed  with  much  cotton.    Wet  woods. 

4  P.  grandldentata  Mx.    Tree  some  40f,  with  smoothish  gray  bark ;  lvs.  round- 

ovate,  acute,  with  large  unequal  sinuate  teeth,  villous  when  young  ;  buds  eubpubes- 
cent ;  petioles  compressed.    Woods.    Common  northward. 

5  P.  balsam ifera  L.    Balsam  P.     Tacmehac.    Tree  40— 80f,  with  rough  bark;  Iva, 

ovate,  acuminate,  with  appressed  serratures  ;  buds  very  fragrant.    Wet.    N, 

6  P.  caiidlcans  Ait.   Balm-of-Gilead.    TreeSO— 50f;  lvs.  ovate,  cordate,  acuminate, 

serrate  ;  petiole  hairy ;  buds  full  of  fragrant  resin.    Woods,  and  cultivated, 
•y  P.  angiilata.  Ait.     Western  Cotton-wood.    Tree  40— 80f,  branches  acutely  angular 
or  winged  ;  leaves  deltoid-ovate,  or  broad-cordate  :  buds  little  viscid.    S.  and  W. 

8  P.  Canadensis  Desf.    Necklace  Cotton-wood.    Tree40— 80f;  young  branchlets  an- 

gular ;  lvs.  deltoid  to  oval,  acuminate,  erose-denticulate,  subcordate ;  ament  scales 
not  hairy.    By  rivers  and  lakes,  N.  and  W.    (P.  monilifera  Ait.) 

9  P,  nigra,  /3.  betuUfbUa,    Black  P.    Tree  with  an  ovoid  form,  30 — 40f ;   youn^ 

branches  and  lvs.  pubes. ;  lvs.  deltoid-rhombic,  pointed,  crenate-serrate.  N.  Y. :  rare,  t 
■y.  dilatata,    Lomi)ardy  P.    Tree  very  tall,  pyramidal  in  form  ;  lvs.  deltoid.  Com. 

Class  IL    GYMNOSPERMiE. 

Pistils  none,  or  represented  by  open  scales,  with  ovules  in 
their  axils.  Stigma  none,  but  the  pollen  applied  directly  to  the 
ovules,  which  become  naked  seeds,  destitute  of  a  true  pericarp. 
Flowers  always  diclinous.  Cotyledons  often  more  than  2.  (§510.) 

Cohort  4.   CONOIDE^.    Equivalent  to  the  Class.    (§515.) 

Order  CXXVI.  CYCADACE JE.  Cycads. 

Ti-ees  of  low  stature,  simple  trunks  with  their  mternodes  undeveloped 
and  the  surface  scarred  with  the  fallen  leaves.    Leaves  pinnate,  parallel- 


312  Order  137.— CONIFERiE. 

veined,  circinnate.  Flowers  dioecious,  naked,  in  cones,  $  anther  coTering 
the  under  surface  of  the  connectile.  $  Scales  peltate,  bearing  naked 
ovules  dorsal  or  marginal. 

1.  OYOAS  REVOLUTA,  from  Japan,  hardy  South,  lias  a  short  thick  trunk, 
crowned  with  numerons  pinnate  leaves,  4— 5f  long,  with  innumerable  linear  1-veincd 
leaflets  rolled  at  the  edges.    Fruit  in  an  ohlong  spadix. 

2.  ZAMIA  INTEGRIFOLIA.  COONTIE.  FLORIDA  ArROW-ROOT,  SlCUl 
corm-like,  abounding  in  starch.  Leaves  :;}— 5f  long,  leaflets  3—5',  lance-oblong,  jointed  to 
the  rachis,  entire,  CO-veined  ;  fruit  in  a  large  oblong  cone.    S.  Fla. 

Order  CXXVII.    CONIFERiE.    Conifers. 

Trees  or  shrubs  mostly  evei-green,  abounding  with  a  resinous  j uice.  Leaves 
scattered  or  fascicled,  mostly  linear,  parallel  or  foi-k- veined.  Flowers  3  $ 
or  8 ,  destitute  of  corolla  or  calyx,  in  aments  and  cones.  $  Stamen  1,  or 
several  united.  ?  Ovary,  style,  and  stigma  wanting.  Ovules  1 — oo  at  the 
base  of  the  carpellary  scale.  Fruit  a  strobile  (cone)  with  the  scales  woody 
and  distinct,  or  baccate  with  the  scales  fleshy  and  coherent.  Figs.  107, 16(), 
194,  216,  250,  293,  299,  352-3,  473-4,  491.    See  Hoopes'  Book  of  Evergreens. 

§  ABIETINE.E.    Scales  of  the  cone  each  with  a  bract  beneath  it.    Seeds  2,  winged. .  .(*) 
§§  CUPRESSINE^E.    Scales  bractless.     Seeds  1—9,  mostly  with  2  wings. .  .(**) 

•  Leaves  evergreen,  linear,  2 — 5  together  in  eacli  fascicle Pisus.  i 

•  Leaves  evergreen,  linear,  solitary,  scattered .Abies.  2 

•  Leaves  in  fascicles  of  many  together,— a  evergreen Cedrus.  'A 

— (I  deciduous Lartx.  4 

*♦  Cones  baccate,  consisting  of  the  fleshy  coherent  scales Juniperus.  5 

•♦  Cones  dry,  scales  imbricated.— .r  Leaves  lance-linear Cunninghamia.  (i 

— X  Leaves  scale-form,  opposite,  4-rowed Thuta.  7 

*•  Cones  dry,  scales  valvately  cli>sed  — y  Iivs.  scale-form,  opposite,  4-rowed.. .Cuhressus.  8 

—y  Lvs.  linear,  alternate,  deciduous TaxoDium.  y 

— 1/ Lvs.  alternate,  evergreen,    t Sequoya.  10 

1.  PINUS,  L.  Pine.  Fls.  <? ,  the  s  in  clustered  aments.  Stamen  1, 
with  a  2-celled  anther.  $  Aments  of  many  open  imbricated  carpellary 
scales,  each  with  a  bract  at  the  back  and  2  inverted  ovules  at  base  within. 
Cone  woody,  persistent  two  years,  the  scales  often  thickened  and  awned 
at  the  tip.  Seeds  nut-like,  winged.  Cotyledons  3 — 12.  5  Fascicles  of 
2 — 5  linear-filiform  leaves,  slieathed  at  base. 

§  Leaves  in  S's.— a;  Scales  spineless,  hardly  thickened  at  end Nos.  1-3 

—x  Scales  ending  with  a  cap  and  a  spine No  4 

§  Leaves  in  3's.— y  Cones  oblong,  with  small  recurved  spines Nos.  5,  C 

— y  Cones  ovoid,  with  weak  or  strong  spines Nos.  7 — 0 

§  Leaves  in  2's.— 2  Scales  tipped  with  spines  or  prickles Nos.  10— U> 

—2  Scales  spineless.— a  Trees  native Nos.  13,  H 

—a  Trees  European Nos.  15,  1(5 

1  P.  strobus  L.     White  Pine.    A  majestic  tree,  100— ITOf,  in  the  forests  ;  lvs.  needle- 
shaped,  4—5',  not  rigid  ;  cones  oblong,  5—7',  pendulous.  Woods,  Teun.,  N.  and  N-W. 
Timber  of  great  value  in  architecture. 
a  P.  EXCELSA.  JikotanP.  Lvs.  glaucous,  5—7' ;  cones  cylindric,  6—9' ;  nuts  winged.  Asia 


Order  137.— CONIFERiE.  313 

3  P.  CEMBRA.    Stone  P.    Leaves  2 — 3' ;  cones  ovate,  erect ;  seeds  hard,  winglesB.    Alps. 

4  P.  ARisTATA.     Colorado  p.    Leaves  1—H',  ci-owded;  cones  oval,  2^'.    Tree  40— 50f. 

5  P.  australls  Mx.    Long-leaved  P.    Tree  60 — lOOf,  very  resinous ;  leaves  10 — IS', 

crowded ;   cones  lance-oblong,  nearly  as  long  as  the  leaves.    Stands  in  extensive 
forests,  South.    Very  valuable  for  tui-pentine,  timber,  or  fuel. 

6  P.  Tfleda  L,    Loblolly  P.    TreeSO— 90f;  leaves  6— 10',  with  long  sheaths;  cones  de. 

flexed,  half  as  long  as  the  leaves,  with  small  but  strong  spines.    S. 

7  P.  serotina  Mx.    Pond  P.    Tree30— 50f;  leaves  5—8',  rigid;  cones  broadly  ovoid, 

polished,  nearly  spineless,  as  large  as  a  goose-egg.    Wet  lands,  S. 

8  P.  rigida  Mill.    Pitch  P.    Tree  30— 70f,  with  very  rough  bark;  leaves  Hgid^  4—6', 

with  short  sheaths  ;  cones  clustered,  ovoid-conic,  2 — 3'.    Sandy  barrens. 

9  P.  PONDERosA.     Tree  50— lOOf  in  Califoniia,  with  sturdy  trunk,  smoothish  bark, 

heavy  wood  ;  leaves  9—12' ;  cones  3i',  conical,  with  short  strong  spines. 
1  0  P,  mitis  Mx.     Yellow  P.    Spruce  P.    Tree  of  slow  growth,  30— 60f ;  Ivs.  covering 

the  branchlets,  some  of  them  in  S's,  mostly  in  pairs,  3 — 5',  slender ;  cones  IJ— 2', 

ovoid-conic,  clustered.    In  dry  lands.    Timber  very  valuable. 
IIP.  pungens  Mx.    Tree  with  crooked  branches,  20— 30f;  leaves  stout,  crowded, 

about  2' ;  cones  ovoid,  3',  with  stout  spines  3"  long.    Mountains,  Penn.,  and  S. 

12  P.  Inops  Ait.  Jersey  P.  Scrub  P.  Tree  15 — 25f,  rough  and  crooked  ;  Ivs.  rigid, 
obtuse,  2—3' ;  cones  ovoid-oblong,  2—3',  with  straightish  prickles.    Barrens. 

1 3  P.  reslnosa  Ait.  Norway  P.  Red  P.  Tree  60f,  bark  smoothish ;  Ivs.  slender,  5—6', 
sheaths  t)-12" ;  cones  conic  with  a  rounded  base,  half  as  long  as  the  leaves.  Dry  woods, 
Penn.  to  Wis.,  and  N.    Timber  compact,  moderately  resinous. 

14  P.  Hudsonica  Poir.  (P.  Banksiana  Lamb.)  A  straggling  pine  5— 25f;  Ivs.  rigid, 
curved,  1',  the  cones  longer  (1^—20,  recurved,  smooth.    Rocks,  Me.,  W.  and  N. 

1 5  P.  Larico.  Corsican  Pine.  A  large  tree  of  rapid  growth,  very  handsome  in  parks ; 
leaves  slender,  bright  green,  wavy,  4—6' ;  cones  2—3'.    Branches  whorled. 

p.  AusTRiACA.    Austrian  P.    Leaves  more  rigid,  of  a  rich  dark-green  color. 

16  P.  SYLVESTRis.  ScotcJi  P.  Trcc  of  rapid  growth,  perfectly  hardy  ;  Ivs.  2— 4',  twisted, 
rigid,  bluish  green  ;  cones  ovoid-conic,  2—3'.    Common  in  Europe. 

2.  ABIES,  Tonrn.    Spruce.    Fir.    Hemlock,     s   Aments  clustered 
with  the  old  Ivs.    $  Am.  solitary,  cones  with  thin,  flat,  spineless  scales,  per 
sistenf  one  year.     Seeds  winged.    Cotyledons  3 — 9.     ^  Lvs.  solitary,  not 
sheathed,  scattered  over  the  branches,  linear,  short,  mostly  petioled. 
§  Fir.    Cones  erect,  the  scales  deciduous.    Lvs.  flat,  spreading  two  ways. .  .{x) 
>S  Spruce.    Cones  nodding.    Lvs.  4-sided  or  ensiform,  pointing  all  around... (a) 

§  Hemlock.    Cones  hanging.    Leaves  flat,  mostly  spreading  two  ways Nos.  1  —3 

a  Cones  oval,  1—2'  long,  the  scales  nearly  entire.    Native,    t Nos.  4,  5 

a  Cones  oblong,  .3—8'  long,  the  scales  crose-dentate.    Cultivated Nos.  6,  7 

X  Bracts  conspicuously  exserted,  much  longer  than  the  scales Nos.  8—10 

X  Bracts  shorter  than  the  scales  or  rarely  a  little  exserted Nos.  11—13 

1  A,  Canadensis  Mx.     Common  II.    Tree  50— SOf,  very  beautiful  when  young;  lvs. 

short-linear  ((>- 8"),  glaucous  beneath  ;  cones  ovoid,  terminal,  as  long  as  the  leaves, 
scales  concealing  the  bracts.    Rocky  woods  :  common  N. 

2  A.  WiLLiAMSONii  (or  Pattoniana).    Large  tree  in  Oregon,  very  fine  and  hardy  here,  but 

rare  ;  leaves  yellowish,  G— 8".  the  cones  three  times  longer,  bracts  concealed. 

3  A .  DouoLASsii.    A  huge  tree  in  Oregon,  handsome  ;  cones  with  long,  3-forked  bracts. 

4  A.  nigra  Mx.    Doubles.    Tree  pyramidal,  60— 80f;  leaves  6— 7",  dark  green  ;  cones 

ovoid,  1—2,  scales  erose-denticulate.    Damp  mountain  woods,  northward. 

5  A.  alba  Mx.    Singles.    Tree  .30— SOf,  subpyramidal ;  leaves  6— 9",  glaucous  ;  cones 

deciduous,  cylindrical,  2',  with  the  scales  entire.    Rocky  woods:  common. 

6  A.  Pic'diA  (or  excelsa).    Norway  S.    A  stately  tree  with  dense  dark -green  foliage  ;  lvs. 

9-12"  ;  cones  5—8'  long,  light  brown,  scales  notched.    Very  common. 


'S14:  Order  127.— COJ^IFER.E. 

7  A.  Mknziesii.    Tree  50— 70f  in  Oregon  ;  Ivp.  f,  silvery -glaucous  ;  cones  3—4',  man 

8  A,  BRACTEATA.  Tree  lOOf  in  California ;  leaves -2-3',  eilvery-glaucous  beneath  ;  cones 

4',  bracts  3-lobecl.  middle  lobe  much  exceeding  the  ecale,  and  recurved. 

0  A.  PECTiNATA.    Tree  from  Europe,  80f;  leaves  9",  obtuse,  glaucous  beneath ;  conea 

1— 7^  brown  vk'hen  ripe,  bracts  fringed,  the  cuspidate  point  spreading. 
p.  Cephalonica,  from  Greece,  bracts  linear-oblong,  toothed,  reflexed. 
y.  NoRDMANNiA,  from  Crimea,  bracts  with  an  entire  recurved  point. 

10  A,  Fraserl  Ph.  Double  Balsam  F.  Tree  small  (15— 30f);  bark  smooth,  blistered 
as  in  tiie  next ;  leaves  8—10",  seeming  3-veined  beneath ;  cones  1-2',  oblong ;  bracts 
denticulate,  long-pointed,  reflexed.     White  Mountains  !  and  AHeghanies. 

11  A,  balsamea  Marsh.  Balsam  F.  Tree  30— 50f,  with  smooth  bark  filled  with 
blisters  (reservoirs)  of  balsam  ;  leaves  8—10",  ohtuse,  silvery  beneath  ;  cones  cylindri- 
cal, .3—4'  X  1',  bracts  concealed  or  slightly  exserted.    Damp  woods.    Cultivated. 

12  A.  SiBiRicA  (or  J'ichta).    Small  tree  from  Asia  ;  leaves  1';  cones  ovoid-conic,  3 — 4'. 

1 3  A,  GRANDI8.   Tree  200f  in  Oreg. ;  Ivs.  1'— 18",  bifid,  silvery  beneath  ;  cones  oblong,  4'. 

3.  CEDRUS,  Link.  $  Am.  solitary,  terminal.  ?  Cones  persistent  two 
or  three  years  ;  scales  persistent,  close-pressed  ;  bracts  concealed  adnate  to 
the  scales.     ^  L^^aves  sessile,  fascicled  as  in  Larix,  rigid,  evergreen. 

1  C.  LiBANi.     Cedar  of  Lebanon.    Tree  with  wide-spread  branches;  leaves  9 — 15",  dark 

green,  acute  ;  cones  oval,  obtuse,  brown,  3x2',  scales  very  many. 

2  C  Dbodara.    Huge  tree  in  the  Himalayas  ;  Ivs.  1—2',  light  glaucous;  cones  ovoid,  4'. 

4.  IiARIX,  Tourn,  Larch.  Tam:arack.  s  Anthers  2-celled,  cells  open- 
ing lengthwise,  with  simple  pollen  grains.  ?  Cones  erect,  oval  or  round- 
ish, scales  colored,  persistent.  Seeds  with  a  proper  wing.  ^  Leaves 
deciduous,  acerous,  soft,  scattered,  and  in  axillary,  many-leaved  fascicles. 

1  li.  Americana  Mx.    A  splendid  tree  70— lOOf,  with  straight  axis  and  horizontal 

branches  ;  leaves  filiform,  very  slender,  1 — 2',  in  bunches  of  12 — 20;  cones  deep  pur- 
ple, 6—10",  scales  few,  with  inflexed  edges.    Woods  northward.    Common  in  cult. 
/3.  p^ndula,    Branchlets  slender  and  drooping.    Exquisitely  beautiful. 

2  It,  EuRovMA.    Large  tree  ;  Ivs.  flattened,  linear-spatulate  ;  cones  1— li'  long. 

5.  JUNIPERUS,  L.  Juniper.  Fls.  S  $  ,  aments  very  small,  roundisli. 
$  Scales  peltate,  each  with  4 — 7  anther-cells  beneath.    $  Scabs  few,  united 

at  base,  1-2-ovuled,  forming  a  sort  of  berry  in  fruit.     Cotyledons  2.     55 
Leaves  subulate  or  scale-like,  pungent,  opposite  or  whorled. 

§  Lvp.  scale-form,  opp.,  4-rowed,  and  subulate  in  3's,  not  jointed,  nerveless. .  .Nos.  1 — 3 
§  Lvs.  all  subulate  and  in  3's,  divaricate,  jointed  to  the  stem,  1-nerved  Nos.  4—7 

1  J,  Vlr^inlaiia  L.    Bed  Cedar.    Tree  of  middle  size,  dark  green  ;  oirly  lvs.  very 

Blender.  3—4",  little  divergent,  in  3's,  later  ones  1—2",  scale-form,  4-rowed.  opposite, 
appressed  ;  cones  or  berries  small,  blue-white,  on  short  branchlets.    Rocky  soils. 

2  J.  sabina,  fi.  prortimbentt  Vh.    Shrub  trailing ;  lvs.  opposite,  obtuse,  a  gland  in 

the  middle,  imbricated  in  4  rows  ;  fruit  larger  (3"),  nodding,  dark  purple.     Rocks,  N. 

3  jr.  Berinudiaiia  L.    Late  branchlets  very  slender,  covered  with  scale-form   pun- 

gent IvB.  in  4  rows,  divergent,  1" ;  fr.  brown,  no  bloom,  2",  subsessile.    Fla.    15— 20f. 

4  J.  communis  L.     Common  J.    (Fig.  3.53.)    Tree  or  shrub  :  leaves  in  S's,  crowded, 

pungent-acuminate,  (5-8",  fruit  small  (2").  subsessile,  dark-purple,  sweetish.    Wood-^. 
/3.  nlpina.    Shrub  trailing ;  leaves  more  crowded,  less  spreading,  curved.    N. 
y.  OBLONGA.     Bn.nchU'ts  drooping;  leaves  lance-linear,  glaucous  ;  fruit  clustered. 

5  J.  Rigida.   Weeping  J.    Branchlets  drooping;  lvs.  channelled  on  the  upper  side.  Japan, 

6  J.  OxYCEDRTjs.    Shrub  10-12f,  from  Enr.,  is  known  by  its  red-brown  berries  Z-A"  long. 

7  J.  UKLTi'ACEA.    Shrub  from  Syria,  8— 12f,  with  berries  dark-purple,  as  large  as  a  plum. 


Order  128.— TAXACE^.  315 

6.  OUNNINGHAMIA  Sinensis.  Tree  from  China,  30— 40f,  very 
Uiiqae.  Leaves  1— If,  lance-linear,  stiff  and  pungent,  in  2  rows.  Cones  ovoid,  H',  with 
toothed  and  pointed  scales  (or  bracts?)  each  3-seeded. 

7.  THUYA,  Tourn.  Arbor  Vit^.  Fls.  8  ,  on  different  branches,  ter- 
minal. $  Anther-cells  4  on  each  imbricated  scale.  5  Scales  few,  in  pairs, 
opposite,  imbricated,  each  3-6-ovuled.  Seeds  winged.  ^  ^  Leaves  scale- 
form,  opposite,  imbricated  in  4  rows. 

1  T.  occidenta.lis  L.    Tree  branched  from  base  to  summit ;  leaves  rhombic- ovate, 

tnbercl©!  on  the  back ;  cones  oblong,  scales  not  reflexed,  each  2-seeded.    On  rocky 
banks,  common  N.,  now  very  frequent  in  cultivation.    Many  varieties. 

2  T,  (THUYOPSIS)  DOLABKATA.    Tree  from  Japan,  40— 60f,  with  ovate  scale-form  Ivs., 

not  appressed  ;  cones  small,  roundish,  each  scale  5-seeded.    Rare. 

3  T.  (BIOTA)  oRiENTALis.    Shrub  light  green,  or  yellowish ;  ramificaiions  vertical ; 

cones  broad,  with  thick  scales  and  horn-like  leflexed  points.    China. 

8.  OUPRESSUS,  Tourn.  Aments  s  ,  small,  roundish,  i  Scales  each 
with  2 — GO  erect  ovules.  Cone  globular,  the  scales  angular,  peltate,  val- 
vately  closed  until  ripe.  5  Leaves  scale-form,  flat,  imbricated  as  in  Thuya, 
often  with  a  tubercle  on  the  back.  Cypress. 

J  C.  SEMPERViRENs.  Conc  large,  oval,  1',  scales  GO-seeded ;  Ivs.  minute,  ovate,  obtuse, 
very  closely  imbricated.    Cultivated  South.    Tree  strict,  conical,  20 — 4(K. 

2  C  tIiyoid.es  L.     Whife  Cedar.    Tree  pyramidal,  filiform  branchlets  square ;  leaves 

minute,  lance-ovatc,  close,  the  tubercle  manifest.    Swamps.    Cones  small  as  peas. 

3  €.',  Lawsonii.    Splendid  tree  from  Oregon ;  branchlets  flattened,  feather-like,  bluish- 

green  ;  leaves  lance-ovate,  tubercled  ;  cones  H".    Becoming  common. 

9.  TAXODIUM,  Rich.  Bald  Cypress.  Fls.  8 ,  sessile,  small,  round- 
ish, the  S  in  spikes,  2  in  pairs  below.  Cone  globular,  the  scales -peltate, 
angular,  thick,  firmly  closed  till  ripe,  with  2  angular  seeds  at  base.  Coty- 
ledons 6 — 9.     ^  With  deciduous,  linear,  2-rowed  leaves. 

T.  distichum  Rich.  Tree  100— 125f,  trunk  6— 9f  diam. ;  large  conical  excrescences 
grow  up  from  the  roots ;  Ivs.  light-green,  scattered,  in  2  rows  on  the  slender  branch- 
lets.    Swamps,  Va.,  and  S.    Timber  valuable. 

10.  SEQUOYA,  Endl.  Red-wood.  Cones  roundish,  with  peltate  trape- 
zoid, 5-sceded  scales,  valvately  closed.  Seeds  winged  both  sides.  ^  Im- 
mense, Californian.    Leaves  linear  or  subulate,  alternate. 

1  S.  SEMPERVIRENS,    Tree  200f,  with  a  diam.  of  lOf ;  bark  blackish,  with  rose-purple 

wood  almost  imperishable  ;  cones  globular,  1' ;  leaves  of  2  kinds. 

2  S.  GiGANTEV.    Tree  300f,  with  a  diam.  of  20f  (often  larger!);  bark  cinnamon  color, 

wood  dull  rec" ;  cones  oval,  near  2' ;  leaves  mostly  subulate.    Rarely  planted. 

Order  CXXVIII.    TAXACE^.    Yews. 

frees  or  shrubs,  with  the  general  habit  of  the  Pines,  but  with  no  cones, 
nor  even  the  carpellaiy  scale.  Flowers  consisting  simply  of  anthers  or  an 
ovule  involucrate  with  bracts.  Fruit  a  nut-like  seed,  naked,  or  in  a  cup 
fonn  dry  or  pulpy  disk.     Cotyledons  2.    Fig.  166. 


316  Okder  129.— PALMACE.E. 

•  Leares  lineai.     Anthers  5— S  on  each  scale.     Seed  sitting  in  a  fleshy  cup Taxus.  1 

•  Leaves  lance-linear.    Anthers  4.    Seed  fleshy-coated  or  dry,  not  iu  a  cup Toreeya.  2 

•  Leaves  linear  to  ovate,  1-veined.    Anthers  2.    Seed  inverted,  in  a  shallow  cup Podocakpus.  3 

•  Leaves  flabelliform,  fork-veined.    Anthers  2.    Seed  erect,  in  a  deep  cup Salisburia.  4 

1.  TAXUS,  Tourn.  Yew.  Flowers  axillary,  the  S  in  aments.  Stam. 
or  bracts  peltate,  H-S-lobecl,  with  5 — 8  anther-cells.  $  Flower  solitary. 
Ovule  erect,  becoming  a  nut-like  seed,  sitting  in  a  deep  fleshy  cup-shapcd 
disk.     5  b  Leaves  rigid,  alternate,  in  2  rows. 

1  T.  Canadensis  L.    Dwarf  Y.    (Fig.  166.)    Shrub  low  or  prostrate,  branches  as- 

cending; Ivs.  mucronate,  revohite-eclged,  9—12"  ;  stam.  with  5  anther-colls  ;  fruit  dc- 
pressed-globou?,  a  black  seed  in  an  amber-colored  cup.    Rocky  soils,  northward. 

2  T.  BACCATA.    English  Y.    Tree  of  low  stature,  widely  spreading ;  Ivs.  falcate,  acute, 

flat,  10 — 12"  ;  stam.  with  6—8  anther-cells  ;  fruit  oblong-bell-form.    Europe. 

3  T.  brevifolla  N.    Tree  15— 50f,  branches  ascending  ;  Ivs.  7—10",  very  narrow ;  sia. 

with  6  anther-cells  ;  fruit  oval.    Fla.  ?  and  Oreg.    The  species  are  all  closely  related. 

2.  TORRE YA,  Arn.  Flowers  axillary,  the  S  many  in  the  ament, 
bracts  in  4  rows.  Stamens  with  4  anther-cells.  $  Ovule  with  few  bracts, 
becoming  drupe-like,  at  length  a  dry  ovoid  bony  nut  or  seed.  5  5  Leaves 
rigid,  alternate,  2-rowed,  pungent,  lance-linear. 

T.  taxiiolia  Arn,    Tree  15— .SOf,  with  erect  strict  form,  dark  green  ;  Ivs.  1— H'  long, 
2-ranked  as  well  as  the  branchlets  ;  fruit  smooth,  glaucous,  ovoid,  9—11".    Fla.    t 

3.  PODOOARPUS,  L'Her.,  contains  some  rare  evergreens  with  remark- 
ably large  leaves  (2—3'  long).    As  yet  very  sparingly  cultivated. 

4.  SALISBURIA  adiantifOlta  (or  Ginkgo  biloba).  Tree  40— SOf,  from 
Japan,  strict  and  pyramidal.  Lvs.  fan-shaped,  2-lobed,  fork-veined  and  petiolate,  in  struc- 
ture much  I'lke  the  Maidenhair  Fern.    The  flowers  and  fruit  are  seldom  seen. 

PEOVINCE,  ENDOGENS, 

The  Monocotyledoxous  Pla:n^ts.  Stems  without  the  distinc- 
tion of  bark,  wood,  and  pith,  endogenous  in  groAvth  (§  421). 
Leaves  mostly  parallel- veined  and  alternate.  Flowers  3-parted 
(rarely  V).     Embryo  with  one  cotyledon.  (Prov.  Acrogens,  360.) 

Class  IIL  PETALIFER^.  Endogenous  plants  having 
flo^vers  either  with  a  whorled  perianth  or  without  one,  but 
never  gliimaceous.     (Class  IV.  Glumifer^.    Page  355.) 

Cohort  5.  SPADICIFL0RJ5.  Flowers  crowded  on  a 
thickened  or  club-shaped  rachis  (spadix),  mostly  naked,, 
rarely  with  a  scale-like  perianth.     (Cohort  6,  p.  322.) 

OrdePv  CXXIX.    PALMACE^.    Palms. 

Trees  or  shrubs,  chiefly  with  unbranched  trunks  growing  by  the  terminal 
bud,   LcaV'C'i  large,  plaited,  on  sheathing  petioles,  collected  ii:  one  terminal 


Order  130.— ARACEtE.  317 

cluster.  Ttowen  perfect  or  polygamous,  on  a  branching  spadix  Dursting 
from  a  spathe.  Perianth  double,  3-merous,  hexandrous,  ovaries  (and  styles) 
3,  distinct  or  commonly  united  into  1,  each  1-ovuled.  Fruit  fleshy,  1-3- 
seeded.    Fig.  508. 

*  Flowers  all  perfect    Ovaries  and  styles  united  into  1.    Berry  single Sabal.  1 

•  Flowers  perfect  and  staminato.    Ovaries  and  styles  distinct.    Drupes  3 Cham.«rop3.  2 

1.  SABAL,  Adans.  Palmetto.  Fls.  5,  sessile,  complete.  Sepals  31 
united,  petals  3,  subdistinct.  Sta.  6,  fil.  distinct.  Ovaries  3,  soon  united, 
Sty.  1.  Fr.  a  dryish  3-seeded  beny.  ^  +>  Caudex  (§  227)  procumbent  or 
erect,  beset  with  the  persistent  bases  of  the  petioles.  Lvs.  palmately  fan- 
shaped,  many-cleft.    Flowers  small,  greenish.    June — Aug. 

1  S.  Palmetto  Loddig.    Caudex  erect,  20— 50f,  usually  enlarged  above ;  the  majestic 

lvs.  are  6 — lOf  long,  all  from  one  terminal  bud  ;  spadix  much  shorter  than  the  leaves, 
spathe  double  ;  berry  globular.    Along  the  coast,  Fla.  to  S.  C. 

2  S.  Adansont  Guern.    Caudex  prostrate;  lvs.  rigid,  longer  than  the  eren-edged 

petioles ;  spadix  slender,  much  branched,  as  high  (:^ — 4f )  as  the  leaves ;  style  thick, 
obtuse ;  berry  depressed.    Along  the  coast,  in  low  grounds,  S. 

3  S,  serriilata  R.  &  S.    Caudex  creeping;  petioles  aculeate-serrate;  spadix  thick. 

2 — 3f ;  style  subulate  ;  berry  oblong-ovoid.    Barrens,  S.  C.  to  Fla. 
/3.  minima.    Every  way  smaller ;  leaves  about  7-cleft.    E.  Fla. 

2.  OHAMiEROPS,  L.  Blue  Palmetto.  Fls.  $  and  5.  Perianth 
as  in  Sabal.     Sta.  6  or  9,  connate  at  base.    Ovaries  3,  distinct,  stig,  sessile. 

'  BeiTies  3, 1-seeded.  Palms  acaulescent.  Petioles  aculeate.  Spadix  dense- 
flowered,  flowei-s  yellowish.    June — Aug. 

C.  Hystrlx  Fraser.    Caudex  low,  making  offsets  at  base ;  leaves  3— 4f,  the  petioln« 
spiny  in  the  axils  ;  drupes  ovoid,  hairy,  in  masses.    Clay  soils,  Ga.,  Fla. 

Order  CXXX.    ARACE^.    Aroids. 

Eerhs  with  a  creeping  rhizome  or  corm,  an  acrid  or  pungent  juice,  kave% 
often  veiny,  and  the  flowers  mostly  diclinous  and  naked.  Inflorescence  a 
gipadix,  dense-flowered,  naked  or  mostly  surrounded  with  a  large  spathe. 
Perianth  none,  or  of  4 — 6  scales.  Anthers  extrorse.  Ovary  free,  stigma 
sessile.    Fruit  baccate  or  dry,  seeds  albuminous.    Figs.  432,  436. 

*  House,  or  greenhouse  plants,  nsnally  with  very  large  leaves.  ..(y) 

•  Wild  native  plants,  growing  in  water  or  damp  places. .  .(a) 

a  Spadix  growing  to  the  spathe.      $  Flower  solitary.     Floating Pistia.  a 

a>  Spadix  free,  enveloped  in  the  spathe... (r) 

a  Spadix  naked,  destitute  of  a  spathe.—/)  Leaves  ensiform AcoRUS.  7 

— h  Leaves  oval,  Ac Orontium.  6 

z  Flowers  covering  only  the  hsse  of  the  spadix.     Perianth  0 Aris^ma.  2 

c  Flowers  covering  the  whole  spadix,  or  all  but  the  base,  and...(cO 

d  Monoecious.    Spathe  involute.     Stamen  around  a  shield Peltandra.  3 

<Z  All  perfect.— X  Perianth  0.     Spatlie  open,  white.     Swamps Calla.  4 

%  — .T  Perianth  regular.    Spathe  shell-form Symplocarpu.I    5 

y  Spadix  naked  at  the  top.     Spathe  jellowisli.    Leaves  peltate Colocasia.  S 

y  Spadix  naked  at  the  top.    Spathe  yellowish.     Leaves  not  peltate Philoukndroj.  9 

V  Spadli:  covered  with  flowers.     Spathe  white.— «  Leaves  green  only RicnARniA.  10 

— s  Leaves  variegated CALAmuJi.  1 1 


318  OiiDEii  :  JO.  -AlLVCExE. 

1.  PISTIA,  L.  Spalhe  tubular  at  base,  spreading  above.  Fls.  s  ,  few, 
the  upper  $  in  an  involucre,  of  3 — 8  anther-cells.  $  Fl.  solitarj^  of  a  1- 
celled  ovary  and  thick  style.    Berry  several-seeded,    ^v' 

P.  cipathulata  Mx.  Floating  free  in  still  water ;  leaves  1—2',  obovate-spatulate,  rosu- 
late,  tlie  veins  lamellated  beneath  ;  epathe  white.    E.  Fla. 

2.  ARIS^MA,  Mart.  Dragon-root.  Indian  Turnip.  Spathe  con- 
volute at  base.     Spadix  with  a  long  naked  summit,  flower-bearing  at  base. 

$  Fls.  above  the  fertile,  each  merely  a  cluster  of  4  or  more  stamens.  $ 
Ovary  1-celled,  stig.  flat.  Berry  red,  1-  or  few-seeded,  if  Root  tuberous. 
Scape  sheathed  with  the  petioles. 

1  A,  tripli^^llum  Torr.    JacJc-in-the-pulpit.    Stem  a  large  corm  fiercely  acrid  ;  scapo 

round,  thick,  8—12' ;   leaves  2,  trifoliate ;   leaflets  oval,  pointed,  sessile ;    epatho 
striped,  inflected  over  the  club-shaped  spadix.    Rocky  woods.    April +  . 

2  A.  quinatum  Wood.    Leaves  1  or  2,  with  very  long  sheaths,  one  or  both  quinate  ; 

leaflets  oval  to  lance-oval,  acute,  or  obtuse,  cuspidate,  narrowed  to  a  petiolule.    Ga. 
to  Car.,  in  hilly  woods,    1— 2f.    (A.  polymorphum  Buckley.) 

3  A.  Dracoiitium  Schott.    Green  Dragon.    Leaf  mostly  1,  pedate,  with  7—11  lance- 

oblong  leaflets  ;  spadix  subulate,  longer  than  the  spathe.    Bogs.    2f. 

3.  PELTANDRA,  Raf  Spathe  convolute.  Spadix  staminate  above, 
pistillate  below.  Anth. -cells  8 — 12,  opening  at  top,  adnate  to  a  thickened 
peltate  connectile.  Berries  l-oo- seeded.  ?f  Leaves  sagittate,  the  long 
petioles  sheathing  the  scape.     May,  June. 

1  P.  Vlrginlca  Raf.    Leaves  sagittate-hastate,  the  base  lobes  long  and  turned  out- 

ward; spathe  green,  4— 6' long ;  berries  green,  1-3-seeded.    Marshes.    9—18'. 

2  P.  glauca  Feay.    Leaves  sagittate- cordate,  lobes  rounded;  spathe  white  and  open 

at  the  top,  3' ;  berries  OO-seeded,  red.    Coastward,  S.     (Xanthosoma,  Sch.) 

4.  CALLA,  L.  Spathe  ovate,  spreading,  white.  Spadix  covered  with 
the  naked  fls.  Perianth  0.  Fil.  6,  slender,  with  2-celIed  anthers.  Berry 
red,  depressed,  3-G-seeded.     if  ^*  Rhizome  creeping.    Leaves  cordate. 

€.  pal  wstris  L.— Shallow  waters.  Pa.,  and  N.    Scape  4— 6'.    Leaves  2— 3'.    July. 

5.  SYMPIiOCARPUS,  Salisb.     Skunk  Cabbage.     Spathe  shell-form, 
thick,  close  to  the  ground  in  early  Spring,  preceding  the  leaves,  incurved 
at  base  and  apex.     Spadix  oval,  covered  with  the  dull  purple,  perfect  fls. 
Perianth  4-parted.    Berries  1-sceded.     li:>^"  Leaves  all  radical,  very  large. 
S,  fcetidus  Salisb.— Swamps,  mcad»/ws  :  common.    Leaves  cordate-oval,  12— 20'. 

6.  ORONTIUM,  L.  Goi.]:)en  Club.  Spathe  0.  Spadix  cylindrical, 
yellow,  crowning  the  naked  scape.  Perianth  4-6-sepalled.  Sta.  4—6.  Fr. 
a  dry  utricle,  1-seeded.     li>^  Leaves  lanceolate,  all  radical. 

O.  aqiiaticniti  L.— Poole  and  bi-ooks.    If.    Very  smooth.    Scape  thickened  upward, 
green  at  base,  white  above,  the  summit  (flowers)  golden  yellow.    June. 

7.  ACORUS,  L.  Sweet  Flag.  Spathe  0.  Spadix  cylindric,  sessile, 
issuing  from  the  side  of  a  leaf-like  scape.  Perianth  6-sepalled.  Sta.  G.  Ova 
and  fruit  3-celled,  capsular,  oo-seeded.  if  Rhizome  thick,  aromatic.  Lvs. 
ail  radical,  linc/ir-ensiform  like  the  scape. 


Order  132.— TYPHACEiE.  319 

1,  Calamns  L.    Scape  eneiform,  continued  long  and  leaf-like  above  the  o^recn.  dens©, 
flowered  spadix.    In  wet  soils.    2— 3f.    Root  tastes  warmly  punsfent.    June,  July. 

8.  COLOOASIA  ANTiQUORUM,  from  E^ypt,«fcc.,  lias  large  (2 — 3f)  ovate- 
sagittate,  peltate,  repand  leaves,  on  petioles  longer  than  the  pcape.  Spathe  erect,  much 
longer  than  the  epadix.    Cultivated  for  food,  and  for  ornament. 

9.  PHYLLODENDRON  GRANDIFOLIUM.  Stems  rooting,  rnnuing  or 
climbing.  Leaves  very  large  (2 — 4f),  opaque,  strongly  veined,  cordaie-sagitlate,  acute, 
entire.    Petioles  terete,  red-spotted.    Spathe  yellowish.    S.  America. 

10.  RICHARDIA  Africana  (Kuntli,  Calla  ^thiopica  L.).  Known 
everywhere  as  the  Egyptian  Calla,  but  native  of  the  Cape  of  Good  Hope:  is  a  grand 
house-plant,  2 — 4f,  with  large  hastate-cordate  leaves,  round  scapes,  a  large  milk-white 
3pathe  rolled  in  at  base  and  back  at  apex,  surrounding  a  yellow  cylindric  spadix. 

11.  OALADIUM  BicoLOR.  Roots  tuberous.  Lvs.  radical,  peltate,  has- 
tate-cordate, short-pointed,  variegated  with  crimson  or  purple  at  the  centre,  or  pellucid 
at  base,  or  white-spotted.    A  splendid  leaf-plant.    Panama  ! 

Order  CXXXI.    LEMNACE^.    Duckmeats. 

Herbs  minute,  stemless,  floating  free  upon  the  water,  and  consisting  of  a 
leaf-like  frond,  or  a  tuft  of  leaves,  with  one  or  more  fibrous  roots.  Flowers 
bursting  from  the  substance  of  the  frond,  or  axillary,  enclosed  in  a  spathe, 
the  sterile  consisting  of  1  or  2  stamens,  the  fertile  of  a  1-celled  ovary.  Fruit 
a  utricle,  with  1  or  more  seeds.  Emb.  straight,  in  fleshy  albumen.  Fig.  516. 

1.  IiEMNA,  L.  DuCKMEAT.  Fls.  from  a  chink  in  the  edge  of  the 
frond,  2  sterile,  each  a  single  recurved  stamen,  with  1  fertile, — an  ovary 
with  style  and  stigma.  Ovules  and  seeds  1 — 7.  0  if  Fronds  1 — 7"  long 
Roots  hair-like.    Flowers  rarely  seen. 

§  Ovule  solitary.    Frond  with  a  single  root.    (Lemna  proper) Nos.  1—S 

§  Ovules  2.    Frond  many-rooted.    (Spirodela,  Schleiden) No.  4 

1  li.  trlsulca  L.    Fronds  oblong,  as  long  (2—3")  as  their  stalks,  proliferous  from 

their  sides,  thin,  obtuse.    Pools  of  clear  water,  in  patches. 

2  li.  perpusilla  Torr.    Fronds  thin,  3-veined,  round-oboA'ate,  1—2",  in  groups  of 

3—7;  style  slender ;  seed  round-oblong,  erect.    Ponds,  N.  Y.,  W.  and  S.    August. 

3  li.  minor  L.    Fronds  thick,  veinless,  obovate  or  roundish,  1—2",  single  or  in  groups 

of  2 — 4;  style  short;  seed  ovoid,  half-erect.     Stagnant  waters  :  common. 

4  L.  polyrrliiza  L.    Fronds  oval,  2—3",  thickish,  5-7-veined,  purplish  beneath,  each 

with  a  bundle  of  black  roots  beneath.    Stagnant  waters  :  rare. 

2.  WOLFFIA,  Horkel.  Fls.  from  the  centre  of  the  minute  frond,  2 
only ;  $  flower  a  stamen  with  a  1-celled  anther.  2  Ovary  with  a  vciy  short 
style,  ovule  and  seed  1.     (i)  Fronds  ^ — ^",  rootless,  separate.  ^ 

W.  Columbiana  Karsten.   Frond  round-oval.   Floating,  with  Lemna,  seeming  mer*" 
ppecks  of  green — the  least  of  all  floAvering  plants.    Not  rare. 

Order  CXXXII.    TYPHACE^.    Typhads. 

Herbs  growing  in  marshes  and  ditches,  with  rigid,  ensiform,  sessile  leaves. 
Flowers  moncecious,  arranged  on  a  spadix  or  in  heads,  with  no  spathe 


320  Order  133.— NAIADACE^. 

Perianth  of  a  few  scales,  or  a  tuft  of  hairs,  or  0.  Stamens  1 — 4,  with  long, 
slender  filaments.  Ovary  with  1  pendulous  ovule.  Seed  albuminous,  with 
an  axial  embryo.    Fig.  211. 

1.  TYPHA,  L.  Cat-tail.  Keed-mace.  Spadix  long,  cylindric,  dense, 
sterile  above.  $  Sta.  3  together,  united  into  a  common  filament.  $  Ova. 
pedicellate,  suiTounded  at  base  by  a  hair-like  pappus  or  calyx.  U  Fls.  very 
numerous,  packed  solid  in  the  large  brown  terminal  spadix. 

1  T.  latlfolla  L.    Leaves  linear,  flat,  exceeding  the  stem  ;   ppadix  cylindric,  the 

sterile  and  fertile  contignons.    Tall  and  smooth,  3— of,  in  swamps. 

2  T.  angustifolia  L.    Leaves  linear,  channelled,  exceeding  the  stem;  spadix  cyliu 

dric,  the  sterile  pome  remote  from  the  fertile.    Swamps.    2 — 4f. 

2.  SPARGANIUM,  L.  Burr  Reed.  Spadices  or  globular  heads 
many,  the  lower  fertile,  consisting  of  sessile  pistils,  each  with  3 — 6  sepals, 
and  forming  1-seeded  nuts.  Sterile  heads  a  mass  of  stamens  with  scales 
intermixed.     U  ^  August. 

*  Stigmas  mostly  2.    Stems  of  the  inflorescence  branching,  erect No,  1 

*  Stigma  always  single.    Stem  subsimple,  erect  or  floating Nos.  2,  3 

1  S.  eurycarpiiiM  Eng.    Stout,  1— Sf;  1  vs.  very  long,  carinate  beneath ;  frnit  heads 

1',  nuts  large,  obpyramidal,  truncate,  sessile ;  sterile  heads  numerous.    Borders  of 
rivers  and  ponds,  N.  Eng.  to  Pa.,  and  W.    (S.  ramosum  C-B.) 

2  S.  simplex  Hud^.    Erect,  slender,  1— 2f;  leaves  triangular  at  base,  long  and  nar- 

row ;  sepals  spatulate,  denticulate  ;  nuts  beaked  and  stiped  ;  heads  6—8"  broad,  the 
i  more  than  the  $  .    Ponds  and  bogs,  N.  and  W. 
^.  natan».    Leaves  floating,  flat ;  stigma  f  horter  than  the  style  ;  heads  few. 

3  S.  iniiilmiim  Bauhin.    Slender,  weak,  simple,  erect  or  floating;  leaves  na"row, 

flat;  heads  few,  axillary,  small  (3—4");  fruit  scarcely  beaked,  sessile.    Streams,  N. 
Eng.,  and  W.    (S.  angustifolium  C-B.) 

Order  CXXXIII.    NAIADACEiE.    Naiads. 

Water  plants  with  jointed  stems,  and  sheathing  stipules,  or  sheathing 
petioles.  Flowers  perfect  or  diclinous,  naked  or  with  a  2-4-parted  peri- 
anth. Stamens  definite.  Ovaries  free,  sessile,  1-ovuled.  Stigma  simple, 
often  sessile.  Fruit  indehiscent.  Seed  without  albumen,  with  a  straight 
or  curved  embiyo. 

•  Flowers  axillary,  sessile,  the  statninate  reduced  to  a  single  stamen... (a) 

«  Fertile  flowers  reduced  to  a  single  pistil,  with  2  or  3  stigmas.    Leaves  opposite. .  .Najas.  1 

a  Fertile  flowers  with  about  4  pistils  in  a  cup,  with  as  many  stigmas Zannichellia.  2 

•  Flowers  spadaceous,  or  2—20,  sessile  on  a  spadix  or  spike... (W 

h  Flowers  monoecious,  seated  in  2  rows  on  the  side  of  a  linear,  flat  spadix  Zostkra.  3 

h  Flowers  perfect,  naked,  2 — 5,  4-raerous.     Fruit  raised  on  slender  stipes Rcppia.  4 

/j  Flowers  perfect.     Perianth  4-sepalled.     Stamens  4.     Pistils  and  achenia  4 Potamogkton.  5 

1.  NAJAS,  L.  AVater  NyxMPH.  5  F1.  a  solitary  stamen,  in  a  little 
hooded  spathe.  ?  Fl.  a  naked  pistil  with  2 — 4  subulate  stigmas.  Fr.  a 
little  1-seeded,  drupe-like  nutlet.  ^  Entirely  submersed.  Lvs.  opposite, 
linear,  broader  at  base,  toothed.    Flowers  axillary, 

1   N.  major  All.    Stem  frail  and  slender,  1— 3f ;  leaves  V  and  less,  crowded  above  with 
conspicuous  spinulous  teeth  ;  nutlets  ovoid,  H-"  long.    N.  Y.  (Clinton). 


Order  133.— NAIADACE^.  321 

2  N.  Indica  Cham.,  ^.  ^racillima.    Stems  filiform,  forking ;  leaves  opposite  and  lu 

3's,  very  narrowly  linear,  remotely  spinulous-serrate.    N.  Y.  and  Pa.  (Porter). 

3  N.  flexilis  Eostk.    Leaves  narrowly  linear,  in  3's,  4's,  and  6's,  minutely  serrulate,  as 

well  as  their  abruptly-widened  sheathing  base,  3— 12'^    Ponds  :  common. 

2.  ZANNIOHELLIA,  Micheli.  Horn  Pondweed.  Fls.  <? ,  both  kinds 
togetlicr  in  the  same  axil.  $  Sta.  1,  with  a  slender  fil.  $  Cal.  of  1  sepal, 
cor.  0.  Ova.  4  or  more,  each  with  a  style  and  stig.  Fr.  4  or  more  oblique 
achenia.  jC^i'  Submersed,  with  filiform  branches,  and  linear,  entire  leaves. 

Z.  palustris  L.  Stems  round,  leafy,  1— 2f ;  leaves  opposite,  grass-like,  2—3' ;  anther 
4-celled ;  achenia  4 — 6,  toothed  on  the  back.    Pools  and  ditches  :  rare. 

3.  ZOSTERA,  L.   Sea  Wrack.   Spadix  linear,  leaf-like,  bearing  the  <? 

fls.  in  2  rows  on  one  side.    Perianth  0.     $  Anther  ovoid,  sessile,  opening 

lengthwise^  with  hair-like  pollen.    2  Ova.  as  long  as  the  anther,  style  bifid. 

Utricle  1-seeded.     U  x^  Stipules  united  into  a  sheath.    Leaves  grass-like. 

Z.  marina  L.  Rhizome  creeping,  sending  up  long  simple  stems  ;  Ivs.  alternate,  rib- 
bon-like, 1— 5f  long ;  spadix  2',  in  a  spathe  at  base  of  a  leaf.  Grows  in  the  sea,  along 
shore,  Me.  to  Ga.,  and  is  washed  up  by  the  waves. 

4.  RUPPIA,  L.  DiTcn-GRASs.  Fls.  5  ,  2  together  on  a  spadix  arising 
from  the  sheath  of  a  leaf  Perianth  0.  Anthers  2,  large,  sessile,  2-celled. 
Ovaries  4,  fruit  2 — 4  dry  drupes  on  pedicels,  if  ^^  A  grass-like  plant,  all 
submersed  but  the  flowers.    Flower-stalk  at  length  very  long. 

R.  maritima  L.  Stems  filiform,  branched,  2— 5f ;  leaves  linear-setaceous,  2 — 6',  on 
inflated  sheaths ;  flowers  arising  to  the  surface.    Seas,  and  lakes  (Hankenson),  E. 

5.  POTAMOGETON,  Toum.  Pond-weed.  Fls.  5?  on  a  spadix  aris- 
ing from  a  spathe.  Cal.  4-sepalled.  Anth.  4,  alternate  with  sepals.  Ova.  4. 
Ach.  4,  sessile,  flattened  on  one  or  two  sides.  Seeds  curved  or  coiled.  ^ 
Mostly  U ,  only  the  spadix  with  its  3 — 10  small  green  fls.  arising  to  the  sur- 
face of  the  water.    Lvs.  stipulate,  tlie  upper  often  opposite.    Fr.  July,  Aug. 

§  Leaves  of  two  kinds,  the  floating  oval-elliptical,  coriaceous,  petiolate; 
stipules  free  from  the  petiole,  connate  ;  submersed  leaves  thin..  .(*) 

*  Submersed  leaves  linear  or  reduced  to  mere  petioles Nos.  1 — 4 

*  Submersed  leaves  lanceolate,  rarely  lance-linear Nos.  5—8 

§  Leaves  all  similar,  submersed,  mostly  thin  and  membranous,,  .(a) 

a  Leaves  lanceolate  or  lance-oblong,  petiolate  or  merely  sessile Nos.  9,  10 

a  Leaves  oval  or  oblong,  broad  and  clasping  at  base Nos.  11 — 13 

a  Leaves  linear  or  setaceous. — x  Stipules  0,  or  adnate  to  the  leaf Nos.  14, 15 

~x  Stipules  fvee.—y  Stems  flat Nos.  16, 17 

—y  Stems  filiform Nos.  18—20 

1  P.  natans  L.   Subsimple ;  floating  lvs.  2—3',  lance-oblong,  narrowly  obtuse,  on  Rlen- 

der  (2—6')  petioles ;  stipules  long,  linear ;  lower  lvs.  few,  linear,  2—6' ;  spikes  1 — 2', 
on  thick  peduncles  much  longer  ;  fruit  turgid,  3-keoled.    Ponds  and  ditches. 

2  P.  Clayton!  Tuckm.    Simple;  floating  leaves  lance-oblong,  about  15-veined,  1 — li', 

longer  than  their  petioles,  opposite  ;  lower  lvs,  linear,  3-veined,  3—6'  x  1",  spikes  and 
their  peduncles  near  1' ;  fruit  orbicular,  3-keeled.    Streams  and  ponds  :  common. 
/?.  hft*roph//llu)t.    Petioles  and  peduncles  longer  than  ihe  leaves  (2—3'),    Mass. 

3  P.  hybrldiis  Mx.    Stems  branching,  filiform  ;  floating  lvs.  oval,  5-7-veined,  7— 10" 

their  petioles  shorter,  snbopposite ;  spikes  and  their  stalks  4— 6";  lower  Ive.  lineer- 
getoceoiiB,  1—3',  many  ;  fruit  minute,  dentate.    Common. 

21 


322  Order  134— ALISMACE^. 

/3.  diver siroliua.    Leaves  nearly  all  floating,  oval,  the  lower  few  and  short. 

4  P.  Spirillus  Tuckm.   Very  delicate,  branched ;  floating  Ivs.  oval  to  lanceolate,  5-9- 

veined,  1—lQ",  on  short  broad  petioles  ;  lower  leaves  narrowly  linear,  obtuse,  1—2  , 
submersed  ped.  1-2-flowered  ;  embryo  a  little  spiral.    Streams  :  rare. 

5  P.  gramineus  L.    Stem  much  branched,  terete  ;  floating  Ivs.  long-stalked,  ovate 

to  oblong,  acutish,  13-veined ;  lower  leaves  lanceolate  to  lance-linear,  pointed,  stip. 
obtuse  ;  fruit  small,  obtuse-angled.    Common,  and  very  variable. 

6  P.  fliiltans  Roth.  Lvs,  long-stalked,  the  floating  thinnish,  opposite,  elliptic-obloug, 

the  submersed  linear-oblong,  all  acute  both  ways,  11-21-veined  ;  fruit  acutely  3-keeIod 
on  the  back.    In  ponds  and  rivers.    (P.  lonchitis  Tuckm.) 

7  P.  pulclier  Tuckm.    Stem  simple  ;  floating  leaves  ovate,  subcordate,  25-35-veined, 

i— 5',  alternate;  upper  submersed  lvs.  lanceolate,  long-acuminate,  undulate,  the  lower 
oval-oblong ;  fruit  3-keeled.    Penn.,  N.  J.  (Prof.  Porter),  N.  and  W.    Rare. 

8  P.  amplifollus  Tuckm.    Stems  simple ;  floating  leaves  oval  to  elliptical,  2^ — 4', 

35-45-veined,  on  long,  opposite  stalks ;  submersed  lvs.  larger  than  the  floating,  5 — 7', 
lanceolate,  short-stalked,  or  sessile.    Ponds.    (P.  fluitans  C-B.) 

9  P.  lucens  L.    Leaves  large,  often  shining^  iance-oval,  3—5'  x  1',  pointed  and  mucro- 

nate,  on  short  stalks  ;  spike  2' ;  fruit  roundish,  slightly  keeled.    Rivers  and  lakes. 

10  P.  obrutus  Wood.  Stem  simple:  leaves a^/ w^^wi^r^edt,  narrow-lanceolate,  3',  ob 
scurely  7- veined,  subsessile,  acute;  spike  1',  the  stalk  2';  fruit  inflated,  acutely  keeled, 
conspicuously  umbilicate  both  sides.    Slow  waters.    No  floating  leaves. 

IIP.  prselongus  Wulf.  St.  very  long,  branched  ;  lvs.  lance-ovate  to  lanceolate,  ob- 
tuse, half-clasping,  often  large  ;  peduncle  very  long  (3—5') ;  fruit  sharp-keeled.  Rivers. 

12  P,  perfoliatus  L.  Stem  branched  ;  lvs.  cordate-clasping,  roundish  to  ovate,  ob- 
tuse ;  ped.  short,  few-flowered  ;  fruit  not  keeled.    Ponds  and  slow  waters :  common. 

13  P.  crispiis  L.  Branched  below;  leaves  3-veined,  half-clasping,  narrow-oblong, 
obtuse,  1—2'.  crii^p-wavy  ;  fruit  acuminate-beaked.    Penn.,  and  E.  (Prof.  Porter). 

14  P.  pectinatiis  L.  Stem  flexuous,  repeatedly  forking;  leaves  linear-setaceous, 
2—3' ;  spike  interrupted,  on  a  long  filiform  peduncle ;  fruit  large  (g"),  rough.  E.  and  N. 

15  P.  Robbinsii  Oakes.  Stem  very  branching  ;  leaves  lance-linear,  crowded,  sheath- 
ing the  stem  with  their  bases ;  spikes  on  short  peduncles.    N.  and  W. 

1 6  P.  compressus  L.  St.  branching,  flattened ;  lvs.  linear,  00-veined,  2—4'  x  1—2'^ ; 
stip.  obtuse  ;  spike  12-15-flowered,  much  shorter  than  the  peduncle.    Ponds. 

17  P«  obtUfsifolius  Mert.  and  Ktch.  St. branching,  flattened;  lvs.  linear,  3-veined; 
stip.  obtuse  ;  spike  5-8-flowered,  as  long  as  the  peduncle.    Pa.,  and  N-W. 

18  P.  pauclflorus  Ph.  St.  slightly  flattened,  much  forked  ;  lvs.  linear,  1—3"  x  j — 1''; 
flowers  few  (3—12)  in  the  spike  ;  fruit  distinctly  crested.    Rivers,  &c. 

19  P.  pusillus  L.  Stem  filiform,  branched  ;  leaves  linear,  varying  to  capillary,  1-  3- 
veined  ;  spikes  3-5-flowered,  long-stalked  ;  fruit  not  keeled.    Shallow  waters. 

20  P.  Tuckermanl  Robbins.  Very  slender  and  delicate,  forked  ;  lvs.  capillary  and 
confervoid ;  spike  6-9-flowered,  on  a  very  long  peduncle  (5').    Ponds,  Pa.,  and  N. 

Cohort  6.    FLOEIDE^. 

Endogen"OUS  plants  with  the  flowers  usually  perfect  and 
complete,  the  perianth  double,  3-parted,  the  outer  often,  and 
sometimes  both,  green. 

Order  CXXXIV.    ALISMACE^.    Water  Plantains. 

Marsh  Jierhs,  with  parallel-veined,  petiolato  leaves  and  brandling  pedun- 
cles.   Floicers  perfect  or  monoecious,  with    a  regular  double  perianth. 


Order  134.— ALISMACE^.  323 

Sepals  3,  green.    Petals  3,  colored  or  green.    Stamens  hypogynoiis.    Ovaries 
8  or  more,  separating  into  as  many  distinct  fruits. 

§  BUTTOME^.     Petals  colored.     Carpels  6— 20,  each  with  00  ovules HyPROCr.Eis.  1 

§  ALIS.MEiE.     Petals  colored.    Carpels  many,  l-2-seeded...(x) 

§  JUNCAGINE.(E.    Petals  yueen.     Carpels  3,  each  l-S-seeded. .  .(y) 

X  Flowers  monoecious.    Stamens  many S.^gittahia.  4 

X  Flowers  all  perfect.— «  Stamens  9—24 Echinodorus.  3 

—2  Stamens  6.     Flowers  panicled..   Alisma.  2 

y  Anthers  oval.    Carpels  1-seeded.    Leaves  radical Triglochin.  5 

j;  Anthers  linear.     Carpels  2-3-seeded.    Leaves  cauline Scheuchzeria.  6 

1.  HYDROOLEIS  Humboldtii  (or  Limnocliaris),  from  Brazil,  grows 
In  pools,  like  Sagittaria,  with  long-gtalked,  oval,  7-veined  leaves  and  large  (2-30  orange- 
yellow  flowers.    Sepals  small.    Stamens  18—24.    Ovaries  6. 

2.  ALISMA,  L.  Water  Plantain.  Sepals  persistent.  Petals  invo- 
lute in  tbe  bud.  Ovaries  and  styles  arranged  in  a  circle,  forming  many 
flattened  aclienia.     li^  Acaulescent. 

A.  Plantago  L.  |3.  ^Imerlcanum,  Lvs.  5-7-veined,  ovate  or  oval,  subcordate,  pointed; 
scape  many-flowered,  fls.  whorled,  small,  rose-white.    Pools.    1— 2f.    July,  Aug. 

3.  ECHINODORUS,  Rich.  Sepals  persistent.  Petals  imbricate  in  bud. 
Sta.  G — 00.  Ovaries  and  styles  GO,  imbricated,  forming  many  flattened, 
beaked  achenia.     ,^  Scape  creeping  or  erect.    Fls.  small,  white,  whorled. 

1  E,  radicans  Eng.    Loaves  large  (5— 12'),  7-veined,  cordate,  ovate,  on  long  petioles  ; 

pcape  prostrate,  running  and  rooting  ;  flowers  clustered  at  the  nodes,  white  ;  stam. 
18—24  ;  ovaries  very  many,    u  Swamps,  111.  to  Ga.    June,  July. 

2  E.  rostratiis  Eng.    Leaves  1 — 8',  ovate,  cordate,  on  long  petioles;  scapes  eit;ct, 

pharply  angled  ;  stamens  12  ;  carpels  00,  strongly  ribbed  and  beaked,    (i)  West. 

3  E.  parvulus  Eng.    Leaves  lance-elliptic,  as  long  as  the  petioles  (10;  scapes  3-6 

flowered  ;  stamens  9  ;  carpels  about  20,  beakless  ;  flowers  about  3".    (i)  E.  and  W. 

4.  SAGITTARIA,  L.  AimownEAD.  Fls.  5'  or  5  2 ,  in  whorls  of  3 
on  the  scape,  the  lower  fertile.  Petals  white,  larger  than  the  sepals,  imbri- 
cated in  bud.  Sta.  co.  Ovaries  very  oo,  crowded  in  a  head.  Achenia 
flattened,  margined,  and  beaked.  ^  Juice  milky.  Leaves  on  long  radi- 
cal stalks,  sagittate  to  linear.     Summer. 

*  Leaves  mostly  arrow-shaped.    Filaments  slender,  elongated Nos.  1,  2 

*  Leaves  lanceolate  to  linear,  very  rarely  with  narrow,  base  lobes.,  .(a) 

a  Filaments  as  long  as  the  anthers.    Pedicels  all  subequal No.  3 

a  Filaments  thick,  shorter  than  anthers.— a;  Fertile  pedicels  very  short No.  4 

—X  Pedicels  subequal Nos.  5,  (. 

1  S.  variabilis  Eng.    Scape  l—2f,  12-angled  ;  sterile  pedicds  twice  longer  than  the 

fertile  ;  filaments  much  longer  than  the  anthers  ;  achenia  with  a  conspicuous  averted 
beak.    Waters;  common.     Flowers  about  1' broad.    Varies  exceedingly 

a    Leaves  lanceolate,  with  lance-linear  lobes  of  the  same  length. 

p.  offlttfia.    Leaves  ample  (<5— 10').  broad-ovate,  obtuse.    Fls   ^5.    M.,  W.,  and  S. 

y.  lalif'olitt.    Leaves  ample,  ovate,  acute,  their  lobes  o\ate,  pointed. 

S.  g-rdrilifr.    Leaves  and  their  spreading  lobes  long,  linear,  acute. 

f  _  pubesrenf.    Plant  pubescent  all  over ;  leaves  and  lobes  ovate. 

2  S.  falyciiia  ring.    Scape  soon  procumbent;  pedicels  all  subequal;  bracts  round- 

ish ;  calyx  closed  on  the  fruit ;  filaments  as  long  as  the  anthers.    Waters.    Leaves  as 
ill  No.  1,  but  sometimes  all  linear  and  floating. 


324  Okder  135.— IIYDR0CHARIDACEJ5. 

3  S,  lanceoltita  L.    Leaves  lance-oblong,  rarely  linear,  tapering  to  the  long  petiole ; 

scape  branched;  2— 3f ;  achenia  obovate-falcate.    Swamps,  Va.  to  Fla. 

4  S.  heteropliylla  Ph.    Leaves  linear-lanceolate,  rarely  some  of  them  with  1  or  3 

base  lobes  ;  scape  simple,  weak ;  achenia  narrow,  long-boaked.    Common  S.  and  W. 

5  S.  gramiiiea  Mx.    Scape  erect,  slender,  5— 2(K ;  leaves  lance-ovate  to  linear,  rarely 

sagittate  ;  pedicels  all  equally  slender ;  achenia  beakless  ;  flowers  8—9"  diameter. 
j8.  platyphylla.    Leaves  lance-ovate  ;  flowers  larger,  V  broad.    South. 

6  S.  pnsilla  N.    Scape  shorter  than  the  leaves  (2—40  ;  leaves  linear,  shorter  than  the 

petioles  ;  flowers  few,  the  fertile  but  one,  deflexed  ;  stamens  about  7.    N.  J.,  and  S. 

7  S.  natans  Mx.    Scape  mostly  erect,  3—6' ;  leaves  oval-lanceolate,  floating,  obtuse, 

Sveiued ;  lower  pedicels  longest ;  achenia  angular,  short-beaked.    South. 

5.  TRIGLOCHIN,  L.  Arrow-grass.  Sepals  and  petals  concave, 
deciduous  (green).  Sta.  6,  very  short,  antli.  large,  extrorse.  Ova.  1-ovuled, 
3 — 6,  united  and  indeliisceut  in  fruit.  U  liCaves  all  radical,  grass-like 
Scape  jointless,  and  bractless.    Flowers  small.    July. 

1  T.  maritlmum  L.    Fruit  ovate-oblong,  grooved,  of  6   united   carpels ;    scape 

longer  (9—180  than  the  leaves.    Salt  marshes  and  Lake  shores,  northward. 

2  T.  palustre  L.    Fruit  nearly  linear,  of  3  united  carpels;  scape  scarcely  longer 

than  the  numerous  and  very  narrow  leaves.    Marshes,  N.  Y.,  and  N.    6—12'. 

6.  SCHEUCHZERIA,  L.  Sep.  and  pet.  oblong,  acute,  persistent.  Sta. 
6,  with  linear  anthers.  Ovaries  1-2-ovuled,  becoming  flattened  inflated 
capsules,     if  Leaves  cauline,  sheathing  at  base,  linear. 

S.  palustris  L.— A  rush-like  plant,  in  swamps,  Vt.  to  111.  (J.  Wolf).  Eoot-stock  hori- 
zontal, fleshy.  Stem  If.  Leaves  semicylindric,  4—8'.  Flowers  yellowish  green,  in  a 
bracted  raceme.    Stamenif  large,  exscrtcd.    July. 

Order  CXXXV.    IIYDROCHARIDACE^.    Frogbits. 

Aquatic  herhs^  with  parallel- veined  leates  and  (WcWnoxm  flowers  solitary  or 
spicate.  Perianth  regular,  3-6-partcd,  the  inner  segments  petaloid.  Sta- 
mens 3 — 12.  Ovary  adherent,  1-9-celled,  with  3,  G,  or  9  stigmas.  F^ruit 
dry  or  juicy,  oo-seeded,  indehiscent, 

•  Leaves  all  radical,  roundish,  floating  in  stagnant  waters Limnobidm.      1 

•  Leaves  opposite  or  verticillate  in  3's  and  4's  on  the  stems,  submersed Anacharis.     2 

•  Leaves  all  radical,  grass-like,  in  water Vallisneuia.  3 

1.  LIMNOBIUM,  Rich.  Frog's-bit.  Fls.  8 .  Spathes  subsessile,  the 
S  1-leaved,  about  3-flwd.,  the  $  2-leaved,  1-flwd.    Perianth  showy,  white. 

Sta.  6 — 12  (mere  rudiments  in  $).    Ov.  6-9-celled,  becoming  a  co-seeded 
berry.     U  c  Stoloniferous.    Lvs.  on  long  stalks,  subcordate.    July,  Aug. 
li.  Sp6n^:ia  Rich.— Lake  Ont.  (rare),  and  S.    Lvs.  1— IJ',  pui-plish  and  spongy  beneath 

2,  ANACHARIS,  Rich.  Ditch  Moss.  Fls.  5  5  2,  solitary.  Spathe 
axillary,  bifid.  Perianth  6-parted,  colored,  small,  the  fertile  excessively 
produced  above  the  adherent  ovary  into  a  capillary  tube.  Style  capillary, 
with  3  large  stigmas.  Fruit  few-seeded,  if  ^^  Wholly  submersed.  Aug. 
A.  Canadensis  Plane.  Stems  filiform,  long,  forking;  very  leafy;  leaves  linear-ob- 
long, serrulate,  5—10"  ;  tube  of  the  dingy-white  fls.  2—10'  long  I    Streams  and  bogs. 


Order  137.— ORCHIDACE^.  325 

3.  VALLISNERIA,  Mich.  Eel-grass.  Fls.  6  ? .  Spatlie  ovate,  3- 
4-partecl.  $  Spadix  f)r  spike  covered  with  minute  naked  fls.  ?  Fl.  soli- 
tary, a  slender  perianth  with  linear  segm.  and  3  bifid  stig.     Fr.  cylindrical, 

00  -seeded,    .it^c^  Fertile  flowers  on  long  spiral  scapes,    July,  Aug. 

V.  isipiralis  L.    Lvs.  1— 2f  long,  obtuse,  y  wide,  scapes  of  the  sterile  plants  shoit,  of 
the  fertile  filifcrm,  tortuous,  2— 4f,  bearing  the  single  white  fl.  at  or  near  the  surface. 

Order  CXXXVI.    BURMANNIACE^. 

Small  annual  herbs,  with  naked  or  scaly  stems  and  scale-like  tufted  leaves. 
Flowers  perfect.  Perianth  tubular,  6-toothed,  adherent  Stamens  3  or  0. 
Ca2)sule  1-  or  3-celled.      Seeds  oo,  minute,  in  a  loose  testa. 

1.  APTERIA,  K.  Perianth  tube  longer  than  the  slender  teeth,  which 
are  alternately  narrower.    Caps,  globular,  1-celled.    (i)  Apparently  leafless. 

A.  setacea  N,    Erect,  very  slender,  4— Gf,  with  remote  subulate  scales,  and  bearing 
above  1  or  2  racemes ;  flowers  3—4",  purplis^h,  distant.    Woods,  Fla.,  and  W. 

2.  BURMANNIA,  L.  Perianth  tube  scarcely  produced  above  the 
ovary,  often  3-winged  below,  limb  with  the  3  inner  teeth  much  shorter. 
Capsule  prismatic,  often  3-winged,  3-celled.    (i)  Leafless. 

1  B.  biflora  L,    Stems  capillary,  simple,  2—3',  with  scarcely  perceptible  bracts,  and 

1  or  2  (rarely  more)  light-blue  flowers,  2—3"  long  at  top.    Swamps,  Va.,  and  S.    Oct. 

2  B.  capitata  (L),    Stem  setaceous,  6— 8^  simple,  bearing  at  top  a  dense  cluster  of 

white  flowers,  and  a  few  subulate  bracts.    Uplands,  S, :  less  common,    Sept. 

Order  CXXXVII.    ORCHIDACE^.    Orchids. 

Herbs  perennial  with  fleshy  roots,  simple,  entire,  parallel-veined  leaves. 
Flowers  very  irregular,  with  an  adherent,  ringent  perianth  of  6  parts.  Sepals 
3,  usually  colored.  Petals  3,  odd  one  (lowest  by  the  twisting  of  the  ovary), 
called  the  lip,  diverse  in  form  from  the  others,  sometimes  lobed,  often  spur- 
red. Stamens  3,  gynandrous  (consolidated  with  the  style),  some  of  them 
abortive,  pollen  powdery  or  waxy.  Ovat^  inferior,  1-celled,  capsule  3-valved. 
Seeds  innumerable.    Figs.  71, 105,  240,  247,  b.  263,  291,  435. 

S  CYPRIPEDIKjE.     Anthers,  the  2  lateral  fertile,  the  terminal  petaloid. .  .(a) 

a  Lip  a  lar^e,  inflated,  spurless  sac.     Petals  and  sepals  spreading Cyprifedium.     1 

S  .OPHKYDE^,  Ac.    Anthers,  only  the  upper  one  fertile,  2-cened. ..(b) 

b  Lip  a  large  inflated  sac,  2-sp\irred  under  the  apex.    Leaf  1 Calypso,  ' 

h  Lip  produced  behind  into  a  spur,  which  is  free  from  the  ovary. .  .(c) 
b  Lip  spurless,  or  the  spur  adheres  to  the  ovary  (except  in  No.  13)... (J) 

c  Anther  fixed  ;  pollen-masses  2,  club-shaped,  in  2  separate  cells c  Orchis.  3 

c  Anther  lid-like,  on  the  end  of  the  stigma  ;  pollen-masses  4 TiPULARU  4 

d  Plants  brown  and  leafless,  rarely  with  radical  leaves... (e) 
d  Plants  green  and  (except  No.  10)  furnished  with  leaves... (m) 

c  Lip  hooded,  1.  e.,  its  margins  involute.    Perianth  spreading., Bletia.  1 

e  Lip  concave,  sessile,  often  with  an  adnate  spur CorallOrbiza.  6 

t  Lip  concave,  raised  on  a  claw.     Plant  with  1  late  leaf Aplkctrum.         7 

m  Lip  fiat,     l-'lowers  obscure,  in  racemes,  nearly  bractle8S...(/i) 

m  Lip  flat,  expanded  and  lobed,  tubercled  at  base.     Flowers  showy OliCIDinU.  8 

in  Lip  channelled,  relexed,     riowers_whitish,  in  bracted  spikes... (o) 
fH  Lip  bearded  c I  ;i-lobed.     Stamen  lid  like.     Flowers  showy.,  .(x) 


326  Ordeh  137— ORCIIIDACE^E. 

n  Lip  entire,  dilated.    Column  minute.     (Leaf  1) Micbostyus.  9 

n  Lip  sagittate  or  cordate.    Column  elongated.    Leaves  2 Lippakis.  10 

n  Lip  2-lobed  or  cleft  at  apex.    Leaves  2  cauline,  opposite Listera.  H 

o  Lip  with  2  lateral  callosities,  not  at  all  saccate Spiranthes.  12 

e  Lip  without  callosities,  saccate,  or  even  spurred  at  base Goodykka.  13 

X  Flowers  greenish.    Lip  posterior,  and  beardless I*okthieva.  14 

X  Flowers  purple.    Lip  posterior,  and  bearded Calopogos.  15 

X  Flowers  purplish.    Lip  anterior  (as  in  most  Orchids). ..(y) 

y  Column  free  from  the  lip.    Calyx  spreading Pooonia.  16 

y  Column  adnate  to  the  lip  below.    Calyx  erect.    Leaves  0 Arethusa.  17 

y  Column  adherent  to  the  Up.    Calyx  spreading.    On  trees,  South Epidekdrum.  18 

1.  OYPRIPBDIUM,  L.  Lady's  Slipper.  The  2  lower  sepals  united 
into  1  leaf,  or  rarely  distinct.  Pet.  spreading.  Lip  inflated,  saccate,  ob- 
tuse. Column  terminated  by  a  petaloid  lobe  (barren  stamen),  and  bearing 
a  2-celled  anther  under  each  wing.  U  With  large  plaited  leaves  and  large 
Bhowy  flowers.    May,  June.    Fig.  7L 

§  Sepals  3,  the  two  lower  entirely  distinct.    Stem  leafy , No.  1 

§  Sepals  2,  the  lower  composed  of  two  united  nearly  to  the  tip.,  .(a) 

a  Stem  a  leafless  scape,  2-leaved  at  base.    Flower  rose-colored No.  2 

a  Stem  leafy.— a;  Flowers  solitary  or  several,  white  or  rose-colored Nos.  3,  4 

—X  Flowers  1  —3,  mostly  1,  yellow.    Plant  pubescent Nos.  5,  6 

1  C.  arietinum  Ait.    Ram's  Head.    Stems  usually  clustered,  8—12',  each  1-  or  2- 

flwd. ;  leaves  elliptical ;  upper  sep.  oblong-ovate,  the  lateral  sep.  and  pet.  lin. -lanceo- 
late, lip  obconic,  as  lonj?  as  the  pet.    Damp  woods,  N.  Eng.  to  Wis.,  and  N.    Curious. 

2  C.  acaitle  Ait.    Scape  10—14',  bearing  a  single  large  (2')  flower;  Ivs.  elliptic-oblong; 

pet.  lanceolate,  shorter  than  the  large  boat-shaped  lip.    In  damp  woods.    Beautiful. 

3  C.  spectabile  Sw.    Stem  leafy,  2f,  hairy;  Ivs.  lance-ovate,  acuminate  ;  sep.  broad- 

ovate,  obtuse,  the  lower  (double)  one  smaller  ;  lip  2',  white-purple.  Swamps.  Superb. 

4  C.  candidnni  Wilkl.    St.  leafy,  If;  Ivs.  oblong-lanceolate,  acute;  fl.  1 ;  sep.  sub- 

equal  ;  lip  1',  compressed,  white,  shorter  than  the  (2')  pet.    Woods  and  prairies. 

5  C.  parviflorum  Salisb.    St.  very  leafy,  8—12' ;  Ivs.  lanceolate,  acuminate  ;  sepals 

ovate  to  lance-ovate  ;  lip  depressed,  shorter  than  the  petals.    Low  woods  and  prairies. 
'6  C.  j>ubesceii8  Sw.    Large  Yellow  L.    Stems  usually  clustered.  If  or  more  ;  leaves 
broadly  lanceolate,  acuminate  ;  sepals  lanceolate  ;  lip  compressed  laterally,  moccasin- 
shaped,  shorter  than  the  linear,  twisted  petals.    W^oods,  meadows,  and  prairies. 

2.  CALYPSO,  Salisb.     Sep.  and  pet.  subequal,  ascending.     Lip  large, 
inflated,  with  2  spurs  dependent  beneath  near  the  apex.    Column  petaloid. 
Pollinia  4.     if  Scape  1-leafed  at  base,  1-flwd.  above,  arising  from  a  conn. 
C.  borealis  Salisb.— Old  mossy  woods,  Vt.,  N.  Y.,  W.  to  Oregon  !    Scape  6—8' ;  leaf 

broad-ovate,  1—2';  flowers  purple  and  yellow,  U'.    Rare  eastward.    May. 

3.  ORCHIS,  L.  Sepals  and  pet.  similar,  some  of  them  ascending  and 
arching  over  the  column.  Lip  turned  downward,  produced  at  base  into  a 
spur  which  is  free  from  the  twisted  ovary.  Sta.  1,  anth.  2-celled,  a  i)ollen- 
mass  in  each  cell. — Fls.  racemcd  on  the  stem  or  scape.  June — August 
^Includes  Habenaria,  Gynmadenia,  and  I'latanthera.) 

*  Leaves  only  2, — o  ovate,  nearly  as  long  as  scape.    Flowers  rose-white No.  1 

—a  roundish,  the  scape  much  longer.    Flo'-ers  greenish..  .Nos.  i,  3 

♦  Leaf  only  1.    Flowers  greenish-white.    Lip  entire  or  3-k»  ■ed  Noe.  4,  5 

•  Leaves  several,  clothing  the  stem  more  or  less. .  .{b) 

b  L:p  undivided,— c  entire,  white  or  greenish Nob.  6,  7 


OitDER  137.— ORCIIIDACEiE.  327 

— c  crenulatc  or  wavy,  white  or  yellow Nos.  8.  U 

— c  3-toothed.     Flowers  yellowish  or  greenish Nos.  10 — 12 

—c  fringed.    Flowers  bright  yellow  or  white No:».  13—15 

d  Lip  3-parted,— a;  segments  fringed.    Flowers  white  or  greenish Nos.  16,  17 

—X  segments  fringed.    Flowers  purple Nos.  18, 19 

—X  segments  merely  toothed.    Flowers  violet-purple No.  20 

—X  segments  entire,  long,  linear-setaceous Nos.  21,  22 

1  O.  spectabiUs  L.    Lvs.  rardy  more  than  2,  3—6' ;  scape  4—6',  bearing  1  or  2  lanceo- 

late bracts  and  3—5  showy  flowers  above  ;  spur  clavate.    Rocky  thickets.    Pretty. 

2  O.  orblculata  Ph.     Lvs.  2,  roundish,  3—6',  fleshy;  scape  bracted,  1— 2f;  upper 

sepals  round,  the  lateral  ovate,  half  as  long  as  the  lip  (9— 12")-    Woods,  E.  and  W. 

3  O.  Hookcri  Wood.    Lvs.  2,  round-oval,  fleshy,  4— .5' ;  scape  naked,  8—12';  upper 

sepals  ovate,  erect,  the  lateral  deflexed  and  meeting  behind  ;  spur  1'.    Woods,  N. 

4  O.  obtu.sata  Ph.    Leaf  oblong-ovate,  obtuse,  2—3',  near  the  base  of  the  stem;  lip 

linear,  entire,  with  2  tubercles  at  base,  as  long  as  the  spur.    In  mud,  N. 

5  O.  rotwndifolia  Ph.    Leaf  round-ovate,  radical;  scape  few-flowered;  lip  3-lobed, 

obcordate,  side  lobes  falcate ;  spur  as  long  as  the  lip.    Penn.,  and  N. 

6  O.  liypertoorea  Willd.    Lvs.  very  erect,  lanceolate;  spike  long:  bracts  longer  than 

the  greerJsii  flowers  ;  petals  and  lip  linear,  subequal.    Shades,  northward.    1— 4f. 

7  O.  dilatata  Ph.    Slender,  8'— 2f;  lvs.  lance-linear  and  linear ;  spike  virgate  ;  bracte 

short ;  flowers  white  ;  lip  linear,  dilated-rhombic  at  base.    Swamps,  N. 

8  O.  nivea  Baldw.    Very  slender,  1— 2f ;  lowest  leaf  linear,  6—8',  the  others  subu- 

late, bract-like ;  flowers  white,  in  an  obiong  spike  ;  lips  oblong.    South. 

9  O.  Integra  N.    Stem  leafy,  flexuous,  12—15';  lvs.  narrow-lanceolate;  spike  dense, 

oval ;  flowers  orange-yellow  ;  lip  ovate,  longer  than  sepals.    Swamps,  N.  J.,  and  S. 

10  O.  tridentata  Willd.  St.  slender,  12—18';  lowest  leaf  linear-oblong,  obtuse,  C, 
the  others  few,  small  and  bract-like  ;  fls.  few,  greenish ;  lip  3-toothed  at  end.  Woods. 

1 1  O.  bracteata  Muhl.  St.  leafy  ;  lvs.  oblong,  obtuse  or  acutish ;  bracts  2—3  times 
longer  than  the  small  green  fls. :  lip  3-(or  2-)toothedat  end,  lin.-cuneate.  Shades.  6—9'. 

12  O.  flava  L.  St.  leafy ;  lvs.  oblong  to  lanceolate  ;  bracts  longer  than  the  yellowish- 
brown  flowers  ;  lip  oblong,  obtuse,  a  tooth  each  side  at  base,  and  a  tubercle  in  the 
palate ;  spur  shorter  than  the  ovary.    Alluvial  soils.     (0.  virescens  Muhl.) 

1  3  O.  cristata  Ms.  Slender,  H— 2f;  leaves  lance-linear  to  linear;  flowers  numerous, 
small,  yellow ;  sep.  and  pet.  roundish,  1—2"  ;  spur  \  as  long  as  ovary.    N.  J.,  and  S. 

14  O.  ciliaris*  L.  Yellow  Fringed  Orchis.  Stem2f;  leaves  lanceolate  ;  flowers  large, 
numerous,  orange-colored  :  lip  4"  long,  twice  longer  than  the  linear,  notched  petals  , 
spur  T.    Swamps.    Delicately  beautiful. 

15  O.  Blcpliariglottis  Willd.  White  Fringed  Orchis.  Stem  l—2f ;  leaves  lanceo- 
late ;  flowers  pure  white  ;  lip  fringed  in  the  middle,  2"  long,  lanceolate  ;  spur  much 
longer  (1').    Swamps,  N.  Y.  to  Car.,  and  westward. 

IG  O.  likcera  Mx.  Fagged  0.  St.  smooth,  slender,  1— 2f;  leaves  oblong  to  linear, 
bracts  longer  than  the  flowers  ;  sepals  retuse ;  petals  emarginate ;  flowers  GO  ;  lip 
segments  capillaceous-multifid  ;  spur  as  long  as  the  ovary.    Meadows. 

17  O.  leiicoplijea  N.  White  Prairie  0.  Lvs.  lanceolate,  tapering  to  a  narrow  ob- 
tuse point  ;  bracts  shorter  than  the  ovaries;  fls.  about  12;  spur  yellowish,  curved, 
twice  longer  than  the  ovary  ;  petals  white.     Wet  prairies. 

IS  O.  Psyoodes  L.  Pvrple  Fringed  O.  Leaves  lanceolate  :  lip  segments  cimciform, 
scarci'ly  longer  than  the  ovate,  crenulate.  slightly  fringed  petals  ;  spur  longer  than 
the  ovary.     Meadows.     U— 2if.     Flowers  light  purple. 

19  O.  graudiflora  Bw.  Large  Fringed  O.  Tall,  2— 3f;  lvs.  oval,  oblong,  and  lin- 
ear, obtuse  ;  lip  segments  dependent,  fan-shaped,  twice  longer  than  the  fringed  pet- 
als.   Wet  meadows.  Penn..  and  N.     Superb.     (O.  fimbriata.) 

20  O.  pcranitjena  (Gr.)  Tall,  leafy  ;  leaves  lanceolate  to  lance-linear;  sepals  round- 
ovate;  i)etals  denticulate;  lip  middle  segment  2-lobed,  all  merely  toothed;  spa 
■on.;er  than  the  «)vary.     Pa.  to  Ind..  au«i  S.     Flowers  20— .'W,  large. 


328  Order  137.— ORCIIIDACE^. 

21  O.  Jnicliauxii  (N.)  Very  leafy;  leaves  elliptic-oval,  the  upper  reduced;  flowers 
few,  white ;  petals  2-parted,  the  lower  divisions  linear-petaceous,  like  those  of  the 
lip  ;  spur  twice  as  long  as  the  ovary  ;  flowers  white.    South. 

22  O.  repens  (N.)  Stem  very  leafy  from  a  creeping  rhizome  ;  leaves  all  lance-linear, 
long  ;  flowers  greenish-yellow,  dense  in  the  spike,  much  Bmaller  than  in  No.  21,  but 
otherwise  similar.    Pine-barrens,  S.    August,  September. 

4.  TIPULARIA,  N.  Sepals  spatulate,  spreading.  Petals  lauce-liuear. 
Lip  sessile,  3-lobecl,  middle  lobe  linear.  Spur  filiform,  very  long.  Column 
free.  Anth.  opening  by  a  lid,  with  4  pollen-masses,  if  Conns  several, 
connected  by  a  thick  fibre.    Leaf  1.    Flowers  bractless. 

T.  discolor  N.— Pine  woods,  Vt.  to  Ga.  Leaf  ovate,  petiolate,  2—3'.  Scape  10-15' ; 
raceme  with  many  small,  greenish,  nodding  flowers.    July. 

5.  BLETIA,  R  &  P.  Pet.  and  sep.  subequal,  distinct.  Lip  hooded 
at  end  (spurless  in  our  species).  Column  free.  Pollinia  8,  in  pairs,  waxy, 
each  pair  pedicellate.     U  Flowers  racemed,  showy. 

1  B.  apliylla  N.    Leafless  ;  scape  15—30',  with  few  bracts  ;  racemes  long  and  loose ; 

flowers  purplish  and  yellowish-brown  ;  lip  3-lobed.    Swamps,  S.    August. 

2  B.  vereciinda  II.  K.    Leaves  all  radical,  broad-lanceolate;  scape  2— 3f;  flowers 

purple,  large  and  showy ;  lip  broad  and  crisp  at  the  end.    Ga.,  Fla.    July. 

6.  OORALLORHIZA,  Br.  Coral-root.  Sepals  and  petals  subequal, 
converging.  Lip  produced  behind  into  a  spur,  which  is  adnate  to  the 
ovary  or  obsolete.  Pollinia  4.  71  Plants  leafless,  brown,  arising  from 
coralline  roots,  sheathed  with  bracts.    Flowers  racemed.    Fig.  340. 

*  Spur  conspicuously  prominent,  but  adnate.    Lip  3-lobed No.  1 

♦  Spur  wholly  obliterated.— cc  Lip  crenulate,  wavy,  not  at  all  lobed No.  3 

— X  Lip  entire,  slightly  toothed  near  the  base Nos.  3,  4 

1  C.  multiflora  N.    Scape  10—15',  all  brownish-purple,  bearing  15—20  fls.  in  a  long 

rac. ;  lip  3-lobed,  white,  spotted,  3—4"  ;  caps,  elliptical,  pendulous.   Woods,  M .,  N.    Jl. 

2  C.  odoiitorliiza  N.    Scape  9— 14',  all  brownish-purple,  bearing  10— 20  fls.  in  a  long 

spike ;  lip  undivided,  oval,  obtuse,  spotted  ?  caps,  roundish,  reflexed.    Old  woods.    Jl. 

3  C  innata  Br.    Scape  5-10-flwd. ;  lip  oblong,  angularly  2-toothed  toward  the  baso', 

ispotless.  white;  caps,  elliptic-obovoid.  reflexed.    Damp  woods,  N. :  rare.    5 — 8'.   Jn. 

4  C  Macriei  Gr.    Scape  15-20-flwd.,  fls.  large ;  lip  oval,  obtuse,  obscurely  auriculate 

at  base  ;  caps,  oval,  G",  reflexed  ;  sepals  and  petals  0".    N.  II.,  N.  and  W.    10—10'. 

7.  APLECTRUM,  N.  Adam-and-Eve.  Putty-root.  Sepals  and 
petals  distinct,  subequal,  converging.  Lip  unguiculate,  3-lobed,  middle  lobe 
crenulate.  Spur  0.  Column  free,  anth.  a  little  below  the  apex,  pollinia  4, 
lens-shaped,  if  Root  a  globous  corm.  Leaf  1,  large,  biennial.  Scape  after 
the  leaf,  bracted,  racemed,  and  brown,  as  in  Corallorhiza.    Fig.  2G3. 

A.,  liycniale  N.— "Woods  :  rare.  Corm  near  1'  diam.,  a  new  one  each  year.  Leaf  ellip- 
tic-ovate, 3—5',  green  all  Winter.    Scape  12 — 18',  with  a  dozen  brownish  flowers. 

8.  ONCIDIUM,  Sw.  Lip  expanded,  lobed,  lubercled  at  base.  Perianth 
expanding.  Sepals  sometimes  but  2.  Column  winged.  Pollen  masses  2, 
each  2-iobed.  U  Splendid  flowers,  tropical,  of  easy  culture  in  the  green- 
house.   Flowci*s  large,  in  open  racemes,  olive,  yellow,  &c. 


Order  137.- ORCIIIDACE.E.  329 

1  O.  FLEXudsuM.    Scape  panicled,  arising  from  the  base  of  a  bulb  ;  leaves  lanceolate ; 

lip  2-lobed,  spotted,  much  longer  than  the  other  petals.    Brazil. 

2  O.  LURiDUM.    Scape  erect,  branched;  leaves  elliptical;  lip  reniform,  not  longer  than 

the  wavy,  retuse  petals  ;  flowers  large,  olive-colored.    From  S.  America.    2f. 

3  O.  Papilio,  has  one  spotted  ovate  leaf  and  large  yellow-red  butterfly-shaped  flowers. 

9.  MICRO STYLIS,  N.  Sepals  spreading,  petals  filiform  or  linear,  lip 
concave,  sessile.  Column  minute,  with  2  teeth  or  lobes  at  tip.  Pollinia  4. 
U  Root  tuberous,  with  1  or  2  leaves  and  small  racemed  flowers. 

1  III.  opliloglossoidcB  N.    St.  5— JK,  with  a  single  ovate  (2')  leaf  near  the  middle , 

rac.  short  (l')i  ped.  much  longer  than  the  minute  whitish  flowers.  Woods,  N.    June. 

2  M.  monopbyilus  Lindl.    St.  2— 6^  3-angled,  with  a  single  ovate  leaf;  rac.  elonga- 

ted, 20-40-flowered  ;  pedicels  about  as  long  as  the  flowers  (2'')'  Woods,  N. :  rare.    Jl. 

10.  LIPPARIS,  Rich.  Tway-blade.  Sep.  and  pet.  very  narrow.  Lip 
spreadinc]^,  flat.  Column  winged.  Pollinia  4,  parallel  with  each  other,  with- 
out pedicels  or  glands.  U  Root  tuberous,  with  2  Ivs.  and  a.  rac.  of  greenish  fis. 

1  li.  lilifolia  Rich.    Scape  about  6';  leaves  2,  radical,  lance-ovate,  3 — 4';  petals  fili- 

form, reflexed ;  lip  purple,  6",  abruptly  cuspidate ;  pedicels  1'.    Damp  woods.   June. 

2  Li.  liCeselil  Rich.    Scape  3—5',  about  6-flowered ;  pedicels  2"  ;  lip  2'\  oblong,  mu 

cronate,  incurved,  wavy ;  sepals  and  petals  linear.    Fields,  Can.  to  Penn.    June. 

11.  LISTERA,  Br.  Tway-blade.  Sep.  and  pet.  subequal,  lip  pendu- 
lous, 2-lobed  or  2-cleft.  Column  wingless,  anth.  dorsal,  pollen  powdery. 
It  Root  fibrous.  Stem  (4 — 9')  with  2  opposite  leaves  abov-3  the  middle. 
Flowers  small,  racemed.    May — July,  in  damp  woods. 

1  li.  cordata  Br.    Lve.  roundish,  subcordate,  acute;  fls.  10—15,  in  a  short  raceme; 

pedicels  length  of  the  ovary ;  lip-Begr:;ent  linear,  length  of  the  sepals.    Penn.,  and  N. 

2  li,  australls  Lindl.   Lvs.  ovate  ;  fls.  in  a  loose  raceme  ;  ped.  3—4  times  longer  than 

the  ovary  ;  lip-segment  linear-setaceous,  twice  the  length  of  the  sepals.    N.  J.,  and  S. 

3  li.  convallarloides  Hook.    Lvs.  round-oval ;  fls.  few,  loose,  on  slender  pedicels  ; 

lip  twice  the  length  of  the  sepals  (4"),  2-lobcd  at  the  dilated  apex.    Ga.,  and  N. 

12.  SPIRANTHES,  Rich.  Ladies'  Tresses.  Spike  spiral.  Perianth 
ringent,  the  3  upper  pieces  ascending  and  connivent,  lip  oblong,  recurved, 
channelled,  the  base  embracing  the  column,  and  with  2  callous  processes. 
Stigma  ovate,  beakod,  2-toothed  at  tip.  Anthers  dorsal,  pollinia  2,  each 
2-lobed,  powdery.  U  Stem  nearly  naked,  bearing  many  white  flowers, 
bent  to  a  horizontal  position. 

*  Spike  dense,  with  the  flowers  on  all  sides.  Lvs.  present  with  the  flowers.. Nos.  1—3 

*  Spike  slender,  flowers  all  in  1  straight  or  spiral  row.— x  Lvs.  permanent. .  ..Nos.  4— ♦) 

—X  Lvs.  evanescent Nos.  7,  8 

1  S.  c^rnua  Rich.    Leaves  lance-linear,  the  upper  bract-like  ;  spike  oblong  to  cylin- 

dric,  2 — 4' ;  lip  very  obtuse,  crenulate-wavy,  conduplicate  and  recurved  ;  ijcpals  and 
petals  not  connivent,  4— 5".    Wet.    9—20'.    Aug.— Oct. 

2  S.  Roiiianasovia.na  Cham.    Lvs.  lance-oblong  to  linear ;  spike  dense,  1—3' ;  lip 

muck  recurved,  ovate-oblong,  crenulate-wavy  ;  sepals  and  petals  all  connivent  above 
into  a  galea.    Bogs,  Me.  (Miss  Towle)  to  Lake  Superior  (Prof.  Porter).    July,  Aug. 

3  S.  latifolla  Torr,    Loaves  nearly  radical,  3-5-vuined,  lance-oblong ;  scape  bractetl, 

4—8' ;  flowers  small  (2—3') ;  plant  glabrous.    Meadows,  Penn.,  and  N.    June,  July. 

4  S.  odorata  N.    St.  stout,  1— 2f;  lvs.  lance-oblong;  fls.  yellowish,  fragrant,  6'',  in  a 

epiral  row,  with  leafy  bracts ;  lip  2-tDothed  at  base.    Muddy  streams,  S.    October. 


330  OiiDEii  137.— ORCIIIDACEiE. 

5  S.  s:raiuiuea  Liudl.    Lvs.  below  lancc-liucar  to  liuear,  the  cauliue  mere  sheaths  ; 

spike  dense,  much  t\vif  ted ;  flowers  white,  3—5",  pubescent,  scarcely  ringent ;  lip 
oblong-ovate,  crisped,  obtuse.    Wet  meadows.    June— Aug,    (S.  tortilis  C-B.) 

6  S.  'brevifolla  Chapm.     Lowest  leaves  elliptical,  evanescent,  cauline  bract-like ; 

flowep=  5—15,  in  a  nearly  straight  row,  ringent,  3—4"  ;  lip  entire.    S. 

7  S.  gracilis  Bigcl.    Lvs.  all  radical,  ovate  to  oblong,  fugacious;  scape  very  slender, 

8—18',  with  a  few  bracts  ;  flowers  o— ^'^  in  a  nearly  straight  row,  pure  white  ;  root 
fasciculate  ;  plant  glabrous.    Woods  :  common.    July,  Aug. 

8  S.  simi>lex  Gr.    Lvs.  all  radical,  fugacious  ;  scape  5—9',  flowers  very  small  (1—2") 

in  a  tnin  i-mucJi  eVlVvc  ;  lip  obovate-oblong.    Dry,  N.  J.  (Porter),  and  S. 

13.  GOODYERA,  Br.  Rattlesnake  Plantain.  Spike  and  periautli 
as  in  Spirantlics.  Lip  sessile,  concave  or  sack-like  or  even  spnr-like  at 
base,  contracted  at  the  end  to  a  reflexed,  channelled  point.  U  Root-stock 
creeping,  branching.    Leaves  ovate,  on  slieathing  petioles. 

*  Leaves  radical,  generally  netted  with  white  veins.    Lip  not  spurred Nos.  1,  2 

*  Leaves  cauline,  uniformly  green.    Lip  spurred  at  the  base  behind No.  3 

1  G.  l?Ienzit5Sii  Lindl.    Lip  concave  at  base,  gradually  narrowed  and  folded  at  apex  ; 

leaves  elliptic-ovate  ;  scape  9—12' ;  spike  loose-flc-wered  ;  flowers  pubescent  (as  are 
Nos.  2  and  3),  svberect.    Woods,  N.  Y.  to  Mieh.  (Dr.  Leidy)  and  Oreg. !    July,  Aug. 

2  G.  repens  Br.    Lip  saccate-inflated  at  base  ;  leaves  ovate,  beautifully  netted ;  scap^i 

G — 12' ;  flowers  ovoid,  nodding,  in  1  row,  which  is  more  or  less  spiral :  perianth  green- 
ish, about  2"  long  and  nearly  as  wide.    Woods.    June,  July.    (G.  pubescens  Br.) 

3  G.  quercicola  Lindl.    Rooting  on  the  bark  of  Oaks,  &c. ;  stem  leafy ;  lvs.  lance- 

ovate,  thin  ;   spike  glabrous,  dense,  6—20" ;   sheaths  and  bracts  membranous ;   lip 
ovate  at  apex,  the  spur  pouch-like,  half  as  long  as  the  ovary.    Fla.  to  La.    G— 12'. 

14.  PONTHIEVA,  Br.  Lip  on  the  upper  or  inner  side,  ovate,  spread- 
ing, and  with  the  other  petals  inserted  into  the  middle  of  the  column. 
Anthers  with  4  pollinia.    Otherwise  like  Spirauthes. 

P.  glaiidiilosa  Br.    Lvs.  radical,  oblong-oval;  root  fasciculate;  scape  If,  bracled, 
with  a  spike  of  many  greenish  pubescent  fls.    Woods,  S,    Sept.,  Oct.    (Cranichis  N.) 

15.  CALOPOGON,  Br.  Gkass  Pink.  Sejials  and  petals  similar,  dis- 
tinct. Lip  on  the  upper  (inner)  side  (the  ovary  not  twisted),  unguicnlate, 
bearded.  Column  free,  winged  at  the  summit.  li  Corm  bearing  a  grass- 
like leaf,  and  a  scape  with  several  showy  flowers. 

€•  pulcliellus  Br.    Leaf  linear,  8—12'  by  6",  veined ;  fls.  3—8,  large,  purple ;  lip  spat 
ulate,  crested  with  colored  hairs,  erect  over  the  column.    Wet  meadows.    June,  July. 

16.  POGONIA,  Juss.  Perianth  irregular,  its  pieces  distinct.  Lip  ses- 
sile or  unguiculate,  hooded,  bearded  inside.  Column  wingless,  free.  Anth. 
terminal,  lid-form,  with  2  pollinia.     li 

%  Sepals  about  eqiuU,  and  similar  to  the  petals,  light  purple.  Lip  scarcely  lobed.  .Nos.  1,  2 
§  Sepals  much  longer  than,  and  unlike  the  petals,  dark  brown.    Lip  3-lobed  .  .Nos.  3,  4 

1  P.  opliioglossoidcs  N.    Root  fibrous  ;  stem  9— 16',  with  an  oval-lanceolate  leaf 

near  the  middle,  and  a  leaf-like  bract  near  the  single  large  pale-purple  flower;  lip 
crested  and  fringed,  as  long  as  the  sepals  and  petals.    Swamp*.    June,  July. 

2  P.  p^iidiilj.  Lindl.     Three-birds.    Root  tuberous  ;  stem  4— S',  with  4— 8  small  scat- 

tered leaves  and  3  (1—4)  drooping  bird-like  flowers  1'  long.    Woods  :  rare.    August. 

3  P.  divai-icata  Br.    Stem  1— 2f,  erect,  with  2  linear-oblong  lvs.  and  1  terminal  large 

flower;  sepal:<  linear,  recurved  at  apex,  H'  long;   petals  lanceolate,  pink-colored, 
hcuminate,  1',  lip  a  little  longer.    Swamps,  Del.  to  Fla.     April,  May. 


Ohdeu  188.— SCIT  amines.  331 

4  P.  verticillata  N.    Stem  8—12',  bracted  at  base,  bearing  4  or  5  oval  Ivs.  in  a  whorl 

at  the  top,  with  a  curious  flower ;  sepals  linear,  2  or  3  times  longer  than  the  lanceolate, 
obtuse  petals,  which  are  about  9"  long.    Swamps.    June,  July. 

17.  ARETHUSA,  Gron.  Fl.  ringent.  Sep.  and  pet.  similar,  cohering 
at  base  and  connivent  above.  Lip  adnate  to  the  column  at  base,  recurved 
and  dilated  at  apex.  Anthers  teiTdinal,  2-celled,  with  4  pollinia.  2;  Stem 
low,  with  sheathing  bracts.    Flowers  purple,  beautiful. 

A*  bulbosa  L.    Flower  single,  1—2',  erect,  with  2  small  bracts  at  its  base  ;  lip  crenu- 
late-wavy,  bearded  along  the  middle.    Root  a  corm.    Bogs.    6—12'.    June. 

18.  EPIDENDRUM,  Swtz.  Tree  Orchis.  Sep.  and  pet.  spreading. 
Lip  united  with  the  column  forming  a  tube  which  is  sometimes  decurrent 
on  the  ovary.  Anth.  terminal,  opercular,  4-celled.  Pollinia  4.  U  Grows 
on  the  rough  bark  of  trees.     Stems  many-flowered. 

E.  conopseuiu  H.  K,    Stems  clustered,  5—8',  each  with  a  pair  of  opposite,  lance- 
linear,  coriaceous  leaves  below,  and  3—7  purplish  fls.  6"  broad.    Low  lands,  S.    Aug. 

Order  CXXXVIII.    SCITAMINE^.    Gingerworts. 

Tropical  Jierbs.  Leaves  parallel- veined,  with  the  veins  diverging  from 
the  midvein.  Flowers  irregular  and  unsymmetrical,  with  perianth  3-6- 
parted  and  adherent  to  the  3-celled  evary.  Stamens  3 — 6,  some  of  them 
abortive.  Styles  united.  Fruit  dry  or  fleshy.  Seeds  albuminous.  Here 
belong  the  Cinnamons,  Gingers,  Bananas,  and  Arrow-roots. 

5  MUSACEiE.    Anthers  5,  each  2-celled.     Fruit  many-seeded.     Filaments  6... (x) 

8  ZINGIBEREiE.    Anther  1,  2-celled.    Filaments  3,  not  petaloid.    Fruit  00 -seeded... (y) 
§  MARANTEiE.    Anther  1,  with  1  cell.    Filaments  3,  petaloid.     Capsules  1-3-seeded.  ..(z) 

X  Perianth  of  2  unequal  leaves  or  lips,  the  lower  5-toothed.     Berry  oblong Musa.  1 

jc  Perianth  of  6  very  unequal  leaves,  with  large  spathes.     Fruit  capsular Stbkhtzia.  2 

y  Perianth  tube  slender,  lower  petal  lip-like.    Stamens  and  style  long-exserted.HEDYCHiu.\r.  3 

y  Perianth  short,  in  spikes,  with  large  bracts.     Stamens  and  style  included Alhima.  4 

2  Pistil  petaloid,  stigma  3-sided.     Flowers  inconspicuous.     Leaves  colored Maranta.  5 

z  Pistil  petaloid,  stigma  flat,  linear.     Flowers  red,  showy.     Caps.  3-seeded Can.na.  G 

s  Pistil  short,  twisted,  with  a  large  gaping  stigma.     Fls.  small.     Caps.  1 -seeded Thalia.  7 

1.  MUSA  SAPiENTUM.  Banana.  Scape  7 — 20f,  sheathed  below  by  tlie 
stalks  of  the  majestic  leaves,  the  summit  a  nodding  spike  of  pink-colored  flowers,  be- 
coming a  huge  cluster  of  delicious  fruits  in  which  the  seeds  are  abortive. 

2.  STRELITZIA  regin.e.  Scape  5— Sf,  with  sheathing  bracts,  upper 
bract  spathe-like,  horizontal,  with  a  cluster  of  splendid  flowers.  Sepals  lanceolate,  3—4', 
yel'.ow.    Petals  hastate,  light  blue,  enclosing  the  sta:nens  and  style.    S.  Africa. 

3.  HEDYCHIUM  angustifolium.  Stem  of,  very  leafy.  Leaves  lin- 
t«r-lanceolale.  Sepals  and  pet.  linear,  the  .ip  jbloi.g  ^11  scarlet,  in  a  dense  cluster.  H. 
CARNKini  has  similar  leaves,  with  pink-colored  flowers  in  a  loose  cluster.    E.  India. 

4.  ALPINIA  MAGNfFiCA,  from  Mauritius,  lOf  high,  has  the  flowers  in  a 
l<ead  with  many  large  rose-colored  bracts,  which  are  bordered  with  a  white  line.  A,  n  u- 
TANS,  still  taller,  from  E.  India,  has  a  drooping  raceme  of  pink-colored  bracts  and  flowers, 
with  curled  and  curved  petals.    Very  splendid. 

5.  MARANTA  sf  color,  from  Brazil,  is  cultivated  for  the  large  ovate 
leaves,  which  are  beautifully  feather-marked  with  light-green  above  and  purple  beuciitli 


332  Order  189.— AMARYLLIDACEiE. 

6.  CANNA,  L.  Indian  Shot.  Sepals  3,  persistent  on  the  lubercled 
fruit.  Petals  6,  the  innermost  2-  or  3-lobed  at  the  end.  Stamen  petaloid, 
with  a  half  anther  on  one  edge.  Stigma  petaloid,  flat,  obtuse.  U  Hand- 
some evergreen  herbs,  with  tall  stems  and  large  smooth  leaves. 

§  CoKTTHiUM.    Corolla  tube  manifest.    Petals  dilated.    AnthenvhoUy  adnatc.No.  1 
§  Canna  proper.   Cor.  tube  short  or  0,    Petals  narrow.    Anther  free  above.  .Nos.  2-4 

1  C  flnccida  Rose.    Stem  3— 4f;  Ivs.  lanceolate,  2f,  pointed  both  ways;  eep.  erect, 

not  i  the  length  of  the  tube  of  the  funnel-form  corolla  ;  petals  and  filaments  obovate, 
Ih'm,  flaccid,  wavy,  yellow,  spirally  arranged  ;  stig.  spatulate.    Ponds,  South. 

2  C  Indica.    Stem  3— 6f,  leafy ;  Ivs.  ovate,  pointed,  1— 2f,  abrupt  at  base  ;  sep.  green, 

6" ;  3  outer  pet.  erect,  green-tipped,  the  3  inner  recurved  or  reflexed,  the  ?th  double 
(2-lobed  at  end),  the  stamens  and  style  similar  (2'),  all  scarlet.    W.  Indies. 

3  €.  DiscoLOB.    StemG— lOf;  Iva.  very  large,  green  and  purple;  fls.  in  pairs,  crimson. 

4  C.  iRiDiFL^RA.    From  Peru,    Downy ;  sheaths  colored  at  edge  ;  fls.  drooping,  3',  red. 

7.  THALIA,  L.  Flowers  in  a  2-leaved  spathe.  Cal.  3-sepalled,  small. 
Cor.  G-parted,  3  inner  pet.  very  unequal.  Sta.  2-parted,  the  inner  segment 
Blender,  bearing  the  ^  anther.  Caps.  thin.  U  J^  Scape  sheathed  at  base 
by  the  petioles,  tall,  paniculate  above.    Flowers  small,  purple. 

1  T.  dcalbata  Rose.    Plant  4f,  covered  with  a  white  powder ;  Ivs.  cordate-ovate,  on 

long  petioles  ;  panicles  dense,  erect,  the  branches  as  short  as  the  lanceolate  bracts.  S. 

2  T.  divarlcata  Chapm,    Plant  not  powdery,  7f ;  Ivs.  lance-ovate,  rounded  at  base  ; 

panicle  open,  divaricate,  branches  zigzag,  much  longer  than  the  linear  bracts.    Fla. 

Order  CXXXIX.    AMARYLLIDACE^.    Amaryllids. 

Herbs  perennial,  chiefly  bulbous,  with  linear  leaves  not  scurfy  nor  woolly. 
Flowers  showy,  mostly  regular  and  on  scapes,  with  an  adherent,  6-parted 
perianth.  Stamens  6,  anthers  introrse.  Ovar?/  3-celled,  with  styles  united 
into  1.  Fruit  a  3-celled  capsule  or  berry.  Seeds  1  to  00,  with  fleshy  albu- 
men.   Figs.  58,  8G,  486,  495. 

§  Perianth  crowned  with  a  firm  cup  containing  the  stamens  (§§78,  79) Narcissus.  1 

§  Perianth  crowned  with  a  thin  meni-brane  coiinectin<^  the  stiimens Pancratium.  2 

§  Perianth  uot  crowned. — ^i  Segments  united  into  a  tube  above  the  ovary... (i) 
— a  Segments  distinct  down  to  the  ovary... (a, 
h  Flowers  in  umbels  or  solitary  on  the  naked  scape... (li) 
b  Flowers  in  spikes,  racemes,  or  panicles.    Scape  bracted.  ..(e) 

d  Tube  long  and  slender,  segments  narrow,  abruptly  spreading Crixum.  3 

d  Tube  short  or  long,  gradually  expanding.     Perianth  subirregular Amaryllis.  4 

e  Tube  of  the  perianth  straight.     Stamens  exserted Agave.  5 

«•  Tube  of  the  perianth  curved.     Stamens  included  Polyanthks.  6 

X  Perianth  irregular.    Stems  leafy,  flowers  umbelled AlstrcemkrU    7 

X   I'erianth  irregular.     Scape  naked,  with  1  large  flower Sprekema.  9 

X  Perianth  regular.— 7/  Sepals  all  white,  larger  than  the  petals Galanthus.  9 

— //  Sepals  green-tipped,  as  large  as  the  petals.   LkuciWum.  10 

— !/  Sepals  and  petals  equal,  yellow Hvpoxis.  U 

1.  NARCISSUS,  L.     Perianth  regular,  G-parted,  bearing  a  bell-   or 

cup-form  crown  on  the  throat.     Sta.  G,  inserted  in  the  tube,  and  concealed 

within  the  croNvn.     "U  Steins  bulbous,  scapes  bearing  a  long  deciduoua 

ppathe  with  1  or  more  yellow  or  white  fragrant  flowers.    Leaves  linear. 

S  Crown  longer  than  the  tube  of  the  perianth.    Scape  1 -flowered Nos.  1,  3 


ORDEii  139.— AMARYLLIDACE^.  333 

S  Crown  shorter  than  the  tube, — x  its  border  crenated.    Flowers  1—5 Nos.  3—5 

—X  its  border  6-lobed.    Flowers  1—3 No.  6 

—X  its  border  entire.    Flowers  5—20 Nos.  7,  8 

1  N.  PsEUCO-NARcfssus.    Dafodil.    Scape  2-edged,  If;  Ivs.  linear,  If;  fl.  large,  ylw. ; 

crown  bell-form,  serrate-crenate,  as  long  as  the  pet.  Often  double:  com.  Apr.,  May. 

2  N.  BuLBOCoDiUM.  Hooj>j)etticoat.  Fl.  yhv. ;  cr.  much  larger  than  perianth.  Apr.,  May. 

3  N.  JoNQUiLLA.    Jonquils.    Fls.  2—5,  yellow,  frag.,  small ;  crown  saucer-shaped,  much 

shorter  than  the  petals  ;  scape  terete  ;  Ivs.  half  round.  If.    From  Spain.    May,  June. 

4  N.  BiFLORUS.    I^rmrose-peerless.    Fls.  generally  2.  cream-wh.,  crown  cup-shaped,  ylw. 

5  N.  POETicus.    Poet's  N.    Fl.  1,  white,  crown  flattish,  ^1^  small,  pale-ycUow,  edged 

with  crimson,  throat  yellow.    Fl.  often  double.    Scape  If.    Lvs.  flat.    June.    S.  Eur. 

G  N.  ouoRUS.     Great  Jonquil.    Fl.  mostly  solitary,  yellow,  powerfully  fragrant,  crown 

bell-form,  6",  the  lobes  entire ;  limb  1'  long,  tube  slender,  9".    S.  Europe.    If.    May. 

7  N.  Tazetta.    Crown  yellow,  bell-form,  half  as  long  as  the  white  or  yellow  petals,  the 

border  tnmcate  ;  leaves  glaucous,  flat.    Spain.    May,  June.    Numerous  varieties. 

8  N.  POLYANTHUS. .  Crowu  white,  thrice  shorter  than  the  ovate  white  petals,  border 

nearly  entire  ;  leaves  green,  flat.    Spain.    Beautiful,  but  too  tender  north. 

2.  PANCRATIUM,  L.  Perianth  tube  produced  above  the  (senile) 
ovary,  long  and  slender,  the  6  segm.  long  and  narrow.  Stam.  6,  adnate  to 
the  crown,  exserted  ;  anth.  versatile,  if  Sulb  coated,  scape  solid,  2-edged, 
bearing  a  bracted  umbel  of  large  (white)  flowers.    (Leaves  linear.) 

§  Crown  adnate  below  to  the  dilated  throat  and  segment  of  the  perianth Nos.  1,  2 

§  Crown  free,  funnel-form,  throat  of  perianth  not  dilated.    Tube  straight Nos,  3,  4 

1  P,  maritimum  L,    Plant  glaucous ;  lvs.  longer  than  scape  ;  tube  -3 — 4',  longer  than 

the  lin. -lanceolate  segm. ;  crown  half-adherent,  12-toothed.    Marshes,  S,    July— Sept. 

2  P.  nutans  Gawl,   Plant  green  ;  lvs,  very  long  (2f) ;  fls.  nodding,  with  a  green  curved 

tube  2',  seg.  nearly  3' ;  sta.  incurved  ;  crown  slightly  adherent.    S.  Car,    {Herbert.) 

3  P.  rotatnm  Gawl.    Plant  glaucous,  1— 2f ;  lvs.  long,  strap-shaped,  obtuse;  tube  3', 

green,  shorter  than  the  linear  segments  ;  crown  irregularly  toothed,    S.    April,  May. 

4  P.  coronarium  Leconte,    Plant  green,  2f;  lvs.  lance-linear,  obtuse;  tube  3 — 4', 

seg.  as  long ;  crown  funnel-form,  1^',  jagged  at  edge  ;  sta,  2^',    Wet  or  dry.    South. 

3.  CRINUM,  L.  Flowers  nearly  as  in  Pancratium,  but  destitute  of  a 
crown,     U  Bulb  coated.    Leaves  in  many  rows.    Scape  solid. 

1  C.  Amerlcannnt  L.    Lvs.  lin.-oblong ;  ova.  sessile,  3—4  in  the  umbel ;  tube  green 

and  lance-lin.,  white  segm.  about  equal  (40 ;  caps.  1-^-seeded.    Swamps,  Fla.,  and  W. 

2  C.  AMABiLE,    Bulb  stem-like  ;  lvs.  broad-linear ;  scape  flattened,  3 — 4f,  bearing  an  um- 

bel of  20—30  puqile  fragrant  flowers  9'  long ;  pet.  ligulate,  recurvevl.    E.  India. 

3  C.  ORNATUM.    Bulb  globular;  lvs,  undulate;  scape  3f,  10-20-flowered ;  fls.  white  to 

roseate,  very  large  ;  segments  lance-oblong.    E.  India.    Many  varieties. 

4.  AMARYLLIS,  L.  Perianth  tube  long  or  short,  expanding  upwai'd ; 
limb  regular  or  nearly  so.  Sta.  free,  anth.  versatile.  Style  long,  declinate. 
U  Bulb  coated.    Leaves  narrow.    Scape  1-few-flowered. 

1  A.  Ataniasco  L,    AtamascoLily.    Scape  1-flwd, ;  perianth  bell-form,  erect,  8',  pink- 

white  ;  tube  slender  below,  V  ;  filaments  included.    An  attractive  flower,  in  wet  clay 
soils, Va.  to  Fla.  Scape  terete,  <>— 12'.  Lvs.  linear.  If,  Mar.-May,   (ZephyranthusHerb,) 

2  A.  viTTATA.    Per.  3—4^,  nodding,  white,  red  striped  inside,  margins  crisped,    S.  Am. 

3  A.  REGiN^,    Per.  nodding,  scarlet  with  a  green  star,  throat  fringed  ;  fls,  2 — 4,    S,Am. 

4  A.  sPECiosA.    Fls.  2—4,  blood-red,  erect,  3'  long,  funnel-form.    S.  Afr.    (Vallota,  Hb.) 

5.  AGAVE,  L.   Amekican  Aloe.   Perianth  funnel-form,  6-partcd.   Sta. 


334  Ordeii  139.— AMARYLLIDACE^. 

6,  exsertecl,  anth.  soon  versatile.  Caps,  obtusely  3-aiigled,  oc-seeded.  1| 
Monocarpic  herbs  (§  42).  Crown-root  with  thick  fibres,  a  dense  clump  of 
thick,  rigid,  often  spiny  Ivs.    Scape  bracted,  with  numerous  flowers.    July 

1  A.  Virginica  L.    Lvp.  lin. -lanceolate,  ppine-pointed,  denticulate;   scape  simple, 

4-6f,  loosely  spicate  above ;  Us.  j^rcenish-j'ellovv,  1',  sessile,  fragrant.  Rocks,  Va.,  and  S. 

2  A.  Americana.    Century  Plant.    Lvs.  glaucous,  striped  with  cream-color  in  some  va- 

rieties, lanceolate,  spine-pointed  and  toothed,  very  thick  and  stout,  3— 8f;  scape  pro- 
duced but  once,  after  50—100  years,  tree-like,  with  innumerable  flowers,    Mexico. 

6.  POLYANTHUS  Tor  Polianthes),  L.  Tube-rose.  Perianth  funnel- 
form,  with  a  curved  tube.  Fil.  inserted  into  the  throat,  included.  Ovary 
at  the  bottom  of  the  tube,  its  summit  free.     li  Root  an  upright  rhizome. 

P,  TUBEROSA.    Stem  simple,  slender,  leafy-bracted,  3f,  with  a  spike  of  rose-white  flow- 
ers, \\\  subregular,  of  exquisite  fragrance.    From  Ceylon.    Aug.,  Sept. 

7.  ALSTRCEMERIA,  L.  Perianth  funnel-form,  some  irregular,  of  6 
leavgs  distinct  to  the  ovary,  Sta.  diclinate.  Stig.  3-cleft.  %  Root  a  rhi- 
zom.e,  bearing  tubers.     Stems  leaf}^  umbellate  at  top. 

1  A.  PSiTTACiNA.  Erect,  1— 2f,  with  remote,  lanceolate,  sessile  leaves ;  fls.  6 — 8,  in  a  leafy 

cluster,  pedicellate,  \\'  \  segments  spatulate,  red,  spotted  with  green.    Brazil. 

2  A.  Pelegmna.    Lvs.  sessile,  lance-linear,  twisted  ;  fls.  2— 6,  pink-white,  purp. -spotted. 

3  A.  VERSICOLOR.    Perianth  nearly  regular,  yellow,  with  purple  spots.    Chili. 

8.  SPREKELIA,  End!.  Jacob^a  Lily.  Perianth  bilabiate,  segments 
distinct  to  the  ovary,  the  upper  3  spreading.  Sta.  epigynous,  unequal,  and 
with  the  style  declinate,  the  ends  incurved,  if  Bulbous.  Scape  hollow, 
1-Iiowered.    Leaves  linear,  erect. 

S.  FOR3I08ISSIMA.— A  Splendid  flower  from  S.  America.    Scape  If.    Flower  dark  red. 

9.  GALANTHUS,  L.  Snow-drop.  Petals  shorter  than  the  sepals, 
notched  or  lobed.  Sta.  epigynous,  erect,  included,  shorter  than  the  straight 
style.  If  Bulb  coated,  acrid.  Scape  3-edged,  solid.  Flowers  wiiite,  pen- 
dulous.   Pods  maturing  under  ground. 

G.  NIVALIS,    ii'cape  6',  2-leaved  ;  flower  1,  as  white  as  snow,  in  early  Spring.    Europe. 

10.  LEUCOJUM,  L.  Snow-flake.  Sep.  and  pet.  subequal,  often  thick- 
ened at  apex.  Sta.  epigynous,  included,  and  style  erect.  Stig.  entire,  ob- 
tuse.    K  Bulb  coated.     Scape  2-edged,  hollow.    Flowers  drooping. 

1  li,  VERNUM.    Lvs.  linear ;  scape  1-2-flwd. ;  sep.  white,  tipped  with  green  or  yellow, 

with  divergent  veins  ;  spathe  1 -leaved;  seeds  straw-color.    March,  April. 

2  Ij.  ^stivum.   Lvs.  linear  ;  scape  4-S-flwd.,  umbellate,  6—10'' ;  sepals  6— S",  pure  white 

with  green  tips  ;  spathe  1-leaved  ;  seeds  black.    May,  June.    Europe. 

11.  HYPOXIS,  L.  Star-grass.  Spathe  2-leaved.  Perianth  regular, 
rotate.  Seeds  oo,  black,  if  Small,  bulbous,  grass-like,  with  yellow  flow- 
ers on  filiform  scapes.    Meadows  and  copses. 

1  II.  erecta  L.    Hairy ;  scape  about  4-flowered,  shorter  than  the  linear  leaves,  which 

are  .3— 5-"  wide  ;  flowers  greenish  without,  yellow  within.    June. 

2  H.  filifolia  Ell.    Smoothish  ;   scape  2-flowered,  shorter  than  the  filiform  leaves, 

which  are  not  \"  wide.    Dry  soils.  S.    Flowers  rather  larger  (9—11"). 


OiiDER  141.— HiEMODORACEiS.  335 

Ordek  CXL.    BROMELIACE^.    Bromeliads. 

Herbs  hard,  dry,  rigid,  and  often  scurfy,  witli  regular  double  perianths^ 
nearly  or  quite  free  from  the  ovary.  Stamens  C,  anthers  introrse.  Ovary 
3-celled.  Seeds  numerous,  with  mealy  albumen.  All  tropical,  and  capable 
Df  living  in  air  alone. 

1.  TILLANDSIA,  L.  Sepals  3,  membranous,  convolute.  Pet.  3,  pcta- 
loid,  imbricate,  spreading  above.  Sta.  hypogymous.  Ovary  free.  Caps, 
with  3  double  cartilaginous  valves.  Seeds  slender,  on  coraous  stipes.  U 
Scurfy  air  plants,  with  perennial  2-ranked  narrow  leaves. 

*  Sterne  rigidly  erect.    Lvs.  linear-filiform.    FIs.  in  bractecl  spikes,  blue Nos.  2—4 

•1  T,  usncoides  L.  Long  Moss.  Stems  filiform,  pendulous,  branched;  Ivp.  linear- 
filiform,  curled,  1—2' ;  fls.  solitary,  green  or  gray.  Low  lands,  Va..  and  S.  Hangs  in 
gray  festoons  from  the  branches  of  every  tt  Je.    Used  iu  upholstery. 

2  T.  Bartramil  Ell.    Stems  slender,  If;  lvs.  shorter,  smooth  ;  spike  branched,  3— 4', 

loose-flowered  ;  pet.  spreading  at  apex,  as  long  as  the  bracts.    Ga.,  Fla. 

3  T.  caespitosa  Leconte.   Stems  in  dense  clusters,  3— G' ;  leaves  scurfj',  much  longer, 

erect ;  spike  3-  or  4-flowered,  1—2' ;  pet.  recurved,  longer  than  the  bracts.    E.  Fla. 

4  T.  recurvata  Willd.    Scapes  filiform,  2-flovvered,  C ;  lvs.  scurfy,  recurved.  E.  Fla. 

2.  ANANASSA  sativa.  Pineapple.  Raised  in  hothouses  for  its 
well-known  fruit,  which  consists  of  a  consolidated  abortive  flower-spike.    From  S.  Am. 


Order  CXLI.     H^MODORACE^.    Bloodworts. 

Herbs  perennial,  with  fibrous  roots,  equitant  or  ros!ilate  leaves,  and  perfect 
Jloicers.  Perianth  regular,  6-parted,  scurfy  or  woolly  outside,  more  or  less 
adherent.  Stamens  6  or  3,  and  opposite  the  petals,  anthers  introrse.  Omri/ 
o-celled,  1-styled.  Capsule  covered  with  the  withered  perianth.  Seed* 
with  cartilaginous  albumen. 

S  Ovary  wholly  adherent.    Stamens  3,  exserted.    Terianth  woolly  outside Lacxanthes.  1 

§  Ovary  half  free.    Stamens  6,  included.— x  Coryrabed  perianths  woolly  all  over Lophiola.       2 

— X  Racemed  perianths  rugous-scurfy Aletris.         3 

1.  liACNANTHES,  Ell.  Red-root.  Fls.  woolly  outside,  oblong.  Sep. 
Tmear.  Sta.  3,  and  style  filiform,  cxscrted.  Caps,  oo-sceded.  %  Roots 
fibrous,  red.   Lvs.  ensiform,  equitant.  Fls.  in  a  dense  corymb.   July — Sept. 

li.  tinctoria  Ell.— Swamps,  R.  I.  to  Fla.    Stem  strictly  erect,  IJ— 2f ;  leaves  mostly 
radical,  3—4"  wide  by  9^,  or  more  ;  flowers  4—5",  glabrous  and  yellow  inside. 

2.  LOPHIOLA,  Ker.  Crest-flower.  Fls.  woolly  outside  and  in- 
side, oval.  Sepals  oblong.  Sta.  6,  glabrous,  not  exserted.  Styles  sepa- 
rable, conical  with  the  1  stigma.  Seeds  white.  %  Root  creeping.  Stem 
flexuous,  corymbous  above,  densely  clothed  with  soft  white  wool.  Jl.,  Aug. 

li,  aurea  Ker.— Sandy  swamps,  N.  J.  to  Fla.    Stem  1— 2K;  leaves  mostly  radical 
shorter  than  the  stem  ;  flowers  yellowish  under  the  white  wool,  2".   (Conostylis,  Ph.) 

3.  ALETRIS,  L.  Star-grass.  Colic-root.  Perianths  rugous,  as  if 
scurfy  or  mealy,  tubular,  G-clcft,  arranged  in  a  slender  raceme.    Styles 


336  Order  143.— IRIDACE^. 

scarcely  united.    Ovary  adherent  at  base  only,  opening  at  top,  oo-seeded. 
U  Smooth,  intensely  bitter.    Leaves  all  radical,  lin.-lanceolate.    Jl.,  Aug. 

1  A.  farinosa  L.    Lvs.  rosulate,  very  acute,  many-veined,  3—6' ;  scape  2— 3f,  simple ; 

rac.  abont  (K ;  Jls.  white,  4—5",  on  very  short  ped.,  oblong  bell-form.    Low  grounds. 

2  A.  aiirea  Walt.    Fls.  yellow.    Otherwise  scarcely  diff.    Both  plants  dry,  yellowish. 

Order  CXLII.    IRIDACE^E.    Irids. 

Herbs  with  corms,  hulhs^  or  rMzom.es,  equitant,  2-ranked  leaves  and  spatha- 
ceous  bracts.  Perianth  tube  adherent  to  the  ovary.  Segments  in  2  sets, 
often  unequal  and  convolute  in  bud.  Stamens  3,  alternate  with  the  petals, 
antlwrs  extrorse.  Style  1,  stigmas  3,  often  petaloid.  Capsule  3-valved,  3- 
cclled,  loculicidal.  Seeds  many,  with  hard,  fleshy  albumen.  Figs.  85, 169, 
170,  267-8,  282,  351. 

§  Flowers  irregular,  somewhat  bilabiate,  nndding Gladiolus.        S 

S  Flowers  regular  and  equilateral,  mostly  erect. .  .(*) 

•  Sepals  similar  to  the  petals  in  form,  size,  and  position... (a) 

o  Stamens  monadelphons.     Flowers  small,  blue.    Plant  grass-like Sisyri.nchicm.  7 

a  Stamens  distinct.— X  Flowers  radical,  with  a  very  long  tube Crocus.  6 

—X  Flowers  cauline.    Style  3-parted  at  top I'ardanthus.     5 

—X  Flowers  cauline.    Style  deeply  3-parted Schizostylis.    4 

•  Sepals  larger  than  the  petals,  and  otherwise  dissimilar. .  .(6) 

6  Stamens  monadelphous.    Petals  spreading,  panduriform Tigridia.  3 

h  Stamens  distinct,— z  stigmas  slender,  on  a  slender  style Nem astylis.      2 

—5  stigmas  petaloid,  on  a  very  short  style Iris.  1 

1.  IRIS,  L.  Flower-de-luce.  Sepals  3,  reflexcd,  larger  than  the  3 
erect  petals.  Sta.  distinct.  Style  short  or  0.  Stig.  petaloid,  covering  tiie 
stamens.  U  Mostly  from  tuberous,  horizontal  rhizomes,  with  ensifoi-m 
leaves  and  large,  showy  flowers. 

•  Species  growing  wild,  all  (except  Nos.  6.  7)  in  wet  meadows  or  swamps.  Apr.— Jn.   (§) 

i  Stems  leafy,  tall  (1— 3f).    Tube  short ;  sepals  beardless  and  crestless. .  .(a) 

a  Leaves  linear,  grass-like.    Ovary  and  pod  2-grooved  on  the  sides No.  1 

a  Leaves  sword-shaped.  Fls.  blue.  Sepals  much  larger  than  the  petals..  .Nos.  2—4 
o  Leaves  sword-shaped.    Fls.  tawny  or  copper-colored.    Petals  reflexed. .  .No.  5 

§  Stems  or  scapes  low  (2— G'),  nearly  leafless.    Tube  long  and  slender. . .  (6) 

b  Sepals  beardless  and  crestless.    In  hilly  woods,  southward No.  6 

b  Sepals  beardless,  but  crested  with  .3  longitudinal  folds Nos.  7,  8 

*  Species  cultivated  for  ornament,  mostly  from  Europe. .  .{x) 

X  Sepals  densely  bearded.— y  Stems  very  short,  1-flowered No.  9 

■—y  Stems  tall,  leafy,  1-5-flowered Nos.  lO— 1-3 

X  Sepals  beardless.— 3  Root  a  rhizome. .  .Nos.  14,  15.— 2  Root  bulbous Nos.  16—18 

1  I,  Vlrginlca  L.    Boston  Iris.    Stem  slender,  1— 2f,  branching ;  leaves  2—3"  wide  ; 

fls.  2 — 6,  on  slender  ped. ;  sep.  narrow,  yellow,  edged  with  purple.  Mass.  to  N.  J.  Jn. 

2  I.  versicolor  L.    Blue  Flag.    Stem  flexnous,  2— 3f ;  pet.  as  long  as  the  stigmas; 

ovary  triangular,  with  concave  sides  and  rounded  angles.    Common.    June. 

3  I.  liexagona  Walt.    Lvs.  longer  than  the  flexuous  stem  ;  tube  longer  than  the  6- 

sided  ovary ;  sepals  larger  than  the  petals,  blue-purple,  crested.    S.,  coastward. 

4  I.  tripetala  Walt.    Lvs.  shorter  than  the  slender  stem  ;  tube  shorter  than  the  3- 

sided  ovary  ;  sepals  many  times  larger  than  the  petals.    S. :  rare.    Purple. 

5  I«  ciiprea  Ph.    Tall  and  flexuous,  2— 3f ;  petals  twice  longer  than  the  linear  Btig> 

mag  ;  capsules  sharply  6  angled,  shorter  than  the  lube.    S.  and  W.    April— Jnly 


Ordeh  143.— IRIDACEiE.  337 

6  I.  verna  L.    Scape  1-flowered,  3 — 5',  shorter  than  the  rigid  leaves ;  tube,  sep.,  and 

pet.  bubequal  (2') ;  stigmas  deeply  2-cleft ;  fls.  blue,  with  some  yellow.    Mar.,  Apr. 

7  I.  cristata  Ait.    Scape  compressed,  and,  with  the  Iva.,  3 — 5' ;  tube  longer  than  the 

sepals  (20,  which  are  distinctly  crested  along  the  middle.    Barrens,  Va.  to  Ga.    April. 

8  I.  lacustris  N.    Like  No.  7,  bat  the  sep.  are  longer  than  the  tube,  &c.    L.  Huron. 

9  I.  PUMiLA.   Dicarf  I.    Fls.  lar^e.  blue-purple  ;  pet.  larger  than  sepals.    In  Spring.  3'. 

10  1.  Germanica.    Flowers  many,  deep  blue,  the  spathe  also  colored.    Common. 

11  I.  SAMBUciNA.    Fleur-de-lis.    Flowers  cc,  blue-white;  t^egmcn^  notched.  Common. 

12  1.  SuziANA.    Flower  1,  very  large,  purple  and  spotted  ;  petals  reflexed. 

13  I.  Florentina.     Orris-root.    With  broad  leaves  and  large  white  dowers. 

14  I.  graminea.    Linear  leaves  much  longer  than  the  If,  2-tIowered  scape.    Blue. 

15  1.  PSEUD-ACORUs.    Flowers  yellow  ;  petals  smaller  than  the  stigmas,  3f.    June. 

16  1.  XfpHiuM.    Spanish  1.    Lvs.  subulate  ;  2  fls. ;  pet.  narrow  as  stig.  All  colors.  l-Sf- 

17  1.  xiPHioiDES.   English  I.   Leaves  subulate  ;  fls.  2  ;  petals  broader  than  the  stigmas. 

18  1.  Persica.    Persian  I.    Lvs.  linear ;  scape  very  short ;  petals  smaller  than  the  blue 
sepals.— All  the  above  are  hardy,  except  this,  which  is  a  house-plant. 

2.  NEMASTYLIS,  K  No  tube  above  the  ovaiy.  Sepals  spreadiuof, 
larger  tlian  the  ascending,  cucullate  petals.  Filam.  shorter  than  the  anth. 
Style  enlarged  above,  and  parted  into  6  radiating,  subulate  stigmas.  2^ 
Bulb  ovoid.    Lvs.  lance-linear.    St.  very  slender,  with  1  or  2  bright-blue  fls. 

N.  coelestina  N.    Leaves  very  veiny.  If;  etem  15—20%  few-leaved ;  spathe  2-leaved  ; 
sepals  obovii^e.  1',  ^  larger  than  the  hooded  petals.    Swamps,  Fla.  to  La. 

3.  TIGRIDIA,  L.  Tiger-flower.  Spathe  2-leaved.  Perianth  regu- 
lar, the  3  sepals  larger  than  the  3  petals.  Stamens  monadelphous,  fila- 
ments united  into  a  long  tube.     If  Bulbous. 

T.  PAvoNiA.    St.  simple,  flexuous  ;  leaves  ensiform,  veined ;  fls.  inodorous,  5—6'  broad, 
ephemeral,  several  in  succession,  yellow,  with  crimson  spots.    Mexico. 

4.  SCHIZOSTYLIS  coccfNEA.  Stem  3f.  Leaves  channelled,  lance- 
linear.  Flowers  concave,  regular,  2'  broad,  in  long  spikes,  crimson  to  scarlet,  the  styles 
slender  and  nearly  distinct.    Lately  introduced  from  S.  Africa. 

5.  PARDANTHUS,  Ker.  Blackberry  Lily.  Sepals  and  pet.  sub- 
equal,  oblanceolatc,  spreading.  Fil.  slender.  Style  clavate,  3-parted,  with 
3  stigmas.  Caps,  oblong.  Seeds  black,  attached  to  the  column,  and  re- 
sembling a  blackberry  after  the  valves  have  fallen.  U  Root  a  rhizome. 
Stem  branching,  leafy.    July,  August.    (Ixia,  L.) 

P.  Clilnensis  Ker.— Leaves  ensiform,  as  in  Iris ;  flowers  li'  broad,  many,  orange- 
yellow,  crimson-spotted.    Stems  3 — 4f.    Escaped  from  cultivation. 

6.  CROCUS,  L.  Lvs.  radical.  Fls.  nearly  sessile  on  the  bulb.  Tube 
very  long  and  slender,  bearing  the  funnel-form  perianth  above  the  ground. 
Stigmas  3-cleft. 

1  C.  VERNUS.    Sirring  C.    Stigmas  short,  wedge-shaped;  leaves  linear.    The  beautiful 

flowers  are  white,  blue,  and  variegated, — the  earliest  in  the  garden. 

2  C  SuziANUs,  is  golden  yellow,  with  the  3  sepals  revolute.    Turkey. 

3  C.  SATivus.    Saffron.    Fall  C.    Stigmas  slender,  reflexed  ;  segments  purple.    Europe. 

7.  SISYRINCHIUM,  L.  Blue-eyed  Gkass.  Spathe  2-lcaved.  Seg- 
mcnts  of  the  perianth  flat,  equal.     Sta.  monadelphou?     Stig.  3-cleft.     2^ 


338  Okder  M4.— saiilace.^. 

Grass-like  plants,  with   compressed,  winged  or  aLcipital   scapes,  from 
fibrous  roots.    June,  July. 

8*  Bermudiana  L,  In  tufts  :  Ivs.  linear,  erect,  about  as  long  as  the  scapes  ;  spathe 
2-5-flowerod,  valves  unequal ;  flowers  small,  blue ;  segments  obovate,  notched  and 
mucronate  ;  pedicels  slender ;  pods  globular,  8—12'. 

a.  anceps.    Scapes  winged,  so  as  to  resemble  the  leave?. 

/3.  mucronatum.    Scapes  barely  2-edged,  filiform  ;  spatnc  pointed. 

8.  GLADIOLUS,  L,  Corn-flag.  Spathe  2  leaved.  Perianth  irregu- 
lar, 3-parted,  somewhat  2-lipped.  Stamens  3,  distinct,  ascending.  Stig.  3, 
broader  above.  Seeds  winged.  U  A  large  genus  of  bulbous  plants,  chieliy 
from  S.  Africa.     Fls.  large  and  splendid.     The  species  are  badly  confused. 

1  G,  rsiTTACiNUs.    Spike  8-10-flowercd  ;  flowers  scarlet  and  3'cllow,  spotted,  the  tube 
as  long  as  the  !«egments.     From  this  is  derived  many  hybrids,  as 
/3.  Ganpavensis,  variegated  with  orange,  scarlet,  and  yellow.    Common. 

I  G,  cARDiNALis.  Spikcs  few-flowcred,  the  flowers  crimson,  with  a  white  stripe  in  the 
lower  3  segments  ;  stem  branched  above,  2f.    Not  hardy. 

3  G.  FLORiBUNOus.  Flowers  very  large,  nearly  erect,  upper  segments  broader,  pink 
varying  to  white  ;  spike  long  and  crowded.    Very  delicate. 

Order  CXLIII.     DIOSCOREACE^.    Yam-roots. 

Plants  shrubby,  twining,  arising  from  tuberous  rhizomes,  with  broad, 
net-veined  leaves.  Flowers  dicecious,  regular,  liexandrous,  tube  adherent, 
limb  6-parted.  Ovary  3-cclled,  3-6-ovuled,  3-styled.  $  Stamens  6,  perigy- 
nous.  Fruit  a  capsule,  3-  or  (by  abortion)  1-celled,  or  a  berry.  Seeds  com- 
pressed, albuminous. 

DIOSOOREA,  L.  Yam-root.  Flowers  6  $  .  Styles  of  the  fertile  3. 
Cells  of  the  caps.  2-seeded.  Sds.  membranaceously  margined.  "^  Slender, 
twining  with  the  sun.  Lvs.  simple,  palmately-veined  or  divided.  Flow- 
ers green,  inconspicuous,  in  axillary  spikes  or  panicles. 

1  D.  Tillosa  L.     Wild  Yam.    Leaves  broadly  ovate,  cordate,  acuminate,  9-11-veined, 

the  lower  opi)ositc  or  in  4*s,  upper  alternate,  petioles  long,  under  surface  downy, 
(never  villous);  stem  (blender,  climbing  5— 15f,  over  bushes,  &c.    June,  July. 

2  I>.  sATivA.     Yani..    Leaves  round-ovate,  long-cuspidate,  sinuate,  cordate,  all  alter- 

nate, smooth  ;  stems  sometimes  prickly.     Root  large  and  sweet.     S. 

Order  CXLIV.     SMILACE^.     Sarsaparillas. 

JLirbs  or  shrubs,  often  climbing.  Leaves  reticulate-veined.  Floicers  dia>- 
cious.  Perianth  free  from  the  ovary,  6-partedj  regular.  Slimens  G,  in- 
serted into  the  base  of  the  segments.  Anthers  1-celled  (2-lamellatc).  Ovary 
'il-cellcd,  cells  1-  or  2-ovuled.  Style  1  or  none.  Stigmas  3.  Berry  round- 
ish.    Seeds  orthotropous,  albuminous.     Fig.  39G. 

SMILAX,  L.  Green-brier.  Sarsaparilla.  Character  nearly  as 
above.  "^  ^  Lvs.  palmatel}^- veined,  entire,  petiolate,  with  a  pair  of  stipu- 
lar  (§  325,  Fig.  396)  tendrils.  Flowers  green  or  yellowish,  small,  in  stalked, 
axillary  umbels. 


Order  145.— ROXBURGHIACE.E.  339 

{  Herbs  spiuele?!".    Lvs.  and  fa3tid  umbels  long-stalked.    Cerries  bluish.  .Nos.  12 — 14 
§  Shrabby  vines.    Leaves  short-stalked.    Berries  l-Vseeded. . .  (a) 

a  Pubescent,  prostrate,  spineless.    Leaves  cordate,  evergreen.    South No.  11 

a  Glabrous,  climbing,  and  more  or  less  prickly  (except  Nos.  .'5.  6)..  .(6) 

b  Lvs.  acute  at  the  base,  3-5-veined.    Ted.  shorter  than  the  pet Nos.  8—10 

b  Leaves  abrupt  or  cordate  at  base,  5-9-vcined. .  .(o) 

c  Leaves  panduriform,  or  some  hastate.    Peduncles  elongated No.  7 

c  Lvs.  ovate  or  oblong,  deciduous.— a*  Plants  spineless Nos.  5,  ft 

—X  Prickly.— 2  Leaves  glaucous  No.  4 

~z  Leaves  green Nos.  1—3 

1  S.  rotundifolia  L.     Common  G.    Vine  green,  strong,  and  thorny,  some  4-angled  ; 

leaves  round-ovate,  5-7-veined,  cusp. -pointed ;  ped.  a  little  longer  (G— 7'')  than  the 
petioles ;  berries  glaucous-black.    Common  in  thickets.    10— 30f.    June,  July. 

2  S.  hispida  Muhl.    Vine  terete,  hispid  below,  with  weak,  slender  prickles,  nearly 

unarmed  above  ;  leaves  thin,  deciduous,  ovate,  cuspidate  ;  ped.  twice  as  long  (1'}  as 
the  petioles ;  berries  black.    Thickets,  N.  J.,  and  N.    8— 12f.    June. 

3  S.  "Walter!  Ph.    Vine  unarmed,  or  prickly  at  base  ;  lvs.  cordate-ovate,  .3-5-veined  : 

ped.  as  long  as  the  petioles  ;  berries  red,  1-3-seeded.    N.  J.,  and  S.    April— June. 

4  S.  glanca  Walt.    Vine  more  or  less  prickly  above,  angular;  lvs.  broad-ovate,  glau- 

cous at  least  beneath ;  ped.  twice  longer  than  the  petiole ;  berries  black,  with  a 
bloom  ;  flowers  yellowish  white.    Thickets,  L.  Isl.  to  Ga.,  W,  to  Ky.    March— June. 

5  S.  Psciido-Cliiiia  L.    Root-stock  tuberous;  vine  terete ;  leaves  cordate-ovate  to 

oblong,  5-veined ;  ped.  flat,  nearly  as  long  as  the  lvs. ;  fr.  black.  N.  J.  to  Ky.,  and  S.  Jn. 

6  S.  sarsaparilla  L.    Root-stock  creeping,  long  ;  branchlets  4-angled  ;  leaves  thin, 

oblong-ovate  ;  ped.  flat,  a  little  longer  than  the  petioles  ;  fruit  red,  1-seeded.    S-W. 

7  S.  tainiioides  L.    Vine  terete  ;  branches  4-angular,  aculeate  ;  leaves  ovate-cordate 

to  fiddle-form,  and  hastate,  cusp. -pointed,  rough-edged.    N.  J.,  W.  and  S. 

8  S.  aiirlculata  Walt.     Vine  prickly ;  branchlets  angular,  unarmed ;  leaves  lancc- 

auriculate-hastate,  thick,  small,   smooth-edged,  evergreen  ;   berries  finally  black ; 
flowers  sweet-scented.    S.,  near  the  coast.    June.    (S.  maritima  C-B.) 

9  S.  laurifolia  L.    Vine  prickly ;   branchlets  unarmed,  zigzag ;  leaves  thick,  ever- 

green, lance-oblong,  obtuse,  mucronate,  3-veincd  ;  fr.  black,  1-seeded.    N.  J.,  and  S. 

1 0  S.  laneeolata  L.    Like  No.  9,  but  the  lvs.  are  thin,  and  berr.  3-seeded.  Va.,  and  S. 
lis.  puinila  Walt.    Lvs.  shining  above,  soft-downy  beneath  ;  ped.  as  long  as  the 

petiole  {(')') :  berries  red,  1-3-seeded.    Shady,  rich  soils,  S.    1— 3f.    October. 

12  S.  herbacea  L.  Carrion-flower.  Stem  erect  or  reclined,  terete ;  leaves  pubescent 
beneath,  or  nearly  glaucous,  ovate-oblong,  7-veined,  with  or  without  tendrils  ;  ped. 
longer  than  the  long  petioles  (3—4'),  8-20-flowered.    Low  grounds.    2— Sf.    June. 

p.  peduncularia,    Ped.  very  stout  and  long  (6—80,  30-50-flowercd. 

13  S.  lasioueuron  Hook.  Vine  climbing,  glabrous;  lvs.  all  with  tendrils,  cordate, 
ovate-obioiig;  ped.  little  longer  than  the  petioles  (3 — 4').    Thickets,  W.    lOf,    June. 

11  !S.  tamnifolia  Mx.  Erector  climbing,  glabrous ;  lvs.  5-veined,  cordate-hastate, 
tai)cring  to  the  obtuse  apex  ;  ped.  longer  than  petioles  ;  fr.  blue-black.    N.  J.,  and  S, 

Order  CXLV.    ROXBURGHIACE^. 

Ilerhs  or  shrubby  vines,  with  many-veined  netted  leaves  and  perfect  flow- 
ers. '  Pei'ianth  4-parted,  petaloid,  persistent.  Stamens  4,  liypogynous. 
Ovary  free,  1-celled.  Capsule  2-valved.  Seeds  several,  on  hairy  stalks, 
Rlbirjiinous. 

OROOMIA,  Torr.  Fls.  very  small  and  few,  axillary.  Perianth  scg.  in 
pairs  (2  sepals  and  3  petals),  oval.  Ovules  4 — 6,  suspended.  Seeds  1-3. 
U  Rliizome  creeping.     Leaves  lance-ovatc,  cordate. 


'Si.0  Ordeii  14G.— TRILLIACEiE. 

C,  paiiciflora  Torr.— Woods,  Ga.,  Fla.,  Ala.    Stem  simple,  If.    Leaves  about  6,  thin, 
filnbrous,  pedately  arranged,  7-9-veined.   Ped.  1'.  Flowers  2"  wide  when  open.  April. 

Order  CXLVl.    TRILLIACE^.    Trilliads. 

fferbs  with  simple  stems,  tuberous  roots,  and  verticillate,  ncl-vcined  leaves. 
Flowers  terminal,  1  or  few,  perfect,  mostly  3-parted.  Calijx  herbaceous, 
corolla  more  or  less  colored.  Stamens  6 — 10.  Ovary  free,  3-5-cclled,  bear- 
ing in  fruit  a  juicy,  oc-secded  pod.    Figs.  115,  259,  294. 

S  Leaves  in  one  whorl.    Sepals  green,  petals  colored Trillium.  1 

S  Leaves  iu  two  whorls.    Sepals  and  petals  alike  greenish Medeola.  2 

1.  TRILLIUM,  L.  AVake-robin.  Perianth  deeply  6-parted,  in  2  dis- 
tinct series,  outer  of  3  sepals,  inner  of  3  colored  pet.  Sta.  0,  anth.  longer 
than  the  filaments.  Stig.  sessile.  Berry  purple,  3-celled,  co-seeded.  U 
St.  simple.  Leaves  3,  whorled  at  the  top  of  the  stem,  palmi-net-veined. 
Flowers  solitary,  terminal.    In  Spring. 

§  Flowers  sessile.    Petals  dark  purple,  erect Nos.  1,  2 

§  Flowers  on  a  peduncle  raised  abovo  the  leaves. .  .(*) 

*  Leaves  petiolate,  ovate,  rounded  at  the  base.    Petals  thin,  deMcate Nos.  3,  4 

*  Leaves  sessile,  rhomboidal,  nearly  as  broad  as  long.    Petals  thickish..Nos.  5,  (} 
§  Flowers  on  a  peduncle  dellexed  beneath  the  leaves Nos.  7.  8 

1  T.  sessile  L.    Leaves  sessile,  roundish-ovate  to  rhomb-ovate,  acute,  mottled  with 

dark  purple  ;  petals  sessile,  some  spreading,  dull  purple.    Pa.,  W.  and  S."   6— 1-i'. 

2  T.  recurvatuin  Beck.    Lvs.  ovate  to  obovate,  narrowed  to  a  petiole;  sepals  re 

flexed,  green  ;  pet.  erect,  narrowed  at  base  to  a  claw,  purple,  V.    Woods,  W.    8—10'. 

3  T.  iiivale  Kid.    Stem  3—4' ;  lvs.  oval  to  ovate,  distincily  petiolate  ;  fl.  erect,  7—8" 

long;  petals  ovate-spatulate,  white,  half  longer  than  the  sepals.    Penn.  to  Wis. 

4  T.  erytlirocarpuiii  Mx.     Smiling  W.    Lvs.  ovate,  rounded  at  base,  acuminate; 

petals  lancc-ovalc,  recurved,  twice  longer  than  the  sepals,  wavy,  white,  beautifully 
pencilled  at  base  with  purple.    Woods,  Can.  to  Ga.    8—12'. 

5  T.  grandifloruiii  Salisb.    Lvs.  rhomb-obovate,  sessile,  conspicuously  acuminate •; 

lietals  spatulate-obovate,  much  longer  (1^—2')  than  the  sepals,  white,  varying  to 
rose-color.    Damp,  rocky  woods,  M.,  S.,  and  W.    8—12'. 

6  T.  erectum  L.    Baili  Flower.     Leaves  roundish-rhombio,  short-pointed,  almost 

petiolate,  about  as  broad  as  long;  ped.  scarcely  erect;  flower  nodding;  petals  oval- 
ovate,  much  broader  than  the  sepals,  dark  purple,  ill-scented.    Woods. 
/3.  album.    Petals  white  or  greenish  ;  ped.  inclined.    N.  Y.  (Hankenson),  and  W. 

7  T.  cernnuin  L.    Leaves  nearly  as  in  No.  G ;  ped.  more  than  half  the  length  of  the 

leaves,  twice  that  of  the  flower;  petals  flat,  not  reflexed,  white,  little  larger  than 
the  sepals  ;  stigmas  as  long  as  the  anthers.    Woods,  M.,  S.,  and  W.    1—1  Jf. 

8  T.  stylosnni  N.    Leaves  petiolate,  ovate,  oval,  or  elliptic ;  ped.  not  longer  than 

the  flower,  decuived ;   petals  recurved,  much  larger  than  the  sepals,  white;   styles 
united,  as  long  as  the  stigmas,  shorter  than  the  recurved  anthers.    South.    10—20'. 

2.  MEDEOLA,  Gronov.  Indian  Cdcumber-root.  Perianth  deeply 
parted  into  6  pelaloid,  revolute  segments.  Sta.  6,  with  slender  filaments. 
Stigmas  3,  divaricate,  united  at  base.  Berry  3-celled,  cells  3-G-seeded.  U 
Stem  simple,  arising  from  a  white,  tuberous  rhizome  (which  is  thought  to 
resemble  the  cucumber  in  flavor)  bearing  2  whorls  of  lvs.  and  1 — 3  term.  fls. 
I?I.  Virginica  L.— Damp  woods.    Slender,  erect,  1— 2f,  with  cottony  wool.    Lowci 

whorl  of  r»— S.  upper  of  3  Icavi-.s.    Flowers  pendulous,  yellowish.    July.     (Fig.  294.) 


Order  147.— LILIACE^.  341 

Order  CXLVII.    LILIACE^.    Lilywokts. 

Eerhs  with  bulbous  or  tuberous  sterns^  parallel-veined,  sessile  leaves,  and 
perfect,  regwl^iY  jlowers,  with  the  perianth  uniformly  colored  and  free  from 
the  ovar?/.  Stamens  0  (4  in  Majanthemum),  pcrigynous.  Anthers  introrsc 
(except  in  Uvularia).  Styles  wholly  or  partly  united.  Fruit  a  capsule  or 
berry.    Seeds  albuminous. 

8  LILIACE^/jroper.    Style  entire.    Fruit  a  dry  capsule.    Plants  with  a  scaly  or  coated  bulb.. .(») 
§  ASPHODELEiE.    Style  entire  (or  0).     Fr.  a  dry  capsule.    With  a  caudex,  root-crown,  or  rliiz...(*'') 
8  CONVALLARINEiE.    Style  entire.    Fr.  a  colored  berry.    Plants  with  a  rhiz.  or  fibrous  roots.  ..(**») 
S  UVULARIEiE.    Style  3-cleft  or  :<-parted.     Fruit  a  dry  capsule.    Plants  with  a  rhizome. .  .(****) 

*  Stem  leafy  above  as  well  as  at  the  base.    Bulbs  scaly.  ..(6) 
«  Stem  (scape)  sheathed  at  base,  leafless,  many-flowered... (c) 

•  Stem  (scape)  sheathed  at  base,— a  bearing  a  single  nodding  flower Ertthronium.     1 

—a  bearing  a  solitary,  erect  flower Tulipa.  2 

6  Petals  equalling  the  Bppals,  with  a  honey-groove  at  base Lilium.  3 

h  Petals  equalling  the  sepals,  with  a  roundish  nectary  at  base Fritillauia.  4 

6  Petals  ranch  larger  th:in  sepals,  nectary  in  the  midst,  or  0 Calochortcs-  5 

c  Perianth  segments  united,  forming  a  tubular  flower... (c) 
c  Perianth  segments  <listinct,  not  forming  a  tube...(d) 

d  Flowers  small,  in  »  panicle  of  racemes,  white Nolina.  6 

d  Flowers  in  a  simple  mceme,  mostly  blue Scilla.  7 

d  Flowers  in  a  corymb,  wiiite,  with  bracts Ornithogalu.m.   8 

d  Flowers  in  an  umbel,  white  or  roseate,  with  2 — i  bracts Allium.  9 

e  Limb  of  the  perianth  revolute,  as  long  as  the  tube IIyaointhus.  Ill 

«  Limb  of  the  perianth  spreading,  much  shorter  than  tube Muscari.  U 

♦•  Perianth  segments  united  more  or  less  into  a  tube. .  .(m) 

**  Perianth  segments  distinct. — n  Flowers  racemed,  small,  yellow .Schce.volirion.  12 

— n  Flowers  panicled,  white Yucca.  1.1 

m  Stamens  straight,  longer  than  the  tubular,  flame-colored  perianth Tritoma.  14 

VI  Stamens  all  curved  upward. — o  Flowers  in  an  umbel Agapanthus.  13 

— o  Flowers  cyanic,  racemed Funkia.  16 

— o  Flowers  xanthic,  terminal Hkmekocallis.  17 

•••  Perianth  segments  separate,  not  forming  a  tube...(s) 

•*•  Perianth  segments  united.— p  Flowers  greenish,  axillary Polygonatum.  18 

— V  Flowers  pure  white,  on  a  scape Convallari.\.  19 

«  Scape  leafless,  bearing  an  umbel.    Berry  blue,  2-celled Climonia.  20 

«  Stem  leafy,  bearing  the  flowers  solitary  or  in  pairs.     Berries  rcd...(y)  (Sec  p.  447.) 

«  Stem  leafy,  bearing  a  white  cluster.— x  Flowers  6-parted .Smilacina.  21 

—X  Flowers  4-parted Majantukmuji.  22 

y  Stems  much  branched,  with  filiform  branchlets  for  leaves Asfakagus.  23 

y  Stem  forking,  with  oval  leaves.— a  Fls.  axillary.     Berry  00-seeded Stkeptopus.  2i 

—3  Fls.  terminal.     Berry  3-6-seeded Prosartks.  25 

••**  Stem  leafy.     Flowers  solitary,  lona  yellowish,  drooping Uvulakia.  26 

1.  ERYTHRONIUM,  L.  Perianth  campanulate.  Seg.  recurved,  the 
3  inner  ones  (petals)  usually  with  a  callous  tooth  attached  to  each  side  at 
base,  and  a  groove  in  the  middle.  Style  long.  Caps,  somewhat  stipitato, 
seeds  ovate.    If  Lvs.  2,  subradical.    Scape  1- Go-flvvd.    Flowers  nodding. 

1  K.  Amcricanum  Sm,     Yellow  E.    Bulb  deep  in  the  ground,  sending  up  u  pcape 

whicli  bears  2  unequal,  lanceolate,  mottled  leaves  at  the  surface  of  the  grouud,  .•^.nd 
a  handsome  drooping  yellow  flower  at  top.    Woods.    3— 5^    April,  May. 
p.'bracteattim.    Leaves  very  unequal  ;  scape  with  a  bract  near  the  flower.    Vt. 

2  E.  albidum  N.     White  E.    Scape  naked,  bearing  a  white  drooping  flower  ;  petals 

without  teeth,  narrowed  to  the  base.    Wet  meadows,  N.  Y.  to  Wis.    May,  June. 

2.  TULIPA,  Tourn.    Tui.ir.    Perianth  campanulate.    Sta.  short,  subu- 


342  Ordek  147.— LILIACExE. 

late,  anth.  broad-linear,  deeply  emarginate  at  base.     Style  very  short,  stig. 
thick.    Caps,  oblong,  triangular.     U  Herbs  acaulescent,  with  coated  bulbs, 
sessile  leaves,  and  a  simple  scape  bearing  a  solitary,  erect  flower. 
T.  Qesnbriana.    Plant  smooth;  leaves  ovate-lanceolate,  near  the  ground;   eegracnta 
very  obtuse,  endlessly  variegated  with  red,  yellow,  and  white.    Persia.    May,  June. 

3.  IjILIUM,  L.  Lily.  Perianth  bell-form,  colored.  Sep.  6,  gradually 
spreading  or  recurved,  each  with  a  longitudinal  honey-groove  within  from 
middle  to  base.  Sta.  shorter  than  the  style,  anth.  versatile.  Style  clavatc, 
stig.  3-lobed.  Caps,  subtriangular.  Seeds  2-rowed  in  each  cell.  U  Bulbs 
scaly.     Stems  leafy.    Flowers  large,  showy.    June — August. 

*  Native  wild  Lilies,  with  yellow,  orange,  or  red,  spotted,— a;  nodding  fls..Nos.  1—3 

—X  erect  fls Nos.  4,  5 

*  Exotic  Lilies,  cultivated,  mostly  hardy.    Fls.  nodding  (except  Nos.  tt,  14)  ...(a) 

a  Stems  bearing  bulblets  in  the  axils.    Flowers  orange-colored.. Nos.  6,  7 

a  Stems  never  bulbifcrous.— y  Fls.  white.    Lvs.  lanceolate,  scattered. . .  Nos.  8—10 

— y  Fls.  wh.,  varieg.  and  spotted,  sweet Nos.  11—13 

— y  Fls.  yellow  or  straw-colored Nos.  14— IH 

— y  Fls.  red  or  purple Nos.  17 — 19 

1  L.  Canadeiise  L.     Yellow  L.    Leaves  mostly  in  whorls,  lanceolate,  the  veins  be- 

neath hairy;   ped.  terminal,  mostly  in  3's  ;   sepals  gradually  spreading,  yellow  to 
orange,  with  purple  spots  inside.    Meadows,  mostly  N.    2~5f. 

2  li.  snperbum  L.     Turk's-cap.     Leaves  linear-lanceolate,  acuminate,  the  lower 

whorled,  upper  scattered ;  flowers  often  numerous,  orange  to  red,  spotted,  the  se- 
pals revolnte.    Wet  soils.    4— (if.    Flowers  3—30.    Plant  splendid. 

3  If  Carolinlinuni  Mx.    Lvs.  1-veined,  oblanceolate,  acuminate,  tapering  to  the 

base,  the  upper  whorled,  the  lower  scattered  ;  sepals  lance-linear,  recurved  (notrevo- 
lute),  deep  yellow  spotted  with  purple.    Swamps,  S.     H — 3f.     Flowers  1—3. 

4  li.  Philadelpliicum  L.    Lvs.  lance-linear,  the  upper  whorled,  lower  scattered  ; 

fls.  1—3  ;  sepals  erect-spreading,  lance-ovate,  obtuse  or  barely  acute,  clawed,  orange- 
red,  spotted  at  base,  2^^'  long.    Dry  pastures  and  copses.    15—20'. 

5  I*.  Catesbaei  Walt.    Lvs.  all  scattered,  lance-oblong  to  linear  ;  flower  solitary  ;  se- 

pals lanceolate,  wavy,  3 — 4',  the  long  claws  yellow,  lamina  and  long,  thickened  acu 
mination  scarlet,  spotted  with  purple.    Damp  barrens,  Md.,  and  S.    2— 3f. 
8  L«,  BULBiFERUM.    Fls.  crcct,  rough  iusidc,  2^' ;  sep.  sessile  ;  lvs.  3-veined.    4f.   Italy. 

7  li.  TiGRiNUM.    Fls.  nodding,  spotted  ;  sep.  sessile,  ^\  rev.  ;  lvs.  ."j-veined.  6f.  China 

8  li.  cANDiDUM.    Fls.  campanulate,  several,  smooth  inside.    From  Persia.    3— 4f. 

9  !»,  Japonicum.    F1.  solitary,  campanulate  ;  sep.  revolnte  at  apex.    Japan.    2— 3f. 

10  Ij.  LONGiFLORUM.    Fls.  solitary,  tubular-bcll-form  ;  Sep.  5— 6'.    From  Japan.    If 

1 1  li.  GiGANTEUM.    Tall  (8f ) ;  fls.  spicate,  trumpet-lbrm,  white,  with  carmine  lines 

1  2  li.  sPECiosuM.  Stem  2— 3f ;  leaves  lance-ovate,  scattered  ;  fls.  1—3,  fragrant ;  sepals 
.5',  revoluto,  white  to  roseate,  with  purple  warty  spots  inside.    Japan.    Splendid. 

13  li.  AUUATUM.  Stem  1— 2f ;  leaves  lanceolate,  scattered;  fls.  1—3,  fragrant;  sepals 
(J— 7',  spreading,  white,  with  a  yellow  baud  and  purple  spots.    Japan.     "'  Glorious." 

1  4  li.  cuocEUM.    Lvs.  some  in  3"s,lin. -falcate  ;  fls.  erect,  often  umbellate,  rougii  inside. 

1  .=»  li.  TESTACEU.M.    Lvs.  whorlcd  ?  lanceolate,  many  ;  fls.  Several,  large,  straw-col.    (if. 

1  G  li.  CoLCHicuM.    Lvs.  crowded,  lance-lin. ;  fls.  sev.,  funnel-form  ;  sep.  recurved.    2f. 

1  7  li.  PoMPONiUM.    Lvs.  lin.  to  subulate,  crowded ;  fls.  small,  scarlet ;  sep.  rou^h,  revol. 

18  li.  Martagon.  Lvs.  lance-oblong,  whorled;  fls.  panicled,  puq^le  to  roseate,  revo- 
lnte, spotted.  From  Europe.  5f.  [not  spotted;  sepals  reflexed.  Palestine.  3f. 

19  li.  Chalcedonicum.    Lvs.  lancc-linear,  crowded,  erect,  rough-edged  ;  fls.  bright  red, 

4.  FRITILLARIA,  Tourn.     Chec^ukred  Lily.     Perianth  campanu- 


Order  147.— LILIACE.E  343 

late,  with  a  broad  base  and  nectariferous  cavity  above  the  claw  of  each 
segment.  Stamens  as  long  as  the  petals.  Stig.  trifid.  Caps,  coriaceous,  3- 
celled,  septifragal.  U  With  coated  bulbs,  simple,  leafy  stems,  bearing  1 
or  more  nodding  flowers  in  Spring. 

1  F.  iMPERiALis.     C7-07vn  Imperial.    Stem  3f,  at  ba?e  invested  with  long,  narrow  Ivp., 

the  middle  naked,  the  pumniit  bearing  a  raceme  of  large  drooping  red  flowers  beneath 
a  crown  of  bractp.    Yar.  flava  has  yellow  flowers.    Persia. 

2  F.  MELEAGKI9.     Chequered  L.    Stem  l-flowered,  with  alternate,  linear,  channelled 

leives  ;  flower  large,  nodding,  chequered  with  purple  and  yellow.    Europe.    If. 

3  F.  Persica.  '  Fls.  brownish-purple,  in  a  pyramidal,  naked  raceme.    Persia.    3f. 

5.  OALOCHORTUS,  Ph.  Perianth  twisted  in  aestivation.  Sepals  3, 
smaller  than  the  3  petals,  which  are  bearded  within  except  a  central  gla- 
brous spot.  Style  very  short,  anth.  recurved.  Seeds  1-rowed  in  each  cell 
of  the  capsule.     U  Califoraian,  bulbous.    Leaves  narrow.     Stem  erect. 

€'.  SPLENDKNS.  Stem  with  3—5  large,  open,  lilac  flowers  ;  pet.  each  with  a  brown-yellow 
eye  in  the  middle.    1— 2f.    June.— A  splendid  flower,  yet  rare  in  cultivation. 

C  PULCHELLUs  and  C.  albus,  with  the  petals  connivent  into  pendent  globes,  the  one 
golden  yellow,  the  otlier  satin  white,  are  very  beautiful. 

6.  NOLINA,  Rich.  Perianth  small,  of  6  equal  ovate  spreading  parts, 
longer  than  the  6  stamens.  Stigmas  3,  recurved,  with  a  very  short  style. 
Caps.  3-winged,  3-(or  l-3-)seeded.  if  Bulb  coated.  Scape  widely  branched. 
Flowers  racemed,  white,  nearly  bractless. 

N.  Georsflana  Mx.— Sand  hills,  S.  Car.  to  Fla.  Scape  2— 3f,  from  a  large  bulb.  Leaves 
long,  narrow,  all  radical,  recurved  and  channelled,  rough-edged. 

7.  SCILLA,  L.  Squill.  Sepals  and  petals  similar,  spreading  (blue  or 
purple).  Filaments  6,  slender,  style  thread-club-shaped.  Caps.  3-angled, 
3-celled,  cells  with  1  or  several  black  seeds.  U  Bulb  coated,  bearing  sev 
cral  linear  leaves  and  a  scape  with  a  raceme. 

1  S.  escnlenta  Ker.    Quaniash.    Lvs.  keeled,  flaccid,  shorter  than  the  scape  ;  bracts 

subulate,  longer  than  the  pedicels;  filaments  filiform;   stigmas  .3-toothed  ;   sepala 
widely  spreading,  pale  blue.    Bottoms,  W.    1— 2f.    May.    (Camassia,  Lindl.) 

2  S.  Peruviana.    Leaves  ciliatc  on  the  edges,  longer  than  the  scape ;  flowers  stellate, 

in  a  dense  conical  corymb,  violet-l)luc,  rarely  white.    Spain. 

8.  ORNITHOGALUM,  L.  Star  op  Bethlehem.  Stem  a  coated 
bulb.  Sep.  and  pet.  similar,  white,  spreading,  3-7-veined.  Fil.  G,  subulate. 
Style  slender,  stigma  3-ang1ed.  Caps,  roundish,  3-angled.  Sds.  few,  black. 
It  Scape  with  a  corymb  of  bracted  flowers,  and  linear  leaves. 

O.  iimbellatuin  L.    Leaves  channelled,  as  long  as  the  scape  (If) ;  flowers  few,  on  * 
long  pedicels,  the  white  sepals  each  with  a  green  band  outside.    June.    §  Europe. 

9.  ALLIUM,  L.  Garlic.  Onion.  Flowers  in  a  dense  umbel,  with  a 
membranous  2-(l-4-)leaved  spathe.  Perianth  deeply  6-parted.  Seg.  mostly 
spreadmg,  ovate,  the  3  inner  somewhat  smaller.  Ovary  angular,  stigma 
acute.  Caps.  3-lobed.  Seeds  few,  black.  Strong-scented,  bulbous  plant«. 
Leaves  mostly  radical 


344  -  Order  147.— LILIACE.E. 

§  Leaves  (none  at  flowering-time)  flat,  lanceolate.    Ovary  only  3-ovaled No.  1 

§  Loaves  present,  flat.— a  Ovary  6-ovulecl,  often  with  a  6-toothed  crest... (y) 

—a  Ovary  GO-ovuled,  not  crested.    Leaves  linear No.  5 

$  Leaves  terete  and  hollow.— a;  Scape  or  stem  slender,  not  inflated Nos.  8,  9 

—X  Scape  inflated  in  the  midst.    Cultivated...J?08. 10,  11 

y  Wild  native  species.    Leaves  linear  and  very  narrow Nos.  2 — 4 

y  Exotics  cultivated.    Leaves  lance-linear  or  broadly  linear Nos.  6,  7 

1  A .  tricoccum  Ait.   Lvs.  5—8',  fngacions,  mostly  gone  in  June,  when  the  scape,  with 

its  rounded  umbel  of  10—12  white  fls.,  appears.    Woods,  N.  Eng.  to  N.  C,  and  W.    If. 

2  A»  cernuunt  Roth.    Lvs.  very  long  ;  umbel  ce7mvous,  with  12—20  bright  roseate  fls. ; 

sepals  oblong-obovate,  acute  ;  fllam.  filiform,  exserted.    N.  Y.,  W.  and  S.    ..J— 2f,    Jl. 
p.  stellatum.    Umbel  mostly  erect ;  stam.  not  exserted.    Dry,  HI.,  and  W.    | — Ijf. 

3  A.  Canadense  Kalm.    Scape  terete;  leaves  shorter  than  the  scape ;  umbel  erect, 

capitate,  consisting  of  both  (whitish)  fls.  and  bnlblets  mixed.    Shades.    If.    June. 

4  A.  mutablle  Mx.    Lvs.  lin. -filiform,  thin,  shorter  than  the  terete  scape;  umb.  20- 

40-flwd.,  erect;  spathe  3-leaved,  purplish  ;  sep.  ovate-lanceolate,  longer  than  the  sta., 
white  or  roseate  ;  capsule  3-lobed,  3-seeded.    Woods,  S.    1— Hf.    March — May. 

5  A.  striatum  Jacq.    Lvs.  linear,  nearly  equalling  the  teretish  scape  ;  spathe  2-1  vd. ; 

fls.  3—7,  sep.  lance-ovate,  green-striped  outside  ;  not  garlic-scented.  W.  and  S.  8—12'. 

6  A.  SATIVUM.     Common  Garlic.    Bulb  cons^isting  of  many  small  ones  in  a  common 

sheath;  stem  leafy  to  the  middle  ;  umbel  bulb-bearing ;  flowers  white.    Sicily.    July. 

7  A.  PORRUM.    Leek.    St.  compressed,  sheathed  at  base  by  the  channelled  leaves  ;  umb. 

globous,  white  ;  stamens  a  little  longer  than  the  rough-keeled  sepals.    Europe.    July. 

8  A.  vineale  L.     Crow  Garlic.    Stem  and  few  fistulous  lvs.  very  slender;  umb.  bulb- 

bearing  ;  stamens  alternately  3-cuspidate.    Fields,  June.    It  spoils  the  cows'  milk. 

9  A.  scliaenoprasum  L.    Cives.    Scape  equalling  the  terete,  filiform,  fistulous  lvs. ; 

umb.  capitate  ;  sep.  longer  than  the  simple  stamens,  rose-purple.    Lake  shores,  N.    % 

10  A.  FiSTULosuM.  Welsh  Onion.  Scape  inflated  in  the  midst,  not  taller  than  the  fis- 
tulous leaves  ;  umbel  dense,  globular  ;  stamens  exserted.    Asia.    18'.    % 

11  A.  Cepa.  Common  0.  Scape  inflated  near  the  base,  much  taller  than  the  fistulous 
leaves.    @  Universally  cultivated,  and  of  many  varieties. 

/3.  PROLiFERUM.     Top  0.    Umbel  producing  bnlblets  instead  of  flowers. 

10.  HYAOINTHUS,  L.  Hyacinth.  Perianth  tnbular-bcjl-form,  seg- 
ment spreading-recurved.  Stam.  strai<;lit,  perigynous.  Ovary  free.  Seeds 
few.     U  Bulb  coated.     Scape  racemous. 

H,  ORlENTALis.  Lvs.  thick,  lance-linear,  half  as  long  as  the  scape  ;  flowe;s  many,  hall 
6-cleft,  tumid  at  the  base,  blue,  varying  to  purple,  red,  white,  &c. ;  stimens  deeply 
included.    Levant.    March,  April.    Fine  for  the  bulb-glass. 

11.  MUSCARI,  Tourn.  Grape  Hyacinth.  Perianth-tube  ventricous, 
ovoid,  globuhir  or  urceolate,  limb  of  6  very  short  blunt  teeth.  Otherwise 
as  in  Hyacinthus. 

1  in.  botryoides  L.    Fls.  scentless,  globular,  nodding,  blue  (&c  ),  2'';  lvs.  broad-Un., 

obtuse,  longer  than  the  scapes  (10').    Gardens  and  fields.    May.    §  Europe. 

2  m.  MOscHATUM.    Fls.  musk-sccnted.  oval,  nodding,  3",  greenish-blue,  or  livid,  with  a 

little  (j-toothed  crown  in  the  throat ;  leaves  lance  linear,  erect.    Europe.    April. 

3  in.  RACEMosuM.    Flowcrs  fragrant,  nodding,  dense,  ovoid-cylindric,  blue  with  a  white 

limb  :  leaves  linear,  flaccid,  channelled,  recurved.    Rare  in  gardens. 

4  M.  coMosuM  occurs  in  gardens  as  a  monstrosity,  with  the  tall  (If)  raceme  changed  to 

a  fiterile,  difftise,  feathery  panicle  of  blue  filaments.    Showy. 

12.  SCHCENOLiRION,  Ton*.     Stem   a  tuberous  rhizome.    Perianth 


Order  147.— LILIACE^.  346 

yellow,  &c.    Caps,   obovoid,  obscurely  3-lobed.    Flowers  racemed.     U 
Othei-^ise  as  in  Ornitliogaliim,  and  too  near  it.    April,  May. 
S.  croceum  (Mx.)    Lvs.  narrowly  linear,  longer  than  the  scape,  which  is  very  slender, 
15—20' ;  flowers  email,  about  15  in  the  raceme,  yellow  ;  sepals  ovate,  2".    Damp.    S. 

13.  YUCCA,  L.  Bear's-grass.  Spanish  Daggers,  x'eiianth  per- 
sistent and  withering,  of  6  sepals,  the  6  stamens  shorter.  Stigmas  3,  ses- 
sile. Caps,  oblong,  6-sided,  the  3  cells  partly  divided  each  into  2  by  a 
false  partition.  Seeds  oo.  U  Stem  subterranean,  or  arising  into  a  caudex 
(§  227),  with  linear  or  sword-shaped  perennial  leaves  and  a  terminal  pan- 
icle of  white,  handsome  flowers. 

1  Y,  filamentosa  L.   Bear's-thread.   Acaulescent  or  nearly  so ;  leaves  lance-linear, 

rigid,  sharp-pointed,  the  margin  Jilamentom,  i.  e.,  bearing  thread-like  fibres  ;  scape 
5 — 8f;  flowers  numerous,  cup-form,  1}'.    Sands,  S.    June,    t 

2  Y.  gloriosa  L.    Caulescent;  caudex  some  3f;  leave?  clustered  at  top,  lanceolate, 

stiff",  margins  very  entire  ;  flowers  cup-form,  very  00.    S.    June,  July. 

3  Y.  aloefolia  Walt.    Spanish  Daggers.    Caudex  some  lOf.  often  branched,  naked 

and  scarred ;  leaves  clustered  at  top,  stout  and  sharp,  serrulate  ;  flowers  white,  with 
violet  spots  ;  sepals  oblong.    Thickets  near  the  coast,  S.    June— Aug. 

14.  TRITOMA,  Ker.  Perianth  tubular,  regular,  6-toothed.  Stamens 
sti-aight,  hypogjmous,  alternately  longer,  and  with  the  style  exserted.  Caps. 

00  -  seeded,     li  Leaves  linear,  keeled.    Scape  racemed. 

T.  UvARiA.    Lvs.  in  a  dense  radical  crown ;  scape  3 — 5f,  with  a  long  raceme  of  innumer- 
able soon-pendent,  red,  orange,  and  flame-colored  flowers.    S.  Africa.    Aug.— Oct. 

15.  AGAPANTHUS,  L'Her.  Perianth  tubular  at  base,  funnel-form, 
free  from  the  ovary,  regular.  Stam.  and  filiform  style  upcurved  at  the 
end.  Caps.  3-angled.  Seeds  oo.  'li  Root  tuberous.  Leaves  flat,  linear. 
Scape  bearing  a  2-leaved  umbel.    Blue.    July. 

A.  tT3iBELLATUS.    Scapc  2f,  with  the  thick  radical  leaves  as  long  ;  flowers  many,  large, 
the  pedicels  equalling  the  perianth.    S.  Africa.    A  fine  parlor  plant. 

16.  FUNKTA,  Spreng.  Perianth  funnel-form,  deciduous.  Stam.  6,  hy- 
pogynous,  and  with  the  style  declinate-cui-ved.  Caps,  elongated,  3-angled. 
Seeds  oo,  winged  at  end.  U  Root  fasciculate.  Leaves  all  radical,  ovate 
or  oblong,  veined,  ])etiolate.     Scape  racemed.    Japan. 

1  F.  SUBCORDATA.     White  Day  Lily.    Lvs.  large,  ovate,  subcordate,  veins  strongly  im- 

pressed ;  fls.  white,  fragrant,  horizontal,  5'  long,  tube  longer  than  the  limb.  2^f.  Aug. 

2  F.  OVATA  Spr.    Blve  Day  Lily.    Lvs.  broad-ovate,  acuminate ;  rac.  many-flowered ; 

fls.  funnel-form,  2',  blue  or  violet,  nodding,  tube  shorter  than  the  limb.    Ohio,  §.    t 
fi   ALBO-MARGiNATA.    Has  its  leaves  irregularly  margined  with  white. 

17.  HEMEROCALLIS,  L.  Day  Lily.  Perianth  funnel-shaped,  reg- 
ular, ephemeral,  limb  spreading.  Stam.  6,  inserted  in  the  throat,  curved 
upward.  Style  slender,  curved  like  the  stamens  and  longer.  Caps,  with  3 
few-seeded  cells,  li  Root  fasciculate.  Scapes  branched.  Leaves  linear. 
Flowers  large,  xanthic,  solitary,  or  racemed.    July. 

1  H.  ruLVA.    Lvs.  channelled ;  pet.  obtuse,  wavy;  veins  of  sep.  branched.  An  old  gar- 

den plant,  with  large  tawny  flowers,  lasting  but  a  day.    3f.    §  Levant. 

2  H.  FLAVA.    Lvs.  channelled ;  ecp.  acute,  bright  yellow,  veins  undivided.    Siberia.  If. 


346  Order  147.-~LILIACE^ 

18.  POLYGONATUM,  Tourn.  True  Solomon's  Seal.  Perianth  tu- 
bular,  limb  short,  6-lobed,  erect.  Stamens  6,  inserted  near  and  above  the 
middle  of  the  tube,  and  with  the  slender  style  included.  Berry  globular, 
black  or  blue,  3-6-seeded.  U  Rhizome  horizontal,  thick.  St.  leafy  above. 
(Lvs.  alternate.)    Fls.  axillary,  pendent,  greenisli-white.    Fig.  258. 

P.  Mflorum  Ell.  Stem  recurved,  emooth  ;  lvs.  lanceolate  to  elliptic,  sessile,  obscurely 
many-veined,  glaucous-pale  and  more  or  less  pubescent  beneath  ;  filaments  roughened, 
inserted  near  the  middle  of  the  tube.    Woods.    1— 3f.    April— June. 

/3.  ffig-dnteum.    Plant  all  emooth,  tall ;  lvs.  clasping;  ped.  2-6-flwd.    3— 7f. 

V.  latifoltnm.    Plant  pubescent  above  ;  leaves  ovate,  some  stalked. 

19.  CONVALLARIA,  L.  Lily  of  the  Valley.  Perianth  campanu- 
late,  of  6  united  segments,  lobes  of  the  limb  recurved.  Stam.  6,  included, 
perigynous.  Ovary  3-celled,  1-styled,  cells  4-6-ovuled.  Beriy  (red)  few- 
seeded.  li  Rhizome  creeping,  slender.  Lvs.  radical,  and  scape  very  smooth, 
low,  bearing  a  raceme  of  white,  drooping,  sweet-scented  flowers. 

C.  majalls  L.— Mountain  woods,  Va.  to  Ga.  Common  in  gardens.  6—10'.  Lvs.  ovato- 
elliptic,  2  or  3  with  each  scape.    Flowers  in  an  open  raceme,  3^",    May,  Jane. 

20.  OLINTONIA,  Raf.  Perianth  campanulatc,  of  6  equal,  distinct  seg 
ments.  Stam.  C,  hypogynous,  anth.  linear-oblong.  Ovary  oblong,  2-(rarely 
3-)celled.  Style  elongated.  Berry  (blue)  2-celled,  cells  2-10-seeded.  U  Rhi- 
zome creeping.    Lvs.  few,  broad.    Scape  naked,  bearing  an  umbel. 

1  C.  borealis  Raf.    Lvs.  broad-oval-lanceolate ;  flowers  2—5  in  the  bractless  umbel, 

cernuous  ;  berry-cells  many-seeded.    Mountainous  or  hilly  woods.    June.    8 — 13'.    A 
smooth  and  elegant  plant.    (See  Fig.  No.  715  in  the  Class-Book.) 

2  C,  umbellata  Torr.    Lvs.  lance-oblong;  umbel  many-(12-30-)flwd.,  bracted ;   fls. 

white,  speckled,  4—5'';  berry-cells  2-seeded.   Woods,  W.  N-Y.,  and  S.  along  the  mts. 

21.  SMILACINA,  Desf.  False  Solomon's  Seal.  Perianth  of  G  equal, 
spreading  segm.,  united  at  base.  Stam.  6,  slender,  perigynous,  anth.  short. 
Ova.  globous,  3-celled,  with  2  ovules  in  each  cell.  Sty.  short,  thick.  Berry 
globous,  pulpy,  1-3-seeded.  2^  Rhizome  creeping,  thick  or  slender.  Stem 
leafy,  bearing  a  terminal  cluster  of  white  flowers  in  April — June. 

§  Raceme  compound.    Stamens  longer  than  the  perianth.    Ovules  collateral No.  1 

§  Raceme  simple.    Stam.  shorter  than  perianth.    Ovules  one  above  the  other.  .Nos.  2,  8 

1  S.  racemosa  Desf.    Stem  recurved ;  leaves  oval,  strongly  veined,  acuminate,  sub- 

sessile  ;  raceme  compound.    Copses  :  common.    Berries  red-dotted.    2f. 

2  S.  stellata  Desf.    St.  erect ;  lvs.  many,  lanceolate,  acute,  amplexicaul ;  fls.  few,  in 

a  simple  raceme  ;  berries  dark  red.    Along  rivers,  N.  and  W.    10—20'. 

3  S,  trifoliata  Desf.    Erect ;  lvs.  3  or  4,  oval-lanceolate,  tapering  to  both  ends,  am- 

plexicaul ;  rac.  terminal,  simple  ;  berries  red.    Mountain  swamps,  N.  and  W.    3 — 6'. 

22.  MAJANTHEMUM,  Moench.  Two-leaved  Solomon's  Seal. 
Perianth  of  4  ovate,  obtuse,  spreading  segments,  united  at  base.  Stam.  4. 
Ovary  2-celled.    Otherwise  as  .  n  Smilacina. 

Mf.  blfolium  DC— Common  in  open  woods.  Stem  with  2  (rarely  3)  ovate,  subcordato 
leaves  and  a  simple  raceme  of  small  white  flowers,  3—6'.  May.— In  Oregon,  the  same 
plant  liccomcs  stout,  2f  high,  with  pctiolatc,  strongly  cordate  leaves  1 


OiiDEK  148.— MELANTHACE.E.  347 

23.  ASPARAGUS,  L.  Perianth  6-parted,  segm.  erect,  slight-spreading 
abovx3.  Sta.  6,  perigynous.  Sty.  veiy  short,  stig.  3.  Berry  3-celled,  cells 
2-seeded.  2^  Rts.  fibrous,  matted.  Stems  with  filiform  branchlets  for  leaves 
in  the  axils  of  scales. 

A.  officinalis  L.    Stem  herbaceous,  very  branching,  erect ;  Ivs.  fasciculate ;  flowers 
axillary ;  berries  red.    Long  cultivated,  and  §  in  rocky  shores. 

24.  STREPTOPUS,  Mx.  Twist-foot.  Perianth  bell-form,  of  6  dis- 
tinct, recurved  sepals.  Anth.  longer  than  the  filaments.  Style  elongated, 
stigmas  3-lobed.  Beny  globo*3,  red,  oo-seeded.  if  Stem  fork-branched. 
Flowers  axillary,  solitary,  on  a  geniculate  or  cuiTcd  pedicel.    June. 

1  S.  roseus  Mx.    Lvs.  oblong-ovate,  clasping,  margin  finely  ciliate ;  pedicels  oftener 

merely  recurved  ;  anth.  short,  2-homed  at  apex ;  stigma  trifid.    Damp  woods,  north- 
ward.   If— 15'.    Flowers  reddish,  spotted,  under  the  leaves. 

2  S.  amplexifolius  DC.    Leaves  oblong-ovate,  strongly  clasping,  margin  smooth 

and  entire  ;  pedicels  abruptly  bent  in  the  middle  ;  anthers  and  stigmas  entire  at  the 
apex ;  sepals  long-pointed,  reflexed.    Woods,  Penn.,  and  N.    2f. 

25.  PROSARTES,  Don.  Perianth  as  in  U\adaria.  Fil.  6,  perigynous, 
included,  much  longer  than  the  linear-oblong  anth.  Style  elongated,  trifid. 
Beny  red,  ovoid  or  oblong,  3-6-seeded.  if  Stem  erect,  branched.  Flow- 
ers few,  greenish,  terminal,  drooping.    May. 

P.  lanuginosa  Don.    Lvs.  ovate-oblong,  pointed,  clasping,  downy  beneath ;  pedicels 
in  pairs  ;  flowers  spreadiug-bell-form  ;  sep.  5 — 6'''  long.    Mountains,  N.  Y.  to  Car. 

26.  UVULARIA,  L.  Bellwort.  Perianth  of  6  linear-oblong,  conni- 
vent  sepals,  each  nectariferous  at  base.  Fila.  much  shorter  than  the  long, 
linear,  included  anth.  Style  trifid.  Caps.  3-celled,  few-seeded,  if  Stem 
forking.    Leaves  alternate.    Flowers  yellowish,  drooping. 

§  Leaves  perfoliate  near  the  base.    Capsule  obovoid-triangnlar,  truncate ISTos.  1—3 

§  Leaves  sessile  or  half-clasping.    Capsule  ovoid  or  oval-triangular Nos.  4—6 

1  U.  grandlflora  Sm,    Sepals  acuminate,  smooth  within  and  without,  greenish  yel- 

low, H'  long;  anthers  obtuse  (f)-    Woods,  1— 2f.    May. 

2  U.  perfoliata  L.    Mealy  B,    Sepals  acute,  IJ^  twisted,  covered  inside  with  shining 

grains,  palu  yellow  ;  anthers  cuspidate.    Woods.    10 — 14'.    May. 

3  U.  flava  Sm.    Lvs.  Qbtuse  ;  sepals  smooth  both  sides,  yellow.    1'.    N.  J.  to  Ya. 

4  U.  sesslllfolia  L.  Wild  Oats.    Lvs.  lance-oval,  glaucous  beneath ;  capsule  stiped  ; 

style  3-cleit,  nearly  as  long  as  the  (9")  sepals,    Glades :  common.    6—10'.    May. 

5  U.  Floridana  Chapm.    Leaves  oblong,  glaucous  beneath;   style  3-cleft,  half  as 

long  as  the  acuminate  (8")  sepals.    Woods,  Fla,    4—6'.    March. 

6  U.  puberula  Mx.    Leaves  puberulent,  oval,  green  both  sides  ;  capsule  sessile  (no 

stipe) ;  style  3-parted  to  near  the  base,  not  exceeding  the  anthers.    Mountains,  S 

Okder  CZLVIII.    MELANTHACE^.    Melanths. 

U-ivla  perennial,  sometimes  bulbous,  often  poisonous,  with  parallel- veined 
leaves.  Perianili  double,  regular,  persistent,  of  6  consimilar,  green  or  col- 
ored seqments.  Stamens  6,  with  extrorse  anthers,  3  distinct  styles  or  sessilo 
stigmas,  and  a  free,  3-celled  ovary.  Capsule  3-celled,  3-partible  or  septicidal, 
and  seeds  few  or  many,  with  a  thin  seed-coat. — Very  near  the  LilywortP, 
but  tlic  divided  pistils  aff'ord  a  practical  distinction. 


348  OiiDER  148.— MELANTHACE.E. 

§  Perianth  6-parted,  tube  very  long,  radical,  like  the  Crocus Colchicob.  I 

g  Perianth  6-sepalled,  wheel-form,  on  a  scape  or  stem,  with  leaves... (*) 

*  Anthers  1-celled,  extrorse,  cordate,  becoming  peltate  by  opening.  ..(a) 

*  Anthers  2-celled,  extrorse.    Capsule  loculicidal.     Flowers  racemous. . .(«) 

*  Anthers  2-celled,  introrse.    Capsule  septicidal.     Flowers  racemous. .  .(ci) 

a  Inflorescence  racemous,  with  white  flowers.  Sta.  scarce  longer  than  sep.  ..AMiANTriiUM.  2 
a  Inflorescence  spicate,  with  green  flowers.  Sta.  twice  longer  than  sepals... ScHiKNOCAULON.  3 
a  Inflorescence  paniculate,  or  a  raceme  somewhat  branched  at  base...(^) 

6  Sepals  glandular  at  base  inside,  clawed.     Stamens  perigynous MELANTiriCM.  4 

b  Sepals  glandular  at  base  inside,  clawed.     Stamens  hypogynous Zigadenus.  5 

6  Sepals  not  gland-bearing.    Stamens  perigynous Vkratrum.  6 

e  Flowers  perfect.    Filaments  dilated  at  base.    Ovary  cells  2-ovuled Zerophvllum.  7 

c  Flowers  perfect.     Filaments  filiform.     Ovary  cells   00-ovuled .Helonias.  8 

c  Flowers  dioecious,  white.    Stem  leafy -. CHAM."ELinitJM.  9 

d  Stamens  6.     Flowers  greenish  or  yellowish,  9 — 10 Tofiei.dia.  10 

d  Stamens  9—12.    Flowers  deep  yellow,  6—9,  mostly  6 Pl-Kea.  11 

/  ^ 

1.  OOLCHICUM  AUTUMNALE.  A  plant  of  curious  habit,  from  Europe. 
The  1—3  long-(5-S'-)tubefT,  lilac-colored,  6-parted  flower  arises  directly  from  the  new  tuber 
in  the  Autumn,  followed  in  the  succeeding  Spring  by  a  stem  bearing  the  leaves  and  fruit. 

2.  AMIANTHIUM,  Gray.  Fly-poison.  Fls.  ^ .  Sep.  sessile,  spread- 
ing, glandless,  shorter  than  the  stamens.  Anth.  reniform.  Caps.  3-horned, 
8-partible  into  1-4-seeded  follicles.  If  St.  bulbous  at  base,  scape-like.  Lvs. 
grass-like.    Fls.  on  slender  pedicels,  turning  green  with  age.    May — July. 

1  A.  muscaetoxicuin  Gr.    Bulb  conspicuous ;  lvs.  broad-linear,  obtuse,  many ;  rac. 

dense  ;  sep.  oblong ;  seeds  ovate,  red  and  fleshy.    Shades,  N.  J.,  W.  and  S.    1— 2f. 

2  A.  angiistifolium  Gr.    Tall,  slender,  scarcely  bulbous  ;  lvs.  linear,  acute  ;  sepals 

oval,  changing  to  brown  ;  rac.  very  dense  ;  seeds  linear,  dry.    Damp  woods,  S.    2— 3f. 

3.  SCH.ENOCAULON,  Graj^  Fls.  ?  .  Sep.  green,  linear-oblong,  Iialf 
as  long  as  the  hypogynous  stam.  Ova.  G-8-ovuled,  carpels  slightly  cohering. 
1^  Scape  bulbous,  rush-like.  Lvs.  sedge-like.  Spike  slender.  Apr.,  May. 
S.  grsicile  Gr.— Sandy  soils,  Ga.,  Fla.    Scape  2— 3f,  lvs.  half  as  long.    Fruit  unknown. 

4.  MELANTHIUM,  Gronov.  Fls.  6  5?-  Sep.  spreading,  unguicu- 
late,  with  2  glands  at  base,  the  claws  bearing  the  short  stamens.  Ova.  often 
abortive.  Caps.  3-lobed,  3-pointed  with  the  persistent  styles.  2'.  St.  thick- 
ened at  base.     Kacemes  panicled.     Flowers  yellowish.     July,  Aug. 

in.  Virginicum  L.— Wet  meadows,  N.  Y.,  W.  and  S.    Stem  3— 4f,  leafy.    Lvs.  lanceo- 
late to  linear,  6"— 2'  wide,  subclasping.    Flowers  8",  in  a  large  panicle. 

5.  ZIGADENUS,  Mx.  Zigadene.  Segm.  colored,  spreading,  at  base 
united,  contracted  and  2-glanded.  Sta.  hypogynous,  nearly  as  long  as  the 
segm.  Ovary  adherent  at  base  or  free.  Seeds  CO,  scarcely  winged.  U 
Smooth  and  glaucous.    Leaves  linear.    Flowers  greenish,  panicled. 

1  Z.  glaberrimusMx.    Rhizome  creeping ;  lvs.  channelled,  recurved ;  panicle  coni- 

cal ;  fls.  1'  broad  ;  sepals  lance-ovate,  with  2  round  glands.    Swamps,  S.    2f.    June. 

2  Z.  glaucns  N.    Stem  bulbous,  nearly  naked  ;  lvs.  flat,  much  shorter  than  the  stem ; 

sepals  obtuse,  3'^  each  with  1  obcordate  gland.    Sandy  shores,  N.  Y.  to  Dakota.    U£ 

3  Z.  leiinaiithoides  Gr.    Root  fibrous;  lvs.  flat;  panicle  slender;  segm.  obovate, 

the  glandular  spot  obscure.    Swamps,  N,  J.,  and  S.    2— 4f.    Flowers  white. 

6.  VERATRUM,  Touni.  False  Hellebore.  Fls.  $  ^  2.  Sep.  spread- 
in|c,  sessile  and  without  glands.    Sta.  shorter  than  the  perianth  and  inserted 


Order  148.— MELANTHACE^.  349 

on  its  base.    Ovary  3,  united  at  base,  often  abortive.    Capsule  3-partible. 
Seeds  few,  flat,  broadly  winged,     it  Flowers  in  panicles.    July. 

§  Stenanthium.    Sepals  at  base  united  and  adherent  to  base  of  ovary No.  1 

§  Vebatrum  proiJer.    Sepals  distinct  to  base  and  free  from  the  ovary Nos.  2—4 

1  V.  angustifolium  Ph.    Lvs.  long-linear ;  stem  slender,  2— 4f ;  panicle  IJf,  narrow  ; 

eegm.  green-white,  subulate,  2"  ;  flowers  sessile,  the  upper  fertile.    Pa.,  W.  and  S. 
3  v.  virlde  Ait.    Stem  stout  and  very  leafy,  2— 4f ;  leaves  lance-oval,  ample,  strongly 

plaited ;  flowers  innumerable,  green  ;  sepals  lanceolate,  6".    Wet  meadows. 

3  V.  parviflorum  Mx.    Leaves  nearly  all  radical,  oval-elliptic,  petiolate,  slightly 

plaited  ;  stem  slender,  scape-like,  long-paniculate ;  sepals  spatulate-unguiculate,  2—3'', 
half  as  long  as  the  pedicels,  dingy  green.    S.    2— 5f. 

4  V.  Woodii  Robbins.    Leaves  lance-elliptic  to  lance-linear,  the  lower  long-petioled, 

plicate ;  stem  rather  stout,  4— 6f ;  panicle  long  and  narrow ;  sepals  oblanceolate  to 
obovate,  4",  cUjnost  black,  as  long  as  the  pedicels.    Ind.,  and  W. 

7.  XEROPHYLLUM,  Mx.  Fls.  5  .  Sep.  oval,  spreading,  sessile,  and 
without  glands.  Fila.  dilated  and  contiguous  at  base.  Styles  linear,  revo- 
lute.  Caps.  3-lobed,  cells  2-seeded.  if  Lvs.  numerous,  dry,  setaceous,  the 
lower  longer,  rosulately  reclined.  Rac.  simple,  with  white,  showy  flowers. 
X.  aspliodeloides  N.— Sandy  plains,  N.J.  to  N.C.  3— 5f.  Per.  5"  wide.  Ped.  r'.  Jn. 

8.  HELONIAS,  L.  Fls.  5  .  Sep.  sessile,  spreading,  glandless,  shorter 
than  the  filiform  stamens.  Anth.  blue.  Caps.  3-horned,  3-styled.  Seeds  oo, 
linear,  if  Scape  thickish,  hollow,  with  many  radical,  narrow-oblanceolate 
leaves,  and  a  short,  dense  raceme  of  purple  flowers. 

H,  bullata  L.— N.  J.  to  Va.    Rare.    10—18'.    Lvs.  nearly  as  long  as  the  scape.    May. 

9.  CHAMJELIRIUM,  Walt.  Fls.  $,  $ .  Sepals  linear-spatulate,  per- 
sistent, white,  shorter  than  the  filiform  stamens.  Anthers  yellow.  Styles 
club-form.  Caps,  ovoid,  entire.  Seeds  oo,  winged  at  each  end.  2f  Root 
premorse.     Stem  strict.    Racemes  slender,  dense,  nodding  at  top. 

€.  luteumCL.)    Blazing  Star.— D-dm^  gvoxxna^.    Apr.— Jn.    12—30'.    Root  lvs.  lance- 
obovate,  stem  lvs.  lanceolate,  more  on  the  taller  9  plant.    Racemes  3—12'.    Spring. 

10.  TOFIELDIA,  Hudson.  Fls.  $  ,  3-bracteolate  at  base.  Sep.  spread- 
ing, sessile,  oblong.  Caps.  3-lobed,  3-partible.  Seeds  00,  oblong.  U  Lvs. 
etiuitant,  grass-like,  from  fibrous  roots.  Scapes  clustered,  bearing  spikes 
or  narrow,  close,  greenish  racemes.    June — August. 

*  Glabrous.    Pedicels  separate,  very  short.    Rac.  simple,  short,  spicate Nos.  1,  2 

*  Glandular.    Pedicelii  in  3's  (I's— 4*s),  short.    Bracteoles  united Nos.  3,  4 

1  T.  glutinosa  N.    Lvs.  glabrous,  linear-ensiform,  J  as  long  as  the  rongh-gluti/ions 

stem  ;  rac.  short  (1— H'),  spicate  ;  pep.  oblanc.,'2",  pod  4",    Woods,  O.  to  Wis.    15'. 

2  T.  pnbeiis  Dryand.    Leaves  nearly  i  the  length  of  the  glandular-puberulent  stem  ; 

rac.  of  alternate,  remotish  fascicles,  slender,  6—8'  long,  30-40-flowered  ;  pod  scarcely 
longer  than  the  perianth.    Barrens,  Del.  to  Fla.    Slender.    2— 3f. 

3  T.  palustris  Iluds.    Lvs.  3-5-veined,  acute;  scape  filiform;  spike  ovoid,  length^ 

cned  in  fruit ;  bractlets  only  at  the  base  of  the  pedicels.    Shores  of  L.  Sup.,  and  N. 

4  T.  glabra  N.    Leaves  radical,  a  few  on  the  stem  ;  rac.  2—5'  long,  dense,  20-30-uow- 

ered  ;  bractlets  united  near  the  flower,  as  in  Nos.  1  and  2,    Barrens,  S.    1— 2f. 

11.  PLEEA,  L.  C.  Rich.    Sep.  wide-spread,  lanceolate,  sessile,  longer 


350  OuDER  150.— .TUNC  ACE.'E. 

thau  the  9 — 12  stamens.    Styles  subulate.     Capsules  S-lobed.     Seeds  oo 
bristle-pointed.     U  Rush-like  stem  and  leaves  dry  and  rigid. 
P,  tcnuifolla  Rich.— Boge,  S.    1— 2f.    Sept.,  Oct.    Leaves  perennial,  erect,  very  nar- 
row, If,  and  bracts  sheathing.    Rac.  loose,  of  few  light-yellow,  star-like  flowers  (1'). 

Order  CXLIX    PONTEDERIACE^.    Pontederiads. 

Plants  aquatic,  with  the  leaves  parallel-veined,  mostly  dilated  at  base. 
Flowers  spathaceous.  Perianth  tubular,  colored,  6-parted,  often  irregular. 
/Stamens  3  or  6,  unequal,  perlgynous.  Ovary  free,  3-celled.  Style  1.  Stigma 
simple.  Capsule  3-(sometimes  l-)celled,  3-valved,  with  loculicidal  dehis- 
cence. Seeds  numerous  (sometimes  solitaiy),  attached  to  a  central  axis. 
Albumen  mealy. 

•  Flowers  irregular,  blue.    Stamens  6.    Utricle  1-seeded,  (2  cells  abortive) Po.vtkdkria.        1 

»  Flowers  regular,— X  cyanic.    Anthers  3,  of  2  forms.    Leaves  reniform Hetkranthkra.  2 

—X  yellow.    Anthers  3,  of  1  form.    Leaves  linear Schollera.  3 

1.  PONTEDERIA,  L.  Pickerel  Weed.  Perianth  bilabiate,  under 
side  of  the  tube  split  with  3  longitudinal  clefts  (the  2  lower  sepals  free), 
circinate  after  flowering  and  persistent.  Sta.  unequally  inserted,  3  near 
the  base  and  3  at  the  summit  of  the  tube.  Utricle  1-seedcd.  if  ^  Leaves 
radical,  long-petioled.     Stem  1-leaved,  bearing  a  spike  of  blue  flowers.    Jl. 

1  P.  cordata  L.    Lvs.  ovate  to  oblong-deltoid,  cordate,  with  rounded  lobes;  petiole 

shorter  than  the  peduncle;  spike  cylindrical,  pubescent,  2' long.    In  slow  waters : 
com.    A  fine,  showy  plant,  its  blue  spikes  and  smooth  leaves  1— 2f  above  the  water. 

2  P.  lancifolla  Muhl.    Lvs.  lance-oblong  to  lance-lin. ;  fls.  as  above.     S.    Apr.,  May. 

2.  HETERANTHERA,  R.  &  P.  Tube  of  the  perianth  long  and  slen- 
der, limb  C-parted,  equal.  Stamens  3,  lower  anther  obloug-sagittate,  on 
a  longer  filament.  Capsule  3-celled,  co-seeded.  2^  ^  Leaves  mostly  reni- 
form,  long-petioled.     July,  August. 

1  H.  reiiifortnls  R  &.  P.    St.  prostrate  or  floating;  lvs.  roundish,  reniform  orauric- 

nlateat  base  ;  spathe  acuminate,  3-5-flowered  ;  flowers  white.    N.  Y.,  Pa.,  and  W. 

2  H,  liinosa  Vahl.    Leaves  ovate-oblong,  both  ends  obtuse  ;  spathe  1-flowered,  long- 

mucronate  ;  flowers  blue.    S.  and  W.  (Carruth).    Lvs.  1— H',  the  stalks  thrice  longer. 

3.  SCHOLLERA,  Schreber.  Tube  of  the  perianth  very  long  and  slen- 
der, limb  6-parted,  equal.  Sta.  3,  with  similar  anthers.  Caps.  1-celled, 
00  -  seeded.  U  /^  Leaves  sheathing  at  base,  grass-like,  submersed.  Stem 
floating,  rooting  at  the  lower  joints. 

S.  graminea  Willd.— A  grass-like  aquatic,  in  flowing  water,  N.    1— Sflong.    Leaves 
1—3"  wide.    Flower  solitary,  2i'  long,  spathe  half  as  long.    July,  August. 

Order  CL.    JUNCACE^.    Rushes. 

Grass-like  or  rush-like  herbs,  with  small,  dry,  greenish  Jlowers.  Perianih 
liliaceous  in  form,  more  or  less  glume-like,  regular,  6-leaved,  in  2  series, 
persistent.  Stamens  6,  rarely  3,  hypogynous.  Anthers  2-celled,  introrse. 
8tyle  1.     Capmle  3-  or  1-celled,  3-valved.    Albumen  fleshy.    Figs,  144,  4G7. 


Order  loO.— JUNCACE.E.  351 

•  Perianth  yellow  ({iieenisli  outside).     Stigma  1.     Capsule  OO -seeded Narthkcium.  1 

•  Perianth  green  or  brownish.     Stigmas  3.— x  Capsule  3-seeded Luzula.  3 

—X  Capsule  CO  -seeded Juucus.  3 

1.  NARTHECIUM,  Moelir.  Sepals  spreading,  yellowish  inside.  Fil. 
hairy.  Caps,  prismatic,  3-celled,  tipped  with  the  single  style  and  stigma. 
Seeds  oo,  bristle-tipped  at  each  end.  it  Root  creeping.  Lvs.  linear,  equi- 
tant.     Scape  hracted,  simple,  racemous.    July,  August. 

If,  ossifragum  Hnds. — Piue-barrens,  N.  J.  Scape  terete,  8 — IS',  the  leaves  much 
shorter.  Sepals  lance-linear,  2".  Pedicels  3—5",  bracteolate.  Capsule  yellowish, 
4'\    (N.  Americanum  Ker.) 

2.  LUZULA,  DC.  Wood  Rush.  Perianth  persistent,  with  2  bract- 
lets  at  base.  Stamens  6.  Capsule  1-celled,  3-seeded.  it  Stem  jointc-d, 
leafy.    Lvs.  grass-like,  on  entire  sheaths.   Fls.  terminal,  green  or  brownish. 

*  Flowers  separate,  pedicellate,  in  umbels  or  paniculate  cymes Nos.  1,  9 

*  Flowers  aggregate,— a;  in  pedunculate  heads  forming  an  umbel  or  cyme... Nos.  3,  4 

—X  in  sessile  heads  forming  a  nodding  black  spike No.  5 

1  1<.  pllosa  Willd.  Lvs.  lance-linear,  fringed  with  long  white  hairs;  umbel  simple, 
12-20-flwd. ;  ped.  5—10",  soon  deflexed  ;  fls.  l'\  brownish.    Groves,  Pa,,  and  N.  May. 

a  Ii.  parviflora  Desv.  Taller;  lvs.  lance-lincar,  glabrous;  nmb.  decompound;  fls. 
nodding,  small ;  sep.  i"  ;  caps,  dark  brown,  a  little  longer.   Mts.,  N.  12— IS'.   Jn.,  JI. 

3  li.  campestris  DC.    Field  Bush.    Lvs.  linear,  flat,  with  cotton-like  hairs  ;  fls.  in 

roundish  heads,  which  are  umbelled  with  very  unequal  peduncles  ;  sep.  mist-colored, 
longer  than  the  obtuse  caps. ;  seeds  appendaged  at  base.    Meadows.    3 — 12'.    May. 
/3.  bulb'osa.    Bulbous  at  base,  3 — 9' ;  sep.  shorter  than  the  globular  caps.    Apr. 

4  Ii.  arcuata  E.  Mayer.    Lvs.  linear,  channelled,  glabrous  ;  hds.  3-5-flwd.,  on  filiform, 

often  recurved,  unequal  ped. ;  bracts  ciliate  ;  seeds  not  appendaged.    White  Mts. 

5  Ij.  splcata  DC.    Lvs,  linear,  hairy  at  base,  very  short ;  spike  oblong,  8—12"  ;  ecp. 

brittle-pointed,  equalling  the  roundish,  black  capsule  (i").    White  Mts.    9—12'.    Jl. 

3.  JUNOUS,  L.  Rush.  Stamens  6  or  3,  Capsule  3-celled,  or  (by  the 
dissepiments  not  reaching  the  centre)  1-celled.  Seeds  numerous.  U 
Mostly  glabrous.  Stems  simple,  jeattess,  or  with  terete  or  grassy  leaves, 
entire  sheaths,  and  small,  2-bracteolate,  green  or  brown  fls.     June — Aug. 

§  Clusters  growing  apparently  from  the  side  of  the  simple  scape  . .  (*) 
§  Clusters  terminal  on  the  stem  or  scape.    Leaves  never  knotted. .  .(**) 
«5  Clusters  terminal.     Flowers  in  heads.     Leaves  internally  knotted..  .(***) 

*  Leaves  lew,  radical,  knotless,  terete  like  the  scape Nob.  1,  2 

*  Leaves  none.     Flowers  separate,  not  in  heads. — a  Stamens  3 No.  3 

—a  Stamens  () Nos.  4—0 

**  Flowers  separate,  not  in  heads.    Stamens  6..  .(c) 

**  Flowers  capitate,  fow  or  many  in  each  head.— 6  Stamens  (5 Nos,  7,  8 

—b  Stamens  3 Nos.  U,  10 

t  Stems  branclied.     Pod  much  shorter  than  the  unequal  sepals No.  1 1 

c  Stems  simple.— rf  Pod  globular,  not  exserted.     Flowers  green Nos.  12,  13 

—d  Pod  oblong  or  ovoid,  exserted,  brown Nus.  14—18 

*♦*  Seeds  tailed.     Panicle  raiher  erect,  longer  than  its  bract Nos.  IT  -19 

•♦*  Seeds  acute,  not  tailed. — x  Stamens  (i.  ..(y) 

—x  Stamens  3.  bracts  shorter  than  panicle.,  .(z) 
y  Heads  2-8-flwd.  (or  1-flwd.  in  No.  20).    Bracts  shorter  than  panicle. ,  ,No8.  20,  21 
y  Heads  5-TO-flowered.     Leaf  or  bract  overtopping  the  panicle Nos.  22,  23 


362  Order  150.— JUNCACE^. 

2  Heads  5-15-flowered,  and  nnmerous,  in  April— June Nos.  Ui,  25 

z  Heads  20-80-flowered,  few  and  large Nos.  20,  27 

1  J.  setaceus  Rostk.  Scape  weak,  slender,  (not  «efac£Ot/*),  l—2f;  Ivs.  shorter;  panicle 

small,  20-30-flwd.,  flowers  separate  ;  sepals  very  acute,  pod  ^'lobous.    Sea-coast,  S. 

2  J.  Roemerianus  Scheele.    Scape  stout,  rigid,  2-^f,  and  leaves  pungent ;  panicle 

compound  ;  flowers  capitate ;  sep.  t-harp-poiuted ;  pod  turgid,  a  little  shorter  ;  heads 
5-8-flowered,  dark  brown.    Marshes,  Va.  to  Fla.    (J.  maritimus  C-B.) 
S  J",  effiisus  L.    Soft  JR.    Scapes  straight,  not  rigid  ;  panicle  decompound,  often  dif- 
fuse ;  flowers  green,  sep.  as  long  as  the  obovoid,  obtuse  pod.    Wet :  cofnmon.    2— 31. 

4  J,  flliformis  L.    Scapes  very  slender,  weak,  the  subsimplo  panicle  near  the  mid- 

dle ;  sepals  longer  than  the  obtuse,  mucronate  pod.    Me,  to  Mich.    1— 2f. 

5  J.  Smitliii  Engelm.    Scapes  slender,  rather  rigid,  2— 3f;  cyme  few-flwd. ;  flowcid 

brown,- 1"  ;  pod  round-ovoid,  mucronate,  exserted.    Broad  Mountain,  Pa.  (Porter). 

6  J.  Baltlcus  Dethard,    Scapes  in  dense  rows  on  the  rhizome,  rigid,  pungent;  pan. 

near  the  top,  brown ;  sep.  erect,  very  acute,  equalling  the  elliptical,  mucronate  pod 
(li'O.    Sandy  shores.  Me.  to  Penn.  and  Wis.    1— 3f. 

7  J.  trifidus  L.    Stems  tufted,  5—8',  wiry,  sheathed  at  base,  3-leavcd  at  top,  and  with 

a  sessile  head  of  3  blackish  flowers  ;  capsule  globular.    Mountains,  N.  H.,  N.  Y. 

8  J".  Styglus  L.    Stems  few-leaved  at  base,  leafless  at  top,  7—12' ;  heads  1—3,  about  3- 

flovvered  ;  sepals  shorter  than  the  elliptic  pod  ;  seeds  large,  tailed.    Me.,  N.  Y. 

9  J.  repens  Mx.    Stems  low,  tufted,  2—6' ;  leaves  linear,  opposite,  fascicled  ;  sepals 

subulate,  awn-pointed,  3— 4'^  the  slender  pod  2".    (i)  Md.  to  Fla.    May. 

10  J.  marglnatus  Kostk.  Stem  compressed  ;  leaves  linear,  flat ;  cyme  compound  ; 
heads  many,  2-9-flowered,  chestnut-brown  ;  pod  globular.    l--3f. 

/3.  btf.orug.    Heads  very  numerous,  2— 3-flowered,  nearly  black.    S. 

1 1  J.  bufonius  L.  Toad  It.  Slender,  3—8',  tufti'd  :  leaves  1—2';  branches  2,  flowei 
bearing  the  whole  length  ;  flowers  remote,  green  ;  the  3  outer  sep.  longer.    Common. 

12  J.  tenuis  Willd.  Stems  wiry,  8—24' ;  leaves  flat-flliform,  3—8' ;  bracts  longer  than 
the  loose  panicle  ;  sepals  green,  longer  than  the  roundish  pod.    Common. 

/3.  sernndus.    Flowers  1 -rowed  on  the  branchlets  ;  bracts  shorter  than  the  panicle. 

13  J,  dleliotomus  Eli.  Stem  wiry,  1— 2f;  Ivs.  terete-filiform,  channelled,  on  long 
sheaths  :  panicle  forked  or  denne  ;  pod  roundish,  long  as  sepals.   S.  Too  near  No.  12. 

14  J.  Gerardi  Loisel.  Black  Grass.  Sts.  wiry,  leafy,  1— 2f ;  Ivs.  thread-ensiform,  3— 8'; 
pan.  longer  than  the  bracts  ;  style  conspicuous  ;  pod  blackish,  long  as  sepals.   Marshes. 

1  5  J.  Cireenli  Oakes  &  Tuckm.  Wiry  scapes  and  filiform  Ivs.  rigid  ;  bract  filiform, 
twice  longer  (4')  tlian  the  small  panicle  ;  flowers  secund,  straw-brown  ;  sepals  ovate, 
shorter  than  the  ovoid  pod.    Coasts  of  N.  Eng.  and  Mich.    1— 2f. 

16  J.  Vaseyl  Engehn,  Sepals  lanceolate,  as  long  as  the  oval  pod;  bract  scarcely 
longer  than  the  panicle.     Otherwise  like  No.  15.    Mich.  (Prof.  Porter). 

17  J,  asper  Engelm.  Sts.  rigid,  2— .3f;  Ivs.  rigid  and  7  owg'A,  3—10';  hds.  scattered,  3-5 
flwd.,  sep.  2i",  strongly  veined,  subequal !  shorter  than  the  pointed  brown  pod.    N.  J 

18  J.  caiidatus  Chapm.  Sts.  rigid,  2— 3f;  Ivs.  3,  rigid,  erect;  panicle  large,  erect, 
hds.  2-4-flwd. ;  sep.  2",  unequal ;  pod  3",  finally  black;  sds.  with  long  white  tails.    S. 

19  J,  Canadensis  Gay.  Sts.  terete,  with  2  or  3  erect,  smooth  Ivs. ;  fls.  in  Aug.  and 
Sept.,  3—50  in  a  head,  paniculate,  brownish  ;  sepals  lanceolate,  3  outer  shorter,  nonr 
longer  than  the  oblong-triangnlar  pod  ;  stamens  3.    Common  and  very  variable. 

a,  roarcthtuf!.    Heads  2-5-flwd.,  in  a  contracted  panicle  ;  pod  brown,  exserted. 

/3.  brarhjjciphnltir,   Hds.  3-5-flwd.,  in  a  spreading  i;anicle;  pod  brown,  exserted. 

y.  itubcatidatuff.    Slender;  heads  8-20-flwd.,  remote  ;  seeds  with  ><hort  white  tails. 

5.  long-icatuliituf.  Stouter;  hds.  8-50-flwd.,  approximate ;  sds.  slender,  long-tailed. 

10  J.  pelocarpiis  Meyr.    Sts.  slender,  2-.3-lvd.,  10—20';  panicle  much  branched;  fls. 

in  pairs  or  solitary,  scattered,  reddish  ;  pod  obltug,  pointed  with  the  slender  ."tylc, 

longer  than  the  oblong  scj)als.    Wis.  to  Me.  and  Fla.    (J.  Conradi  Tuckm.) 

81  J.  artlculAtus  L.    Stems  If,  with  1—2  leaves  ;  heads  3-S-flowered,  crowded  in  o 

spreading  jianicle  :  sepals  brownish,  oblong;  pod  deep  brown,  oblong,  exserted     H 


OuDER  ir,l.— COMMELYNACE.iC.  353 

fi.  obtu»ata.    Heads  5-flowered ;  sepals  aud  pod  green,  obtu?e,  mncroiiate.    Phila 
■y.  inaig-nia.    Panicle  erect,  few-flowered  ;  outer  sepals  cuspidate,  inner  obtuse. 

22  J.  mllltaris  Bw.  Bayonet  R.  Stem  stout,  2— 3f,  ^caring  a  single  terete  leaf  near 
the  middle,  whicli  overtops  the  panicle  ;  heads  5-15-flowered ;  sepals  brownish,  acute, 
as  long  as  the  acuminate  capsule.    Bogs,  coastward,  N.  Eng.  \q  Del. 

23  J.  nodosus  L.  Stem  slender,  2-  or  3-lvd. ;  Ivs.  slender,  the  upper  (bracts)  overtop 
ping  the  cluster  ;  heads  few  (1—9),  approximate,  5-50-flo\vered  ;  sepals  brown,  lance- 
subulate,  shorter  than  the  beaked  capsule.    Wet  sands.  Can.  to  Car, 

^.  meg-ac^phalua.    Stout,  3f,  upper  leaf  and  bract  exceeding  the  simple  clustt  r ; 
heads  59-80-flowered,  green ;  outer  sepals  subulate-awned,  as  long  as  the  pod. 

24  J.  aciiminatus  Mx.  Stems  2-  or  3-leaved ;  hds.  3-15-flowered,  in  a  loose  spread- 
ing panicle  exceeding  the  bract ;  sepals  lance-subulate,  nearly  equalling  the  short- 
pointed  brown  pod  ;  seeds  minute,  acute  at  both  ends.    May,  June. 

/3.  tUbilia.    Slender  or  stout ;  hds.  3-7-flwd, ;  pod  exserted,  N,  J.,  Ky.,  and  S.  9'-3f. 
■y.  legritfmuf.    Heads  8-15-flowered  ;  pods  scarcely  exserted,    (J,  Pondii  C-B.) 

25  J.  ElUottii  Chapm,  Stem,  leaves,  and  panicle  very  erect,  1— 2f ;  hds,  5-8-flwd.,  fls. 
1"  ;  sepals  lanceolate,  as  long  as  the  turgid-ovoid,  blackish  pod  ;  seeds  acute,    April. 

26  J.  bracliycarpus  Eng,  Strict,  rigid,  IJ — 2K;  leaves  2—3 ;  bract  short;  hds.  round, 
dense,  50-flwd.,  pale,  few  (2—10) ;  3  outer  sepals  awned,  much  longer  than  pod.    W. 

^.  ?  WolM,  Pan.  spreading ;  pod  ovoid,  blunt,  little  shorter  than  the  sep.  111.  (Wolf). 

27  J.  sclrpoides  Lam.  Rigid,  2f ;  heads  and  bract  as  in  the  last;  style  usually  ex- 
serted ;  sepals  pungent-awned,  equalling  the  taper-pointed  pod.    N.  Y,  to  Ga. 

^.  potyc^phalut.    Stout,  3f ;  heads  60-90-flwd,,  brownir.h,  distant ;  Ivs.  flattened. 

Order  CLI.    COMMELYNACE^.    Spiderworts. 

Herbs  with  flat,  narrow  leaves,  sheathing  at  base.  Sepals  3,  green,  peiala 
3,  colored.  Stamens  6,  some  of  them  usually  deformed  or  abortive.  Styles 
and  stigmas  united  into  one.     Capsule  2-  or  3-valved.    Seeds  3  or  more. 

S  Flowers  irregular,  clustered  in  a  spathe-like,  cordate,  floral  leaf Commelyna.        1 

g  Flowers  regular,  clustered.    Floral  leaves  like  the  rest.    Stamens  6 Tiiadkscaniia.   2 

§  Flowers  regular,  solitary,  axillary.    StamensS.    Moss-like  herbs Mayaca.  3 

1.  OOMMEL"SrNA,  Dill.  Fls.  irregular,  3  of  the  stamens  sterile,  with 
glands  for  anthers.  Caps.  3-celled,  one  of  the  cells  abortive  or  1-seeded, — 
Leaves  contracted  to  the  sheathing  base.  Floral  leaf  or  spathe  erect  in 
flower,  recurved  before  and  after.     Petals  blue,  open  but  a  few  hours. 

1  C.  communis  L,    Procumbent  and  much  branched ;  Ivs.  lancc-ovate,  rounded  tX 

base  ;  spathe  lateral,  2-6-flo\vered  ;  odd  petal  reniform.    Wet  soils,  S.    June— Nov. 

2  C,  Caycniiensis  Rich,    Procumbent,  glabrous,  with  small  (U— 2^0  ovate-oblong, 

obtuse  leaves ;  spathe  lateral,  3-4-flowered  ;  odd  petal  round-ovate.    Banks,  111,  to  La. 

3  C.  Virginlca  L,    Stem  weak,  ascending;  Ivs,  lanceolate  to  linear;  spathe  broad- 

cordate  when  open  ;  odd  petal  very  small,  raised  on  a  claw.  Dry,   M.,  S.,  W.  Jl.,  Aug. 

4  C.  erecta  L,    Erect,  pubescent,  sheaths  hairy ;  leaves  lanceo'.ate ;  spathe  hawk-bill- 

shaped,  its  base-lobes  united  ;  petals  nearly  equal.    Woods,  Pa.,  W.  and  S,    Jl.,  Aug 

2.  TRADESCANTIA,  L.  Spiderwort,  FIs.  regular.  Sep.  persistent, 
pet.  large,  roundish,  spreading.  Fil.  clothed  with  jointed  hairs,  anth.  reni- 
form.    Caps.  3-celIed.     if  Fls.  in  terminal,  close  umbels.    Juice  viscid, 

1  T.  Vlrgiiiiea  L,  Umbels  sessile,  terminal  and  axillary,  with  leaJy  bracts  ;  ped.  soon 
reflexed ;  flowers  ephemeral,  of  a  rich  deep  blue ;  leaves  linear,  channelled ;  stem 
thick,  jointed,  2— 3f.    Damp.    M,,  S.,  W     Cultivated, 


354  OiiDKR  153.— XYRTDACEiE. 

2  T.  pilu8a  Lehm.    Uuibels  sessile,  terminal  and  axillary;  leaves  lanceolate,  hairy 

both  sides  ;  flowers  small,  bluish  purple.    Banks,  111.  to  O.,  and  S.    2f. 

3  T,  rosea  Mx.    Umbels  terminal,  pedurculate,  with  subulate  bracts ;  leaves  linear ; 

petals  rose-colored,  twice  longer  than  the  smooth  calyx.    May.    If. 

4  T,  CRASsiPOLiA.    From  Mexico,  a  trailing  leaf-plant,  in  vases  and  baskets,  with  thick 

ovate  leaves,  variegated  with  purple,  green,  and  white.    Flowers  roseate. 

3.  MAYACA,  Aubl.  Stamens  8,  opposite  the  sepals.  Caps.  1-celled. 
Seeds  several,  attached  to  the  middle  of  the  valve.s.  ^i^^  Moss-like,  creep- 
iug,  branching,  beset  with  narrow,  linear  leaves.  Peduncles  solitary,  axil- 
lary, l-flo\vered.     Resembles  a  Sphagnum. 

Mr.  JTIlcIiauxii  Schott.  &  Endl.    Ped.  longer  than  the  Ivs.  (which  are  2—3"),  reflcxcd 
in  fi-uit;  pod  t)-lr?-sceded  ;  petals  white.    Shallow  waters,  Va.  to  Fla.    July. 

Order  CLII.    XYRIDACE.E.    Xykids. 

Herhs  sedge-like,  with  cquitant  leaves  and  a  scape  bearing  a  head  ot 
regular  triandrous  flowers.  Perianth  of  3  glumaceous  sepals  and  3  colored 
petals.  Fertile  stamens  on  the  claws  of  the  petals.  Style  3-cleft.  Capsule 
3-valved,  oo-seeded. 

XYRIS,  L.  Yellow-eyed  Grass.  Head  of  flowers  ovoid-cylindrical, 
invested  with  an  armor  of  cartilaginous  scales.  One  sepal  membranous, 
involving  the  yellow  corolla  in  bud,  the  2  lateral  strongly  keeled,  persistent. 
Pet.  crenulate,  on  claws,  caducous.  3  sterile  sta.  alternately  with  the  3  fer- 
tile, u  Lvs.  radical,  linear,  sheathing  the  base  of  the  slender  scape.  Jn.-Aug. 

*  Scape  2-edged  above  (except  Xo.  6).  Lvs.  long,  linear,  flat,  often  twisted. .  .{x) 

*  Scape  teretish,  its  lvs.  shorter  than  its  sheath  (No.  1>)  or  longer,  and  filiform..  .No.  8 

X  Sepals  exceeding  the  bract,  and  fringed  on  the  winged  keel Nos.  6,  7 

X  Sepals  (the  2  lateral)  included,— y  winged  and  ciliate  on  the  keel Nob.  3—5 

—y  wingless  or  very  nearly  so Nos.  1,  2 

1  X.  flexuosa  Muhl.    Common  X.    Scape  6—18',  often  bulbous  at  base  ;  lvs.  narrowly 

linear,  3—9',  often  twisted  ;  head  round-ovoid,  Z-A" ;  sepals  minutely  bearded  at  the 
tip,  lance-oblong,  quite  wingless  on  the  keel.    N.  Eng.  to  111.  and  Ga. 

2  X,  aiubigua  Beyr.    Scape  2— 3f ;  lvs.  broad-linear,  rough-edged,  6—12';  hd.  lance- 

oblong,  9—15"  ;  sepals  lanceolate,  slightly  winged  ;  petals  large  (6").    Barrens,  S. 

3  X.  Caroliuiana  Walt.    Scape  1— 2if,  the  broad-linear  lvs.  more  than  half  as  long; 

hd.  yellowish-brown,  6—9" ;  sep.  obscurely  fringed  ;  pet.  4— -5".   Swamps,  Mass.  to  Fla. 

4  X.  Klliottii  Chapm.    Scape  2-cdged  throughout,  1 -Hf ;  lvs.  narrow-lin.,  i  as  long; 

hd.  obovoid,  4—5"  ;  scp.  cut-fringed  on  the  wing ;  pet.  3".  Wet  barrens,  S.  Car.  to  Fla, 

6  X.  platylepls  Chapm.  Scape  2— 3f,  twisted,  as  well  as  the  broad-linear  lvs. ;  hd.  9— 

18".  pale  ;  sepals  fringed  at  the  apex,  wing  narrow  ;  petals  2—3".   Sands,  S.  Car.  to  Fla. 

C  X.  torta  Sm.   Bulbous ;  tc-cte  scape  and  rigid  lvs.  twisted  ;  hd.  oval  to  obhmg,  5—9"; 

sepal  fringe  exserted  ;  petals  large,  roundish,  8".    Sand.  N.  J.  to  Fla.    (X.  bulbosaK.) 

7  X.  flmbriata  Ell.  Scape  rough,  2— 3f,  the  broad-linear  lvs.  nearly  as  long  ;  hd.  largo, 

ovoid,  9—12"  ;  sepals  much  fringed  and  exserted  ;  petals  small  (.3—4").    N.  J.  to  Fla. 

8  X.  Baldn'iulana  K.  &  S.  ScapeG— 18',  twice  longer  than  the  filiform  Inistle-po'nt- 

ed  leaves  ;  head  oval,  2—4"  ;  scp.  falcate,  keel  winged,  ciliolate.    Fla.   (X.  filifolia  Ch.) 

9  X.  brevlfolia  Mx.    Scape  4— 12';  lvs.  linear  to  subulate,  i— 2'.  spreading  two  ways; 

head  oval,  2—3";  sep.  wingless  ;  pet.  2".     Wet  places,  S.     (X.  flabelliformis  Chapm.) 


Order  154.— ERIOCAULONACE^.  355 

Order  CLIII.    ERIOCAULONACE^.    Pipeworts. 

Herbs  perennial,  aquatic,  with  linear,  cellular,  spongy  leaves  sheathing  the 
base  of  the  slender  scapes,  which  bear  a  dense  head  of  minute  imperfect 
flowers  at  top.  Pei^ianth  2-6-parted  or  0.  Stamens  6,  some  of  them  gener- 
ally abortive.     Ovary  2-  or  3-celled,  cells  1-seeded. 

»  Stamens  (4  or  6)  twice  as  many  as  the  petals.    (Scape  7-12-ribbed) Eriocaclon.        1 

»  Stamens  3,  as  many  as  the  petals.     (Scape  .5-ribbed,  puberulent) PjEPALAntucs.    2 

•  Stamens  3,  and  no  petals.     Scape  5-ribbed,  short,  hairy Lachnocaulox.  3 

1.  ERIOOAULON,  L.  Pipewort.  FIs.  <p  ,  in  a  compact  head,  with 
an  involucre,  the  marginal  fertile.  Sepals  3.  6  Petals  2  or  3,  black-tipped, 
united,  sta.  4  or  6.  5  Pet.  2  or  3,  distinct,  sta.  0.  Style  1,  stigmas  2  or  3. 
If  Lvs.  grass-like.  Scape  fluted.  Chaiffandfls.  white-woolly  at  tip.  Jn.-Aug. 

1  E.  decangulare  L.    Scape  tall  (2— 3f),  10-12-ribbed ;  leaves  rinear-ensiform,  sub- 

erect,  near  \  as  long  as  the  scapes  ;  head  3—5";  chaff  pointed.    Swamps,  Va.  to  Fla. 

2  E.  gnaplialodes  Mx,      Scape  tall  (1— 2if ),  10-ribbed  ;  leaves  ensiform-subnlate, 

2 — 4' ;  bracts  and  chaff  obtuse,  densely  white-fringed.    Swamps,  N.  J.  to  Fla. 

3  E.  septaiigulare  Wth.   Scape  very  slender,  7-ribbed,  3—6',  or  in  water  several  feet 

according  to  its  depth  ;  leaves  linear-setaceous,  1 — 3' ;  heads  globular.    N.  J.  to  Mich. 

2.  PJEPALANTHUS,  Mart.  Flowers  3-parted.  Stamens  in  the  sterile 
flowers  3.  Stigmas  in  the  fertile  flowers  3.  Capsule  3-seeded.  Otherwise 
nearly  as  in  Eriocaulon. 

P,  flaTldus  Kunth.    In  tufts  ;  scapes  5-ribbed,  minutely  downy,  6—9';  leaves  linear 
setaceous,  1—2' ;  head  finally  globular,  bracts  obtuse,  straw-colored.    Va.  to  Fla. 

3.  LACHNOCAULON,  Kunth.  $  Calyx  3-sepalled.  Cor.  0.  Sta.  3, 
anth.  1-celled,  filaments  united  below.  $  Cal.  3-sepalled.  Cor.  reduced  to 
a  tuft  of  hairs  surrounding  the  3-seeded  caps.  Otherwise  as  in  Eriocaulon 
L.  micliauxll  K.    Scapes  1—5',  clustered,  5-ribbed,  villous,  2—8'  (If,  Chapmn,*);  !▼» 

finsiform-subulate  1—2' ;  head  g  obular,  1—2",  brownish.    Sands,  Va.  to  Fla 


366  Order  154.— CYPERACE^. 


Class  IV.    GLUMIFER^, 

Or  Glumaceous  E.^^DOGEis^s.  Plants  having  vheir  flowers  in- 
vested with  one  or  more  alternate  imbricated  glumes  (chaff  or 
husk)  instead  of  petals  and  sepals,  and  collected  into  spikelets, 
spikes,  or  heads.     The  Class  is  equivalent  to 

(JoHORT  7.  GRAMINOIDE^,  the  Gramij^oids  or  grasa- 
like  plants. 

Order  CLIV.    CYPERACE^.    The  Sedges. 

These  are  grass-like  or  rush-like  herbs,  with  fibrous  roots  and  solid  culms. 
Leaves  generally  3-ranked,  linear,  channelled,  based  on  entire  or  tubular 
filteaths.  Flowers  spiked,  perfect  or  imperfect,  one  in  the  axil  of  each 
glume.  Perianth  none,  or  represented  by  a  few  hypogynous  bristles  called 
setoe,  or  a  cup-shaped  or  bottle-shaped  perigynium.  Stamens  definite,  gen- 
erally 3  (1 — 12).  Anthers  fixed  by  their  base,  2-celled.  Ovary  1-celled, 
1-ovuled.    Style  2-  or  3-cleft  and  the  achenium  2-sided  or  3-sided. 

The  Sedges  abound  in  marshes,  meadows,  and  swamps. 

6  CYPERE.E.    Glumes  distychous  (2-rowed).     Flowers  all  perfect... (*) 

§  SCIKPEjE.  Glumes  imbricated  all  around,  each  (except  sometimes  the  lowest)  with  a  perfect  flower 
Spikes  all  terminal  or  all  lateral..  .(**) 

§  RHYNCHOSPOREiE,  Glumes  imbricated  all  around  or  irregularly,  the  lowest  empty.  Spikelets 
both  terminal  and  axillary  (except  Dichromena  and  Chaetospora)...(***) 

S  CARICE^E.  Glumes  imbricated  all  around,  or  irregularly.  Flowers  monoecious  or  dioecious.  Ache- 
nium enclosed  in  a  bottle-shaped peri^'/yniw/i... (****) 

*  Inflorescence  axillary.     Terigynium  or  perianth  of  6—10  setae Dulichium.  1 

*  Inflorescence  terminal.    Perigynium  none.— a  Spikes  2- 00 -flowered Cyperus.  2 

— a  Spikes  1-flowered,  capitate Kyllingia.  3 

**  Perianth  of  3  ovate  clawed  petals  and  (often)  of  3  setas.     Glumes  awned Fuirena.  4 

«*  Perianth  of  2  oblong  sessile  scales  (pales)  and  no  setae.     Spikes  00 Lipocaupha.  5 

•*  I'erianth  of  1  minute  double  scale  and  no  setEe.     Spikes  2,  lateral Hkmicarpha.  6 

**  I'erianth  of  setie  only,  3  —  X .     No  scales  or  petals. .  .(6) 
•♦  Perianth  none  at  ail.  ..{d) 

t  Achenium  crowned  with  a  tubercle.     Spike  solitary,  terminal  Elkocimri.s.  7 

h  Achenium  not  tubercled.— <;  Setaj  3—6,  short,  or  else  tawny.    (GHi«TospoUA.  18; Sciupus  8 

— c  Setie  00  (—6),  long,  cottony,  white  or  reddish Eriophorum    9 

d  Stj'le  2-cleft.     Spikes  5— 10,  terminal  (capitate  in  Gen.  13) Fimbristylis.   IU 

I  Style  3-cleft.     Achenium  3-angled TRicuELOsryns.   11 

""    4chenia  crowned  with  the  persistent  style  or  its  bulbous  base  (a  tubercle) ... (.v) 

•'«  Achenia  not  tuberculate,—x  brown  like  tlie  scales.    Seta;  none Cladium    K 

—X  white  or  whitisli,  crustaceous.    Set»  none Sclkkia.  17 

«  Perianth  none  (no  seta;). — y  Spikes  diffusely  cymous I'silocahya.  12 

— ;//  Spikes  capitate.     Bracts  colored Dichromkna.  l.'J 

«  Perianth  of  setae. — ^  Achenium  tuberculate  with  the  base  of  the  style.. Rhynchospora.  14 

—z  Achenium  horned  with  the  entire  long  style 0>:ratoscucesus.  15 

•*•*  Spikos  either  with  ^  and  $  flowers,  or  each  wholly  j  or  wholly  % Carex,  19 

1.  DULICHIUM,  Rich.  Spikes  linear-lanceolate,  flattened.  Glumes 
sheathing,  closely  imbricated  in  two  rows.     Style  long,  bifid,  the  persist- 


Order  151— CYPERACE^. 


357 


ent  base  crowning  the  flattened  achenium.    Perianth  of  6 — 9  barbed  setae, 
U  Culm  leaf}^    Racemes  of  spikes  2-rowed,  axillary.    August. 
JD»  spatliaceum  Pers.— A  sedge  of  peculiar  and  striking  aspect,  in  narshes  and  by 

streams  :  common.    Culm  erect,  1— 2f,  leafy  to  the  top,  the  leaves  linear,  in  3  ranks. 

Spikes  1',  alternately  arranged  on  the  axillary  leafless  branchlets. 

2.    OYPERUS,   L.     Galingale. 

Sedge.  Spikes  flattened,  distinct, 
many-flowered.  Glumes  imbricated 
in  3  opposite  rows,  nearly  all  florifer- 
ous.  Setae  0.  Stamens  3 — 2.  Style 
3-(rarely  2-)cleft,  deciduous.  U  (ij 
Culms  simple,  leafy  at  base,  triangu- 
lar, bearing  an  involucrate  simple  or 
compound  head  or  umbel  at  top. 
June  to  Sept. 

§  Pycreus,  Style  2-cleft,  nut  flattened 
Spikes  flattened,  10-30-flowered..  .(*) 

§  Cyperus.  Style  3-cIeft,  nut  3-angled.  Spk 
5-50-flowered...(**) 

§  Maiuscus.  Style  3-cleft,  nut  3-angle«i. 
Spikes  1-5-flowered,  deflexed (n) 

*  Stamens  2  (or  partly  3  in  No  1) Nos.  1—1 

*  Stamens  always  3 Nos.  4,  ) 

*♦  Culm  with  many  joints,  teretish,  with  leafless  sheaths  at  base.  .No.  6 
**  Culm  jointless,  triquetrous,  leafy  below. .  (a)  (Invol.  of  20  Ivs.  No.  .35) 

a  A  pair  of  IVee  persii^tent  scales  within  each  glume.  Fls.  dense.   .7 
a  Scales  adnate  to  the  rachis  or  wanting.,  .{d) 

b  Spikes  capitate  at  the  top  of  the  peduncle,  flattened.,  .(c) 

b  Spikes  racemed  or  clustered,  terete  or  flattened.  Stam.  3..(m) 

c  Glumes  with  recurved  points.    Stamen  1  only.. Nos.  8,  9 

c  Glumes  with  erect  points  or  pointless.  Sta.  1. .  .Nos.  10, 11 

c  Glumes  with  erect  points.    Stamens  3... (a?) 

d  Umbel  compound.    Spikes  flattened,  3—5  in  the  clusters. .Nos.  12—14 

d  Umbel  simple.— a;  Spikes  flat,  12-30-flowered Nos.  15,  16 

—X  Spikes  flat,  5-7-flowered.    Head  solitary..  .No.  17 
—X  Spikes  flattish,  6-12-flwd.   Hds.  1—7..  .Nos.  18—20 

m  Spikes  flat,  12-24-flowered,  2-rowed  in  the  clusters Nos.  21—23 

m  Spikes  flat,  5-12-flwd.,  many-rowed  in  the  clusters — Nos.  24,  25,  35 

m  Spikes  terete,- y  few,  arranged  in  2  rows  in  the  clusters No.  26 

—y  many,  arranged  in  many  rows Nos.  27—29 

n  Spikes  3-5-flowered,  with  4—7  glumes Nos.  30—32 

n  Spikes  only  1-flowered,  with  3  or  4  glumes Nos.  33,  34 

1  C.  dlandrus  Torr.    (Fig.  1.)  Slender,  4—1 0';  umbel  of  2— 5  very 
short  unequal  rays;   spikes  (Fig.  2)  flat,  oblong,  obtusish,  4 — 8^'', 
fascicled  ;  glumes  (Fig.  3)  12—24,  brown,  with  a  green  keel ;  stamens 
(Fig.  4)  mostly  2 ;  nut  dull.    ®  August.    Pretty. 
^.  castaneuM,    Glumes  numerous,  and  of  a  dark  chesftnut-brown. 
y.  paucinhruR,     Ghimcs  only  5—9,  edged  with  yellow,  2—3",  crowded. 
8  C.  Nattallll  Torr.    Culm  erect,  4— 12'';  rays  few  and  short ;  spike  lance-linear,  very 
acute,   GC-flwd.,  crowded  ;  glumes  acute,  yellowish-brown  ;  stamens  2;  ach.  dull,  (D 
■  p.  minimun.    Very  slender,  3-1',  hds.  few  or  sevoral,  2-5  flwd. ;  sta.  1.    N.  J.,  Pa. 


358  Ordeb  154.— CYPERACEJS. 

3  C.  microdontus  Torr.   Cnlm  and  Ivs.  slender;  spk.  numerous,  crowded,  lineaiv 

acute  ;  glumes  acute,  close;  stamens  2  ;  achenia  oblong,  grey^  dotted.    (I)  South. 
^.  Oatcsii,    Culm  and  leaves  filiform  ;  spikes  fewer,  loose  in  the  umbel.    S-W. 

4  C.  flavescens  L.     Culm  and  leaves  4 — 10' ;    rays  2—4,  short,  the  linear  obtuse 

spikes  clustered  at  the  end ;  glumes  obtuse,  straw-yellow  ;  achenia  shining.    ®  E. 

5  C.  flavlcomus  Mx.    Culm  1— 3f;    involucre  3-5-leaved,  very  long;   umbel  some 

compound  ;  spikes  numerous,  linear,  12-30-flowered,  spreading;  glumes  very  obtuse, 
brownish-yellow,  3-veined,  white-edged  ;  achenia  obovate,  blackish.  Va.,  and  South. 

6  C  artlcnlatus  L.    Culm  2— 6f,  the  joints  internal,  leaves  0  or  mere  sheaths ; 

umbel  compound,  involucre  short ;  spk.  subulate ;  gls.  14 — 20,  scarious.    Swamps,  S. 

7  C  eryilirorliizos  Muhl,    Culm  2— 3f;  umbel  compound,  each  ray  with  several 

sessile  clusters  ;  spikes  very  many,  6",  teretish ;  glumes  15—30,  yellow-brown  ;  inner 
scales  very  narrow ;  achenia  3-angled,  light  colored,  minute.    (T)  Pa.,  S.  and  W. 

8  C.  Inflexus  Muhl.    Culms  clustered,  1—3',  leaves  setaceous;  hds,  1— 3;  spk.  very 

short  (1—2"),  crowded  ;  gls.  8—10,  with  a  recurved  bristle-point.    ®  Shores.    Com. 

9  C.  acumlncttus  Torr.    Culm  filiform  or  slender,  3 — 12';  hds.  1—7,  each  of  o:>  flat 

obi. -ovate  obtuse  spikes  2— 3'^  long;  glumes  whitish,  recurved  at  tip,    (i)  111.  to  La. 
IOC,  virens  iMx.    Culm  sharply  rough-angled,  1— 4f ;  leaves  keeled,  1— 3f ;  heads  GO, 
of  CO  ovate  15-flwd.  spikes ;  gls.  greenish,  merely  acute  ;  ach.  linear.    U  Va.,  and  S. 
i3.  regeing,  has  smooth  culms  and  spikes  very  densely  packed.    S. 

11  C,  Drummondli  Torr.  Culm  very  rough,  6— 15'',  obtuse-angled ;  hds.  00,  dense, 
spike  oblong-linear,  40-50-flowered,  yellowish  ;  glumes  ovate,  acute.    Swamps.    Fla. 

12  C.  Ilaspan  L.  p.  Uplos.  Cnlm  l—2f,  leaves  shorter,  involucre  2-leavcd,  shorter 
than  the  compound  umbel ;  spikes  linear,  acute,  6'',  3—5  in  a  cluster  ;  glumes  minute, 
20— 40,  mil cronate,  tawny-brown  ;  achenia  very  minute,  white,  tumid.    Swamps.    S. 

1  3  C  dentatus  Torr.    Much  like  C.  Haspan,  but  the  involucre  is  3-  or  4-leaved,  and 

longer  than  the  umbel;  glumes  fewer  (7—20),  larger,  the  upper  often  long-pointed. 
14  €,  liecoutii  Torr.    Culm  and  leaves  1— 2f ;  umbel  much  compounded,  with  about 

3  oblong,  obtuse,  flat  silvery  spikes  on  each  peduncle ;  glumes  20—40,  obtuse,  very 

closely  imbricated.    If  Sandy  coasts,  Fla.    A  handsome  sedge. 
1  5  C,  fuscus  L.    Culms  3—6',  leaves  flat ;  spk.  lance-linear,  1-3'^  dark-red  or  brown, 

densely  fascicled  in  many  heads  ;  glumes  round-ovate,  closely  imbricate.    Phila.    § 

16  C.  compressus  L.  Culm  tumid  at  base,  4— lO',  Ivs.  shorter;  spikes  lance-linear, 
in  loose  hds  ;  gls.  12—40,  ov. -acuminate,  acutely  keeled  and  close-pressed.  Pa.,  and  S. 

17  C.  divergens  Kunth.  Tufts  2 — 3',  leaves  longer;  spikes  lance-ovate,  flat,  acute, 
1",  6-flowered,  white,  all  in  a  single  somewhat  compound  head.    Fla. 

18  C.  liliculmis  Vahl.  Culm  tuberous,  very  slender,  6—12';  leaves  very  narrow, 
keeled;  spk.  lance-lin.,  in  1 — 4  dense  hds. ;  gls.  loose,  3—8,  ovate  ;  ach.  gray,    u  Dry. 

1 9  C.  Grayil  Torr.  Differs  from  No.  18  only  in  the  looser  heads  of  6—8  linear  spikes, 
the  glumes  less  scarious  and  less  veiny,    if  Mass.  to  N.  J. 

20  C.  Seb.'W'elnitzii  Terr.  Culm  rough-3-angled,  1— 2f;  leaves  shorter ;  umbel  sim- 
ple, rays  4—6,  erect ;  fls.  large,  in  little  spikes  arranged  close  into  cylindric-oblong 
compound  spikes,  with  setaceous  bractlets.    u  Shores,  N.  Y.  to  Ark. 

21  C.  rotuudusL.  p.  Hydra.  Nut  Grass.  Culm  6'— 2f,  the  leaves  shorter ;  umbel 
simple,  rays  3  or  4,  nearly  equaling  the  invol. ;  spikes  in  two  rows  on  the  rachis; 
gls.  14—24,  veinless,  purple-brown.    2(  Va.,  and  S.    A  rank  and  troublesome  weed, 

22  €.  Esci'i,KNTU8.  Root  producing  ovoid  tubers  as  large  as  chestnuts,  eatable  when 
roasted  (those  of  No.  23  very  small) ;  glumes  veiny,  yellow-brown.     U  Eur.    C  lit. 

23  €,  pliymatodes  Muhl.  Culm  1— 2f,  with  long  Ivs.  and  invol. ;  umbel  simple  or 
compound  :  spk.  linear,  obtuse ;  gls.  veiny,  12 — 20,  yellowish.     %  Root  creeping. 

24  t".  strigosiis  L.  Culm  1 — 3f;  leaves  broad-linear  ;  umbel  dense,  large,  some  com- 
pound ;  rays  1—5' ;  spikes  crowded,  flattened,  acute ;  glumes  8—18,  tawny,  ovate, 
acute,  veined,  much  longer  than  the  achenia.     u  Damp.    Common. 

25  C  stenolepls  Torr.  Culm  1^ — 3f,  smooth;  leaves  stiff,  rough;  rays  3— 8;  spikes 
ciowded.  0—7"  ;  glumes  5—8,  lance-linear,  spreading;  seed  slender,  dull.    U  S. 


Order  154  — C  YPERACE^.  359 

26  C.  dissitiflorus  Tor.  Cnlm  slender,  1— 2f,  lonnjer  than  the  narrow  leaves ;  invol, 
3-leaved  ;  rays  3 — 5  ;  spike  very  slender  and  pointed,  6—9'',  separate  on  the  rachis  ; 
glumes  5 — 7,  lance-oblong,  acute  ;  achenia  brown,  8-angled.    71  Tenn.  to  La. 

27  C.  MicUauxIanus  Schlt.  Culm  sharply  3-angled,  6—20';  umbel  G-10-rayed, 
simplo  or  compound  ;  spikes  crowded  in  oblong  clusters,  3",  tawny  ;  glumes  5—10, 
oblong,  overlapping,  appressed ;  achenia  ovoid,  3-angled.    2f  Swamps,  M.  and  S. 

28  C.  Engelmanni  Steud.  Spikes  very  slender,  with  the  5— 12  glumes  remote,  and 
the  achenia  oblong-linear.    Otherwise  like  No.  27.    if  Sandy  swamps,  W.  and  S, 

JI9  C.  tetragonus  Ell.  Cnlm  acutely  rough-3-angled.  leaves  rough-edged;  spika 
4-angled,  oblong,  2—3" ;  glumes  5-— 7,  ovate,  veiny  ;  rays  6—12,  slender,    n  Drj'.    S. 

30  C.  eclilnatus  (Ell.)  Culm  10' — 2f,  the  leaves  still  longer,  involucre  5-6-leaved, 
very  long ;  umbel  simple,  rays  8—12,  each  with  a  globular  cluster  ;  spikes  3",  about 
3-flowered,  subulate,  radiant ;  glumes  veiny,  oblong,  acute  ;  ach.  obovoid.   U  Dry.  S. 

31  C  ovularis  O^ahl.)  Culm  6 — 16', leaves  shorter ;  umbel  simple;  rays  3"— 3',  each 
with  a  dense  oval  head;  spikes  It",  1-3-flowered,  very  many,    y  Bogs.    M.,  W.,  S. 

32  C.  Ijancastriensis Porter.  Culm  1— 2if;  leaves  linear,  long:  heads  5—9,  oval, 
on  as  many  slender  rays ;  spikes  subulate.  4—6",  soon  deflexed ,  glumes  about  5, 
veiny,  obtuse,  tawny,  very  acute,  with  about  3  linear  achenia.     ic  Lancaster  Co.,  Pa. 

33  C.  retrofractus  (Vahl.)  Culm  2— 3f,  leaves  shorter,  broad ;  rays  1—6',  each  with 
1  obovate,  dense  head;  spikes  3",  subulate,  l-flowered,  soon  deflexed.  U  N.  J.,andS. 

34  C.  unlflorus  Torr.  &  Hook.  Has  hds.  oblong,  1' long,  spka.  closely  deflexed.  La. 

35  C.  ALTERNiFOLius.  Grceuhouse  spccies  from  Madagascar.  Culm,  and  leaves,  and 
many-leaved  involucre  striped  with  white  and  green,  like  Ribbon  Grass. 

3.  KYLLINGIA,  L.  Spikes  compressed.  Scales  about  4,  the  two  lowest 
short  and  empty,  the  third  only  usually  with  a  fertile  flower.  Sta.  1 — 3. 
Style  long,  2-cleft.  Achenia  lenticular.  Culms  triangular,  leafy  at  base. 
Heads  sessile,  solitary  or  aggregated,  involucrate,  odorous.    Aug. 

1  K..  puniila  Mx.    In  tufts,  2—12' liigh,  very  slender;  heads  solitary,  rarely  triple, 

sessile,  oval  to  oblong;  invol.  3-lvd.,  1—2' ;  spk.  very  (X,  1-flwd.,  green.  ®  W. and  S. 

2  K.  sesquiflora  Torr.    Koot  creeping ;  culms  6—12' ;  heads  mostly  triple,  oval  to 

oblong,   the  lateral  quite  small;  spk.  densely  packed,  ii'^ife;  invol.  deflexed.    ll  Fla. 

4.  FUIRENA,  Rotboll.  Clot-grass.  Glumes  imbricated  on  all  sides 
into  a  spike,  awned  below  the  apex.  Petaloid  scales  3,  cordate,  awned, 
unguiculate,  investing  the  stipiiate  achenium.  U  Stems  angular,  leafy. 
Spikes  solitary  or  in  heads,  pedunculate,  (brown). 

1  F.  sqnarrosa  Mx,    Culm  1— 2f,  with  several  joints  and  sheathing  flat  Ivs. ;  spks. 

ovoid,  squafTovs  with  the  long  recurved  awns,  4—7  together  in  each  head.    Bogs. 
/3.  hi»pida.    Taller,  with  sheaths  and  leaves,  hispid  with  white  spreading  hairs. 

2  F.  scirpoidea  Mx.    Culm  slender,  l—2f,  leafless  but  with  several  sheaths  ;  spikes 

1—3,  ovoid,  3—5",  not  squarrous,  the  short  awns  erect.    Wet,  Ga.,  Fla. 

5.  ELEOCHARIS,  R  Br.  Spixed  Rush.  Spikes  terete.  Glumes 
Imbricated  all  around.  Bristles  of  the  perianth  (setse)  mostly  6  (3  to  12), 
rigid,  persistent.  Style  2-3-cleft,  articulated  to  the  ovaiy.  Achenium 
croAvned  with  a  tubercle  which  is  the  persistent  bulbous  base  of  the  style. 
Mostly  U,  a^.    Stems  leafless.     Spike  solitary,  terminal. 

§  Spike  terete,  cylindrical,  not  thicker  than  the  tall  (2— 4f)  culm.,  .(a) 

§  Spike  terete  (glumes  spirally  imbricated),  thicker  than  the  cnlm... (6) 

\  Spikes  flat,  glumes  few,  in  2  or  3  rows,  often  proliferous.    Culm  capillary.. .(») 


360  Urdeb  154.-CYPERACE^. 

a  Glumes  many,  rounded,  coriaceous.    Culm  stout.    Spike  1—2' Nos.  1—8 

a  Glumes  few,  oblong,  thin.    Culm  slender.    Spike  i—V Nos.  4,  £ 

b  Spike  white  or  greenish- white,  ovoid,  2—3".    Ach.  blackish.    S, .  .Nos.  6,  7 
b  Spike  brown  or  the  glumes  with  tawny  sides,  white-edged.,  .(c) 

c  Tubercle  nearly  as  large  as  the  ribbed  and  dotted  acheniura No.  8 

c  Tubercle  much  smaller  than  the  achenium..  .((i) 
d  Achenium  3-angled  or  tumid,  style  always  3-cleft. . .  (e) 

d  Achenium  flattened,  smooth,  style  2-  >  — a;  Spike  lance-ehaped Nos.  9, 10 

cleft  (3-2-cleft  in  No.  11.)  »  — x  Spike  globous  or  ovate. Nos.  11—13 
€  Setae  4 — 6,  retrorsely  barbed,  longer  than— y  dotted  achenium..  .Nos.  14,  21 

—y  smooth  achenium... Nos.  1.5,  16 

e  Setoe  0—2—6,  smoothish,  shorter  than  the  acheniura Nos.  17-  20 

z  Culms  often  proliferous  (i.  e.,  bearing  young  culms  at  top).. .  .Nos.  21,  22 
z  Culms  never  proliferous,  only  2—6'  high Nos.  23,  24 

1  E.  equisetoides  Torr.    Culm  terete,  many  jointed,  2— 3f,  as  thick  as  the  spike  ; 

sheath  at  base  obtuse;  spike  1',  acute,  glumes  very  obtuse;  setae  6;  style  3-cleft; 
ach.  smooth,  brown.    Bogs,  R.  I.,  W.  and  S. 

2  E.  qiiadrangulata  Br.    Culm  2— 4f,  jointless,  acutely  4-angled  with  the  sides 

unequal;   spike  1—2';  glumes  obtuse;   ach.  dull  white,  obovoid,  tipped  with  the 
distinct  tubercle ;  setae  G.    Bogs,  N.  Y.,  W.  and  S.    Rare. 

3  E.  cellulosa  Torr.    Culm  2f,  obtusely  3-angled  below,  jointless  ;  spike  1',  glumes 

round;  sette  6  ;  ach.  broad-obovate,  deeply  pitted.    Marshes,  Fla.  to  La. 

4  E.  Robbinsii  Oakes.    Culms  slender,  {)'— 2f,  sharply  .S-angled,  many  of  them  abor- 

tive and  splitting  into  hair-like  fibres  in  the  warer  :  spikes  6—9',  spindle-form,  5-8- 
flowered  ;  ach.  1",  half  as  long  as  the  6  setaj.    Ponds.    Rare. 

5  E.  clongata  Chapm.    Ci;lms  floating,  very  long  and  slender,  with  many  hair-like 

abortive  ones  ;  spike  12-'}0-flowered  ;  ach.  and  sette  as  in  No.  4.    Ponds,  S. 

6  E.  eapitata  Br.    Culms  tufted,  3— C,  striate;  spike  ovate,  1—2";  glumes  10—15, 

whitish-scarious,  oblong,  deciduous  ;  ach.  black,  shining  ;  setae  6.    Ga.,  Fla. 

7  E,  albida  Torr.  Culm  and  whitish  spike  much  like  E.  eapitata.  but  the  glumes  be 

come  10—^0,  the  style  3-cleft  and  achenium  tumid,  brown.    Ga..  Fla..  La. 

8  E.  tuberculosa  Br.    Culms  angular,  wiry,  10—15';  spike  3— 5",  lance-ovate  ;  gis. 

00,  very  obtuse ;  ach.  scarcely  larger  than  its  arrow-shaped  tubercle.    Swamps. 

9  E.  paltistris  Br.    Rhizome  creeping;  culms 9'— 2f,  Avith  a  long  sheath;  spike  lance- 

oblong,  3 — (5—9';  glumes  reddish-brown,  very  numerous,  oblong-ovate;  with  a  broad 
scarious  margin  ;  ach.  obovatc,  yellowish  ;  setae  4.    Common. 
/3.  calra.    Bristles  wanting  ;  culms  filiform.    Watertown,  N.  Y. 

10  E.  compressa  Sull.  Culms  tufted,  very  erect,  narrow-linear,  1— Uf;  spike 
oblong-ovoid,  3—5";  gls.  10— .30,  ov. -lanceolate,  brown  ;  ach.  yellow;  setaj  0.  M.,  W. 

HE.  obtusa  Schultes.  Culm  6— IC ;  spike  ovoid,  very  obtuse.  2—4"  ;  gls.  ovate, 
very  many  and  close,  red-brown,  white-edged  ;  setae  6  ;  style  often  .3-clcft.    Common. 

1  2  E.  olivarea  Torr.  Culms  2-4',  densely  tufted,  spreading,  flattened  and  stri- 
ated ;  !»pikc  ovate,  acutish,  2— .3"  ;  glumes  2.1— .30,  green-brown  ;  ach.  olive.    Sands. 

13  E.  ovata  Br.  Culms  tufted,  6—10',  finely  striate;  spike  exactly  ovoid,  2—3"; 
plumes  20—30,  rounded,  tawny,  with  2  white  striai ;  ach.  ivory-white,  pyriform-com- 
pressed,  capped  with  a  hro^on  tubercle  ;  setae  7,  long.    E.  Penn.    {H.  Jackson.) 

1  4  E.  simplex  Torr.  Culm  acute-angled, filiform,  12— IS';  spk  2— 3",  ovoid;  glumes 
ovate,  white-edged,  few  ;  ach.  olive-green,  much  larger  than  its  tubercle.    Md.,andS. 

1  5  E.  rostellata  Torr.  Culm  12— SO',  sulcate,  rigid,  very  slender  ;  spike  lance-ovate, 
acute,  3—4";  glumes  12 — ^20  ;  ach.  olive-brown,  tubercle  a  mere  beak.    E.  and  N. 

16  E.  intermedia  Schultes.  Wiry  setaceous  culms  .3— 8',  spreading,  in  dense  tufts; 
spk.  oblong-ovate,  acute,  1—3";  gls.  oblong,  obtupe,  12— Q5,  with  2  brown  lines;  ach. 
smooth,  obovoid,  light-brown,  with  a  distinct  conical  brown  tubercle.   In  wet  bank*. 

17  E.  mclanocarpa  Torr.    Culm  flat,  striate,  wirj',  erect    12—18';   spike  lance- 


Order  154.— CYPERACE^.  861 

oblon;?,  4—6" ;  glumes  20—40,  ovate ;  ach.  blackish  when  ripe,  covered  by  a  broad 
tubercle  which  if*  abruptly-pointed  ;  setae  3,  purple.    Sandy  bo^s,  E,  and  S. 

18  E.  tenuis  Schultes.  Culms  filiform  or  wiry,  4-angled,  tufted,  8— 18';  ppk.  ellipti- 
cal or  oval  2 — 3" ;  gls.  dark-purple,  obtuse,  20  +;  ach.  roughi&h,  the  tubercle  broad- 
depressed,  petas  2  or  3,  very  short.  A  variety  has  the  culms  capillary.  Wet  places :  com. 

1J»  Ej  tricostata  Torr.  Culm  flattened,  slender,  1— 2f;  spike  oblong-cylindrical, 
6—9  ';  glumes  obtuse,  rusty-brown,  crowded;  setce  0;  ach.  sharply 3-angled,  roughish, 
tubercle  conical.    N.  J.,  and  S.    A  variety  has  smaller  spikes.    (Dr.  Feay.) 

JO  E.  arenicola  Torr.  Culms  flattish,  erect,  6—12',  wiry;  spk.  ovate,  obtuse;  gls. 
dark-brown,  with  broad  white  margins  :  ach.  yellowish,  tubercle  distinct.    Sands,  S. 

21  E.  Baldtvinii  Torr.  Culms  4— 14^ capillary,  4-angled,  densely  tufted;  spike  1", 
ovate,  flat,  often  proliferous;  gls.  5 — 10,  in  2  rows;  ach.  strongly  .3-angled.    Ga.,  Fla. 

22  E.  prolircra  Torr.  Culms  filiform,  flattened,  erect  or  diff"use,  10—20';  spike  3'', 
lance-ov.,  acute,  often  proliferous  ;  gls.  10—15,  pale  ;  ach.  ribbed,  tubercle  distinct.  S. 

23  E.  acicularis  Br.  Culms  hair-like,  2—6' ;  spike  elliptic-ovate,  I-''',  acute;  glumes 
A—% ;  ach.  ovoid-triangular,  longitudinally  striate.    Muddy  places. 

2-4  E.  pusillus  (Vahl.)  Culms  bristleform,  1—5',  compressed  ;  spk.  ovate  ;  gls.  3—6, 
mostly  empty  ;  ach.  acutely  triangular,  smooth.    Coasts.    (E.  pigmsea.) 

6.  SOIKPUS,  L.  Club-kush.  Bullrush.  Glumes  imbricated  on  all 
sides.  Porianth  of  3 — G  setse,  persistent.  Sty.  2-3-cleft,  not  tnbercnlate  at 
base,  deciduous.  Achcnium  biconvex  or  triangular.  U  Stems  mostly  tri- 
quetrous, simple,  rarely  leafless.  Spikes  solitary,  conglomerated,  or  corym- 
bous,  usually  rust-colored. 

§  Tricophouum.    Setse  6,  not  barbed,  tawny,  tortuous,  much  longer  than  the  ache- 

ninm  and  c'xscrted.    Culm  leafy.   Cyme  decompound Nos.  19,  20 

§  SciRPtis.    Setie  downwardly  barbellate,  about  equalling  the  achenium (*) 

*  Spilie  single,  terminal.— a  Involucral  bract  0  in  No.  1,  long  (1')  in No.  5 

—a  Involucral  bract  as  short  as  the  spike Nos.  2 — 4 

*  Spikes  several  or  many,  clustered— 6  laterally  on  the  culm (c) 

—b  terminally,  mostly  in  cymes {x) 

c  Culms  terete,  jointless,  leafless  or  with  a  few  short  Ivs  at  base..  .Nos.  6—8 

c  Culms  triangular,  jointless.- rf  Spikes  in  a  single  cluster Nos.  9 — 11 

~d  Spikes  in  a  cyme,  bracted No.  12 

X  Spikes  large  (6—15"),  oblong,  with  cleft  gls.  Culm  jointed,  leafy.  Nos.  13,14 
a;  Spikes  small  (1").  mostly  in  globular  heads.  Culm  jointed,  leafy.  Nos. 15 — 17 
X  Spikes  small  (2—3"),  all  separate  and  pendulous.    South No.  18 

1  S.  pauclflorus  Lightfoot.  Culm  filiform  or  capillary,  erect,  3—8',  leafless  ;  involucre 

0 ;  sj)k.  <j\  al.  1—2"  ;  gls.  brown,  5—9  ;  ach.  3-angled,  netted,  beaked  but  not  iubercled. 
Otherwise  an  Eleocharis.     Western  N.  Y.  (Hankenson)  to  111.  (Porter). 

2  S.  caj.*ipito.«>>HS  L.     Culm  round,  wiiy,  3 — 10',  sheathed  below  with  rudiments  of 

leaves;  spike  ovate,  2—3",  with  an  involucral  bract  same  length;  setie  6,  longer 
than  the  achenium.    High  .Mountains,  N.  and  S.    In  tufts.   Leaves  3—6". 

3  S.  €Iintonii   Or.     Cuim  acutely  3-angled,  If,  very   slender,  base  sheathed,  with 

si.ort  brisile-shaped  leaves  ;  bract  subulate,  shorter  than  the  ovate  chestnut-brown 
spike  (3— r.") ;  glumes  pointless.     N.  Y.  (C'inton.    Porter.) 

4  S.  plauitoIiiiM   Miihl.    Culms  If,  3-angled,  threadform,   with   several  Linear  flat 

leaves  ;  bract  as  long  as  the  oblong  (2")  spikes;  gls.  pointed.    N.  Kng.,  N.  Y.  to  Del. 

5  S.  subteruiiiiails  Torr.    Culml— 3f,  filiform,  with  several  long  capi'lary  floating 

leaves  :  bract  1—2',  exceeding  the  oblong  (3")  spike,  continuous  with  the  culm.    N. 

6  S.  debiliitt  Ph.    Culm  roundish,  furrowed,  in  tufts,  9—10',  with  a  few  subulate  lv3. 

at  base  or  0 ;  spk.  1 — 7.  ovoid,  crowded.  3",  tawny,  the  culm-leaf  above  them  2 — 1' 
at  length  rcflcxcd  ;  bristles  4—6,  iiwcrscly  barbed  ;  ach.  smooth.  Muddy  shs.Ct.to  Car. 


362  Order  154.— CYPERACE^. 

7  S.  Smitbii  Gr.    Culm  slender,  3—12';  pheath  often  with  a  short  blade  ;  ppk,  1-  3. 

ovoid,  greeiiish,  2—3",  sessile  about  halfway  up  ;   setae  0—1 ;  ach.  smooth,  lenticu- 
lar; culm-leaf  always  erect     Shores,  Penn.  (Porter)  Sodus  Bay  (Hankenson.) 

8  S,  va]idu«i  Vahl.    Culm  cylindric,  pmooth,  5-8f,  its  sheath  with  or  without  a  short 

blade ;  panicle  cymous,  overtopping  the  short  pungent  culm-leaf;  spk,  ovoid,  brown. 
2'^  numerous  ;  gls.  mucronate,  ciliate  ;  setae  3  or  6.    Our  stoutest  Bullrush.    Shores. 

9  S,  pnngens  Vahl.    Calm  1— 4f,   3-angled,  1-3-leaved ;    Ivs.    3—12',  also  3-angled  ,= 

spk.  1—6,  crowded,  sessile,  ovate,  obtuse,  3— 5^  below  the  summit ;  gls.  notched  and 
mucronate  ;  anth.  ciliolate  at  apex  ;  style  2-cleft ;  setse  2 — 6.  Ponds  and  marslies. 

10  S.  Torreyl  Olney.  Culm  2— 3f,  3-angled  ;  Ivs.  1—3  at  base,  1—1  Jf,  3-angled;  ^plj 
]— 4,  oblong,  sessile,  2 — i'  below  the  summit;  gls.  ovate ;  sty.  3-cleft;  ach.  triq 
obovate,  pointed,  shorter  than  the  setas.     Borders  of  ponds,  N.  E,  to  N.  J.,  and  W. 

lis.  Olneyi  Gr.  Culms  triquetrous-winged,  2— 7f,  leafless,  or  with  1  very  short  leaf 
at  base ;  spk.  6—12,  in  a  sessile  head  an  inch  or  so  below  the  summit ;  gls.  round- 
ovate,  mucronate ;  setae  6  ;  style  2-cleft.    Salt  marshes,  E.  and  S. 

12  S,  leptolepis  Chapm.  Culms  3-angled,  2— 5f ;  leaves  1 — 3,  slender,  channelled, 
sheathing  at  base ;  spikes  loosely  urabelled,  single,  oblong,  4—6",  OO-flowered; 
invol.  of  several  small  bracts  besides  the  long  culm-leaf;  gls.  lance-ovate,  acute; 
style  3-cIeft;  setas  6,  equalling  the  3-sided  ach.    Md.  (Foj'ter\  and  S.    (S.  Canbyi  Gr.) 

13  S.  maritimus  L.  Culm  acutely  3-angled,  leafy,  1— 3f;  Ivs.  broad-linear,  chan 
nelled,  1— 3if ;  ppk.  3—12",  oblong,  6—10  in  each  cluster ;  clusters  1—9,  sessile  and  ou 
short  rays ;  invol.  of  2  or  3  very  long  leaves  ;  setae  1 — 4,  deciduous,  ehort  ;  achenium 
plano-convex.     Salt  marshes. 

14  S.  fluTiatilis  Gr.  Culm  triquetrous-winged,  leafy,  2^f;  Ivs.  as  in  No.  13;  spk 
6—10",  oblong,  1—5  in  a  cluster;  clusters  sessile  and  on  rays  ;  setae  6;  ach.  3-angled 
Shores,  Easlern,  Middle,  and  Western  States. 

15  S.  atrovireiis  Muhl.  Culm  obtusely  3-angled,  leafy,  2f;  invol.  of  3  long  leaves , 
spk.  ovate,  H",  10— 2 )  in  the  round  dense  heads  ;  hds.  4"  in  a  compound  cyme  ;  dark 
olive-green  ;  setne  4,  as  long  as  the  smooth  white  ach.    Com.  in  swales.  N.,  M.,  &  W. 

16  JS.  sylvatlcus  L.  Culm  3f,  leafy;  invol.  of  8  leaves,  hardly  equalling  the  thricd 
compounded  cyme  ;  ppk.  1",  olive-gren,  1—3—9  in  the  small  heads  ;  hds.  on  slendei 
pedicels  ;  gls.  acute  ;  setae  6,  straight,  as  long  as  the  pale  3-angled  ach.  Mts.  N.  H,  &  N 

1  7  S,  polyphyllus  Vahl.  Culm  2— 3f,  leafy  ;  invol.  of  3  leaves  ;  cyme  decompound 
spk.  yellow-ferruginoiis,  1",  .3—6  in  the  clusters ;  gls.  obtuse  ;  ach.  yellovi'ish-whitfj 
3-angled,  twice  shorter  than  the  4—5  tortuous  sets.  Margins  of  waters.  Ptaro.  North 

18  S,  divarioatiis  Ell.  Ciilm3-4f,  very  leafy;  cyme  large,  loose,  decompound 
spk.  all  separate,  2—3",  oblong,  pendulous,  ferruginous;  setae  tortuous.  Wet  barrens. S. 

19  S.  Erlopliorum  Mx.  Culm  teretish,  3— 5f,  Ivs.  2f ;  invol.  4-5-lvd.,  longer  than 
the  large  loose  decompound  cyme;  spk.  very  numerous,  1— .3",  pedicellate;  setae  6. 
hair-like,  curled,  conspicuous,  5  or  6  times  longer  than  the  white  ach.  Swamps.  Com. 

20  S,  linearis  Mx.  Culm  3-angled,  2— 3f,  very  leafy;  cymes  term.,  and  axillary,  de 
compound,  at  length  nodding  ;  invol.  1-3-bracted,  much  shorter  than  the  cyme ;  gtt« 
as  long  as  the  glumes,  hardly  at  maturity  exserted.    Swamps.  Common.  S. 

7.  ERIOPHORUM,  L.  Cotton  Grass.  Glumes  imbricated  all 
around  in'c  a  spike.  Acli.  invested  with  many  (rarely  but  6)  very  lon^, 
woolly  or  cottony  hairs,  if  Culms  with  or  without  leaves.  Spikes  showy 
aAcr  the  long  setse  have  grown.     June — August. 

§  Setse  6,  crisped,  woolly.     Spike  sii^gle.     Culms  scape-like,  naked No.  1 

§  Setae  numerous,  straight,  cottony.    Culm  jointed.  1-3-leaved (a) 

a  Spike  f^ingle.    Culm  bearing  2  sheaths  instead  of  leaves No  3 

a  Spikes  sevi-ral.  collected  into  a  subsessile,  capitate  cluster No.  A 

a  Spike.-*  -everal,  separate,  in  umbel-like  cymes .  N(»§.  4,  i 


Order  154.— CYPERACE^.  363 

1  E.  alpiiinm  L.    Culms  jointleps,  Blender,  8— 16',  form  a  creeping  rhizome;  Ivs. 

radical,  ehort,  subulate  ;  spk.  2'',  the  white  hairs  at  length  7—9"  long.    Bogs,  N.,  M. 

2  E.  vaglnatum  L.    Bigid,  tufted,  1— 2f,  culm  with  1  or  2  inflated  sheaths;  leaves 

radical,  filiform ;  spk.  6—8''',  blackish,  hairs  1',  white,  glossy,  30—40  in  each  flower. 
N.  Eng.  to  Mich.,  and  N.    PoconoMt.  in  Penn.  {Prof.  Porter.) 

Z  E-  Vlrginicum  L.    Culm    strict,  firm,  slender,  2— 3f,  Ivs.  shorter,  narrowly  lin- 
ear; invol.  2-4-lv(l. ;  spk.  ovoid,  3",  many,  glomerate  with  very  short  pad,  forming  a 
capitate  cluster ;  setae  70—200,  pale-cinnamon,  6—8"  long.    Bogs. 
/3.  confertisaimum.  Setae  white,  in  a  large  and  compact  tuft.    N.  H.,  N.  Y.,  &Can. 

^  E.  polystacliion  L.  Culms  l—2f,  Avith  2  or  3  cauline  broad  linear  Ivs. ;  invol. 
2-leaved  ;  spk.  about  10,  on  long  drooping  peduncles  ;  selae  30—40  to  each  flower, 
6—8",  white.    Very  conspicuous  in  meadows  and  swamps. 

6  E.  graclle  Koch.  Culm  H--2f;  Ivs.  triquetrous,  channelled  above,  Bcarce  1"  wide; 
spk.  3—8,  on  roughish  ped.  which  are  1"— 1'— 4'  long;  setae  white,  8-10".. 

8.  HEMICARPHA,  Nees.  Spike  many-flowered.  Glumes  imbri- 
cated all  around.  Interior  scale  1,  embracing  the  flower  and  fruit;  setae  0. 
Sta.  1.  Style  2-cleft,  not  bulbous  at  base,  deciduous.  Ach.  compressed, 
oblong,  subterete.    (i)  Low,  tufted,  with  setaceous  culms  and  leaves. 

H.  siibsquarrosa  Nees.  Cnlm?  2— 3',  curved,  the  Ivs.  shorter;  spk.  2  or  3,  nearly 
2",  ovoid,  sessile  together;  invol.  2-lvd.,  1  continuing  the  stem;  g\?.  svdfqt/arrous. 
Sandy  shores.— /3.  JlrummdneHi,  Sts.  1—2',  spk.  only  1.    Fulton  Co.  111.  {J.  Wolf.) 

9.  LIPOOARPHA,  Brown.  Spikes  many-flowered ;  glumes  spatu- 
latc,  imbricated  all  around  ;  interior  scales  2,  thin,  subequal,  involving  the 
flower  and  coating  the  fruit.  Perianth  none.  Sta.  1.  Style  2-  or  3-fid; 
achenium  coated  with  the  scales,  (i)  Culms  leafy  at  base.  Spikes  numer- 
ous, collected  into  an  involucrate,  terminal  head. 

Ij.  maculata  Torr.  Cnlm  3-8',  the  linear-filiform  Ivs.  shorter ;  invol.  of  2  long  Ivs, 
and  1  short ;  spk.  3—4,  ovoid ;  glumes  very  Qc,  scarious,  marked  with  red  dots 
and  a  gretn  midvcin  ;  ach.  oblong.    Wet  grounds,  Phila.  (Leidy),  and  S. 

10.  FIMBRfSTYLIS,  Vahl.  Glumes  imbricated  on  all  sides  ;  bristles 
D.  Style  compressed,  2-cleft,  bulbous  at  base,  deciduous,  ciliate-fringed  {ks 
the  name  indicates.)— With  the  habit  of  Scirpus.     Lvs.  mostly  radical. 

1  F.  spadlcea  Vahl.    Culms  1— 3f,  hard  and  rigid;   lvs.   semiterete,  rigid,  chan- 

nelled ;  rays  few,  exceeding  the  2  or  3  invol.  bracts  ;  spk.  ovate-obluug,  3—6"  by  2", 
rust-colored  to  brown  ;  sta.  2—3  ;  ach.  whitish,  minutely  netted,    ii  Salt  marshes. 

2  F.  laxa  Valil.    Culm  3—12',  lax,  flattened,  striate  ;  lvs.  flat,  linear,  glaucous,  rough- 

edged  ;  rays  few,  shorter  than  1  of  the  invol.  bracts  ;  spk.  ovoid,  3",  brown  ;  sta.  1 ; 
ach.  whitish,  with  6—8  prominent  ribs.    ®  Clay  soils,  Pa.  to  111.,  and  S. 

3  F.  argentea  Vahl.    Glaucous,  tufted  ;  culms  2—6',  setaceous,  flattish,  like  the 

leaves;  spk.  straw-colored,  6—1)  in  a  dense  head;  invol.  lvs.  4,  longer  than  the  culm; 
gls.  lance-ovate,  pointed  ;  sta.  1.    ®  Philad.  {A.  H.  Smith),  and  S.  (F.  congesta  Torr.) 

11.  TRICHELOSTYLIS,  Lestib.  Glumes  in  4  to  8  ranks,  carinate; 
bristles  none  ;  style  3-cleft,  deciduous  below  the  bulb  (if  any)  at  the  base; 
acheninm  triangular.  ®  U.  Sts.  leafy  at  the  base,  tufted.  Spikes  in  a 
terminal  head,  or  umbel,  orsolitar}'. 

§  Spikes  rasty-brown,  in  a  cymous  umbel,  the  glumes  6—15,  in  4  rows Nos.  1—3 

^  Spikcf  greenish—;?;  both  capitate  and  umbellate,  with  linear  lvs.  and  bracts.  .No.  4 
~-.r  all  capitate  in  a  single  iicad  ;  bracts  dilated  at  base.  ..Nos.  5,  6 
—X  one  only  on  each  culm,  or  rarely  2  or  ".,  bractcd Noa.  7,  B 


364 


Order  154.— CYPERACE^. 


1  T.  autuiuitalis  (L.)    (Fig.  5.)    Culm  flatlened,  2-edged,  very  elcndcr,  3—10';  Irs. 

narrow-linear,  flat,  much  shorter  ;  spikes  (Fig.  6)  lance-oblong,  very  acute,  4-rowc(l, 

2",  l—'i  together,  many  in  the  cyme ;  glnmea  sharp- 
pointed,  brown  ;  stamens  2 ;  achenium  (Fig.  7)  white 

smooth.    (T)  Wet  banks,  &c.. 
3  T.    <'lliatifolia    (Ell.)     Culm   setaceous,    angular, 

3—12' ;  lea\es  setaceous,  wiih  long  broivn  hairs  on  the 

hheaUis  :  cyme  5-9-rayed,  often  overtopped  by  1  bract ; 

t*pike  1— ^'^  mostly  single  ;  glumes  acute,  4-rowed, 

(i— 12;  stamens  2;  achenium  white.    (T)  Dry,  S. 
/S.  coarctata.  Cyme  contracted  ;  spks  2—3",  often 

2—3  clustered  together. 

3  T,  cayillarls  (L.)    Culm  capillary,  angular,  3— S' ; 

leaves  setaceous,  much  shorter,  entirely  smooth  ;  spk. 
2 — 4  in  the  simple  cyme  ;  gls.  8—12,  strongly  keeled, 
4-rowed;  stamens  2;  ach.  white,  equally  3-sided,  (i) 
Sandy  fields.     (Fig.  8,  a  flower.) 

4  T.  borealis  Wood.    Culm  filiform,  angular,  2—4'; 

Ivs.  linear,  flat,  i— 2^;  bracts  similar,  as  long  as  the 
leaves;  spikes  capitate  and  in  cymes,  1—5  together, 
ovoid,  green,  1";  glumes  pointed;  sta.  1 ;  ach.  white. 
;^angled  ;  sty.  bulinnis  at  base,  (i)  111.  Banks  of  the 
Mies.  R.,  111.  (./.  Wolf.)  t-hores  of  Lake  Sup.,  Mich. 
Ofr.  PerHn.".) 

0  T.  stciiopliylla   ip:il.)    Culm  setaceous,  grooved, 

2—4';  leaves  sotnceous,  2— .3';  bracts  many,  3— 4  times 

longer  llian  tlie  dense  licad ;  ach.  (Fig.  J))  blackish.   S. 
6  T.  Ware!  (Torr.)    Culm  filiform.  If,  3-angled  ;  Ivs. 

and  bracts  setaceous,   filky-fringed  at  base,  the  latter  twice  longer  than  the  head  oi 

8—12  ovate  spikes.     ]"la. 
T  T.  cariuata  (Hook,  and  Arn.)    Culm  flattened-setaceou5,  3—6',  with  1  short  seta- 
ceous leaf  at  base  ;  spk.  ovoid,  near  the  top  ;  gls.  5—8,  broad-ovate,  acuminate.  S-VV\ 
8  T.  i.EPTALKA  (Schultes'-)    Culms  fililbrm,  bright  green,  flaccid,  6—12",  sheathed  at 

base,  with  a  short  setaceous  leaf  or  0  ;    spk.  ovate,  whitish,  as  long  as  its  bract  (3") ; 

sta.  3  ;  ach.  3-angled,  shining.    Cult,  in  conservatories.    From  S.  Eur. 

12.  PSILOOARYA,  Tori'.  Fls.  5  .  Gls.  CX),  imbricated  all  around,  all 
fertile.  Setae  0.  Stain.  2,  long,  persistent.  Style  2-cleft,  dilated  or  tiibei- 
calate  at  base.  Ach.  biconvex,  crowned  with  the  persistent  style.  0 
Culms  leaf}'.     Spikes  lateral  and  terminal,  cymous,  brown. 

1  P.  Kcirpoides  Torr.    Culm  3-sided,  slender.  .5—9' ;  Ivs.  linear,  3—5',  about  2  on  the 

culm,  a  cyme  in  each  axil ;    spike  ovoid.  2—3"  ;    ach.  20—30,  smoothish  (slightly 
rugous),  tippid  with  the  long  2.cleft  style.    Ponds,  R.  I.,  and  N. 

2  P.  iittens  (Vahl.)    Culm  U— 2f,  flattened,  with  several  long  linear  leaves ;  cymes 

loose,  spike  lance-ovoid,  2",  all  pedicellate  ;  ach.  8 — 10,  conspicuously  rugous,  tipped 
with  the  entire-part  of  the  style,  blackish  when  ripe.    S. 

13.  DICHROMENA,  Ricli.  Spikes  flattened,  in  a  terminal  head. 
Gls.  imbricated  all  around,  many  empty.  Perianth  0.  Sta.  3.  Sty.  2-cleft. 
Ach.  lens-shapetl,  crowned  with  the  broad  tubercular  base  of  the  style. 
Cidms  leafy.     Bracts  discolored. 

1  D.  lencocepliala  Mx.  Culm  3-angled,  l—2f;  leaves  narrow-linear;  invol.  of  G-—8 
narrow  leaves,  which  are  wliitened  at  base  as  well  as  the  spikes  ;  acli.  rugulous,  trun- 
cate, the  liiborcle  not  docurrcnt.     Barrens,  N.  J.,  and  S. 


Order  154.— CYPERACE^.. 


365 


2  D.  latifolia  lialdw.    Culm  teretieh,  2— 3f ;  leaves  long,  linear;  bracts  8—10,  lance- 

liaear,  reddish  Avhite,  long-pointed;  ach.  roundish,  roughened,  dull,  the  tubercle 
decurrent  on  its  2  edges.    Ponds,  S. 

14.  RHYNOHOSPORA,  Vahl.  Fls.  5  or  5  5  2 ,  few 
in  each  spike.  Glumes  Saltish,  loosely  imbricated,  the 
lowest  small  and  empty.    Perianth  of  6—12  setae.    Sta. 

3  to  12.    Style  bifid.     Achenium  lens-shaped  or  globular, 
crowned  with  a  tubercle — the  distinct,  bulbous  base  of 
the  style.     U  Stems  leafy,  3-sided.    Inflor.  ter- 
minal and  axillary,  mostly  tawny  to  brown. 

§  Setae  densely  plumous.    Achenium  roundish-ovoid 

(not  flattened) Nos.  1—3 

§  SetjE  naked,  denticulate  or  hispid.    Achenium  more 

or  less  flattened... (*) 

*  Ach.  transversely  wrinkled.   Setae  upwardly  bearded .  (a) 

*  Achenium  smooth  and  even . . .  (c) 

a  Setae  shorter  than  the  achenium Nos.  4—7 

a  Setae  equalling  or  exceeding  the  ach. . .  (b) 

b  Spikes  in  drooping  panicles.  Ach.  oblong  orobovate.Nos.S,9 

b  Spikes  in  erect  or  spreading  panicles.  Ach.  roundish.  .10— 12 

b  Spikes  corymbed  or  fascicled.— a;  Ach.  round-ubovate.  .13, 14 

—X  Achenium  oval. Nos.  15, 16 

c  Setfe  retrorscly  hispid,  or  barbed  (un  d  era  magnifier),  (c?) 

c  Setae  upwardly  hispid  (or  almost  none  in  No.  29). .  .(e) 

C  Setae    none.    Culm    and    leaves    setacious  or  filiform. 

South Nos.  17,  18 

d  Culm  and  leaves  very  slender,  eetacious  or  filiform.., 

d  Culm  wiry  and  firm,  leaves  linear.    Spikes  dark-brown.  .Nos.  22,  28 

€  Culms  stout,  2— .3f.    Setae  and  stamens  6—12 Nos.  21,  25 

e  Culms  wiry  and  firm,  1— 2f.    Stamens  3.     Setae  6,  3,  or  0 Nos.  26—29 

e  Culm  and  leaves  very  slender,  setaceous  or  filiform Nos.  30,  31 

1  R.  plumosa  Ell.    Culm  and  leaves  filiform-wiry,  erect.  10—18':   spikelcts 

1-flwd.,  1",  in  small  fascicles  forming  a  loose  spike  at  top,  often  another  l>elow 
it  shorter  than  the  bracts  ;  setae  6,  as  long  as  the  tumid,  rugous  ach.  Dry,  N.  J.  to  Fla. 
^.  minor.    Every  way  smaller,  5— 10':  fascicles  2  or  3 ;  setae  feathery  below.    S. 

2  11.  semipluniosa  Gr.    Culm  and  leaves  rigid,  wiry,  erect;    spike  1—2",  in  a 

capitate  corymb  at  top,  often  a  smaller  one  below;  ach.  solitary,  tumid,  rugous  with 
a  broad  tubercle  ;  setie  (!,  feathery  below.    Barrens,  S.     1— 2f. 

3  R.  olij^autlia  Gr.    Culm  and  leaves  fililbrra-capillarj',  erect,  8— 14';  spikes  1—3 

only,  fusiform,  Z",  with  1  long  bract ;  ach.  obovoid;  seta;  6,  densely  feathery.     S. 

4  R.  cyniosa  N.    Culm  acutely  .3-angled,  1— 3f;  leaves  linear;  spike  fascicled,  in 

several  crowded  cymes ;  ach.  broad-obovate,  twice  longer  than  the  6  setae,  4  times 

longer  than  the  depressed-conical  tubercle.    N.  J.,  Pa.,  and  S. 
Sf  R.  Torrejana  Gr.   Culm  teretish,  li— 2f;  leaves  setaceous  :  cymes  small,  sever.al, 

the  lateral  on  capillary  peduncles;  ach.  oblong-obovate,  twice  longer  than  the  set-tj, 

thrice  longer  than  the  broad  tubercle.    N.  J.,  and  S. 
6  R.  rarlflora  Ell.    Culms  tufted,  6—16'.  filiform,  the  setaceous  leaves  much  shorter  ; 

t^pikes  2'',  scattered  in  very  loose  paniculate  cymes  ;   ach.  round-obovate,  strongly 

rugous,  tubeicle  very  short.    Barrens,  S. 
8  R.  inexpaiisa   Vahl.       Culm  slender,  erect  H— 3f;  loaves  narrow-linear,  flat; 

spikes  lanceolate,  2-4-flowered,  3'^  in  several  rather  large  recurved-droop>;ig  panicles ; 

ach.  oblong,  half  as  long  as  the  setae  ;  tubercle  short.    Wet  barrens,  S. 


366  Order  154.— CYrEKACJKvi:. 

B  R,  deciirrens  Chapm.  Culm,  leaves,  and  cyrae?  as  iu  the  last;  spike  1";  ac&. 
obovate,  a?  long  as  the  setje,  the  tubercle  decurrent  on  its  2  edges.    Marshes,  Fla. 

10  R.  mlllacea  (Lam.)  Culm  slender,  3-angled,  2— 4f;  leaves  linear,  flat,  6— 8' bt 
3 — 4" :  spikes,  obovate,  all  pedicellate,  in  difl'usoly  spreading  cymous  panicles  ;  ach. 
round-obovate,  little  shorter  than  the  sotte.    Wet  barrens,  S. 

11  R.  caduca  Ell.  Culm  acutely  3-angled,  l~3f;  leaves  linear,  2—3''  broad;  gpikea 
ovate,  large,  4 — 5",  sessile  or  stalked,  in  beveral  rather  close  erect  cymous  panicle* ; 
glumes  caducous ;  ach.  roundish,  i  as  long  as  the  seta).    "Wet,  S. 

12  K.  scliGenoides  (Ell.)  Culm  3-angled,  2— 3f;  leaves  linear,  2"  wide;  spikes  (2") 
small  and  numerous,  subsessile,  clustered,  in  several  paniculate  cymes  ;  setse  twice  as 
long  as  the  obovate  flat  acheniiim  and  small  tubercle.    Bi)g9,  S. 

13  R.  patula  Gr.  Culm  3-angled,  thick  and  stout  at  base,  2— 3f;  leaves  linear, 
short;  spikes  ovate,  2'',  in  several  spreading  loose  panicles;  ach.  strongly  rugous, 
with  a  large  tubercle,  some  shorter  than  the  setje.    Ga.,  Fla. 

14  R.  £lli6ttii  Gr.  Culm  solitary,  2— 3t';  leaves  shining,  rigid ;  corymbs  3  or  4, 
few-flowered,  subsimple ;  spikes  large ;  ach.  minutely  rugous,  with  a  very  short 
tubercle,  little  shorter  than  the  setse.     Pine  barrens,  S.     (R.  distans  Ell.) 

15  R.  punctata  Ell.  Culm  3-angled,  1— 2f;  leaves  lance-linear;  corymbs  of  fasci- 
cles; ach.  rugous-netted,  with  rows  of  impressed  dots.    Marshes,  Ga.,  Fla. 

16  R.  mlcrocarpa  Baldw.  Culm  2f,  teretish  ;  leaves  narrowly-linear,  setaceous  at 
end  ;  spike  turgid-ovate,  1—2"  ;  ach.  ovate,  flat,  minute.    Wet,  S. 

1  7  R.  pusilla  Chapm.  Corymbs  2—3,  distant,  of  minute,  scattered  ovate,  3- flowered 
spike?  ;  ach.  lens-shaped,  oblong-ovate,  white.    Woods,  S.  Car.  to  Fla.     If. 

1  8  R.  Chapinaiili  Curtis.    Corymb  capitate,  terminal,  dense  ;  spikes  with  5  scales 

and  1  flower;  ach.  oval,  polished  ;  stamens  1  or  2.     S.  Car.  to  Fla.    l^f, 

19  R.  alba  Vahl.  (Fig.  10.)  Culm  10—20',  very  slender;  leaves  linear-setaceous; 
spikes  (Fig.  11)  whitish,  lanceolate,  in  stalked,  corymbous  fascicles ;  setae  9 — 12,  as 
long  as  the  ach.  (Fig.  1-2)  and  tubercle.    Common  in  wet  shady  grounds.    July— Sep. 

20  R.  Knieslfernii  Carey.  In  tufts  6—16',  filiform;  spikes  1",  brown,  in  .3—5 
dense,  sessile,  remote  fascicles  ;  setsc  6,  as  long  as  the  ach.    Iron  soils,  N.  J. :  rare. 

21  R.  capillacea  Torr.  In  tufts,  6—10',  setaceous,  3-angled;  clusters  of  brown 
spikes  mostly  2.  few-flowered  ;  setiB  6,  much  longer  than  the  ach.    Swamps,  M.,  W. 

22  R.  glomerata  Vahl.  Culms  If,  leaves  linear;  fascicles  brown,  remote,  in  sev- 
eral pairs;  spikes  lanceolate,  2"  ;  ach.  obovate,  as  long  as  its  tubercle,  which  equals 
the  6  sette.    In  bogs.  Can.  to  Fla.    July,  Aug. 

23  R.  cephalantlia  Torr.  Culms  2— 3f,  stout;  leaves  linear;  heads  globular, 
dense,  remote,  sessile,  solitary  in  the  axil  or  terminal,  dark-brown ;  ach.  round- 
ovoid,  obtuse,  half  as  long  as  the  6  setae.    Barrens,  N.  J. 

2  4  R.  Raldiviiiii  Gray.    Culms  slender,  2— 3f;  leaves  linear;   spikes  ovate,  in  a 

dense  terminal  corymb  of  fascicles  ;  setae  12;  stamens  6.    Pine  barrens,  Ga. 

25  R.  dodecaudra  Baldw.  Culms  rigid,  stout,  1— 3f;  leaves  rigid,  linear,  erect; 
spikes  4",  ovate,  in  4  or  5  loose,  stalked  cymes ;  stamens  12 ;  setaj  6 — 12,  long  as  the 
large  (li").  roundish,  smooth  acheniura.    Bogs,  S.     (R.  raegalocarpa.) 

26  R.  lasciciilaris  Nutt.  Culm  teretish,  wir3%  1— 2f;  leaves  short,  narrowly 
linear;  spikes  small  (li")  in  several  dense  fascicles  mostly  terminal;  setHj  4—6, 
shorter  or  longer  than  the  obovoid  brown  ach.    Wet,  S. 

2  7  R.  distans  N.  Like  No.  20,  but  every  way  smaller;  spikes  1"  long,  in  a  dense 
terminal  and  often  a  distant  lateral  fascicle  ;  setye  about  equalling  the  ach.    S. 

28  R,  c'iliata  Vahl.  Glaucous,  8'— 2f;  leaves  short,  linear,  ohtnuQ,  ciliate  on  the 
edgcii ;  spikes  all  in  a  dense  terminal  fascicle  ;  setae  6,  half  the  length  of  the  ach.    S. 

29  R.  pallida  M.A.Curtis.  Culm  firmly  erect,  l—2f,  3-angled  ;  spikes  pale-tawny, 
(like  li.  alba)  in  a  dense  terminrl  head  with  often  a  lateral  head  on  a  long  peduncle; 
uch.  roundish,  tubercle  minute,  t»etae  0—3,  minute.    Bogs,  N.  J.  to  N.  C. 

30  R.  fusca  R.  &  S.    Culm  (6-12')  and  leaves  setaceous;   spikes  ovatc-oblong,  J" 


OiiDEK  154.— CYPERACE^.  367 

dark-brown,  in  1  or  2  small  fasdclea  ;   ach.  half  the  length  of  the  belve  which  cqnal 
the  pointed  ?errnlate  tubercle.    Maine  to  N.  J.,  and  W.    Kare.    Europe. 
SIR.  gracilleiita  Gr.    Tufts  1— 2f:   culm  and  leaves  threadform,  curved ;  spikes 
1",  brown,  in  2—3  fascicles;  ach.  oval,  as  long  as  its  awl-shaped,  serrulate  tubercle, 
shorter  than  the  6  setne.    Low  grounds,  N.  Y.  to  Fla,    (R,  filifolia  Torr.) 

15.  OERATOSOHOEINUS,  Nees.  Spikelets  2-5-flvvd.,  one  flower  5. 
the  rest  $  .  Glumes  loosely  imbricated,  somewhat  in  2  rows,  lower  ones 
empty.  Perianth  of  5  or  6  rigid,  hispid,  or  scabrous  setae.  Stamen?  3. 
Style  simple,  very  long,  pei-sistent  as  a  beals  on  the  smooth,  compressed 
Bchenium.     if  Stems  leafy,  3-angled,  2 — 4f     Cymes  compound,  brown. 

1  C.  longirostris  (Ell.)     3— 5f;  leaves  flat,  4— 6'^;   spikes  in  loose  fascicles,   9"; 

ach.  2",  beak  7",  setie  5"  ;  cj^raes  diffuse,  terminal  and  axillary.    Penn.,  W.  and  S. 

2  C.  macrostacliya  Torr.    Leaves  2— 4"  wide ;  spikes  1",  in  dense  fascicles;  ach. 

and  beak  8".  setie  2—3'',  culm  2— 3f.    Hardly  distinct.    Mass.,  and  South. 

3  C.  capitatus*  Chapm.    Spikes  densely  clustered  in  a  few  heads;  beak  only  2^\ 

ach.  1",  setje  2'',  culm  terelish,  2— 3f,  leaves  2— 4^'  wide.     W.  Fla. 

16.  CLADIUM,  Browne,  Flowers  ^  5  ? .  Glumes  imbricated  some- 
what in  3  rows,  lower  ones  empty.  Setae  0.  Stamens  2.  Style  2-3-cleft, 
deciduous.  Achenium  subglobous,  the  pericarp  hard,  thickened  and  corkv 
above.     U  Stem  leafy.     Cymes  terminal  and  axillary,  brown. 

1  €.  niariscotdes  (^luhl.)    Bog  Rush.    Culm  terete,  rigid,  20—30' ;  leaves  narrowly 

linear,  much  shorter  than  culm  ;  spikes  3",  in  pedunculate  or  sessile  heads,  forming 
small  cymes  ;  ach.  ovoid,  scarcely  beaked.     Jiogs,  N.  Eng.,  and  West. 

2  €.  efl'iisum  (Swtz.)    Saw   G?'ass.    Culm  obtusely  3-angled,  »>— lOf,  leaves  3— lOfl 

sharply  senate-barbed  on  the  edges ;   cymes  diftui^e,  decompound,  forming  a  largo 
panicle.    A  coarse,  rank  Sedge  in  ponds,  N.  Car.  to  La. 

17.  SCLERIA,  L.  Nut  Sedge.  Flowers  <? ,  staminate  spikes  inter- 
mixed, fertile  spikelets  1-flowered,  glumes  fasciculate.  Perianth  cup-shaped 
or  0.  Achenium  globous,  ovoid  or  triangular,  with  a  thick,  bony  pericarp. 
Style  3-cleft,  deciduous,  if  Culms  3-angled,  leafy.  Spikes  in  fascicles. 
Nuts  white.     In  bogs.     Summer. 

§  Sci.ERiA.    Achenium  ovoid  or  globous,  base  invested  with  a  short  perigynium. .  .(*) 
"  Achenium  smooth,  ovoid.     Perianth  annular,  subentire.     Stamens  3.. Nos.  1,2 

"  Achenium  rngous-warty,  globular.     Perianth  6-  or  3-lobed Nos.  3,  4 

■*  Achenium  reticulated  or  hispid-rugous,  globular.    Perianth  3-l()bed Nos.  5,  (j 

S  liTPoroKUM.    Achenium  ovoid-triangular,  base  fluted.    Perigynium  none.,  .(a) 
a  Fascicles  4  to  7,  interruptedly  spiked.    Achenium  smooth  or  rugous.  .No?.  7,  8 
a  Fascicles  single,  terminal.    Achenium  ribbed  or  smooth Nos.  9,  10 

1  S.  triglomerata  Mx.     Whip   Grass.     Culm  erect,  rough,  3 — 4f;    leaves  broad- 

linear,  rough-edged ;  fascicles  few,  composed  of  triple  clusters  of  green-brown  {V') 
spikes ;  ach.  white  and  polished,  more  than  1"  in  diameter.     Common. 

2  S.  leptociklmis  W.    Culm  very  slender,  2f,  nearly  naked;  Ivs.  smooth,  narrowly 

linear  ;  compound  spikes  loose,  the  lateral  on  a  long  filiform  peduncle ;  spikes  3 — 4"; 
ach.  pol  shed,  ovoid,  minutely  corrugated.    S.     (S.  oligantha  Ell.  ?) 

3  S.  I'illata   Mx,     Culm  scabrous   above,  2f;    leaves  2,  pubescent,  bracts    ciliato- 

fringcd  ;  ach.  beset  with  unequal  warts,  disk  3-lobed.    Pine  barrens,  S. 
i  S.  panclflora  Muhl.    Smoothish  or  hairy  ;  leaves  and  bracts  exceeding  the  culm; 


368 


Okder  154.— CYPERACEiE. 


fascicles  few-flowered,  the  lateral,  if  any,  pedunculate ;  ach.  small,  rough,  the  diik 
6-lobed.    Rare  northward,  common  South.     10—16'. 

p.  g-labra,    Smoothish,  slender,  If;  lateral  fascicles  1-flowered,  orO.  Ms.  to  Ohio. 

y.  Caroliniana,    Scabrous-hirsute,  slender ;  leaves  much  exceeding  the  culm.    S. 

6.  I'UUdltii,     Stoat,  2— 3f,  den ticulate-ciliate;  lateral  spikes  pedunculate.    S. 

5  S.  reticnlarii*  Mx.    Slender,  If,  leaves  shorter  than  culm;  fascicles  2— 5,  distant, 

pubsesfiilti  ;  ach.  dead-white,  K',  conspicuously  netted  and  pitted.    R.  I.  to  Fla. 

6  S.  laxa  Torr.   Slender,  weak,  diffuse,  1— 2f;  Ivs.  flat,  2"  wide  ;  fascicles  very  remote, 

spks.  distant,  in  pairs  ;  ach.  V\  with  transverse  ridges  and  brown  pits.    N.  J.  to  Fla. 

7  S.  vcrticlUata  Muhl.    Glabrous,  6 — 12',  slender ;  fascicles  4—6,  smooth,  purple, 

sessile,  8"— 1'  apart ;  ach.  globular,  about  \",  rugous.    N.  Y.  to  Ohio,  and  South. 

8  S.  interrupta   Mx.    Sparingly  hirsute,  1-2- 30' ;  leaves  2^'  wide;   fascicles  5—7, 

rusty-brown,  sessile,  ciliate,  4—9"  apart ;  ach.  smooth,  \''  diameter.     South. 

9  S.  gracilis  Ell.     Filiform,  smooth,  1— 2f;  spikes  few  (1—5  pairs),  3'',  in  a  terminal 

(ar^cicle;  bract  erect;  ach.  ovid-triangular.  ribbed  lengthwise.     South. 

10  S.  Baldwiiiii  (Torr.)  Culm  scape-like,  2— 3f,  leaves  all  radical,  long;  spikes  5" 
long,  3—5  pairs  in  a  terminal  fascicle,  brown-purple,  with  3  bracts,  middle  bract  erect ; 
ach.  dull-white,  2"  long,  even.    In  Georgia  and  Florida. 

18.  OHAETOSPORA,  R.  Br.  Spikes  1-5-flowered,  fls.  y  ,  glumes  in  two 
rows,  the  lower  empty.     Setfe  3—6.    Stam.  3. 
Style  3-fid,  deciduous.     Acheiiium  triangular. 
If    Culm  leafy  only  at  base.    Fls.   capitate, 
chestnut-brown. 

C.  nigricans  K.  Culm  If,  erect,  teretish,  longer 
than  the  narrow  erect  leaves  ;  spikes  4"  long,  in 
one  fascicle,  bract  erect,  1—3' ;  achenium  i" 
diameter,  white.    Fla.,  Eur. 


1  or  more,  either  with  both  staminate  and 
pistillate  flowers  {androgynous),  or  with  the 
two  kinds  in  separate  spikes  on  the  same  plant 
{monoecious),  or  rarely  on  separate  plants  {dlcB- 
cious).  Glumes  single,  imbricated,  each  1-flwd. 
$  Stamens  3.  $  Stigmas  2  or  3.  Nut  {ache- 
nium) 2-edged  or  3-angled,  enclosed  in  a  sac 
{perigijnium)  composed  of  2  united  glumes. 
U  Culms  triangular,  in  tufts,  with  grass-like 
leaves  and  usuall}^  with  axillary  as  well  as 
terminal  spikes. 

The  following  enumeration  of  our  Carices 
is  reduced  from  the  excellent  monograph  by 
the  lamented  Prof.  C.  Dewej^,  contained  in  the 
Class-book  of  Botany,  and  revised  with  the 
assistance  of  fiiend-  before  mentioned,  and 
whose  names  appear  below. 

Fig.  13,  C.  flava.  14,  One  of  its  perigynia 
(magnified):  15,  a  glume.  Fig.  16,  C.  rosea. 
17,  A  pcrigynium  :  IS,  a  glume. 


Order  154.— CYPERACE^.  369 

{  I.  Spike  Bolitary,  one  (rarely  more)  borne  on  each  calm..  .(§) 
I  II.  Spikes  two  or  more.    Stigmas  2.    Achenium  lens-shaped. .  .(§§) 
{  III.  Spikes  two  or  more.    Stigmas  3.    Achenium  triangular.  ..(§§§) 
S  Stigmas  2.    Achenium  lens-shaped  or  flattened. .  .(a) 
I  Stigmas  3.    Achenium  triquetrous  or  3-angled. .  ,(6) 

a  Spike  androgynous,  staminate  at  the  summit No.  1 

a  Spike  dioecious,  or  the  9  spike  staminate  at  the  base Nos.  2,  3 

b  Leaves  very  narrow,  shorter  than  the  calm.  Glumes  colored. .  .Nos.  4 — 6 

b  Leaves  linear,  longer  than  the  culms.— Glumes  colored No.  7 

—Glumes  green Nos.  &— 10 

b  Leaves  very  broad,  flat,  with  no  midvein.    Glumes  ecarious  No.  11 

$S  staminate  and  pistillate  flowers  in  the  same  (androgynous)  spike. .  .(c) 

$S  Staminate  and  pistillate  flowers  in  difierent  spikes— on  the  same  culm. .  .(i) 

—on  difi'erent  cuhns No.  12 

c  i  Flowers  variously  situated  in  the  approximate  spikes  —  Nos.  (12  and)  13—15 
c  X  Flowers  at  the  summit  of  the  spikes.  ..(d) 
e  S  Flowers  at  the  base  of  the  spikes. . .(/) 

d  Spikes  oo,  paniculate,  brown  ;  perigynia  corky,  not  rostrate Nos.  16, 17 

d  Spikes  (or  spikelets)  8—  OO,  approximate  in  a  compound  spike. ..(e) 

e  Perigyninm  rostrate,  scarcely  longer  than  the  glume Nos.  18—21 

e  Pcrigynium  long-rostrate,  2  or  3  times  longer  than  the  gl Nos.  22,  23 

d  Spikes  3—6,  approximate  into  one— ovoid  spike Nos.  24—26 

— cylindric  spike  a  little  loose.  .Is'og.  27, 28 
d  Spikes  3—8,  remote.    Perigynia  erect  in  No.  32,  radiating  in  —  Nos.  29—31 
/  Perigynia  radiating  in  the  3—6  separated  spikes.    Glumes  green  —  Nos.  33,  34 
/  Perig.  suberect,  few  (2—20)  in  each  spikelet.    Glumes  hyaline  white. .  .(g) 
/  Perig.  suberect,  winged,  30—60  in  each  oblong  to  obovoid  spikelet. . .  (h) 

g  Spkl.  separate  or  remote,  2-3-flowerHd  in  No.  35,  5-20-flwd.  in  Nos.  36—39 

g  Spikelets  closely  contiguous,  2-12-flowered Nos.  40,  41 

h  Perigjmia  lance-linear,  long-beaked,  3—4".  Spikelets  close.  Nos.  42—44 
h  Perigynia  lanceolate,  short-beaked.  Spikelets  8—20,  chib-ovoid.No.  45 
h  Perigynia  ovate,  spreading.  Spikelets  round-ovoid,  close.. Nos.  46,  47 
h  Perigynia  round-obovate,  short-beaked,  broadly-winged.    Five 

nominal  species  closely  related  and  intermixed Nos.  48—52 

t  Staminate  spike  single.    Pistillate  spikes  sessile Nos.  53— 56 

i  Staminate  spike  single.    Pistillate  spikes  pedunculate Nos.  57,  58 

i  Staminate  spikes  1  or  more,  and  the  5  spikes  often  i  at  the  apex. . .  (k) 

k  Glumes  obtuse,  not  exceeding  the  perigynia.  Spikes  sessile  —  Nos.  59,  60 
k  Gl.  acute,  little  longer  or  shorter  than  perig.  Lower  spikes  stalked.  .61—64 
k  Gl.  long-awned,  much  exceeding  the  perig.    Spikes  all  stalked.. Nos.  65—67 

{§§  Spikes  anirogynous,  both  kinds  of  fls.  in  each,—  i  at  the  apex Nos.  68,  6!) 

—  3  at  the  base No.  70 

§§§  Spikes— the  terminal  ?  at  top,  the  rest  all  pistillate. .  .(^) 

5§§  Spikes- the  terminal  one  wholly  i  ,  the  rest  all  pistillate. .  .(*) 

J§§  Staminate  spikes  habitually  more  than  one. . .  (**) 

/  Spikes  erect  or  nearly  so,  green,  hairy  in  Nos.  71,  7?,  glabrous  in Nos.  72—74 

I  Spikes  erect,  pedunculate,  tawny  in  maturity,  glabrous Nos.  75,  W 

I  Spikes  erect  (some  nodding  in  No.  79)  with  black-purple  glumes  —  Nos.  77—79 
I  Spikes  drooping  on  filiform  stalks,  green  or  some  rusty. Nos.  80—88 

•  Pistillate  spikes  sessile,  or  solitary  on  radical  peduncles.    Perig.  with 

a  short  abrupt  beak,  not  inflated,  pubescent.    Culm  slender. ..(m) 

•  Pistillate  spikes  with  enclosed  or  nearly  enclosed  peduncles.    Perig. 

inflated,  beaked,  glabrous,  bicuspidate  at  apex.    Spikes  turgid, 
often  quite  large,  their  leafy  bracts  longer.. .(,«) 

•  Pistillate  spikes  on  cxscrtcd  peduncles  (cxserted  from  the  sheaths  of 

'24 


870  Order  154.— CYPERACE^. 

the  bracts).  Perigynia  3-angled,  scarce  inflated,  not  much  beaked, 
and  (as  well  as  the  glumes)  more  or  less  colored. . .  (p) 
*  Pistillate  spikes  with  peduncles  (long  or  short)  scarcely  sheathed  at 

all,  or  only  the  lowest  bract  on  a  short  sheath. ..(x) 
m  Pistillate  spikes  oblong,  brown  or  hairy,  the  lowest  scarcely  sessile.Nos.  84— €1 
m  Pistillate  spikes  ovoid,— all  or  mostly  solitary  on  radical  peduncles. Nos.  88, 89 

—all  sessile  and  crowded  on  the  culm Nos.  90,  91 

—all  sessile  and  remote  on  the  culm Nos.  92,  93 

n  9  Spikes  small  (3— 6'0,  yellowish ;  perig.  with  a  short  recurved  beak.  .94, 95 
n  $  Spikes  large :  perigynia  much  inflated,  with  a  long  straight  beak. .  .(o) 

o  Spikes  very  short.- Perigynia  3—4"  long Nos.  96 — ^98 

—Perigynia  G— 8''  long Nos.  99—10* 

o  Spikes  oblong-cylindric— Perigynia  ascending Nos.  103, 104 

—Perigynia  spreading Nos.  105, 106 

p  Leaves  radical,  very  broad  (0—10''),— triple-veined,    i  Spikes  clavate.  .107— 109 

-one-veined,    i  Spikes  linear.  .No.  110,  /5.  y. 
p  Leaves  linear  or  setaceous,  1—2",  rarely  3—4"  wide. .  .(r) 
r  Perigynia  smooth  and  not  rostrate.  ..(s) 
r  Perigynia  smooth  (scabrous  in  No.  130)  and  rostrate... (t?) 

r  Perigynia  hairy,  veined,  conical-beaked.    South Nos.  137-130 

s  Bracts  leaf-like,  exceeding  the  spikes  or  culm. .  .(0 
s  Bracts  shorter  than  the  spikes  or  culm. .  .(u) 

t  Perigynia  triangular,  oblique  at  the  point Nos.  110—112 

t  Perigynia  subterete,  straight.- i  Spikes  pedunculate ..  Nos.  113, 114 

—  i  Spike  sessile Nos.  115—118 

u  Fertile  spikes  white  in  No.  119,  tawny  In No.  120 

u  Fertile  spikes  green,  the  sterile  pedunculate Nos.  121—123 

V  Bracts  leaf-like,  exceeding  the  spikes  or  culm Nos.  125—127 

t;  Bracts  not  exceeding  the  spikes  or  culm. .  .{w) 

to  Spikes  linear,  slender,  very  loose-flowered Nos.  128,  129 

w  Spikes  cylindric,  suberect,  rather  deise Nos.  130, 131 

w  Spikes  oblong,— about  6-flowered,  dense Nos.  132, 13;3 

— many-flowered,  rather  dense Nos.  134—136 

X  Perigynia  beakless  or  nearly  so.— Spikes  suberect,  short-ped Nos.  140—142 

—Spikes  drooping  on  slender  ped.Nos.  143—145 

X  Perigynia  evidently  beaked,— diverging  in  the  spike Nos.  146—148 

— deflexed  in  the  spike Nos.  149, 150 

**  Perigjmium  clothed  with  wool,  hairs,  or  mealiness. .  .(y) 

•*  Perigynium  glabrous,  short-beaked,  or  evidently  longer  than  its  beak. .  .(2) 

♦*  Perigynium  glabrous,  long-beaked,  or  not  longer  than  its  beak,.. (22) 

y  Perigynia  long-beaked,  hispid-pubescent,  green No.  151 

y  Perigynia  short-beaked,— mealy-glaucous,  chocolate  color No.  15-2 

— densely  woolly,  green  ish Nos.  153,  154 

— hispid-pubescent,  brown Nos.  155,  156 

z  Spikes,  or  at  least  the  glumes,  dark-purple  or  brown Nos.  157—159 

2  Spikes  green  or  straw-colored.— Bracts  shorter  than  the  culm No.  160 

—Bracts  exceeding  the  culm.,  .(yy) 

yi/  9  Spikes  long,  densely  very  many (150-1- )-flo\vered No.  IGl 

yy  ?  Spikes  not  dense.  Perigynia  much  inflated,— 30  to  50.  .Nos.  162—104 

—3  to  12 No.  165 

22  Perigynia  3-nerved  or  nerveless,  in  drooping  spikes No.  166 

zz  Perigynia  many-nerved,— ascending.    Peduncles  very  short Nos.  1(57-170 

—horizontal  or  deflexed Nos.  171, 172 

1  C  capitaf  a  L.   Spike  capitate  or  nearly  globous ;  perigynium  roundish-ovate,  con- 
vex-concave, glabrous,  pointed,  longer  than  the  ovate  obtuse  glume.  6—10'.  Wht.Mts. 


Order  154.— CYPERACE^.  373 

2  C.  gynocrates   Wormesk.     ?  Spike  oblong,  rather  loose-flowered  ;  perigynium 

oblong,  short-beaked,  longer  than  the  ovate,  acute,  colored  glume.    N.  Y.,  Mich. 

3  C  exills  Dew.    Spk.  cylindrical,  1',  dense,  $  below,  or  wholly  3  or  $  ;  perig.  ser- 

rulate on  the  margin,  some  longer  than  the  ovate-lanceolate  glume.    Culm  and  ieavea 
filiform,  stiffly  erect,  12—20'.    Ms.  to  N.  Y.  and  N.  J. 
/3,  androg-f/na.    One  or  more  email   ?  spikes  below  the  terminal.    N.  Y. 

4  C.  scirpoidea  Mx.    Spk.  oblong-cylindric  (9— 12'0  ;  perig.  oval,  pubescent,  longer 

than  thi;  ovate  dark-purple  glume.    Leaves  flat.    4—10'.    N.  H.  to  Mich. 

5  C.  poljtriclioides  Muhl.    Spk.  oblong,  small  (3");  perig.  3—8,  erect,  smooth 

twice  longer  than  the  ovate  obtuse  glume.    Setaceous,  4—20'.    Ms.  to  Wis. 

6  C.  paneiflora  Ltf.    Spk.  with  about  4  slender  reflexed  ?  fls.  and  1  or  2  ^  above 

twice  longer  than  the  lanceolate  glume.    Erect,  3—8'.    N.  England,  New  York. 

7  €.  Boottiana  Benth.    Culm  6—12' ;  spk.  oblong-cylindric,  dicEcious  ;  perig.  hairy, 

obovate,  smaller  than  the  dark-purple  glume.    Ala.  to  La. 

8  C.  Willdenovii  Schk.    Peduncles  radical,  filiform,  2 — 6' ;  spk.  small,  igls.  above, 

4—8,  ?  perig.  5—9,  scabrous,  pointed,  the  glumes  oftener  long  and  bract-like,  Leaves 
1— 2f,  grassy.    Dry  grounds  :   common. 

9  C.  Steudelii  K.    Peduncle  radical,  1—8';  spk.  with  10—15  i  glumes  above  and  3 

or  3  inflated  pointed  perigynia  with  long  leafy  glumes.    N.  Y.,  Pa.,  and  W. 
IOC.  Backii  Boott.    Ped.  radical,  i— 3f,  stifl';   $  fls.  about  3,  above,  $  perig.  2—4, 

glabrous,  round-ovate,  enclosed  in  the  long  leafy  glumes.    N.  Y.,  O. ,  and  N. 
lie.  Fraseri  Sims.    Culm  4—10',   Ivs.  6—12'  by  1',  flat  and  thick;  spk.  oblong, 
co-flowered,  perig.  ovoid,  longer  than  the  hyaline,  obtuse  glume.    Wytheville,  Va. 

(Shriver)  and  Mts.  of  N.  C.  A  curious  and  peculiar  Care:::.    Leaves  very  large. 


12  C.  slcrilis  Willd.  Culm  (and  Ivs.)  slender,  erect,  l—2f;  oftener  dioecious;  spks. 
3—6,  roundish,  approximate,  ^  spikes  oblong;  perig.  radiating,  ovate,  eubrostrate, 
2-toothed,  about  equaling  the  ovate  acntish  glume.    Common  in  wet  places. 

13  C.  bromoides  Schk.  Slender,  weak,  1— 2f;  spikes  4—6,  distinct,  lanceolate; 
perig.  lanceolate,  erect,  acuminate,  longer  than  the  lanceolate  gls.    Bog«  :  common. 

14  C,  slccata  Dew.  Erect,  1— 2f ;  spks.  3—7,  oral  to  oblong,  $  above,  or  the  middle 
all  i  ;  perig.  lance-ovate,  beaked,  as  long  as  the  brownish  gls.     Sands,  X.  Eng.  to  111. 

15  C  disticlia  Iluds.  (C.  Sartwellii  Dew.)  Erect,  2— .3f;  spks.  12—20,  the  lower 
some  reniote,  all  ovoid  and  compact,  stam.  mostly  above ;  perig.  ovate,  lanceolate, 
pointed,  equaling  the  ovate  pointed  glume.    Seneca  Co.,  N.  Y.  (Sarlivell),  and  W. 

16  C,  deconiposita  Muhl.  Culm  erect,  18—36';  spikes  very  many,  in  a  largo 
crowded  panicle ;  perig.  round-obovate  with  a  very  short  beak,  biconvex,  about 
equaling  the  ovate  glume.    N.  Y.  to  Mich.,  and  S. 

17  C.  prairea  Dew.  Culm2— 3f;  spikes  many,  in  a  dense  short  (3—4')  panicle; 
perig.  erect,  lance-ovate,  smaller  than  the  glume.    N.  Eng.,  and  W. 

18  C.  teretli'jscula  Good.  Spikelets  roundish,  dense,  in  a  cylindrical  compound 
spike  1—2' ;  perig.  brown,  corky,  ovate,  biconvex,  short-beaked,  diverging  ;  culm 
H— 3f ;  leaves  narrowly  linear.    Common  in  wet  places,  northward. 

10  C,  vulpliioidea  Mx.     Spikelets  very  many,  dense,  ovoid,  in  a  large  (2—3')  com- 
pount'  spike  ;  perig  yellowish,  very  small  (i"),  ovate,  acuminate,  diverging,  scarcely 
us  long  as  tlie  pointed  glume  ;  culms  stout,  2— 3f.    Common, 
/3.  sethcea.    Perig.  narn)wer,  erect,  in  a  more  slender  compound  spike. 
y.  8(tk:)rior  (Sartwell).     Spikes  distinct  or  remote,  glume  strongly  serrulate. 
2U  €.  conjiiiicta   Boott.    Spikelets  in  a  long  (W)  subsimple  spike;   perig.  urate, 
S(ibcor(.late  and  corky  at  base,  short-beaked  ;  style  bulbous  at  base  ;  nut  orbicular; 
culm  weak,  1— 2f,  flattened.    Ohio,  and  westward.    (C.  vulpina  C-B.) 

21  C  alopecoidea  Tuckm.  Spikelets  8— 12,  in  an  oblong  1— -2' spike  ;  perig.  ovate, 
nerveless,  brown,  1",  subrostrate ;  culm  3-angled,  2— 3f.    N.  Y.,  Pa.,  and  W. 

22  <'.  slipata  Muhl.    Spike  often  decompound,  2— 3',  spikelets   go,  oblong;  perig. 


372  Order  154— CYPEKACEiE. 

lance-ovate,  U",  twice  longer  than  the  glume  ;    culm  acutely  3-angled  with  concare 
sides,  leaves  nearly  as  long  (i—Sf).    Marshes :  common. 

23  O,  Crus-Corvi  Shiittl.  Spike  decompound  or  t-ub-panicled,  3—6':  perig.  short- 
ovate,  very  long-beaked  (3"),  spreading;  glume  1" ;  culm  2— 3f ;  Ivs.  linear,  flat,  many 
and  long.    River  swamps.  Wis,  to  O.,  and  Fla. 

24  C.  ceplialopliora  Willd.  Head 6— 12"  long,  dense;  perig.  broad-ovate,  short- 
beaked,  scarcely  longer  than  the  ovate-acuminate  glume  ;  style  very  short,  bulbous  at 
the  base ;  Ivs.  copious,  equaling  the  slender  culm  (If).    (C,  Leavenworthii  Dew.) 

25  C.  Muhlenbergli  Schk.  Head  ovoid-oblong,  1';  perig.  broad-ovate,  short- 
beaked,  strongly  nerved,  twice  larger  (H")  than  in  No.  24;  nut  orbicular,  style  short, 
bulbous  ;  culm  1— 2f,  Ivs.  shorter,  bracts  setaceous.    In  fields,  not  abundant. 

26  C  cliordorliiza  Ehrh.  Head  ovoid,  9—15",  perig.  ovate,  nerved,  turgid,  at 
length  brown,  few  and  large  (2"),  beakless  but  minutely  pointed;  rhizome  creeping; 
leaves  short  and  narrow,  culms  9—15'.    Marshes,  N.  Y.  to  Wis.,  and  N. 

27  C  ceplialoidea  Dew.  Spikelets  very  short,  spike  1—1}^';  perig.  brown  (at  ma 
turity),  acuminate,  nerveless,  ovate,  shorter  than  the  thin  cuspidate  glmne.  Culm  2 — 4f. 
Leaves  elongated.    Fields,  hedges,  N.  Y.  (Penn  Yan,  Sartwell),  and  W. 

28  C.  niurlcata  L.  Spikelets  ovoid,  often  a  little  remote  ;  perig.  ovate-lanceolate, 
Herveless,  wingless,  some  longer  than  the  ovate-lanceolate  gl.  Ms.  to  N.  J.,  and  W.  § 

29  C.  sparganioides  Muhl.  Spikelets  7—10,  ovate  ;  perig.  ovate-acuminate,  nearly 
twice  longer  than  the  glumes,  all  green.    Culm  and  leaves  2f.    Infields:  common. 

/3.  raniea^  is  a  luxuriant  form,  with  the  spike  large  (3—4'),  panicled. 
y.  mfnor,  is  a  small  and  delicate  form,  with  the  spike  1—2'  long. 

30  C.  rosea  Schk.  (Fig,16)Spkl.  5— 8,  remote,  8-10-flwd.;  perig.  (Fig.  17)  lance-oblong, 
diverging  or  reflexed,  twice  as  long  as  the  ovate  obtuse  glume  (Fig.  IS).   8—16'.  Com. 

|3.  minor,   Spkl.  4— 6,  quite  remote  ;  perig.  fewer  and  suberect. 

7.  raditila,    Spkl.  about  3-fiwd.,  perig.  oblong,  acute.    Stem  and  leaves  setaceou*. 

31  C.  retroflexa  Muhl.  Spkl.  3—5,  bracteate,  stellate  at  maturity;  perig.  3—6, 
ovate,  acutish.  spreading  or  reflexed,  about  equaling  the  acute  glume.     Woods.  If. 

32  C.  tenella  Schk.  Spkl.  3  or  4,  near,  erect;  perig.  1—3,  mostly  2,  ovate-obtuse, 
minutely  pointed,  brown,  smooth,  little  exceeding  the  hyaline,  ovate,  acute  gl.  In 
tufts,  very  slender  and  flexile,  5-12'.  Woods,  N.ICng.  to  Pa.,  and  W.  (C.dispermaDew.) 

33  C.  stellulata  L.  Culm  stiffly  erect,  8—24';  spikelets  4—6,  ovate,  sessile,  the 
spike  nearly  2',  turning  blown  ;  perig.  broad-ovate,  short-beaked,  a  little  longer  than 
the  ovate,  obtuse  glume.    Wet  places,  N. 

34  C  scirpoides  Schk.  Culm  very  slender,  6—12';  spkl.  3 — 4,  contiguous,  spk.  1', 
light  green ;  perig.  ovate-lanceolate,  near  twice  longer  than  the  ovate-lanceolate, 
acute  glume.     Wet.    Common.    Stam.  mostly  below  the  upper  spikelet. 

35  €.  triwperma  Dew.  Very  slender.  If ;  spikelets  1—3,  with  long  setaceous  bracts, 
about  3-flwd. ;   perig.  oblong,  pointed,  little  longer  than  the  glume.    Pa.,  N.  and  W. 

36  C.  Deweyl  Schk.  Slender,  leafj',  1— 2f;  spikelets  3- 5,  3-9-flwd.,  the  upper  ap- 
proximate ;  perig.  oblong-lanceolate,  rostrate,  2-toothed,  mostly  longer  than  the 
ovate-lanceolate  awned  hyaline  glume.    Woods,  N.  Eng.  to  Wis.,  and  Canada. 

37  C.  canescens  L.  Erect,  2f,  glaucous;  spkl.  5 — 7,  ovate-oblong,  remote  below, 
12-20-flwd.;  perig.  round-ovate,  toothless,  eq,  the  glume.  Wet,  Com.  (C.  curta  Good.) 

38  C,  vi tills  Fries.  Slender,  flexuous,  l—3f;  spkl.  3— 5,  separate,  short-ovoid,  5-10- 
flwd. ;  perig.  lance-ovate,  pointed,  longer  than  the  glume.    N.  Eng.,  W.  and  N. 

8'J  C.  Noriregica  Schk.  Yellowish,  6—12',  erect;  spkl.  about  3,  5-12-flwd.,  the  up- 
per often  all  $  ;  perig.  oval,  biconvex,  veiny,  brown,  eq.  the  obtuse  glume.  Me.  (Blake.) 

40  C  liiddoui  Boott.  Spike  1—2',  of  5^7  oblong  spikelets ;  perig.  and  gl.  lance- 
ovate,  brownish,  equal,  the  latter  white-edged  ;  culm  strict,  1— 2f.  Mich.  (Vooley),  &  N. 

41  C.  tenuiflora  Wahl.  Spike  capitate,  i\  of  2  or  3  roundish,  about  5-flwd.  spkls  ; 
perig.  oblong-ovate,  plano-convex,  acute,  equaling  the  oblong  glume.     Swamps,  N. 

42  C.  sycbnocepliala  Carey.  SpkL  ovoid,  in  a  dense  head  with  long  leafy  bractr; 
perig.  2i",  lance-linear,  gradually  long  beaked,  the  gl.  nearly  as  long.    N.  Y. :  rare. 


Order  154.— CYPERACE^.  373 

43  C.  arida  Schw.  and  Torr.  Spkl.  oblong-oval,  large,  close  and  dense,  dry  and 
chaff-like  in  aspect ;  perig.  lance-linear, 4",  clearly  bideutate,  gl.  i  as  long.     W.  com. 

4-1  C.  scoparia  Schk.  Spkl.  5—8,  ovate,  approximate,  or  often  crowded  in  a  head 
perig.  3",  lanceolate,  longer  than  the  lanceolate  glume ;  culm  18—24'  high,  leafy  be 
low.    A  very  common  pcdge,  in  meadows  everywhere. 

45  C.  lagopodloides  Schk.  Spkl.  8— 20,  ovoid-clavate  or  globular  with  a  club- 
shaped  base,  approximate  or  crowded  ;  perig.  lanceolate,  nearly  twice  as  long  as  the 
ovate-lanceolate  glume.    Plant  2f,  light  green.    Common. 

40  C  cristata  Schw.  Spkl.  6—12,  ovoid-globular,  crowded  into  an  oblong  head; 
perig.  spreading,  lance-ovate,  pointed  both  ways,  twice  longer  than  the  small  lanceo^ 
late  glume.     Culm  2 — 3f,  stout.     Fields  and  meadows  :  common. 

47  C.  mirabilis  Dew.  Spkl.  as  in  C.  cristata;  perig.  broadly  ovate,  rounded  at  base, 
acuminate  at  top,  a  little  longer  and  broader  than  the  gl.  Rigid,  2f.  Borders  of  fields. 
(C.  festucacea  p.  Carey.    C.  straminea  /3,  Tiickm.    C.  cristata  Boott.) 

48  C  stramiiiea  Schk.  Spkl.  about  6  (.3— 12),  ovoid  to  oval  or  clavate-ovate,  re- 
mote or  contiguous  ;  perig.  oval  or  round-ovate,  very  fiat,  broadly  winged,  abruptly 
beaked,  equaling  or  exceeding  the  much  narrower  glume.     Common  and  variable. 

'^.  tppica,   Spkl.  3—6,  roundish  ;  perig.  spreading,  brownish  :  gl.  much  smaller 
/3.  ttnera.    Slender,  with  3—6  ovate  brownish  remote  spikes  attenuate  below. 
y.  apirta,   Spkl.  4—8,  tawny,  drooping;  perig.  long-beaked,  thrice  longer  tban  gl. 
fi.  festucacea,    Spkl.  5—8,  club-obovate,  longer  beaked,  prominent,  brownish, 
f .  hi/alina,    Spkl.  about  6,  large,  pale  ;  perig,  twice  longer  than  the  glume.    W. 
C.  monilifdrmis.  Slender  ;  spkl.  about  4,  remote,  whitish,  acute  at  both  ends.  E, 

49  C.  sllicea  Olney.  Spkl.  2—10,  pale  or  silvery-yellow,  distant,  ovate;  perig.  or- 
bicular, broadly  winged  all  around,  short-beaked,  usually  longer  and  broader  than  the 
lanceolate  glume,    Lvs.  involute.    8—20'.    Sea  shore,  Maine  to  Delaware  {Canby). 

50  C  aduKta  Boott.  Spkl.  globular  with  an  acute  base,  large,  silvery-green,  closo 
or  remote;  perig.  ovate  to  oval,  veined,  narrowly  winged,  acuminate,  equaling  the 
glume  in  length  and  breadth.    N.  J.,  Penn.  and  N.  (C.  argyrantha,  more  delicate.) 

61  C.  foeua  Willd.  Spkl.  4— 8,  pale,  oval -oblong,  acute,  approximate;  perig.  oval  to 
obovate,  appressed,  broadly-winged,  short-beaked,  a  little  longer  than  the  ovate- 
lanceolate  glume.    Plant  glaucous,  2— 3f.    Marshes,  li.  I.  to  Pa. 

52  C,  alata  Torr.  Spkl.  4— 8,  ovate,  large,  close;  perig.  roundish  or  obovate,  close, 
abruptly  short-beaked,  3-veined  on  the  back,  broad -winged,  some  longer  than  the 
lanceolate  white  glume.    Pale  green,  3 — 4f.    N.  Y.  toFla. 

53  C.  Wasliingtonla  Dew.  Culm  6— 18';  lvs.  flat;  9  spk.  1— 4,  oblong-cylindric, 
6"—!',  the  lowest  stalked  ;  gls,  black,  oval,  covering  vhe  oval apiculate  nerved  perig.; 
l»wer  bract  often  elongated.    White  Mts.,  and  N.   (C.  rigida  j8.  ?  Bigelovii  Gr.) 

64  C.  rotnndata  Wahl.  Culm  If,  slender;  lvs.  channeled;  ?  spk.  1—2,  oval  or 
roundish  ;  perig.  ovate,  acuminate,  equaling  the  lanceolate  brownish  gl.;  bracts  sur 
passing  the  culm  ;    i  spk.  very  slender,  V.    Moosehead  L.,  Me.  (Smith). 

55  C.  Floridaiia  Schw.  Culms  2— 10',  slender,  lvs.  ofien  longer;  $  spk.  short, 
sessile,  ?  spk.  ovoid,  1—3,  crowded;  glumes  oval,  acute,  edged  with  brown,  covering 
the  obovate,  hhort-boi  ked  perig.  Often  with  solitary  ?  spikes  on  radical  ped.  S. 

60  C,  lenticularis  Mx.  Culm  8— 18';  lvs.  flat;  6  spk.  1',  $  spk.  2— 5,  i— 1',  witu 
long  bracts;  perig.  ovate-oval,  yellowish,  nerved,  longer  than  the  obtuse  glume. 
Spikes  cylindric.     Gravelly  shores.  Me.,  N.  II.,  N.  Y.,  and  northward. 

6?  C  aiirea  Nutt.  £  Spk.  short  (6"),  ?  spk.  8  or  4,  i—1',  loose-flowered,  sprcadJrg  • 
perig.  oval,  obtuse,  yellow-brown,  separate,  exceeding  the  hyaline  gl.  Culm  sleuujr, 
8—16';  leaves  flat,  bracts  exserted,  leafy.    Wot.     N.  Eng.,  and  W. 

68  C.  Mitcliellmna  Curtis,  i  Spk.  often  9  in  the  middle  ;  9  spk.  2— 3,  cylindric, 
slender,  Ioosl-;  perig.  ovate,  acute,  short-beaked,  eq.  tlie  gl.  15—20'.  Wet.  N.  ('ar. 

59  C  torta  I5oott.  Spikes  cylindric,  slender,  2—5';  spikelets  2  or  3,  loose  below,  ro* 
curved;  perig.  lanceolate,  the  beak  recurved  or  contorted,  equaling  the  black^>*ndcc' 
obtuse  lanceolate  glume.     Very  smooth,  2— 3f.     Wet  places. 


374  OUDEK  l.>i.-CYPERACE.E. 

60  C.  vnlgatris  Fries.   $  Spikes  cylindric.  1—2',  9  cylind.-oblong,  1',  i  at  top;  gls 

black,  ovale,  obtuse,  shorter  than  the  oval,  obtuse  perig. ;  culm  slender,  6—14' ;  Ivs. 
flat,  bract  equaling  the  culm.    Wet,  N.  Eug.,  W.  and  N,    (C.  caespitosa  C-B.) 

61  C,  stricta  Lam.  Spk.  cylindric,  Ij — 2',  erect;  glumes  lanceolate,  acutish, striped, 
some  longer  than  the  ovate-acute  perigyuia.    2f.    Bogs ;  common. 

/3.  atrictior.    Glumes,  especially  tlie  upper,  a  little  shorter  than  the  perigynia. 

62  C.  xerocarpa  S.  H.  Wrigtit.  Differs  from  C.  stricta  in  its  extremely  E.ender 
habit ;  Ivs.  rolled  and  rush-like  ;  i  spk.  almost  filiform ;  gl.  shorter  than  perig.   N.  Y. 

63  C.  aperta  Boott.  Spk,  cylindric,  erect,  12—15";  perig.  brown,  round-ovate, 
shorter  than  the  lance-acuminate  glume;  culm  1— 2f,  rough-edged  above;  Ivs.  chan- 
neled, bracts  leafy.    Wet  meadows,  N.  Eng.,  W.  and  N. 

6A  C.  aquatilis  Wahl.  Spk.  2—3',  dense,  erect,  acute,  eubclavate,  the  ^  2  or  3, 
$  3— 5,  with  bracts  exceeding  the  culm;  gl.  lanceolate,  usually  longer  than  the 
roundish,  nerveless,  reddish,  apiculate  perigynia.    2 — 3f.    Shores,  N. 

65  C.  crinita  Lam.   Spk.  pedunculate,  long  (2 — i'),  nodding,  i  mostly  but  1,  ?  about 
4  ;  perig.  round-ovate,  apiculate,  glume  with  its  long  serrulate  awn  thrice  longer— all 
light  brown.    Wet  meadows:  common.    2— 3  f.  Leafy. 
^.  g-yndndra,  Spk.  shorter  (1—2'),  9  about  3.  perig.  inflated,  awns  spreading,  &c. 

06  C.  inaritima  Yahl.  Spk.  1—2' long,  pendulous  or  spreading,  on  peduncles,  the 
*  3—5;  perig.  orbicular,  much  shorter  than  the  long-awned  green  glume;  culm 
10—20',  erect,  with  broad,  flat,  smooth  leaves.    Salt  marshes,  Mass.,  and  N. 

67  C.  salina  Wahl.  Spk.  cylindric,  erect  on  included  stalks,  the  ?  2—4;  bracts 
long;  perig.  elliptical,  apiculate,  little  shorter  than  the  df.rk-brown,  short-awned 
glume ;  culm  8—16',  rough  above.    Salt  marshes,  Mass.,  and  N. 

§§§ 

08  C,  pcduuculata  Muhl.  Spk.  3-7,  remote,  on  filiform  stalks;  perig.  obovate, 
triquetrous,  recurved  at  tip,  few.  equaling  the  brown,  oblong,  obovate  glume.  Culm 
4—12'.  leaves  longer,  glabrous.    Woods.    Flowers  in  early  spring. 

69  C.  Baltzellii  Chapm.  Spk.  cylindric,  1—2',  ?  1—4,  ^  at  top,  on  long  canline  or 
subradical  peduncles ;  perig.  and  gl.  oblong-obovate,  subequal,  the  perig.  veiny  and 
puberulent.    Culm  0—10',  leaves  flat,  thrice  longer.    Florida. 

70  C  squarrosa  L.  Spk.  2—4,  cylindric-oblong,  thick  (1'  by  6"),  straw-color, 
stalked,  squarrous  with  the  long  beaks  of  the  globous  perig.  wliich  conceal  the  short 
glume?.    Wet  places  :  common.    Large  und  line,  spike  showy. 

71  C,  Tlresceiis  Muhl.  Spk.  2—4,  erect,  (>— 12" ;  perig.  ovate,  pubescent,  ribbed, 
longer  than  the  ovate  pointed  glume  or  about  equal  to  it.  Culm  slender,  1 — 2f,  bracts 
exceeding  the  culm.    Whole  plant  pubescent  and  light  jrreen.    Co];;j^es. 

72  C  liirsiita  Willd.  Spk.  oval-oblong,  4—9",  erect,  near,  dense;  perig.  ovoid-trl- 
qnetrous.  downy,  at  length  only  scabrous,  longer  than  the  glumes.  Culm  l~2f, 
bracts  exceed. ug  ir,  all  pubescent  or  scabrous.    Upland  Meadows.    (C.  Triceps  Mx.) 

73  C.  Sniithii  Porter.  Spikelets  3,  oval  and  oblong,  near;  perig.  globular;  achenia 
broadly  obovate  with  reflexed  styles;  culm  slender;  whole  plant  glabrous,  bright 
green,  2f.    Del.  Co.,  Penn.     (.1.  //.  Smith.)     Also  in  N.  J.     (See  Olney's  Carices  Am.) 

1-1  C,  aestivalis  Curtis.  Spk.  3—5,  slender,  1—2',  loose,  suberect  on  short  sta.R(i ; 
perig.  elliptic,  pointed  both  ways,  longer  than  the  glume.  Tufts  16—24'  high,  with 
flat  downy  leave;,  and  bracts  exceeding  the  cnlm.    Mts..  Mass.  to  N.  Car. 

75  C.  Sliortlana  Dew.  Spk.  4  or  .5.  cylindric,  dense,  1',  erect  on  naked  etalks, 
tawny  in  maturity;  perig.  round-obovate.  scarce  longer  than  the  ovate  glumo.'  Erect, 
12— oC.  leafy,  smooth,  handsome.     Wet  grounds,  Penn.  to  111.,  and  S. 

7G  C.  oxylepl.s  Torr.  Spk.  3 — 6.  cylindric,  1 — 2',  erect  on  naked  ped. ;  perig.  oblong, 
pointed  both  ways,  little  longer  than  the  cuspidate  white-edged  glume.    Fla.  to  La. 

7  7  C.  Buxbaitiuil    Wahl.    Spk.  4,  ovoid,  sessile,  near;    lower  bract  equaling  the 

culm ;  perig.  elliptic,  nerveless,  rounded  on  the  back,  shorter  than  the  pointed  black- 
banded  glume.    Culm  10—18'.    Common  in  wet  places. 


Order  1.54.— CYPERACE.^.  375 

78  C.  alpina  Swtz.  Spk.  3  or  4,  small,  OTal,  close;  bract  longer  than  the  culm; 
perig.  round-obovate,  longer  than  the  black  glume.    Leaves  radical.    L.  Superior. 

79  C.  atrata  L.  Spk.  a— 6,  oblong-ovate,  nodding,  the  lower  stalked;  perig. 
round-ovate,  shorter  than  the  dark  oval  glume.    Bract  long.    White  Mountains. 

80  C.  g-racillima  Schw.  Spk.  3—4,  slender,  12—20'',  rather  loose,  drooping  on  long 
filiform  remote  stalks:  bract  short;  perig.  oblong,  longer  than  the  oblong  short- 
awned  glume.    2f.    Meadows. 

81  C.  formosa  Dew.  Spk.  3— 4,  oblong,  8— 12",  on  long,  distant  recurved  pedun- 
cles; perig.  oblong,  inflated,  twice  longer  than  the  ovate  acute  glume.  Culm  2— 3f, 
bract  shorter  than  the  culm.    Wet  meadows. 

82  €.  glabra  Boott.  ?  Spk.  short-cylindric  (10,  spreading  on  capillary  peduncles; 
perig.  elliptic-oblong,  acute  at  both  ends,  nerved,  twice  longer  (2")  than  the  ovate 
browni-edged  glume.    Very  slender,  erect,  18'.     N.  J.,  N,  Y.,  Penn. 

83  C.  Davisii  Torr.  Spk.  4,.10— 15"  long, rather  loose,  long-stalked,  drooping  when 
ripe ;  bracts  much  longer ;  perig.  oblong-ovate,  nerved,  acute,  scarce  equaling  the 
awned  glume.    Mass.  to  WMs.,  and  S. 

84  C.  praecox  Jacq.  $  Spk.  clavate,  erect;  9  spk.  about  2,  ovate-oblong,  6—9"; 
perig.  6—12,  round-ovate,  downy,  nearly  equal  to  the  ovate  colored  glume  (which  is 
brown,  edged  with  white).    Culm  3 — 6',  leafy  at  base.    Rocky  hills,  E.  Mass. 

8  5  C.  Ricliardsonil  R.  Br.  i  Spk.  clavate-oblong,  erect ;  $  about  2,  oblong,  near, 
subsessile ;  glumes  wholly  brown ;  perig.  ovoid-triquetrous,  obtuse,  nearly  beak- 
less,  shorter  than  the  green-midveined  glume.    4—10'.    Woods,  N.  Y.  to  111.,  and  N. 

KQ  C.  vestita  Willd.  Spk.  all  sessile,  9",  i  cylindric,  9  2,  ovoid-oblong;  perig. 
ovate,  short-beaked,  hairy,  exceeding  the  rusty  acutish  glume.  Culm  12—30',  sharp- 
angled,  leafy  below.    Common  in  wet  places. 

87  C  pubeseens  Muhl.  Spk.  oblong,  8—12",  rather  loose,  the  lowest  on  a  short 
stulk;  perig.  lance-ovate,  beaked,  hairy,  exceeding  the  carinate,  mucronate  glume. 
Culm  10— 20^ ;  leaves  downy,  flat,  5—10'.    Meadows. 

85  C  ni^-ro-margliiata  Schw.  is  probably  a  mere  variety  of  No.  .55,  having  the 
glume?  more  extensively  colored  and  the  stigmas  oftener  3.    Hills,  Pa.,  and  S. 

89  €.  umbellata  Schk.  Dwarf;  $  spk.  erect,  2— 3",  9  ovoid,  2— 4,  each  on  a  sub- 
radical  peduncle,  green  ;  perig.  5—8,  round-ovate,  beaked,  nearly  equaling  the  lance- 
acuminate  glume.     Leaves  3 — 5',  far  longer  than  the  spike.     North. 

90  C.  Gniinoiisii  Dew.  Spikes  all  sessile,  green,  i  4—5",  9  2— 8,  ovoid ;  perig. 
about  5,  globons,  beaked,  equal  to  the  pointed  glumes.  Culm  filiform,  6—12',  with 
vt-ry  narrow  leaves.     Fields  and  hills  :   common. 

91  C  Peiinsylvanlca  Lam.  Spikes  tawnj'-red,  $  1'  long,  pedunculate,  the  i 
small,  round,  sessile,  crowded,  about 2;  perig.  round-ovoid,  5 — 7,  downy,  short- 
beaked,  equaling  the  acuminate  glume.    Culm  4 — 12',  erect,  leaves  long.    Copses. 

92  C.  Novae-Aiigliae  Schw.  Spk.  purplish,  sessile,  i  3 — 4",  9  9— 4,  small,  near, 
(except  the  lowest),  with  bracts  exceeding  the  culm;  perig.  3—7,  pyriform,  short 
beaked,  larger  than  the  ovate  glume.    Slender,  4— V2'.    Open  woods. 

93  C  Taria  Muhl.  Spikes  rusty-green,  sessile,  oval,  1—3,  separated,  the  $  slender, 
(10")  and  stalked,  bracts  very  short;  perig.  about  7,  roui  d-oval,  abruptly  beaked, 
about  equaling  the  pointed  rustj^-edged  glume.  Erect  S— 18,  leafy  at  base.  Dry 
woods. 

94  C  lliva  L.  9  Spk.  oval,  approximate,  2—4;  perig.  crowded,  ovate,  ribbed,  re- 
flexed  with  a  long  curved  beak,  longer  than  the  lance-ovate  glume.  Plant  10— ^)', 
yellowish  green.    Cold,  wet  soils  :  common. 

95  C,  CEderl  Ehrli.  9  Spk.  3—5,  oblong,  small  (3—5").  close,  nearly  sessile;  perii:. 
globous,  diverdng  with  a  short  abrupt  beak  ;  plant  yellowish,  8—16',  leaves  and 
bracts  erect.    Shores,  N.  Eng..  and  West.     (C.  viridiila  Mx.) 

9G  C.  rolllcniata  L.  9  Spk.  2—4,  capitate,  dense,  dis'tant,  the  lower  peduncle 
exserted ;  perigynia  4",  lanceolate,  nerved,  tapering  into  a  long  beak,  diverging, 
twice  longer  than  the  long-awned  glumes  ;  leaves  lan'-*»  linear.    Wet. 


376  Order  154.— CYPERACE^. 

97  C,   rostrata  Mx.     ?  Spikes  1—3,  capitate,  noar;  perigynia  3",  suberect,  lance. 

olatc,  long-ro!?trate,  twice  longer  than  the  acntit^h  glume ;  leaves  few,  rolled,  subu- 
late ;  culm  If.    Mountain  bogs,  N.  Y.,  N.  H.,  and  North, 

98  C.  Elliettii  Schw.  ^  Spike  slender,  1';  ?  2  or  3,  globous  to  oval,  distant; 
perigynia  10 — 20,  ovoid,  veined,  rostrate,  3";  glume  ovate,  1";  culm  slender,  rigid, 
1— 2f,  the  narrow  leaves  longer.    N.  Car.  to  Fla. 

99  C.  subula.ta  Mx,  i  Spike  short,  subsessile;  $  spikes  3—5,  capitate,  distant, 
3-7-tlowered ;  perigynia  subulate,  6",  long-rostrate,  divaricate  and  with  2  divaricate 
teeth.    Slender,  smooth,  light-green,  1— 21'.    Can,  to  N.  J. 

100  C  turgescens  Torr.  $  Spike  slender,  U';  $  spikes  2  to  3,  capitate  to  oval, 
loose,  the  lowest  pedunculate,  exserted;  perigynia  9—12,  inflated,  striate,  conic- 
rostrate,  ()";  glume  ovate,  acute,  3".    Culm  2 — 3f,  slender;  leaves  long.    Swamps,  S. 

101  C.  intumescens  Rudge.  i,  Spike  long-stalked,  slender;  ?  1—3,  on  very 
short  stalks,  capitate ;  perigynia  5—8,  very  large  (& — 7'0,  acuminate-beaked  ;  glume 
ovate  cuspidate,  2'';  culm  If;  bracts  very  long.    Wet. 

102  C.  Grayii  Carey.  ?  Spikes  1  or  2,  large,  capitate,  dense;  perigynia  15—30, 
radiating,  very  large  (7—8"),  with  a  long,  slender,  smooth  beak;  glume  inconspicuous. 
River  bottoms,  N.  Y.,  and  West. 

103  C.  lupulina  Muhl.  $  Spikes  2—4,  large,  1—2'  by  9—12",  the  lower  on  exserted 
stalks  ;  perigynia  ascending,  6i— 7",  ovoid  and  long-beaked,  bicuspidate ;  glume  3", 
lance-acuminate.    Plant  stout,  leafy,  2— 3f.    Wet  grounds. 

/3.  pedunculhta.    Spikes  all  on  long  peduncles.     $  Glumes  linear-awned  as  in  a. 
y.  androg-i/na.     ?  Spikes  staminate  at  apex.    Approaching  No.  172. 

104  C.  lupuliformls  Sartwell.  $  Spikes  4—5,  very  large  (2—3');  perigymu 
ascending,  7—8",  the  long  beak  ronghish,  bicuspidate ;  glumes  long-awned,  ovate, 
3" ;  nut  as  broad  as  long,  the  angles  knobbed.    Swamps :  common, 

105  €,  teiitaculAta  Muhl.  ?  Spikes  2  or  3,  dense,  li- 2'  by  7  or  8",  near,  on  short 
peduncles  ;  perigynia  i",  ovate,  long-beaked,  diverging,  orifice  obliquely  2-toothed ; 
glumes  linear-awned,  2".    Stout,  leafy,  1— 2f.    Bog;? :  common. 

/3.  alt i or.     ?  Spikes  3—4,  larger  (10"  thick),  beak  subequally  toothed.    2f. 

106  C.  stenolepis  Torr.  ^  Spike  small  (1')  rarely  0;  9  1—5,  very  dense,  1—1|', 
often  i  at  base  ;  perigynia  globous,  abruptly  beaked,  recurved,  shorter  than  the  lon^ 
slender-awned  glumes.    Related  to  C.  squarrosa.    Penn.  to  111.,  and  South. 

107  C.  plantagiiiea  Lam.  $  Spike  clavate,  glumes  acute;  ?  spikes  3— 5,  erect, 
remote,  loose  ;  perigynium  5—10,  the  point  recurved,  twice  longer  than  the  glume  ; 
bracts  purple,  shorter  than  the  spikes;  leaves  6—10"  broad.    Woods.     March— May. 

108  C»  Careyana  Torr.  i,  Spike  oblong,  erect;  glumes  obtuse;  ?  spikes  2—3, 
remote,  loose;  perigynium  3—7,  large  (S^^"),  the  point  oblique,  twice  longer  tlian 
the  glume;  bracts  green,  much  longer  than  the  spikelets ;  leaves  6—12''  wide. 
Woods,  N.  Y.,  Pa.,  and  W. 

109  C  platypliylla  Carey.  ^  Spike"  clavate,  glume  acute  ;  $  spikes  2— 3,  very  re- 
mote, small;  perigynia  3—6,  small  (li") ;  glume  cuspidate,  1";  bracts  as  in  C.  Carey- 
ana  ;  lea\  e«  6—10"  wide,  mostly  shorter  than  the  culms.    Shades,  N.  States. 

110  €,  laxlflora  Lam.  ^  Spike  linear,  glumes  lance-oblong,  acute;  ?  spikes  3, 
slender,  1',  Icose,  remote;  perigynia  10—15,  elliptic-triq.,  2",  the  point  oblique;  gl. 
oblong,  mucronate,  ly  ;  leaves  1-veined,  2— 4'' wide,  bracts  long.    Shades:  common. 

/3.  patulifoliat    Root  leaves  6 — 12"  wide,  bracts  also  wide.     Otherwise  as  in  a. 
y.  taUfolla,    Leaves  and  bracts  very  broad  ;  perigynia  broad,  point  conspicuous. 
6.  blanda.    Bracts  very  long,  $  spike  small ;   ?  spikes  dense  ;    perigynia  obovoid. 
f.  Interin'idia,    Leave*?  narrow,  i  spike  on  a  slender  stalk ;  perigynia  as  in  a. 
Z.  Hylon^jca,    Slender,  1— 2f,  spike  small,  on  long  filiform  peduncles,  4-6-flowe!\Kl. 

111  €.  retrocikrva  Dew.  Spikes  small  (5—8"),  all  on  long  capillary  peduncles, 
the  $  3,  loose ;  perigynia  broad-ovate-triquetrous,  scarcely  oblique-printed;  glimon 
awncd  ;  culms  weak.  If,  leaves  radical,  wide  (4"),  flat,  glaucous.     Open  woods  :  rar-.v 

112  C.  disititlis  Willd.     3  Spike  slender,!',  stalked;   «  spikes  3,  loose,  6 -12",  ro 


Order  154— CYPERACEiE.  377 

mote,  recurved;  perigynia  4—10,  ovoid-triqnetroue,  obtuse,  longer  ihau  the  lance- 
ovate  glume ;  leaves  and  bracts  1—2"  wide,  exceeding  the  4—12'  culm.    Open  woods. 

113  €.  xautUosperina  Dew.  i  Spike  small,  sessile ;  ?  spikes  4,  distant,  cylin- 
dric,  1',  dense,  on  long  slender  peduncles;  perigynia  oval-oblong,  obtuse,  2", 
striate,  yellowish  when  ripe  ;  glumes  V,  pointed.    Yellowish,  If.    N.  J.,  and  South. 

114  C.  conoidea  Schk.  Spikes  all  short-peduncled,  ?  2  or  3,  oblong,  dense,  erect, 
6 — 10" ;  perigynia  oblong-conic,  obtusish ;  glumes  ovate,  awned.    If.    Uplands :  com. 

115  C.  grisea  Wahl.  i  Spike  sessile;  ?  spikes  4,  oblong,  remote,  G'';  perigynia 
oblong,  some  longer  than  the  ovate,  awned  glumes  m",  glumes  2") ;  leaves  light- 
green,  2—3"  broad.    Culm  Hf.    Woods  and  meadows. 

116  C  glaucodea  I'uckm.  Spikes  short-stalked,  6—12",  i  clavate,  ?  3—4,  cylin- 
dric,  denpe  ;  perigynia  10 — 20,  ovoid,  obtuse,  twice  longer  than  the  cuspidate  glumes. 
Plant  glaucous,  6—10';  leaves  2—4"  wide.    Mass.  to  Pa. 

117  C.  i^rauularls  Muhl.  $  Spike  linear,  sessile,  1';  ?  2—4,  cylindric,  i—H\  the 
lower  peduncle  long;  perigynia  close,  round-ovate,  the  point  oblique,  much  longer 
than  the  ovate-acuminate  glumes.    Glaucous,  8—20'.    Moist  soils:  common. 

/3.  recta^  has  the  perigynia  ovoid,  and  with  a  straight  point.    111.  to  La. 

118  C  j  uncea  Willd.  Spikes  slender,  on  filiform  stalks,  glumes  obtuse ;  i  short ; 
$  spikes  2—3,  loose;  perigynia  lanceolate,  longer  than  the  glumes;  culm  1— Uf, 
slender,  longer  than  the  slender  rush-like  leaves.    Roan  Mt.,  N.  C. 

119  C.  eburnea  Boott.  Delicate,  erect,  4—10',  the  setaceous  leaves  much  shorter; 
spikes  2—3,  very  small  (2—3"),  with  white,  leafless  sheaths,  the  9  higher  than  the  i  ; 
perigynia  3—6,  obovoid,  beaked,  nerveless,  \".    Rocks,  Yt.,  and  West. 

120  C.  paiifcea  L.  Spikes  2—4,  1',  oblong-cylindric,  stalked,  tawny;  perigynia 
tnri^nd-ovoid,  the  very  short  point  oblique,  longer  than  the  obtuse  glume..  Light 
green.  If;  bracts  short.    Mass.  {Oakes).    Wis.  (Lapham).    Pa.  {Pointer). 

121  C.  livlda  Willd.  Spikes  2—4,  oblong-cylindric,  pale,  8—10",  the  $  and  lower  ? 
s>talked;  bracts  short;  perigynia  oval,  straight  at  the  obtuse  end,  longer  than  the 
obtuse  glumes.    Glaucous,  6—16'.    Swamps,  N.  Y.,  N.  J.,  and  North. 

122  C,  tetanioa  Schk.  Spikes  2 — 4,  oblong-cylindric,  loose,  1',  t^ie  i  and  lower  9 
long-peduuculaie ;  perigynia  ovoid  to  obovoid,  apex  oblique,  longer  than  the  sub- 
niucronate  glumes.    Liglit  green,  rf — 1(/ ;  bracts  rather  short.    W^et  uplands:  rare. 

(I.  Wooiiii,   5  spikes  about  2,  very  loose ;  glumes  with  broad  scarious  margins. 

123  C,  Itleadil  Dew.  i  Spike  slender,  1',  $  oblong-cylindric,  loose,  8—10",  all 
pedunculate ;  perigynia  oval,  scarce  equaling  the  tawnj'-edged,  ovate-acuminate 
glumes.    Pale,  erect,  8—16',  the  leaves  and  bracts  short.    Wet,  O.  to  111.,  and  North. 

121  C,  Crawel  Dew.  Spikes  dense,  8—10",  erect,  $  stalked,  compound  at  base,  9 
3—5,  remote,  the  lowest  often  long-stalked;  perigynia  ovoid,  acute,  twice  longer  tiian 
the  ovate  glumes.    Erect,  6—15'.    Spikes  dusky  green.    N.  Y.,  and  West.    Rare. 

12.'»  C.  oligocarpa  Schk.  s  Spike  erect,  9",  linear,  stalked;  ?  3,  remote,  short- 
stalked,  3-  or  4-flowered  ;  perigj-nium  obovoid,  sh&H-beaked,  brown,  equaling  the  awn 
i)f  the  pale  glume.    Pale,  6 — 12',  bracts  long.    Open  woods  and  hedges  :  rare. 

12G  C,  mtclicockiana  Dew.  i  Spike  erect,  linear,  stalked  ;  $  3,  remote,  short- 
stalked,  5-10-flowered  ;  perigynia  oval,  brown,  acute  below,  the  beak  bent  back,  scarce 
equaling  the  awn  of  the  whitish  glume.    Subpubescent,  1— 2f.    N.  Eng..  and  West. 

121  O,  extensa  Good.  $  Spike  subsessile,  6— 9"  ;  $  3,  oval  to  oblong,  very  dense, 
the  lower  remote,  stalked;  perigynia  spreading,  the  short  straight  beak  2-toothei.i, 
gl.  much  shorter.    Rush-like,  1— 2t',  leaves  and  bracts  rolled.    Sands,  L.  I.,  Staten  I. 

128  €.  debllls  Mx.  Spikes  about  2',  very  slender;  ?  3—5,  nodding;  perigynia 
1-2—20,  lance-linear,  acuminate-beaked,  twice  longer  than  the  oblong  silvery  glume.H. 
Bright  green,  1— 2f ;  bracts  equal  the  culm.    Moist  woods  and  meadows  :  common. 

p.':  pubera,  Perig.  pubescent,  strongly  veined,  slightly  bent.   Pa.  (Porter),  and  S. 

129  C,  arctata  Boott.  Like  C.  debilis,  but  with  shorter  bracts,  longer  stales,  the 
perigynium  ovoid,  taper-beaked,  i  longer  than  the  ovate-pointed  glume.    Common. 

130  C.  SuIllTautli  Bpptt.    Spikes  cylindric,  9— 15'^  erect,  4  approximat';,  or  a  5th, 


378  Order  154.— CYPERACE^. 

if  any,  remote;  perigynium  elliptic,  rough-hairy,  scarcely  longer  than  the  ovate- cuspt 
date  glome.    Borders  of  woods,  Columbus,  Ohio.    2f. 

131  €.  Knelskernil  Dew.  Spikes  rather  loose,  1— If',  with  recurved  pedunclep; 
perigynia  ovate-oblong,  glabrous,  nerved.  Otherwise  as  in  C.  Sullivantii.  Woods, 
Oriskany  and  Rome,  N.  Y.,  and  Cleveland,  O, 

1 32  C.  -vaginata  Tausch.  s  Spike  nodding  in  flower,  stalked ;  «  2  or  3,  remote, 
loose ;  bracts  short  with  long  sheaths ;  perig.  5—10,  brown-black,  globular-ovate,  tha 
beak  terete,  short,  bent,  exceeding  the  obtuse  gl.    Weak,  1— 2f.    N.  Y.  (rare),  L.  Sup. 

133  C.  capillaris  L.  Spikes  minute,  3—4,  oblong,  tawny,  peduncle  capillary; 
perigynia  4— (5,  oval,  nerveless,  the  short  beak  exceeding  the  obtuse  rusty  glume. 
Pale,  delicate,  4—7',  leaves  long,  bracts  short.    White  Mis.,  N.  II. 

134  C.  flexilis  Eudge.  Spikes  3—5,  i  clavate,  $  oblong,  on  Jlexile  nodding  pe- 
duncles; bracts  bristle-  or  scale-form;  perigynia  ovoid-lanceolate,  2-tooihed,  scarce 
longer  than  the  obtusish  rusty  glumes.    Soft-hairy.    1— Hf.    Ct.,  N.  Y. :  rare. 

135  C,  laevigata  Sm.  Like  C.  flexilis,  but  with  peiigynia  nerved,  bicuspidate,  the 
glumes  awnpointed,  and  the  whole  plant  smooth.    Near  Boston.    § 

136  C,  fiilva  Good.  Culm  If,  rough;  spikes  3—4,  all  erect.j  9  ovoid-oblong;  perig. 
ovoid,  twice  longer  than  the  dark-brown  acutish  j^lumes.    Near  Boston.    § 

137  C.  venusta  Dew.  Spikes  3  or  4,  i  linear,  1'— IG",  rusty,  stalked;  $  loose, 
G — IG",  brown-green;  perigynia  iance-oblong,  2f",  conic-beaked,  nerved,  rough- 
hairy,  twice  longer  than  the  glumes  ;  leaves  If,  culm  2— 3f.    S.  Car.  to  Fla. 

138  C  tenax  Chapm.  Spikes  2 — 4,  5  slender,  1',  $  oblong,  J— 1',  dense,  subsessile; 
bracts  longer;  perigynia  oval,  short-beaked,  finely-veined,  pube.-<cent,  twice  longer 
than  the  ovate  glumes ;  culm  If;  leaves  rolled.    Ga.,  Fla. 

139  C,  da.sycu.rpa  Muhl.  Spikes  3 — 4,  subsessile,  G— 10",  i  linear,  $  oblong, 
hoary,  bracts  exserted;  perigynia  oblong-ovate,  tomentous,  short-beaked,  longer  than 
tlie  ovate-acuminate  glumes.    If.    Dry  fields.  South. 

140  C.  Torreyi  Tuckm.  Spikes  subsessile,  erect,  the  i  oblong,  the  ?  ovoid,  2  or  3; 
perigynia  obovoid,  very  obtuse,  scarcely  beaked,  strongly  nerved,  longer  than  the 
ovate  glumes  ;  culm,  leaves,  and  short  bracts  downy.    Penn.,  and  North.    Rare. 

"141  C,  Barrattil  Schw.  &  Torn  Spikes  cylindric,  6—12",  dark-purple,  short-pe- 
dwnculate,  the  ?  2  or  3 ;  perigynium  ovoid,  little  exceeding  the  ovate  glume ;  culm  \—'ii\ 
sharp-angled,  leaves  much  shorter,  bracts  short.    Marshes,  N.  J.  to  Car. 

142  C.  pallescens  L.  Spikes  approximate,  3  or  4,  short-stalked,  pale,  i  oblong,  G"; 
?  ovoid,  4— 5",  bract  a  little  exserted;  perigynia  ovoid,  nerveless,  scarce  longer 
than  the  glumes.    Plant  pale,  G— 15',  leaves  as  long.    Dry  meadows. 

/3.  vndulata.    Lower  bracts  ?fari/-rugous  at  base ;  leaves  longer. 

143  C.  liiiiosa  L.  Spikes  pedunculate,  with  dark-purple  glume.>,  l  linear,  erect ;  9 
1 — 2,  oblong,  drooping;  bracts  shorter  than  the  culm;  perigynia  ovate,  scarce  equal- 
ing the  broad,  mucronate  glumes.    Glaucous,  8—16'.    Marshes  :  common. 

144  C,  rarlflora  Sm.  Like  C.  limoja,  but  smaller  (4— !0';,  ?  spkes  1—2.  linear, 
loosely  5-10-flwd. ;  perig.  involved  in  the  glume.    Mountains,  N.  II.,  Mo.,  and  N. 

145  C,  irrigua  Sm.  5  Spk.  2— 4,  ovoid-oblong  ;  bract  exceeding  the  culm;  perig. 
oval,  much  shorter  than  the  long-pointed  dark-purple  glume,  8-20'.  Leaves  iiuwar, 
flat.     Spike?  drooping  as  in  C.  limosa.    Bogs,  Pa.  to  Wis.,  and  N. 

146  C  luillacea  Muhl.  Spikes  cylindric,  slender,  If— 2',  i  erect,  ?  nodding,  loose 
below ;  perig.  ovoid-triquetrous,  short-beaked,  as  long  as  the  white-edg-^d  awned 
glume.    Culm  l-2f,  leaves  rather  broad.     Wet  meadows ;  common. 

147  C.  Bcabmta  Schw.  Spikes  3— G,  cjUndric,  1^2',  suberect,  dense,  the  lower  on 
long  peduncles;  bracts  long;  perig.  ovoid-triquetrous,  rough^Xha  slender  beak  equal- 
ing the  acuminate  glume.    Culm  1— 2f,  leaves  broad.    Swamps,  Can.  to  Car. 

148  C  liistriciiia  Willd.  i  Spk.  linear,  stalked,  1',  s  3,  oblong-cylindric,  dense, 
12-18",  near,  nodding;  parig.  ovoid,  inflated,  nerved,  diverging,  the  long  sleudox 
beak  bifid,  longer  than  the  awned  glume.    1-21",  very  leafy.    Swales:  common 

^,  I'ooleyi,     Slender;   $  spikes  ovoid,  the  lowest  long-pedunculate. 


Order  154.— CYPERACE^.  379 

149  C.  pseudo-cyperus  L.  S  Spk.  linear,  li',  9  3— 5,  cylindric,  thick,  1—2',  pe- 
dunculate, recurved ;  perig.  horizontal  or  deflexed,  lanceolate,  with  2  suberect  teeth, 
equaling  the  lance-aristate  glume.    Ponds  and  ditches,  Can.  to  Pa. 

150  C.  coiJiosa  Boott.  $  Spike  lin.-cylindric,  2—3';  9  3,  long  (2— 3'),  cylindric, 
thick,  dense-curved,  on  recurved  ped. ;  perig.  lance-linear,  deflexed,  the  slender  beak 
with  2  long  spreading  cusps.    Stout,  2— 3f.    Wet. 

151  C.  tricliocarpa  Muhl.  Spikes  erect,  i  about  3,  clustered,  9  3,  oblong-cylindric, 
thick  but  rather  loose,  Ij — 2';  perig.  conic-ovoid,  4",  ascending,  veined,  the  beak 
Blonder,  forked,  exceeding  the  hyaline  gl.    Puberulent,  15—30'.    Marshes  :  common. 

/3.  turblndta,    Spk.  9  ovoid-oblong,  dense  ;  perig.  more  diverging. 

152  C.  verrucosa  Ell.  $  Spk.  2,  often  1,  erect,  ?  3—7,  remote,  all  cylindric,  dense, 
heavy,  2—3',  bracts  long,  on  long  sheaths;  perig.  ovate-triquetrous,  shorter  than  the 
awn  of  the  oblong  glume.    Culm  and  leaves  2— 3f.    Wet  grounds,  S. 

/3.  g-lauciscens,     $  Single,  ?  sterile  at  apex  ;  perig.  broader  or  obovoid.    South. 

153  C.  lanuginosa  Mx.  $  Spk.  1—3,  linear,  1—2',  the  upper  stalked,  ?  mostly  2, 
nearly  sessile,  oblong-cylindric,  9—15"  ;  leaves  and  bracts  flat ;  perig.  ovoid,  with  2 
sharp  teeth,  equaling  the  lanceolate  awned  glume.    1— 2f.    Wet  places :  common. 

154  C.  flliformls  L.  Much  like  the  last,  but  the  leaves  and  bracts  are  convolute  and 
rush-like,  and  the  ?  glumes  ovate,  acute.    Pale.    Marshes  :  common. 

155  C.  striata  Mx.  $  Spk.  1 — 4,  erect,  the  lower  sessile;  ?  1—2,  remote,  cylindric, 
erect,  dense;  perigynia  ovoid,  acuminate,  2-toothed,  twice  longer  than  the  ovate 
acute  glumes.    Stiffly  erect,  1—1  if,  leaves  and  bracts  rolled  at  the  ends.    Pa.,  andS. 

156  C.  Houghtonii  Torr.  i  Spikes  1—3,  9  2—3,  cylindric,  thick  (12— 15"  x  4"), 
near,  Bubsessile,  erect;  perigynia  ovoid-inflated,  bifurcate,  much  longer  than  the 
ovate  cuspidate  glume.    Stout,  2— 3f,  leaves  and  bracts  flat.    Me.  to  Wis. 

167  C,  polymorplia  Muhl.  Spikes  oblong,  erect;  glume  obtuse;  9  1— 2,- 1',  the 
lower  remote,  cxsert-pedunculate ;  bracts  and  leaves  short;  perigynia  oval-ovate, 
beak  short,  purple,  exceeding  the  ovate  purplish  gl.  Erect,  5—20'.  Sands,  Pa.,  and  N. 

158  C.  paludosa  Good.  Spikes  erect,  cylindric,  15 — 20",  dense,  near;  glume  cus- 
pidate ;  9  spikes  about  3 ;  bracts  long,  sheathless ;  perigynia  ovate,  short-beaked, 
equaling  the  narrow  glumes.    Erect,  H— 2f ;  leaves  channeled.    Marshen,  Mass. 

159  C.  riparia  Curtis.  Spikes  erect,  cylindric,  2—3',  i  2—5,  9  2—3,  nearly  ses- 
sile; bracts  and  leaves  long;  perigynia  conic-lanceolate,  with  2  slender  teeth,  some 
longer  than  the  narrow-awned  glumes.    Stout,  2— If.    Shores.    (C.  lacustri.-<.) 

160  C,  Cherolceensls  Schw.  $  Spikes  lance-linear,  6—12",  9  cylindric,  1— U', 
2—7,  the  lower  nodding,  on  exserted  i>eduncles  ;  perigynia  lance-ovate,  much  longer 
than  the  ovate  glume.    Slender,  2f,  light  green.    Ga.,  Fla.,  and  West. 

161  C.  aiupullacea  Good,  i  Spikes  often  bracted,  linear;  9  3—4,  cylindric, 
thick,  2—3'  by  i',  very  dense,  near,  suberect ;  perigynia  ovoid,  more  or  less  abruptly 
beaked,  bifurcate,  larger  than  the  pointed  glumes.  Stout,  2— 3f,  the  flat  leaves  longer. 
Swamps,  N.  Eng.  to  Pa.,  and  West.    (C.  utriculata,  Bt.) 

162  C.  nionile  Tuckm.  i  Spikes  slender,  2—4;  9  2,  rarely  1  or  3,  cyl.,  1—2',  rather 
loose,  suberect,  short-ped. ;  perig.  ovoid,  poli.'*hed,  2 — 3",  the  short  slender  beak  bifur- 
cate, twice  longer  than  the  lance-oblong  glume.  Bright  green,  2f.  N  Eng.  to  111. 
(C.Vaseyi  Dew.  is  the  same  plant,  as  shown  by  specimens  from  Dr.  S.  U.  Wright. } 

103  C,  Tuckermani  Boott.  ?  Spikes  very  remote,  short-stalked,  cylindricoblong, 
thick,  6—15"  by  6—7";  perigynia  very  large  (5"  by  2i"),  globous-ovoid,  shining; 
beak  short,  slender ;  glumes  much  shorter.    2f.    Wet:  common. 

I  ft-1  C.  Olneyl  Boott.  i  Spikes  2—3,  like  those  of  C.  buUata ;  9  spk.  oftcLcr  but  1, 
l'_18"  by  5":  ped.  short;  perig.  50—80,  2^— -3"  long,  10-veined,  turgid-ovoid,  the 
short  beak  and  2  cusps  rough-serrulate  ;  ach.  like  C,  utriculata.  Culm  1—1  Jf;  lv8. 
taller,  1"  w'ide.    Wet  grounds,  R.  I. 

165  C.  oligosp^rnia  Mx.  £  Spikes  1—2,  slender;  9  1—2.  Globular  or  oblong, 
Hubsessile;  perigjmia  4— 12,  turgid-ovoid,  2^",  beak  short,  2-lobcd,  scarce  exceeding 
the  ovate  glumes.    Slender,  2f ;  leavs  and  bracts  rolled.    Pa.,  and  Noitli. 


380  Order  154.— CYPERACE^. 

160  C.  longlrostris  Torn  i  Spikes  mostly  3;  9  mostly  3,  cyhndric,  1',  loose, 
stalks  filiform,  recurved ;  perigynia  roundish,  the  very  slender  beak  i  toothed, 
longer  than  the  scarious  glumes.    2f.    Rocky  woods,  North. 

167  C.  aristata  R.Br,  i  Spikes  2,  very  slender,  remote ;  $  2— 4,  cylindric,  1— 2', 
erect;  perigj'nia  lanceolate,  conspicuously  nerved,  glabrous,  2-awned ;  glumes 
awncd,  much  shorter.    2f.    Shores,  N.  Y.,  West  and  North.    Akin  to  No.  151. 

1 68  C.  SdiAveiiiitzii  Dew.  $  Spikes  2—4,  near,  ascending,  cylindric,  1—2',  more  or 
less  dense,  straw-yellow ;  perigynia  50—150,  ovoid,  the  long  beak  2-toothed,  much 
exceeding  the  subulate  glumes.    Very  leafy.  If.    N.  J.,  N.  Y.,  and  N.  Eng. 

169  C.  bullata  Schk.  i  Spikes  1—3,  linear,  with  lance-oblong,  close  glumes ;  j 
spikes  1—2,  oblong,  1'  by  8",  short-stalked;  perigynia  turgid-ovoid,  5",  beak  2-cus- 
pidate,  thrice  longer  than  the  obtusish  glumes.    1— 2f.  Swamps,  N.  E.,  and  S. :  com. 

ITO  C.  pliysema  Dew.?    Resembles  the  last,  but  has  very  long  leafy  bracts,  ispk. 
3  with  loose  glumes,  and  the  single  large  oblong  ?  spike  loose-flowered;  perigynia 
radiating,  brownish.    A  variety  ?    Newark,  N.  Y.  {Hankenson). 
171  €.  jflgaiitea   Rudge.     i  Spikes  1—3,  glumes  pointed;   ?  2 — 4,  18—30",  loose, 
pedunculate,  suberect,  brownish ;  perigynium  ovoid-acuminate,  mauy(18)-nerved,  the 
very  long  beak  forked,  two  or  three  times  longer  than  the  laiiceolate-awned  glume. 
Stout,  2— 3f ;  leaves  6"  broad.    Del.  to  Ky.,  and  South.    Allied  to  No.  103. 
1  72  C.  retrorsa  Schw.     i  Spikes  1—3,  often  partly  fertile ;  ?  4— ti,  cylindric,  thick, 
near,  1—2'  by  7",  spreading;   perigynium  ovoid,  inflated,  fe\v(10)  nerved,  the  long 
beak  forked,  deflexed,  far  exceeding  the  glume.    Bright  green,  2f.    Pools :  common. 
/3.  UartU,     ?  Spikes  loose,  distant,  the  lower  long-stalked.    N.  Y.  {S.  U.  Wright), 
y.  ?  lupulua,     i   Spikes  2 ;   ?  very  large,  short-stalked,  straw-yellow ;    perigynia 
horizontal,  much  inflated,  10-nerved ;   glumes  pointed.    A  fine  Carex ;  2— 3f; 
allied  both  to  Nos.  103, 171,  and  172.    N.  Y.  {E.  L.  Hankenson,  11.  B.  Ixti'd). 

Order  CLV.    GRAMHSTE^.    The  Grasses. 

Herbs  (the  Canes  and  Bamboos  are  woody  and  tree-like)  with  culms 
mostly  hollow  and  jointed.  The  leaves  are  alternate,  2-ranked,  on  tubular 
sheaths  split  down  to  the  base,  and  bearing  a  membranous  UquU  (of  the 
nature  of  stipules)  where  the  sheath  and  blade  meet.  Flowers  in  little 
spikelets  of  1  or  several,  with  the  glumes  in  2  rows,  collected  into  spikes, 
racemes,  or  panicles.  Glumes  (the  lower  pair  of  scales  in  the  spikelet)  al- 
ternate, enclosing  the  flowers.  Pales  (or  palae,  the  outer  pair  of  scales  of 
each  particular  flower)  alternate  and  unequal.  Penanth  0  or  represented 
by  2  minute  hypogynous  scales.  Siameiis  1 — 6,  commonly  3,  anthers  versa- 
tile, 2-celled,  bifid  at  both  ends.  Ovary  simple,  1-ovuled,  1-styled,  with  2 
feathery  stigmas.     Fruit  a  caryopsis,  with  mealy  albumen. 

A  vast  and  important  Order,  contributing  largely  to  the  sustenance  of  man  and  bejiyt. 
Both  herbage  and  seed  are  rich  in  sweet  and  nutritious  matter.  In  temperate  regions, 
the  Grasses  form  a  turf,  soft,  green,  and  compact,  clothing  the  hills  and  plains,  pastures 
and  meadows.  But  in  tropical  regions  this  beautiful  turf-carpet  is  unknown,  the  Grasses 
bc«:oming  larger,  even  trees  (as  the  stately  Bamboo),  and  stand  more  isolated,  with 
broader  leaves  and  larger  panicles.  To  this  Order  belong  the  Cereal  Grains,  as  the  Indian- 
Corn,  W/ie/it,  Kye,  Oats,  Barley,  Rice,  &c.,  as  well  as  the  Ilay-grasses— Timo^/iy,  lied  top., 
lUm-grass,  Spear-grass,  &c.  Also  the  Sugar-Cane,  and  various  kinds  of  Sorghum. 
§  Spikelet  Iflowered  with  no  apparent  rudiment  of  a  second  flower... (2) 
§  Spikelet  2 -flowered,  one  of  tlie  flowers  sterile  or  rudimentary. .  .(7) 

S  Spikelet  3-flowered,  the  two  lower  (lateral)  flowers  sterile  or  rudimentary... (i) Tribe  C 

S  Spikelet  2  ■  "O  -  flowered,  two  or  more  of  the  flowers  perfect,  or  all  imperfect  (9  j ). .  .;"J)) 


Order  155.— GRAMINE^.  381 

S  Inflorescence  paniculate.  ..(3) 

2  Inflorescence  strictlj'  spicate,  spikes  equilateral...® 

2  Inflorescence  strictly  spicate,  spikes  unilateral... (6) 

3  Glumes  none  (or  minute  and  the  stamens  6). ..(a) Tribe    1 

3  Glumes  present,  at  least  1  conspicuous. .  .(4) 

4  Pales  of  the  flower  thin  and  soft,  often  awned... (6) Tribe    2 

4  Pales  of  the  flower  coriaceous,— *  tipped  with  awns... (/) Tribe   4 

— *  awnless...C9) Tribe    5 

f  Spikes  cylindric,  the  spikelets  condensed  all  around... (e) Tribe    3 

f  Spikes  orismatic,  spikelets  sessile  in  row8...(p) Tribe    9 

6  Spikelets  rounded  on  the  back,  appressed  to  the  rachi8...f9) Tribe    & 

6  Spikelets  acutely  keeled  on  the  back,  imbricated  on  each  other... (x)  t  Tribe  10 

7  Upper  Us.  of  the  splkelet  abortive.—*  Fls.  in  unilateral  spikes... (x) ' 

— •  Flowers  paniculate... (A) Tribe    7 

7  Lower  flower  of  the  spikelet  abortive. .  .(8) 

8  Pales  coriaceous,  firmer  in  texture  than  the  glumes.    Paniculate. .  .(flr) Tribe    5 

8  Pales  membranous,  thinner  than  the  glumes.    Spicate... (66) Tribe  II 

9  Flowers  in  2- or  4-rowed,— *  equilateral  spikes... (p) Tribe   9 

— *  unilateral  spikes ...  (i) Tribe  10 

9  Flowers  in  panicles  more  or  less  diffuse. .  .(10) 

10  Pale  awned  at  the  tip  or  awnless...(n) Tribe    8 

10  Pale  awned  on  the  back  or  below  the  tip...(fc) Tribe    7 

1.  OBYZE.E.     [Spikelets  l-jlowereJ,  panicled.     Glumes  obsolete.    Stamens  I — 6.) 

a  Flowers  perfect,  flattened  laterally,  awnless.— Glumes  0.    Stam.  2  or  3.    Cut  Grass Lkkrsia.  1 

— Glumes  minute.    Stamens  6.    Rice Oryza.  2 

a  Flowers  monoecious,  both  kinds  in  the  same  panicle.    Stamens  6.    Indian  Rice. Zizania.  3 

a  Flowers  monoecious,  each  kind  in  separate  panicles.    Stamens  5 — 12.    S Luziola.  4 

2.  AGROSTIDEiE.     {Spikehti  1-jloicered,  panicled.     Glumes  and  pales  thin.     Grain  free.) 

b  Flowers  surrounded  at  base  with  a  tuft  of  long,  silky  hairs Calakagrostis.  10 

b  Flowers  naked  or  thinly  bearded  at  base.,  .(c) 

c  Glumes  both  long-awned  and  longer  than  the  awned  pales Polypogon.  9 

e  Glumes  both  awn-pointed  (or  minute  and  the  pale  awned) Muhlenbergia.  8 

e  Olumes  awnless,  conspicuous.  ..((i) 

d  Pale  stalked  in  the  glumes,  awned  on  the  back,  monandrous.    Stceet  Reed Ci^tna.  7 

d  Pale  sess.  in  the  glumes,  3-androus,— acute,  awnless.    Glume?  shorter Sporoboi.us.  6 

— obtuse,  often  awned  on  back.    Bent  tr.  .Agrostis.  5 

3.  PHLEOIDE^.—e  Glumes  united  at  base,  awnless.    Pale  1,  awned Alopkcurus.  11 

—e  Glumes  distinct,  mucronate.    Pales  2,  awnless.    Timothy Phleum.  12 

—e  Glumes  distinct,  pointless.    Pales  2,  awnless Crypsis.  13 

4.  BTIPACEjE.- /  Awn  of  the  flower  simple,  straight,  deciduous Oryzopsis.  16 

— /  Awn  of  the  flower  simple,  twisted,  very  long Stipa.  15 

— /  Awn  of  the  flower  triple  or  3-parted.    Poverty  Grass Aristida.  14 

6.  PANICE..B.    (SpUcelets  2-Jlwd.,  lower  Hoicer  abortive.    Glumes  very  unequal,    g  Pale  coriaceoui.) 
g  Spikelet  apparently  1 -flowered,  the  lower  glume  wanting  and  the  single  abortive  pale 

supplying  its  place.— Flowers  spicate,  unilateral Paspalcm.  17 

— Flowers  diffusely  panicled,  all  alike.    Millet  Giass MiUTTM.    18 

— Flowers  paniculate,  2  sorts,  one  under  ground Amphicarpdm.  19 

g  Spikelet  evidently  2-flowered,  both  glumes  present,  abortive  flower  neutral  or^  ...(h) 

h  Flowers  paniculate,— without  awns  or  spines.    Pale  cartilaginous.    Panic  G Panictjm.  20 

— without  awns  or  spines.    Pales  herbaceous Penicillaria.  21 

— with  the  glumes  and  pale  coarsely  awned.     Cock-spur.  .  .Oplismenus.  22 

h  Flowers  spike-panicled,- each  with  an  invol.  of  awned  pedicels.    Fox-tail Setaria.  23 

—each  with  a  hardened,  burr-like  invol.    £urr  Gra.9s. ..Cenchrus  24 

t  PnALARIDE.(E.—i  Sterile  flowers  2  minnte  rudiments.     Panicle  spicate Phalaris  26 

— i  Sterilo  fl  owers  2  awued  pales.    Panicle  8picate^^.«„. .AyrnoxANrrruM  26 

—1  Sterile  flowers  both  2-valved,  £.    Panicle  open Hikrochloa.  27 

/.  AVIENEjE.     (Spikeletji  2- CO- Jloicered,  panichd.     Glumes  large.     Pale  aicncd  below  the  tip.) 

k  Spikelet  with  1  perfect  flower  and  1  awned  staminate  flower— above.    Sq/l  Grass HoLCUS.  28 

—below §  Arrhknatherum.  31 

k  Spikelet  with  definitely  2  perfect  flowers.     Pale  snbentire,  a^n  dorsal AlBA.  21 


A  Spikelet  with  2  or  more  perfect  flowers.    Pale  2-toolhed  at  #ex. .  .(m) 


3,  a^n  d( 
at  ^x. 


382  Order  155.— GRAMINE^E. 


wi  Awn  between  the  two  teeth,  twisted  ;  glnmes  very  large  Dam'honi A.  30 

m  Awn  dorsal  below  the  middle  (except  in  the  cultivated  Oat).    Oat Avkna.  31 

m  Awn  dorsal  above  the  middle.— Flowers  2—6.    Teeth  cuspidate Tkisetdm.  33 

—Flowers  5— 00.    Teeth  acutish.    Bromt Bkomcs.  33 

B.  PESTUCACE..E.     (Sjnkelets  2-00  -Jlonered,  panided,  awnlmi,  or  the  lower  pale  tipped 
tcith  a  straight  brittle  or  aicn.     Glumes  2.) 
n  Glumes  definitely  2,  all  the  lower  flowers  of  the  splkelet  perfect ...  (o) 
n  Glumes  several,  indefinite,  the  lower  flowers  abortive  and  glume-like... (p) 
o  Flowers  fringe-bearded  at  the  base.     Pales  3-cuspidate  or  entire... ((/) 
o  Flowers  beardless.    Lower  pale  mucrouate  or  awn-pointed  (except  in  one  Festuca). .  .(r) 
o  Flowers  beardless.    Lower  pale  obtuse  or  acute,  not  at  all  awned...(8) 

f  Lower  pale  2-  or  3-cuspidate  and  1-2-awned.     Upper  pale  entire Triccspis.  34 

9  Lower  pale  2-cuspidate  and  1-awned.     Upper  pale  entire.    8 — 12f Arundo.  35 

q  Lower  and  upper  pale  both  entire  and  pointless  at  apex Graphephokum.  36 

q  Lower  pale  long-pointed,  tchite  as  well  as  the  glumes  and  hair.    Pampas  Grass Gynerium.  37 

r  Glumes  and  pales  keeled,— herbaceous,  5- veined.    Flowers  glomerate Dactylis.  38 

—membranous,  3-veined.    Panicle  spicate Kckleria.  39 

r  Glumes  and  pales  rounded  on  the  back,— both  coriaceous.    Grain  free Diarrhkna.  40 

— pale  papery,  grain  adherent.    Fencue Festdca.  41 

•  Spikelets  2-3-flowered,  with  some  abortive  terminal  flowers.    Fale  papery,  not  keeled. .  .(<) 

(  Upper  glume  broad-obovate,  shorter  than  the  flower .  , Eatonia.  42 

t  Upper  glume  oblong,  7-9-veined,  longer  than  the  flowers.    Melic Melica.  43 

«  Spikelets  2-50-flowered,  all  perfect.    Pales  usually  thin...(«) 

M  Lower  pale  keeled,  3-veined,  membranous  like  the  glumes Eragrostis.  44 

u  Lower  pale  keeled,  5-veined,  usually  cobwebbed  at  base.    Spear  Grass Poa.  45 

u  Lower  pale  convex-keeled,  obscurely  9-veined.     Panicle  spiked BrIzopyrum.  46 

M  Lower  pale  convex,  7-(— 5)-veined,  never  webbed  at  base.    Manna.... Glyceria.  47 

u  Lower  pale  convex-ventricous,  cordate,  obscurely  veined.     Quake Briza.  48 

p  llerbaceous.—Flowers  glabrous,  awnless,  falcate-pointed Umola.  49 

—Flowers  silky-villous  at  base.    Tall,  stout.    Eeed Fhragmitks.  60 

p  Woody,  tall  (the  flowering  branches  low).    Flowers  short-awned Arundinaria.  51 

9.  HOBDEACEiE.     {Spikelets  1-10-jlotcered,  sessile,  alternate  in  a  spike.    Rachis Jointed.) 

V  Spikes  several.    Spikelet  solitary  at  each  joint,  1-flowered Lkptprus.  62 

V  Spike  single.— Spikelets  1-flowered,  3  at  each  joint.    Barley Hobdeum.  63 

— Spikelets  2-  OO- flowered, —several  at  each  joint.    Hedgehog Elymus.  54 

— 1  at  each  joint . . .  (w) 

XD  Glume  1,  in  front  of  the  spikelet  which  is  ea^e\wse  to  tlie  rachis.    Darnel Loi.iu.'a.  55 

M  Glumes  2,  opposite.— Spikelet  3  -  00  -  flowered.     Witch  G.     Wheat Triticum.  56 

—Spikelet  2-flowered.    Eye Secalk.  57 

10.  CHLORIDEjE.    {Spikelets  in  \-siiled  jointless  spikes,  \  -  CfJ  flowered.     Uppei  flower  abortive.) 
X  Spikes  very  slender,  many,  in  an  equilateral  raceme... (i^) 

y  Spikes  raceme-like.    Spikelets  with  several  perfect  flowers Leptochloa.  58 

y  Spikes  wUh  sessile,  2-flowered  spikelets,  one  flower  a  rudiment Gymnopogon.  69 

X  Spikes  slender,  several,  digitately  arranged  above,  or,  in  No.  60,  axillary... (s) 

z  Spikelets  with  1  perfect  flower,— awnless,  globular,  no  rudiment Manis0Rus.  60 

—awnless,  oblong,  with  a  rudiment Cynodon.  61 

— awned,  glume  3-lobed Eustachys.  62 

— awned,  glume  acute Chloris.  63 

z  Spikelets  with  several  perfect  flowers.— Flowers  awnless Eledsine.  64 

—Flowers  awned Dacttloctenium.  65 

a  Spikes  thick  and  dense,  1—00.    Spikelets  with  1  perfect  flower... (aa) 

aa  Spikes  several  or  many.    Flower  with  no  rudiment Spartina.  66 

cui  Spikes  1,  few,  or  many.    Flower  with  a  terminal  rudiment Boctkloua.  67 

aa  Spike  solitary,  recurved.    Awns  terminal  and  dorsal Ctknium.  68 

J    SACCHARIE.(E.    (Spilcelets  iit  pairs  or  3's,  2-flowered.  the  lower  flower  abo  five.    Fertilepales 
thinner  than  the  glumes,  except  in  No.  72.) 
HL  Flowers  (the  fertile)  imbedded  in  the  cavities  of  glabrous,  jointed  spikes... (cc) 

cc  Spikes  monoecious,  i  abortive,  ?  below,  both  naked.    Sesame Tripsacto.  68 

cc  Spikes  monoecious  i  above  panicled,  ?  below  enveloped  in  husks.    Maize Zea.  70 

cc  Spikes  uniform,— terete.    The  pedunculate  spikelet  abortive Rottb(elli.a  71 

—compressed.    Both  spikelets  fertile Stenotaphru.u  73 


Order  155.— GRAAIINE^. 


383 


%b  Flowers  not  imbedded,  spicate  or  panicled,  mostly  long-bearded. .  .{cUl) 

dd  Both  spikelets  of  each  pair  fertile.— Lower  flower  awned.    Plume  G j!rianti»  js.  73 

—Flowers  awnless.     Sugar-cane Sacch arom.  74 

dd  Only  one  spikelet  of  each  pair  fertile.— Fls.  and  rachis  hairy.    Beard  G Akdropogow.  75 

—Flowers  and  rachis  smoothish SoRcnnic.  76 

dd  The  lower  spikelet  on  each  spike  fertile,  in  a  bony  shell.    JoVs-teara Coix.  77 

1.  IjEERSIA,  Sol.  Cut  Grass.  False  Rice. 
Spikelets  1-flwcl.,  flat,  fls.  ? .  Glumes  0.  Pales 
boat-form,  nearly  equal,  awnless,  ciliate,  enclos- 
ing the.  free  flat  grain  (carjopsis).  U  Swampy- 
grasses.  Lvs.  very  rough  backward.  Fl.  in 
gecund  panicled  racemes.    June,  Aug. 

♦  Panicle  compound,  large,  diffuse.    Spike- 

lets nearly  3"  long Noa.  1,  2 

*  Panicle  simple  or  nearly  so.     Spikelets 

scarce  more  than  1" Nos.  3,  4 

1  L.  oryzoides  Svvtz.  (a)    Spikelets  narrowly  ellip- 

tic, spreading,  white,  close  (b) ;  stamens  3 ;  culm 
3— 5f,  retro rsely  rough,  lvs.  broad.    By  streams.    Aug. 

2  li.  lentlcularis  Mx.    Catch-fly  Grass.  Spkl.  round- 

oval  (c)  when  closed,  closely  imbricated  ;  stam.  2  (d) ;  ovary  ovate  (e) ;  plant  smooth 
is^..    Ponds  and  low  grounds.  111.  to  Va.,  and  S.:  rare.    Fls.  said  to  close  on  flies. 

3  li.  VIrginica  Willd.    Spkl.  small,  closely  appressed  to  the  branchlet;  stam.  2, 

pales  white,  with  green  veins,  slightly  ciliate.    Wet  shades.  Aug. 

4  I«.  hexandra  Swtz.   Panicle  erect,  narrow,  exserted,  2—4' ;  spkl.  loosely  imbri- 

cated, lance-oblong  ;  stam.  G.    Culms  branched,  1— 5f.    Water.    Fla. 

2.  ORYZA,  L.  Rice.  Spikelets  1-flwd.,  5  Glumes  minute  or  obsolete, 
pales  compressed-boat-shaped,  the  lower  larger  and  usually  awned.  Sta- 
mens 6.    Grain  oblong,  smooth,  free  in  the  pales,    (i)  Fls.  paniculate. 

O.  SATIVA.  Culm  2-4f,  lvs.  broadly  linear,  the  ligule  1'  long.  .  A  most  important  cereal, 
cultivated  South  in  meadows  and  inundated  grounds. 

3.  ZIZANIA,  Gron.  Indian  Rice.  Stout 
water-grasses,  with  large  monoecious  panicles. 
Glumes  0.  Pales  2,  thin,  narrow,  the  lower  one 
with  a  straight  awn  in  the  5  .  Stam.  6  in  the  $  {b). 

1  Z.  aqnatica   L.    Panicle  ample,  1— 2f,  the  lower 

branches  spreading,  sterile  (a),  upper  fertile ;  awns 
id)  long  (UO ;  grain  slender,  6—8",  very  caducous,  fa- 
rinaceous.   Marshes,  Aug.    Culm  5— 8f.    Lvs.  broad. 

2  Z,  millacea  Mx.    Sterile  and  fertile  fls.  intermixed 

in  the  ample  panicle ;  pales  with  short  (1—3")  awns. 
Culm  6— lOf.    Leaves  narrow.    Ohio,  and  S. 

4.  LUZiOLA,  Juss.    Spikelets  and  fls.  as  in 
Zizania,  but  the  $  and  $  in  separate  panicles  on  ^ 
the  same  root.  Sta.  5—11,  anth.  very  long.  Grain  ovoid.    U  Aquatic,  with 
long  naiTow  leaves, 

I..  AIa1>ameu»lH  Chapm.  Culms  4—6',  1-lvd.,  the  leaf  l—2f  long,  its  purple  Pheath 
enclosing  the  bract  and  peduncle ;  panicle  fcw-flowcrcd ;  epikelct  lance-ovatc,  ou 
erect  jointed  pedicels.    Alabama  :  rare. 


384 


Order  155.— GRAMINE^. 


5.  AGROSTIS,  L.  Bent  Grass.  Spikelefs 
1-flwd.  Glumes  3,  subequal,  awnless,  usually 
longer  than  the  flower.  Pales  3,  thin,  pointless, 
naked,  the  lower  3-5-veined,  sometimes  awned 
on  the  back,  the  upper  often  minute  or  wanting. 
Grain  free.  Mostly  IX,  csespitous,  with  slender 
culms  and  open  panicles. 

S  AaR6sTi3.   Upper  pale  conspicuous.    Panicle 

rather  dense Nos.  1,  2 

5  Trich5i)ium.    Upper  pale  minute  or  wantinfi;. 

Panicle  thin,  capillary. , .  (*) 

♦  Lower  palea  with  a  long  exserted  awn  on  the  back Nos.  3,  4 

*  Lower  palca  awnless,  or  bearing  a  very  short  awn Nos.  5,  6 

1  A.  vulgaris  With.    Bed-top  (a).     Culm  erect,  1— 2f;  pan,  purple,  oblong,  with 

short  branches :  ligules  very  short ;  lower  pale  (6)  3-veined,  twice  longer  than  the 
tipper,  nearly  awnless.    A  valuable  grass  :  common. 

2  A,  alba  L.    Florifi  G.    Culm  decumbent  and  rooting  at  the  lower  joints,  then  as 

cending  1— 3f,  stoloniferous  ;  ligules  long  (3—4"):  pan.  greenish-white,  or  purplish, 
contracted  ;  pale  5-veined,  awned  or  not.    Common. 

3  A,  canina  L.    Dog's  ov  Brotim  B.    Decumbent  and  rooting  at  base,  l—2f;  leaves 

ectaceous-rolled  ;  pan.  brownish  ;  lower  pale  and  awn  exserted.  Wet  meadows.  E.  $ 
)3.  alpina.    Culms  low,  in  tufts,  with  wide  panicles,  and  twisted  awns.    Mts. 

4  A«  araduioides  Ell.    Erect,  5—8',  pan.  f  its  length;  Ivs.  linear-setaceous  ;  lower 

pa!e,  V,  !ts  awn  as  fine  as  a  gossamer,  twisted,  Z—^"  long.    S.  C,  Ga.,  and  W.  Apr. 
r*  A.  scd-bra  Willd.    Eo^xgh  Ilair  G.    Erect  from  a  decumbent  base,  1— 2f,  very  slew- 

(lev,  &l\  scabrous-hispid  ;  pan.  large,  capillary,  spkl.  purplish,  (i;,  glumes,  rf,  flowRr). 

The  thin,  airy  panicles  are  at  length  driven  before  the  wind.    Fields  and  pastures. 

June— Aug. 
p.  pemnnanH,    Panicle  pale-green,  the  branches  shorter.    In  damp  shades. 
y.  oretiphila.    Pan.  less  diffuse ;  lower  pale  with  a  short  twisted  awn.    Mts. 
0  A.  data  Trin.    Culms  stoutish,  simple,  erect,  2— .3f;  Ivs.  broadly  linear ;  pan.  pur 

pie,  with  long  suberect  whorled  branches  dense-llowered  half  their  length ;  gls.  1|" 

long,  lower  pale  o-veined,  1",    Swamps,  N.  J.  to  Ky.,  and  S.    Sept.,  Oct. 

6.  SPOROBOLUS,  Br.  Drop-seed  Grass.  Spikelets 
l-flwd.  Gls.  2,  the  lower  smaller.  Fls.  sessile.  Pales  3, 
awnless,  usually  longer  than  the  glumes.  Sta.  2  or  3.  Grain 
iieciduous,  free.  U  Tough,  wiry,  with  rolled  rigid  leaves 
;uid  contracted  panicles  often  half-enclosed  in  the  sheath. 

<j  ViLFA.    Grain  (caryopsis)  linear.    Glumes  and  pales  all 

sub- equal.    Panicle  contracted Nos.  1—3 

\  SrORrtBOLUS.    Grain  oval  or  globous,  its  pericarp  often 

loose  on  the  seed... (a)  "  * 

a  Glumes  very  unequal,  one  of  them  as  long  as  the  purplish  pales Nos.  4 — 8 

«  Glumes  equal  or  unequal,  both  shorter  than  the  pales.    Sheaths  beardless..  .(6) 

b  Panicle  contracted,  spikeform,  sheathed  or  exserted.    Lvs.  involute..  .Nos.  7,  8 

b  Panicle  capillary,  open.     Often  a  2d  flower  or  rudiment.     Lvs.  flat..  .Nos.  9,  10 

1  S.  vaglnscflorus  Torr.  (a.)    Culms  in  tufts,  simple,  ascending,  6—12' ;  lvs  %-^' ; 

panicles  lateral  and  terminal,  mostly  concealed  in  the  tumid  sheaths ;  grain  f  saortcr 

than  the  2"  pales.    (I)  Dry  gravel.    More  common  W.  and  S. 


Order  155.— GRAMINEJ*:. 


385 


2  S.  Virginicus  (L.)    Like  No.  1,  but  the  root  is  if,  the  culms  brancLed,  often  de- 

cumbent, and  the  spikelnts  very  small  (1")  and  many.    Coast,  S,    Sept.,  Oct. 

3  S.  cuspidata  (Terr.)  Glumes  very  acute,  the  lower  pale  cusjyidate  ;  pan.  terminal, 

fclender,  few-flowered ;  spikelet  nearly  2".    if  Maine,  and  Canada. 

4  S.  cryptandrus  (Torr.)    Culm  2— 3f;  sheaths  strongly  bearded  at  the  throat; 

terminal  panicle  pyramidal,  exserted,  the  lateral  concealed ;  pales  equaling  the  nppei 
glume  (1"),  twice  longer  than  the  lower,    n  Sandy  coasts  and  shores.    Aug. 

5  S.  junceus  (Mx.)    Glaucous,  ei-ect,  1— 2f;  leaves  erect,  2—6'  by  1";  pan.  open, 

ptalked,  narrow,  loose ;  glumes  ovate,  obtuse,  the  upper  U",  lower  \'\  anth.  and 
stig.  white.   11  Common  in  dry  barrens,  Penn.,  W.,  and  S.  No  lateral  pan.   Aug.-Oct. 

6  S.  lieterolepis  (Gr.)    Lowest  Ivs.  as  long  as  the  culm,  1— 2f;  upper  gl.  3",  subu- 

late, longer,  lower  cuspidate,  shorter  than  the  pales ;  panicle  very  thin,  stalked, 
open ;  grain  globular,  I".    Dry  places.  Conn,  to  Wis.    Aug. 

7  S.  asper   Kunth.  (c)    Lowest  Ivs.  very  long  (1— of ),  involute-filiform  ;  culms  1— 2f ; 

panicle  contracted,  partly  or  wholly  enclosed ;  glumes  unequal,  white,  -much  shorter 
than  the  oblong  obtuse  pales  (3") ;  grain  oval.    Sands.    Sept. 

8  S.  Indicus  Br.    Erect,  2 — 3f ;  pan.  long  (If),  very  narrow,  its  short  branches  ap- 

pressed  ;  glumes  unequal ;  grain  oval.    Dry  grounds,  S.:  common.    May— Sept. 

9  S.  compressus  Kunth.   Culm  erect,  1— 2f,  leafy,  much  compressed^  branched  at 

base  ;  pan.  thin,  6 — 10' ;  gl.  acute,  f";  pales  1",  obtuse.    Sandy  bogs,  N.  J.    Sept. 

10  S.  serotinus  (Ton-.)    Culm  filiform,  compressed,  10—18',  few-lvd. ;  pan,  capil- 
lary, dift'usc ;  glumes  i",  ovate,  obtuse  ;  pales  i".    Wet  sands,  Maine  to  N.  J.    Sept. 

7.  OINNA,  L.  Sweet  Reed-grass.  Spkl.  l-flwd.,  flat. 
Gl.  2,  subequal,  awnless,  the  upper  a  little  longer  than 
the  subequal  pales,  which  are  short-stiped.  Lower  pale 
with  a  short  awn  on  the  back.  Sta.  1.  Grain  oblong, 
free,  i;  Erect,  tall  and  simple,  with  a  large  panicle, 
green  or  slighlly  purplish.    July,  Aug. 

1  C,  pendiila   Trin.  (a)    Culm  3— 5(;    Ivs.  broad-linear,  with  conspicuous  ligules; 

pan.  pale-green,  If,  nodding,  with  its  drooping  branches  in  whorls  of  4'8  or  5'8  ;  awn 
exserted.    A  fine  grass  in  damp  woods,  much  sought  by  cattle. 

2  C.  arundin^cea  Willd.    Bright  green,  3— 6f;  pan.  erect,  green-purple,  10' ;  lower 

pale  obtuse,  its  awn  not  exceeding  its  obtuse  point.    Handsomer  than  No.  1,  its 
spikelets  twice  larger  ('i").    Shady  woods. 

8.  MUHLENBERGIA,  Schr.  DRor-SEED 
Grass.  Spkl,  l-flwd.  Glumes  persistent,  bristle- 
pointed  or  acute,  rarely  obtuse.  Pales  sessile, 
usually  hairy  at  base,  deciduous  with  the  en- 
closed grain,  green,  the  lower  awned  or  mucro- 
nate  at  apex.  Sta,  2—3,  Culms  often  branched. 
July — Sept, 

§  Brachyelytrum.  Glumes  minute,  the  lower 

obffolete.    Panicle  narrow Nos.  1,  2 

§  Trich6chloa.    Glumes   small.    Lower  pale 

3-veined,    Panicle  capillary Nos,  3.  4 

§  MuHLENBERGiA,    Gi.  manifest.    Pale  3-veined.     Pan.  terminal  and  axillary,.. (a) 

a  Glume:?  awned  and  twice  longer  than  the  awnless  pale No.  5 

a  Glumes  pointed,  not  longer  than— the  mucronate  palfi Nos.  G,  7 

—the  long-awn ed  pale .  .Nos.  S,  9 

1  ITI.  arist^ta  Pcrs.    Erect,  simple,  l—2f;  Ivg.  broad  linear :  pan.  terminal,  simple, 


386 


Order  155.— GRAMINE^E. 


3—4' ;  spkl.  large,  few ;  lower  pale  6"  (12—18"  with  its  awn),  5-veined  ;  nj^per  pale, 
with  an  abortive  pedicel  in  the  groove  of  its  back  ;  eta.  2,    u  Rocky  hills, 

2  M.  diffusa  Schr.  (d)    Decumbent,  diffuse,  branching,  8—18',  Ivs.  2—3' ;  panicles 

very  slender,  terminal  and  lateral ;  ppikelets  2"  (4"  with  its  awn),  white  with  green 
spots :  glumes  (g)  extremely  minute,  white.  Shady  places  :  frequent. 

3  M.  capilla,ris  Kunth.    Hair  G.   Erect,  very  flender,  li— 3f,  simple ;  pan.  purple, 

large,  difFuse,  branches  1—4',  as  fine  as  hairs ;  pales  long-awned.    Dry  soils. 

4  M.  trichopodes  (Ell.)   Panicle  erect,  oblong,  not  diffuse,  green  ;  lower  pale  tip- 

ped with  a  short  awn.    Culms  3f,  leaves  flat.    Pine  barrens,  S.    (Agrostis,  Ell.) 

5  M,  glomerAta  Trin.  Glaucous,  erect,  subsimple,  1^— 3f,  Ivs.  3—5' ;  pan.  epikelike, 

dense,  interrupted,  2 — 3';  giumes  2",  pales  1".    Bogs,  northward. 

6  m,  Mexica.iia  Trin.  (a)    Culms  much  branched,  ascending  2—3— 5f;  leaves  lance 

linear;  pan.  many,  1  he  lateral  half-sheathed,  dense,  and  narrow;  glumes  and  pales 
eubeqnal  (1")  or  one  glume  longer.    Damp  shades  :  common. 
/3.  purpurea.    Culms  wiry,  branched  only  at  base  ;  panicle  purple.    111.    J.  Wo^. 

7  in.  sobolifera  (Muhl.)  (b)  Like  the  last,  but  the  panicles  are  more  slender,  or  fili- 

form, and  the  glumes  shorter  than  the  pales.     Hardly  distinct.    Woods. 

8  m,  sylvaliea  T.  &  G.  (s)    Culms  ascending,  branched,  diffuse,  2-3f;   pan.   slen- 

der, rather  dense  ;  ghimes  subequal,  scarce  shorter  than 

the  lower  pale  (1"),  whose  awn  is  2—1".  Rocky  shades, 

N.  England  to  N.  J.,  and  W.    (Agrostis,  Muhl.) 
p.  ?  tulpina.  Very  glaucous ;  pan.  very  dense,  raceme- 
like ;  glumes  abruptly  short-awned  ;  pale  about  as 
long  as  its  awn.    N.  Y.    //.  B.  Lord. 

9  IW.  Wllldenovli  Trin.  (w)    Culm  and  leaves  as  in 

the  la:?t ;  pan.  very  slender,  loose-flowered ;  glumt! 
bristle-pointed,  i  shorter  than  the  pale,  whose  awn  is 
3 — 4  times  as  long  as  the  spikelet.  Rocky  woods ;  com. 

9.  POLYPOGON,  Dtsf.     ToLYroG  G.     Spkl. 
1-flwd.,  densely  panided.    Glumes  subequal,  sim- 
ilarly awned,  much  longer  than  the  flower  (c).   Lower  pale  usually  awncd 
near  the  tip.     Stam.  3.     Graiu  free. 

P,  ]?Ionspeliei»si»i  Dcsf.  («)    Culm  simple,  If  or  more;  Ivs.  lance-linear,  2—5';  pan. 
spike-like,  2-3'.  pale :  gl.  0)  1",  their  awns  2".    N.  England,  and  S, 

10.  CALAMAGROSTIS,  Adans.  Spkl.  1- 
flwd.  Glumes  subequal,  acute  or  pointed.  Pales 
bearded  at  the  base,  lower  one  mucronate,  mostly 
awned  below  the  tip,  upper  often  with  an  abor- 
tive rudiment  of  a  second  tiower.  y  Culms 
simple,  tall,  paniculate,  from  creeping  rhizomes. 

§  C.ii.AMAGiiosTis.    No  rudiment.    Panicle  cx- 

])anding,  loose.    Pales  awnless Nos.  1,  2 

§  Deykuxia.  Rudiment  a  hairy  pedicel.  Lower 

pale  awned.     Spikelet  2—3" . . .  (a) 
§  Ammuphila.     Rudiment  plumous.     Panicle 

spike-form.    Spikelet  6" No.  10 

I  Beard  nearly  equaling  the  pales.  Panicle  rather  open Nos.  3,  4 

a  Beard  nearly  equaling  the  pales.    Pan.  contracted Nos.  5—7 

a  B(!ard  nuich  shorter  than  the  pales.    Awn  from  near  the  base Nop.  R,  T* 

1  C.  brcvipllis  (Torr.)    Slender,  3— 4f;  Icavce  broad  linear,  flat;  pan.  purple,  with 


Order  155.— GRAMINE^. 


387 


capillary  branches ;  gl.  unequal,  shorter  than  the  pales ;  beard  very  short,  not  half 
the  length  of  the  pales,    if  Sandy  swamps,  N.  J. :  rare.    Sept. 

2  C.  longlfolia  Hook.  Stout,  9— 4f;  Ivs.  rigid,  involute,  long-filiform-pointed;  upper 

glume  as  long  as  the  pales ;  hairs  half  as  long.    Shores  of  the  great  lakes.    Ang. 

3  C.  Canadensis  Beauv.  (c)    Blue-joint.    Rigidly  erect,  3— 5f;  leaves  flat;  panicle 

oblong,  its  branches  in  4's  and  5's;  gl.  longer  (H'O  than  the  pales,  purplish;  awn  from 
the  middle  of  the  pale,  as  fine  as  the  long  beard.    A  good  grass  :  common  N.    July. 

4  C  liaugsdorfii  Triu.    Spikelets  2^"  long  ;  awn  stouter  than  the  soft  beard.  Other- 

wise like  No.  3.    White  Mts.,  N.  H.,  Isle  Roj^al,  L.  Sup.  (Porter).   August. 
6  €.  confinls   Nutt.    (a)     Lvs.  flat,  panicle  narrow,  dense,  reddish;  gl.  ovate,  2", 
equaling  the  flower  (b) ;  beard  i  shorter  than  the  pales  ;  awn  from  below  the  middle, 
not  esserted.    Culm  2— 5f.    Penn.  {Jackson),  Penn  Yan,  N.  Y.  (Sartwell).    July. 

6  C  stricta   Trin.    Difiers  from  No.  5  only  in  its  rigid  leaves  rolled  at  the  point,  its 

awn  from  below  the  middle,  its  beard  as  long  as  the  pales.    Lakes,  N.    Aug. 

7  C  Nuttalliana    Steud.    Lvs.  flat;  pan.  dense;  plumes  3",  long-pointed,  i  longer 

than  the  pales ;  awn  from  near  the  tip  of  the  pale ;  beard  some  shorter  than  the  pale. 
Swamps,  Mass.  to  N.  Car.    (C.  coarctata  Torr.;    Aug. 

8  C.  purpurascens  Br.    Culm  1— lif;  pan.  spike-like,  3—7',  pui-plish;  gls.  rather 

obtuse,  less  than  2"  ;  beard  scanty,  short,  \  as  long  as  the  rudiment,  J  as  long  as  tho 
pales  ;  awn  short,  straight.    White  Mountain.",  N.  H.,  Mt.  Marcy,  N.  Y.   {Peck.) 

9  C.  Porter!  Gr.    Slender,  2 — 4f;  lvs.  flat;  pan.  very  narrow,  4—6'' ;  glumes  fully  2", 

exceeding  the  pales  ;  hairs  few,  short,  almost  none  at  the  base  of  the  lower  pale  ;  awn 
contorted.    Huntingdon  Co.,  Penn.  {Porter).    July. 

10  C  arenskrla  Roth.  Sand  Heed.  Rhizomes  creeping  extensively,  culms  stout, 
erect,  2— 4f;  lvs.  rolled  and  rush-like  ;  pan.  spike-form,  withered  appressed  branches 
6—10';  spkl.  very  flat.    Sandy  beaches,  northward.    August. 

11.  ALOPECURUS,  L.  Fox-tail  G.  Spike- 
lets  l-flw(l.  Gl.  tlat-keelecl,  connate  at  base,  sub- 
equal.  Upper  pale  0,  lower  flat-keeled,  awned 
on  the  back  below  the  middle.  Sia.  53.  Panicle 
contrr.cted  into  a  cylindric  dense  spike.  n^^  ^,  c 

1  A.  arlstulatns  Mx.  Wild  F.    Ascending  from  a  bent  base,  1— 2f,  glaucous  ;  spiko 

hlender,  1—2'  by  2i",  grayish;  glumes  (a)  and  pale  obtuse,  equal ;  awn  (6)  scarcely 
cxserted  {c.  ovary  and  stigmas).    In  wet  places.    June — August. 

2  A.  f^cuiculatns  L.    Bent  F.    Ascending  from  a  bent  base,  1— 2f;  spike  2— 2i' ; 

upper  leaf  scarce  longer  than  its  sheath  ;  glumes  pubescent,  obtuse  ;  awn  geniculate, 
far  surpas.sing  the  culm.    Wet  meadows.  East.  § 

3  A.  pratensc  L.    Meadow  F.    Erect,  stout,  IJ — 2|f;  spike  about  2';   upper  leaf 

shorter  than  its  sheath  ;  gl.  ciliate  ;  awn  twisted,  nearly  thrice  longer  than  its  pale. 
Fields  and  pastures.  Northern  States,    A  good  grass.    § 

12.  PHLEUM,  L.  Cat-tail  G.  Glumes  equal, 
Ilat-kceled,  mucronatc  or  rostrate,  longer  than  the 
truncate  awnless  pales.  Compound  spike  cylindric 
and  very  dense.    June,  July. 

1  P.  pratcnse  L.    Timothy.    Herd's  G.  (a)    Erect,  rigid, 

2— 4f ;  lvs.  broad-linear,  flat ;  glumes  alike  cuspidate,  in  a 
long  dense  terete  green  spike.  A  grass  of  the  highest  value 
for  hay  in  the  North,  but  will  not  flourish  South. 

2  P.  alpimim  L.    Erect,  If;  lvs.  shorter  than  the  sheaths;  spike  oblong-ovoid, 4— 5' 

long  ;  awns  as  long  as  their  glumes.    White  Mountains,  and  Arctic  Am. 

13.  CRYP3IS,  Ait.  Compound  spk.  oblong,  many-bracted  and  sheathed 


388 


Okder  155.— GRAMINE^. 


at  base.     Glumes  and  pales  awnless,  subequal,  of  similar 

texture.    Grain  glabrous,  free.   Turfy  grasses,  none  native. 

€.  scltenoidcs  Lam.    Tufted,  glaucong,  3—12' ;  Ivs.  2—3',  long- 

pntd. ;  spk.  oblong.    ®  Waste  ground,  E.  Penn,,  Del.,  etc.  §  Eur. 

14.  ORYZOPSIS,  Mx.  Mountain  Rice.  Spkl.  l-flwd. 
in  a  slender  spicate  panicle.  Gl.  membranous  at  edge, 
subequal,  about  equaling  the  oblong,  terete,  short-stiped 
flower.  Lower  pale  coriaceous,  involute,  enclosing  the 
grain,  and  tipped  with  a  simple,  jointed  awn.    U 

1  O.  melanocarpa  Muhl.    Culm  leafy  to  the  top,  1— Uf ;  leaves 

lance-linear;  rachis  flexnous ;  fow-flwd. ;  gl.  5— 6";  awn  thrice 
longer  (K)  than  its  blackish  pale.  U  Rocky  woods  and  hills,  Mid- 
dle States,  and  northward.    Aug. 

2  O.  asperefolla  Mx.  (o)    Culm  10—20',  its  sheaths  leafless  ;  1\  i^.  1  or  2,  subradica), 

erect,  rigid,  pungent,  If;  the  simple  pan.  2 — 4'  long;  gl.  (b)  whitish,  :i";  awn  crooked, 
()"  long,  its  pale  and  grain  whitish.    %  Woods,  N.  States  and  Canada. 

3  O.  Canadensis  (Poir.)    Culm  slender,  9—18',  naked 

aboA'e;  lower  sheaths  bearing  rigid,  involute-filiform 
leaves  ;  pan.  1—2' ;  awn  short  or  0.    Rocks.  N.    May. 

15.  STIPA,  L.  Feather  G.  The  flower  de- 
ciduous from  the  glumes  with  its  sharp  and 
bearded  stipe.  Pales  coriaceous,  short,  the  lower 
embracing  the  upper  and  the  slender  grain,  and 
bearing  a  long  twisted  or  bent  awn.  U  Leaves 
narrow.    Pan.  loose.    (Sec  Addenda.) 

1  S.  avenacca  L.  Black  Oaf-G.  (c)  Culm  naked  above, 

2— 3f;  Ivs.  mostly  radical,  setaceous;  pan.  4—6'  long, 
the  capillary  branches  at  length  diffuse  ;  gl.  (a)  equal- 
ing the  blackish  fruit ;  awn  (b)  2—3'  long,  twisted  be- 
low, bent :  common.    July. 

2  S.  jiincca  Pursh.    Weather  G.    Culm  2— 3f;  leaves  roUed-threadfonn,  long;  glume 

blender-pointed,  twice  longer  than  the  fruit;  awn  contorted,  bent,  4— 6'  long.    The 
pungent  stipe  adheres  like  tick-seed.    Prairies,  111.,  Mo.,  and  N.    Maj'— July. 

3  S.  PENNATA.    Feather  G.    From  Europe.    Culm  2f;  Ivs.  rolled  thrcadform  at  apex  ; 

gl.  awn-pointed,  1';  awn  8— IG' long,  twisted  below,  softly  plumous  above,  and 
••  worn  (says  Gei-ard)  by  sundry  ladies  instead  of  feathers. 

16.  ARISTlDA,  L.   Beard  G.    Poverty  G. 

Panicle  contracted  and  racemotis.  Tlie  flower 
stiped  in  the  unequal  glumes.  Lower  pale  with 
3  awns  at  the  tip  variously  contorted. — Culms 
branching.  Leaves  narrow,  often  rolled.  In 
sterile  soils.     Aug. — Oct. 

%  Awns  tw'sted  and  united  below,  jointed  to 

the  pale,  very  long No,  1 

S  Awns  distinct  to  the  base  and  not  jointed  to 
the  pale.,  .{a) 
a  Awns  very  unequal,  the  2  lateral  4  times 

^horter  (2")  and  erect Nos.  2,  8 

a  Awns  unequal,  the  2  lateral  twice  shorter 

.(G")an(l  &ul>eri.-(t No.  4 


Cultivated. 


Order  155.— GRAMINE^. 


381i 


c  Awns  about  equal,  spreading.— Lower  gl.  longer  than  the  upper No?.  5—7 

—Glumes  equal,  or  the  lower  shorter Nos.  8,  9 

1  A,  tuberculosa  N.  Culm  rigid,  8—20',  with  tubercles  in  the  axils  of  the  numerous 

branches;  pan.  large  and  loose;  glume  linear,  awned,  1';    triple  awn  {d)  2',  united 

half-way  up,  thence  involved  and  spreading,    (i)  Mountains,  N.  J.,  and  W. 
8  A.  dlchotoma  Mx.  (a)    Culm  8— 12^  dichotomously  branched ;  gl.  3—4" ;  lateral 

awns  erect,  minute,  the  middle  awn  ifi)  as  long  as  the  pale  (3"),  twice  bent  to  the 

form  of  a  bayonet,    (i)  Dry  sandy  fields  :  common. 
8  A.  rainosissima  Engelm.    Culms  diffusely  branched;  gl.  9— 10",  awn-pointcd ; 

lateral  awns  2*  ,  middle  awn  1'.  spreading.    (I)  Sands,  111.,  Ky. 

4  A.  gracilis  E;1.    Very  slender.  \ — IJ-f;  pan.  virgate,  4 — 8';  glume  and  flower  equal, 

(2J— 3");  middle  awn  9—10",  horizontal,  the  lateral  erect.   ®  Sandy  places. 
p.  vtrgata.    Taller  (2— 3f),  \im.  If;  gl.  and  fl.  shorter  (2").    S.  {Chapman). 

5  A.  Janata  Poir.    Culms  2— 4f,  stout,  branched  from  base;    Ivs.  flat,  with  ivoolly 

sheaths:  pan.  1— 2f,  woolly  in  its  axils;  upper  glume,  lower  (purplish)  pale  and  lat- 
eral awns  each  4—5",  middle  awn  some  longer,   u  Sandy  soils,  S. 

6  A,  splcif^rmis  Ell.     Culms  l—3f,  rigid,  simple;  Ivs.  rolled,  rigid,  smooth;  pan, 

spike-form,  dense  ;  flower  T  long,  awns  as  long,  gl.  much  shorter.   %  Wet  sands,  S. 

7  A.    purpurascens   Poir.    (c)  Culms  slender,    2 — 3f;  Ivs.  scarcely  rolled  ;  pan.  If 

long,  loosely  spicate;  glum.!  and  fl.  ^—h" ,  pvrplish  ;  awns  1',  spreading.  %  Sandy. 

8  A.  stricta  Mx.    Culms  2— 3f,  strictly  erect,  with  long  rigid  rolled  Ivs.;  pan.  loosely 

racemous.  If;  gl.  6—7",  fl.  6",  lateral  awns  7—9",  central  9—15".    ii  Va.,  and  S. 

9  A,  oligaiitha  Mx.    Culms  1— Uf,  in  tufts;  raceme  few-flowered;  glume  and  fl.  9". 

very  slender,  awns  capillary,  divaricate,  18—30"  long.    Prairies,  W.  and  S. 

17.  PASPALUM,  L.  Splkelets  planocon- 
vex,  in  one-sided  spikes.  Glumes  (apparently) 
3,  membranous,  equal,  ovate  or  orbicular,  closely- 
applied  to  the  fertile  flower.  Grain  coated  with 
the  smooth  coriaceous  pales.  (But  theoretically, 
the  lower  glume  is  obsolete,  and  its  place  sup- 
plied by  the  empty  pale  of  an  abortive  flower. 
In  Nos.  15 — 17  the  lower  glume  appears,  under  a 
lens,  as  a  mere  rudiment.) — Spikes  linear,  the 
flowers  in  2 — 4  rows. 

§  Paspalum.    Spikelets  round  or  round-oval,  obtuse. 

Spikes  alternate... (*) 
§  DiGiTAUiA.    Spikelets  ovate    to  lanceolate,  acute. 

Spikes  often  digitate. .  .(**) 

*  Terminal  spike  mostly  solitarj',  rarely  2,  V  wide, 

*  Terminal  spikes  mostly  3  or  4,  2"  wide.    Spikelets  in  2  rows. . . 

*  Terminal  spikes  mostly  4 or  5.— Spikelets  close,  in  3  or  4  rows. 

—Spikelets  in  remote  pairs 

**  Rachis  leHf-like,  broader  than  the  spikelets.    Spikes  alternate 
**  IJachis  narrower  than  the  spikelets.    Spikes  digitate.  ..{a) 

a  Glumes  (gl.  and  pale)  about  equal,  as  long  as  the  flower. .  .(6) 

a  Gls.  (both  conspicuous)  one  or  both  very  short.  Spks.  4—9 Nos.  16,  17 

b  Spikes  spreading,  always  two  in  Nos,  10,  11 ;  two  —six  in No.  12 

b  Spike?  erect.— Racliis  fiat,  spikelets  by  I's  or2's,  close Nos.  13,  14 

— Rachis  filiform,  spikelets  by  .3's,  loose No.  15 

1    P.  setekccutti  Mx.    Culm  slendfr,  ascending,  1— '2f,  naked  above ;  Ivs.  linear,  flat, 
o_3'/  wide,  eoff,  hairy ;   spikes  very  slender,  2—1',  1  or  2  on  the  long  peduncle,  oRcn 


390  Grd^r  155.-   GRAMINE^. 

a  sheathed  asillaiy  one  below  ;  spikelets  small,  f",  in  pain,  but  eecming  2-rowca, 
very  pmooth     u  Prv  or  wot,  Mass.  to  111.,  and  S.    Aug. 

2  P.  laeve  Mx.  (p)  Cu^m  erect,  li— 3f;   Ivs.  broad-linear,  hairy  at  base  or  smooth; 

epikes  3—5 ;  ppikelets  (a,  h)  single,  contiguous,  in  2  rows  on  the  narrow  straightieh 
rachis,  round  and  smooth,  If".    "U  Grassy  banks,  Ct.  to  Ind.,  and  S.    Aug. 
/3.  altisatmum.  Strict,  tall ;  sheaths  flattened  close  on  the  spikes. 

3  P.  angustifoltum  Le  Cont.    Cum.  viry,  2— 3f ;  Ivs.  linear-filiform,  comprcssed- 

carinate  ;  epikes  2  or  3,  1—2" ;  rachis  narrow,  flexuous  ;  spikelets  round-oval,  brown, 

1",  in  2  rows,    Whole  plant  glabrous".    2;  Wet  places.    Ga.,  Fla.,  La.  [and  S. 

/3.  tentie.    Spikes  4  or  5,  very  slender,  3-rowed;  ivs.  and  sheaths  ciliate.    N.  J., 

4  P.  praecox  Walt.    Culm  erect,  3— 4f;  Ivs.  long,  narrow,  smooth;   Bheaths  purple, 

t^mooth  or  hairy ;  spikes  3—6,  bearded  at  base,  dense  ;  rachis  straight  and  flat ;  epkl. 
orbicular,  in  3  rows,  often  brown,    u  Swamps,  S.    May,  June. 

5  P.  dasypliylluni  EU.    Culm  rigid,  erect,  2— 3f;  Ivs.  linear,  and  with  the  sheaths 

hairy  all  over;  spikes  2—5,  large,  2 — 4' ;  spkl.  orbicular-oval,  near  2",  in  2  or  3  rows 
tinder  the  very  flexuous  rachis.     7i  Dry  fields,  S.    July— Oct. 
/3.  floridanunt,    Lvs.  long  and  narrow  ;  spikelets  in  3  rows.    Damp,  S. 

6  P,  virgCLtum  L.    Culm  U— 3f;  lvs.  broad-linear,  ciliate  near  the  base;    spikes 

3—1-3,  2—4' ;  rachis  broad,  but  narrower  than  the  .3—4  rows  of  small  (1")  roundish 
tpikclets ;  glume  3-veined.    (T)  Moi5.t  soils,  S.    July— Oct. 

p.  undulhlum.    Upper  glume  (pale)  undulate-rugous  at  edge. 

Y.  latifblium,     Lvs.  very  broad  ((3-0") ;  spikelets  larger  (H"). 

7  P,  racemulosuin  N.    Culm  erect,  firm,  2— v}f;  lvs.  long,  linear,  soft-hairy;  spikes 

3—4,  raceme-like,  2—6';  spkl.  oval,  in  remote  pairs,  H",  the  glume  5-veined,  tawny. 
U  Dry  soils,  S.    (P.  interruptum  C-B.)    Aug.,  Sept. 

8  P.  flultans  K.    Culms  floating  or  ascending,  12— 20' ;  lvs.  lance-linear,  on  open 

sheaths;  spikes  20—50,  1— 2f',  rachis  1"  wide,  flat,  pointed,  out-running  the  minute 
white  spikelets  beneath  them.    (T)  River  swamps.  111.  to  Va.,  and  S.    Oct. 

9  P.  Waltericiuunt  Schlt.     Culm  and  lvs.  as  in  P.  jluitans.     Spikes  3—5,  2—^', 

partly  sheathed;  rachis  not  out-running  the  white  (1")  spkl.  Wet,  N.  J.,  and  S.  J1.+ 

10  P.  Dlgltaria  Poir.  Assurgent,  1- 2K;  lvs.  broad-linear,  flat,  on  long  sheaths; 
spikes  slender,  3—5',  a  pair  at  top  of  the  long  ped.  and  some  axillary  sheathed  be- 
low;  spkl.  lanceolate,  rachis  flattened  vertically,    if  Woods,  Va.,  and  S.    Jl.— Sept. 

IIP,  coiijugatum  Berg.  Erect,  1— 2f;  lvs.  short  (2 — 4');  spikes  a  pair  at  top, 
(rarely  axillary),  very  slender,  3' ;  spikelets  minute,  white,  ovate.    (T)  N.  Orl.    § 

1  2  P.  glabrum  (Gaud.)  Culms  decumbent,  spreading,  8—15' ;  lvs.  short ;  spikes 
2-4.  spreading,  1—2',  slender;  spkl.  ovate,  purple,  |",  2-rowed ;  upper  gl.  equaling 
tlie  fl.,  lower  minute.  (1)  Sandy  fields,  N.  J.,  and  S.  §  (P.  ambiguum,  DC.)  Aug.  -^ 
3  P.  distioliuin  L.  Culms  assurgent,  12—18';  lvs.  broad-linear;  spikes  2  or  3, 
erect,  ne-u-  the  top,  U— 2J^' ;  rachis  linear,  narrower  than  the  2  or  3  rows  of  whitish 
ovate  U"  spikelets.     ii  Wei  grounds,  S.  States.     Plant  smoothish.    July,  Aug. 

14  P.  tristleliuni  Le  C.  Culm  ascending,  l—2r;  peduncles  from  the  upper  joint, 
1—3,  filiform,  each  bearing  3  filiform  suberect  spikes;  spkl.  whitish,  lance-ovate,  mi- 
nute ;  rachis  flexuous.    Wet  places.    7;  Ga,  Fla.,  to  La.    Aug. 

1  5  P.  filiformc  Swtz.  Culm  filiform,  erect,  1— IK;  lvs.  short;  spikes  2—0,  filiform, 
erect ;  rachis  filiform ;  spkl.  oblong,  \",  in  3's  ;  lower  glume  obsolete,  upper  as  long 
as  the  flower.    Dry  soils,  ®  ISIs.  to  Ky.,  and  S. 

IG  P.  serotlimm  Ilgg.  Decumbent,  rooting,  hairy-villous ;  lvs.  shoit  (1—2)', 
lance-linear;  branches  each  with  3— 5  filiform  digitate  spikes;  rachis  Btrs!/.n',;  spkl. 
lance-ovate,  striate,  minute.     U  Sandy  fields,  S.  G.  to  La.     Sept.,  Oct. 

17  P.  sanguinale  Lam.  Crab  or  Finger  O.  {<!)  Erect,  1— 2f,  lvs.  \  a^  sheaths 
oftener  hairy;  spikes  5— 9,  digitate,  spreading,  4—0';  rachis  flexuous;  tpkl.  (c) 
oblong-lanceolate,  H",  upper  gl.  (c)  \  as  long  as  the  flower,  (e)  lower  one  miuato.  (i 
Waste  ground--.     Aug.— Oct.    § 


Order  155.— GRAMINE^. 


391 


18.  MILLIUM,  L.  Millet  G.  Spikelets  awn- 
less,  consisting  of  2  coriaceous  pales  enclosed  in 
apparently  2  glumes,  which  are  longer.  (But  the- 
oretically the  glumes  are  as  in  Paspalum.)  Sta.  3. 
Grain  coated  by  the  pales.    Panicle  open. 

Ha,  efrusnm  L.  (a)  Culm  erect,  3— 8f ;  Ivs.  flat,  emooth : 
pan.  diffuse,  6—9'  long;  spkl.  oblong,  (c)  scattered,  acute 
1".    Woods,  Can.  to  III.  and  Pa.    Summer. 


19.  AMPHICARPUM,  Kunth.  Spikelets  appar- 
ently 1-flwd.,  and  perfect  as  in  Millium,  but  of  two  kinds ; 
the  terminal  deciduous  and  sterile,  the  radical  under 
ground,  and  fertile.  Gl.  and  pales  sub-equal,  lanceolate, 
acute.  Panicle  strict,  erect.  Radical  fls.  larger,  solitary. 
A.  Pur«UIi  K.  (/)  Culm  If,  erect;    Ivp.  erect,  hairy;    sheaths 

hairy,  the  upper  leafless  ;  pan.  on  a  long  exserted  ped. ;  S  spike- 
'«t6  H"  long,  the  ?  radical,  2i",  the  grain  terete,  same  length. 
Barrens,  N.  J.,  and  S.    Aug. 

20.  PANICUM,  L.     Panic  G.      Glumes  2,  unequal, 
awnless,  the  lower  much  smaller.    Fls.  2,  dissimilar,  the 
lower  of  1  or  2  pales,  neutral  or  S  ;    the  upper  5  of  2 
equal  cartilaginous  polished,    concave,    awnless  pales  coating  the  gram. 
Sta.  3.      Stig.  2,  plumous,  purple.      Spikelets  in 
Bimple  or  compound  panicles. 

§  Spikelets  acute,  or  acuminate,  very  numerous,  raccmcd 

in  large  panicles. . . (*) 
$  Spikelets  obtuse,  or  barely  acute,  solitary,  pedicillatc, 

not  numerous..  .(**) 

*  Abortive  fl.  neutral,  consisting  of  one  pale.,  .{a) 

*  Abortive  flower  neutral,  of  2  pales... (6) 

*  Abortive  flower  i  ,  of  2  pales.    Culms  erect, 

terete,  with  one  paniole Nos. 

a  Panicle  ample,  capillar}',  spikelets  sinj 

on  capillary  pedicels Iw...  .,  ~  ,,/ 

a  Panicle  not  capillary,  donsc-flowcred No.  3     ' 

b  Lower  glume  as  long  as  the  upper,  2",  both 

.3 -veined 

b  Lower  gl.  very  short,  the  upper  3-5-veined,  1"  or  loss. Nos.  5,  6 

b  Lower  gl.  very  short,— upper  7-9- veined,  not  tumid Nos.  7,  8 

—upper  11-veined,  tumid  at  base,  2" No.  9 

♦♦  Abortive  flower  neutral,  consisting  of  a  single  pale Nos.  12,  1.3 

♦•  Abortive  flower  of  2  pales,  the  upper  small  and  scarions,.  .(c) 
c  Leaves  narrow  (1—5"  wide),  obscurely  veined... (c?) 
c  Leaves  broad,  5—20"  wide,  conspicuously  veined..  .(.!■) 

d  Spikelets  silky-fringed.    Lower  glume  obsolete.     5  Fl.  colored No.  1» 

d  Spikelets  glabrous,  or  merely  pubescent.    Lower  glume  small. .  .(e) 

€  Spikelets  less  than  1"  long,  round-oval.    Glume  5-veined Nos.  15,  Hi 

«  Spikelct»  1—li"  long.  oval.     Glume  9-veincd Noe.  17.  IS 


OS.  10,  11  m 

igic      m 

.Nos.  1,  2  f//j 


692  Order  155.— GRAMINE^. 

X  Abortive  fl.  usually  staminate.    Spikelets  obovate,  IJ" Nos.  19,  50 

a?  Abortive  flower  neutral,  never  with  Ptamen8,..(j^) 

y  Plant  stout,  sofc-dowiiy,  except  the  smooth  noder No.  21 

y  Plant  smoothis>h,  or  rongh-hairy,  branched  or  simple Nos.  22,  25 

Exotic,  cultivated No.  24 

1  P.  caplllare  L.    Culms  thick  at  bage,  1— 2f ;  Ivs.  broad-linear,  and  with  the  sheathB 

bristly-hairy;    panicle  ample,  pyramidal,  capillary,  loose;    spkl.  lance-ovate,  acumi- 
nate, \'\  purple.    (D  Fields  and  waysides.    Aug. 

2  P.  autumnale  Bosc.    Culm  slender,  10—20' ;  Ivs.  short,  soon  rolled,  and  with  the 

long  sheaths  glabrous  ;  pan.  diffuse,  bearded  in  the  axils  ;  ped.  long  (2—4'),  capillary ; 
spkl.  lance-oblong;  lower  gl.  minute.    111.  to  Car. 
8  P.  proliferum  Lam.    Glabrous,  2— ,3f;   Ivs.  broad-linear,  en  tumid  sheaths  ;  pan. 
terminal  and  lateral,  pyramidal,  ped.  sheathed  ;    spkl.  elliptic,  V ;   lower  gl.  V4  <Jr 
Vs  as  long  as  the  upper ;   5  fl.  pointed.    Rich  shady  soils.    Aug.,  Sept. 
/3.  g-enicttlhtum.    Culm  thick,  geniculate  below  ;  pan.  dense.    Marshes. 

4  P.  Kymnocarpum  Ell.    Culms  2— .3f,  stout,  erect ;  Ivs.  lanceolate,  1'  wide ;  pan, 

large,  expanding  ;  spkl.  lanceolate,  2^',  in  clusters  of  .3—5;  glumes  and  neutral  pale* 
twice  longer  than  the  naked  fertile  fl.    Banks,  Ga.,  Fla.,  and  W. 

5  P.  lilans  Ell.    Slender,  glabrous,  decumbent  at  base,  2f;  Ivs.  narrow;  pan.  of  slen- 

der racemes;  spkl.  J",  lower  gl.  i—}  as  long  as  the  upper;   both  fls.  coriaceous,  di- 
vergent or  gaping  at  apex.    Damp  barrens,  S.    Aug.— Oct. 

6  Po  agrostoides  Muhl.   (a)   Culm  U— 3f,  compressed;    Ivs.  long,  rough-edged; 

pan.  term,   and  lateral,  pyramidal,  purplish,  of  dense  racemes;  spkl.  (6)  1",  lance 
ovate  ;  upper  gl.  3-veined,  i  longer  than  the  lower  ;  neutral  pales  sub-equal.     Jl.  ^ 

7  P.  anceps  Mx.    Culm  and  Ivs.  as  in  No.  0.     Pan.  very  large  and  open;  spkl.  1^", 

forked  when  ripe ;  upper  gl.  5-veiucd.  twice  longer  than  the  lower,  shorter  than  tho 
lower  neutral  pale,  which  is  twice  longer  than  the  other  pales.  N.  J.,  and  S.    Aug. + 

8  P.  vilfiforme  Wood.    Very  glabrous ;  pan.  at  each  joint,  and  term,  of  loose  i-a- 

cemes;  spkl.  lance-ovate;  up.  gl.  9-veined,  H",  lower  neutral  pale  a  little  longer,  the 
other  .3  pales  a  little  shorter,  lower  gl.  i  as  long.    Meadows,  E.  Tenn.    Aug. 

9  P.  gibbum  Ell.    Culm  2— 3f,  assurgent;    Ivs.  broad-linear,  glabrous;   pan.  5—6', 

dense,  spindle-form ;  spkl.  tumid,  near  2"  ;   lower  gl,  very  small,  upper  very  large, 
11-veined,  g'iiftoM*  at  base;  sterile  fl.  (,j ,  C/iapr?i.)  neutral.    Wet.    S.    Jl.— Sept. 

10  P.  amarum  Ell.  Culm  terete,  strict,  2— .3f;  Ivs.  rolled  and  rigid  (bitter  to  taste) , 
pan.  6 — TO',  contracted,  its  smooth  branches  appres-sed-erect ;  spkl.  lanco-ovate ; 
glumes  pointed,  the  lower  1",  upper  nearly  2" ;  sterile  fl.  1^",  an th.  orange.    Sands. 

IIP.  vlrgatum  L.    Culm  3— 5f,  Ivs.  flat ;  pan.  large,  thin,  at  length  difl'ase,  10—20' 
long;  spkl.  scattered,  ovate,  pointed,  purplish;  upper  gl.  2",  sterile  fl.  1J-",  fertile  fl. 
and  lower  gl.  1",  all  divergent  when  ripe ;  anth.  purple.    N.  Y.,  S.,  and  W.    Aug. 
/3.  ohtiisuiHt    Panicle  contracted  ;  spikelets  smaller,  not  pointed,  obtusish.    N.J. 

12  P.  verrucosiiin  Muhl.  Slender,  weak,  decumbent  below,  10—20';  Ivs.  lance- 
linear,  short ;  pan.  few-flowered;  spikelets  obovate,  bluish,  t — h"i  beset  with  fine 
warty  {vemiccms)  points.    (T)  Thickets  and  swamps,  not  rare.     Aug. 

ISP.  villoHiiin  Ell.  Villous  with  soft  white  hairs  throughout,  10—20';  Ivs,  flat, 
.<liort ;  p;m.  small  (2—3'  long),  oblong,  loose;  spkl.  oval,  1",  green;  upper  gl.  and  2 
fls.  equal,  lower  glume  i  ai  long.    Ev>ir^oja,  diu;).    S.    Apr.,  Ma/. 

14  P.  eiliatifloriim  Wood.  Fnnged  G.  Erect,  strict,  2— .3f;  Ivs.  narrow,  rigid, 
flat,  ciliate;  pan.  slender,  strict,  3—4';  spkl.  H",  oblong,  silky-villous  glume  soli- 
taiy,  equaling  1  he  lower  starainate  pale,  5-veined.    Barrens,  S.    Sept. 

ft.  rufum,    Lvs.  glabrous,  erect;  sterile  fl.  neutral,  hairs  purple. 

15  P.  diclietomuin  L.  Culm  at  first  simple  with  one  panicle,  soon  branched, 
slender,  S— 20' ;  lvs.  lance-linear,  short,  1—4'  by  2—4";  terminal  pan.  oval,  small 
(1—2'),  stalked ;  spkl.  few  and  small,  \",  round-oval ;  lower  gl.  J— i  as  long  at}  the  up. 
per.    Common  in  fields.    Juno— Sept. 


Order  155.— GRAMINE^.  393 

fi.  nitidum.    Smooth,  shining;  Ivs.  narrow;  ped.  long;  ppkl.  ovaL 

y,  apheerocdrpum.    Hairy;  peduncle  long;  spkl.  ronnded,  dark-purple. 

i.  barbulutum.    Taller ;  nodes  with  a  ring  of  deflexed  hairs. 

S.  lanug-inbnum.    Woolly;  Ivs.  larger;  spikelets  green;  pan.  larger. 

^.  spathaceum.    Hairy  and  leafy  to  the  top ;  panicles  sessile. 
16  P.  depauperatum   Mnhl.      Culm  simple,  strict,   tufted,  6—12';    Ivs.  linear, 
erect,  the  upper  elongated;  pan.  simple,  sessile  or  becoming  long-stalked;   spkl. 
oval,  f— 1" ;  lower  gl.  i  as  long  as  the  upper  7-veined  one.     Hills  and  woods,  com« 
mon.    June.    Varies  with  Ivs.  hairy  or  smoothish,  and 

/3.  involutnnty  with  Ivs.  involute,  ending  in  a  long  stiff  point. 
1  7  P.  paiiciflorum  Ell.  (c)  Culm  assurgent,  1— 2f;  Ivs.  lanceolate,  3—5'  by  5—7" 
hirsute  below  as  well  as  the  sheaths,  faintly  9-veined;  pan.  open  ;  spkl.  {d,  e)  few, 
large  (1— U"),  oval ;  lower  gl.  i  as  long  as  the  upper,  (cc,  neutral  fl.)  Damp  shades. 
1  8  P.  pubescens  Lam.  Culm  slender,  branched,  2— 3f ;  Ivs.  lauce-lincar,  3—6'  by 
3_5"^  9-veined,  retrorsely  hirsute  as  well  as  the  open  sheaths  ;  spkl.  oval,  1^",  pnbes. 
cent,  outer  glume  lanceolate,  1",  inner  9-veined.    Dry  fields.    June. 

19  P.  latlfollum  L.  Erect,  l—2f;  Ivs.  lanceolate,  dilated  and  cordate-clasping  at 
base,  3— 5' by  1',  smoothish,  11-13-veined ;  pan.  exserted,  3'  long;  spkl.  obovate, 
H"  ;  lower  gl.  ovate,  i",  upper  gl.  9-veined  ;  neutral  pales  sub-equal,  usually  with  3 
stamens.    In  moist  shady  places  :  common.    June,  July. 

20  P.  xantliophysum  Gr.  Culm  simple  or  branched  below,  9—15' ;  Ivs.  lance- 
olate, 3— C  by  5—7",  not  dilated  at  the  ciliate  clasping  base ;  pan.  long-stalked, 
raceme-like;  spkl.  few,  round-obovate,  IJ"; -lower  gl.  ovate,  i  as  long  as  the  upper 
9-nerved  one;  sterile  fl.  often  ^.    Diy.    N.  Eng.  to  Wis.    June. 

21  P.  -viscldum  Ell.  Hoary  with  a  dense  viscid  pubescence,  2— 4f,  stout;  joints 
with  a  smooth  brown  ring;  Ivs.  lance-linear,  3—6'  by  6—16"  ;  pan.  4—6',  loose;  spkl, 
pale,  oval,  1"  ;  lower  gl.  and  upper  pale  minute.    Wet.    N.  J.,  and  S.    Aug. 

22  P.  clandestinum  L.  Culm  rigid,  leafy,  2— 3f ;  Ivs.  3—6'  by  1',  dilated  and  cor- 
date at  base ;  sheaths  scabrous  or  rough-hairy,  enclosing  the  lateral  and  often  the 
terminal  dense  panicle  ;  spkl.  elliptical,  U".    Moist  woods.    July,  Aug, 

23  P.  mlcrocarpon  Muhl.  Erect,  simple,  glabrous;  Ivs.  lanceolate,  broad  and 
clasping  at  base,  veiny,  6—10"  wide  ;  pan.  long-stalked,  diffuse ;  spkl.  small  (-J),  oval, 
numerous,  purple  ;  lower  gl.  minute.    Pa.,  W.,  and  S.    July— Sept. 

24  P.  MiLiACEUM.  Millet.  Lvs.  lance-linear  and  sheaths  hairy;  pan.  large,  open,  nod- 
ding ;  spkl.  ovate,  solitary ;  glumes  pointed,  sub-equal.    Turkey. 

21.  PENIOILLARIA  spicata.  Erect,  4f,  branching,  with  broad, 
flat  leaves.  Panicle  cylindric-oblong,  If  in  length,  compact,  consisting  of  innumerable 
simple  branches,  each  with  2  or  1  spikelets  at  the  end,  and  clothed  with  spreading  hairs 
Each  spikelet  bears  at  length  a  white  ripened  grain.    (I)  E,  India. 

22.  OPLISMENUS,    Beauv.     Cock-spur  G. 

Spikelets  in  dense,  spike-hke,  panicled  racemes. 
Ghimes  and  lower  pale  of  the  sterile  11.  rough- 
pointed  or  awned.    Otherwise  as  in  Panicum. 

I  O.  crus-galli  L.  (a)  Culm  terete,  3— 4f ;  lvs.  lance- 
linear,  rough-edged,  ligule  none ;  pan.  with  its  spike- 
form  branches  alternate  or  in  pairs ;  rachis  rough-hairy  ; 
glumes  bristly,  scarcely  awned ;  awn  of  the  pale  (6) 
6—18"  long,  very  rough.  Sheaths  generally  smooth. 
Waste  grounds :  com.  Aug.,  Sept.  §  [merely  pointed. 
^.  mutieng,  (c)  Awns  very  short,  or  the  hispid  pale 
i.  MapiduH,    Sheaths  very  bristly;  awns  very  long.    A  very  coarse  varioty. 


394 


OiiDEU  105.— GRAMINE^. 


2  O.  Walter!  (Ell),  Culms  Blender,  2f;  Ivs.  narrow  and  sheaths  g'.abroug ;  splkefi 
one-sided,  i— 1'  longf,  alternate;  glumes  hispid,  pointed  ;  the  lis.  somewhat  pointed, 
the  sterile  with  3  stamens.    Low  grounds,  Car.  to  Fla.,  and  La.    July. 

8  O.  lilrtellus  R.  &  S.  Decumbent,  branched,  ciliate ;  Ivs.  lanceolate,  1—2'  by 
4— G";  spikes  erect,  remote,  one-sided,  J' long,  few  in  the  perfectly  simple  panicle; 
pale  long-awned,  glumes  short-awued.    Woods,  South.    Aug.— Oct. 

23.  SETARIA,  Beauv.  Bristly  Foxtail.  Fls. 
ill  cylindric  spikes  or  spike-like  panicles.  Spike- 
lets  each  subtended  by  a  cluster  of  awn-like  bris- 
tles (abortive  pedicels)  forming  a  bristly  involucre. 
Otherwise  as  in  Panicum.    July,  Aug. 

§  Bristles  rough  backward,  in  pairs,  short No.  1 

§  Bristles  rough  upward (a) 

a  4—10  in  each  involucre Nos.  2—4 

a  1—3   in  each  involucre Nos.  5—7 

1  S.  verticlllata  Beauv.  Spicate  pan.  2—3',  composed 
of  short  divided  branchlets  seeming  in  many  verticils  ; 
bristles  little  longer  than  the  spikelets ;  fruit-pales 
rough-punctate.    Culm  2f.  (I)  N.  £ug.  to  Car.,  and  W.  § 

2  S.  g-lauca  Beauv.    Bottle  G.    Spike  cylindric,  yellowish,  2—4',  nearly  simple;  m- 

vol.  of  6—10  bristles  much  longer  than  the  spikelets  ;  fruit  rugous  crosswise,  some- 
what triquetrous,  blackish.    Culm  2— 3f.    (I)  Fields,  gardens;  common.    § 

3  S.  viridis  Beauv.      Wild  Timothy,  (a)     Spike  cylindric,  1—3',  compound,  green ; 

invol.  of  4—10  bristles  much  longer  than  the  spikelets  (&,  c);  fruit-pales  striate  length- 
wise  and  dotted  (under  a  lens).    Culm  1— 2f.    (i)  Cultivated  grounds,  N.    § 

4  S.  Germanica   Beauv.     Millet.     Bengal  G.      Spike  flattened,  oblong-cylindric, 

compound,  3—5'  by  9"  :  i-achis  bristly ;  invol.  of  4—8  bristles,  little  longer  thaji  the 
spikelets,  yellowish  ;   8  pales  dull-rugous.    Culm  3— 4f.    ®  Fields.    § 

5  S.  Italica  K.    Spicate  pan.  6— 18' long  by  1—2'  thick;  invol.  yellowish,  of  2  or  a 

bristles  8—10  times  longer  than  the  spikelets  and  half-concealing  them ;    s  pales 
smooth,  polished,  shining.    Culm  4— 6f.    (i)  Swamps,  S. 

6  S.  corrugata  Schul.    Spicate  pan.  3—6',  cylindric,  dense  above  ;  bristles  1  to  each 

spikelet  and  thrice  as  long;  c  pales  strongly  corrugated.   Fla.,  Ga. 
T  S.  composita  K.    Spicate  pan.  loose,  its  lower  clusters  separated  ;  bristles  1  or  2 
under  each  spkl.  and  5  times  longer ;  «  flower  acute,  smoothish.    Fla. 

24.  OENCHRUS  L.  Burr  G.  Fls.  racemed  or 
spicate.  Involucre  a  burr  {a)  beset  with  spines,  be- 
coming hard  and  pungent  in  fruit,  and  enclosing, 
several  (1 — 3)  spikelets  {b).  Glumes  and  flowers  as  in 
Panicum,  the  sterile  flower  $, .  Culms  branched.  Aug. 

C.  tribuloides  L.  Culms  1— 2f,  tufted,  decumbent,  spreading;  Ivs,  as  short  as 
their  open  compressed  sheaths;  spikes  several,  1—2' Ions ;  burrs  adhering  by  their 
rough  spines  to  everything  passing.  Sandy  shores,  N.  J.  to  111.,  and  N.  (See  Addenda  ) 

25.  PHALARIS,  L.  Canary  G.  Spikelets  1 -(theoretically  3)-flow- 
ered.  Gl.  2,  subequal,  carinate,  longer  than  the  two  shining  pales  of  the 
5  fl.,  all  awnless.  Neutral  rudiments  at  base  of  the  5  fl.  mereh^2  single 
pales  or  hairy  pedicels  (6,  c).  Grain  coated.  Handsome  flat-leaved  grasses. 

1  P.  arnndiuacca  L.  liibbon  G.  A  showy  but  not  valuable  grass,  2— 5f ;  Ive. 
lancc-lhicar  ;    pan.  contracted,  dense,  3—6'  long ;  glumes  (a)  2J",  pointed  ;  rudiments 


Ordeu  155.— GRAMINE^. 


395 


2,  hairy,  at  the  base  of  the  ovate  pales  (ft),      it  Ditches 

and  swamps,  Can.  to  Car.,  aud  Ky.    July,  Angnst. 

p.  picta.    Striped  G.     Lvs,  endlessly  variegated  with 

white  and  green.    Cultivated. 

2  P.  Canarl^nsis  L.      Canary    G.      Bird-seed.      Culm 

terete,  erect,  l—2f;  Ivp.  lance-linear ;  pan.  epicate,  ovoid, 

1—2' ;  gl.  winged  on  the  keel  (c) ;  rudiments  smooth.    (T) 

Introduced  inio  fields  and  gardens  from  Isle  Fortunatus. 

26.  ANTHOXANTHUM,  .L.  Sweet  Vernal 
G.  Spikelets  {d)  3-flowered,  the  central  fl.  5,  the 
two  lateral  neuter,  each  of  1  bearded  pale.  Gl.  2, 
unequal.     Pales  2,  short,  awnless.    Sta.  2. 

A,  odoratum  L.  Slender,  erect,  10—18';  lvs.  short;  pan- 
icle spicate,  li — 3' ;  neutral  pales  ciliate  (e),  one  with  a 
bent  awn  from  near  the  base,  the  other  with  a  straight  awn 
ft-om  the  back  above.  Fls.  in  May  and  June  ill-scented, 
but  when  cut  as  hay  it  is  very  fragrant.   §  (a,  the  9  fl.) 

27.  HIEROCHLOA,  Gmel.    Seneca  G.    Spkl.j 
-fiwd.     Gl.  2,  scarious.     Lateral  fls.  $, 

triaudrous,  central  fl.  5? ,  with  2  (or  3)  sta- 
mens.   Inflor.  paniculate.    Sweet-scented. 

1  H.  borcalls  R.  &  S.  (/)      Very   smooth ; 

simple,  erect,  15 — 30';   root  lvs.  as  long  as  the 

culm,  cauline  lvs.  lanceolate,  short;  pan.  open, 

few-flwd.,  2—3' ;  spkl.  (g)  broad,  subcordate,  colored,  awnlcsa. 

meadows,  Va.,  and  North.    May. 
H.  alpina  R.  &  S.    Smooth;  culm  erect, 

G— 8',  stout;  lvs.  lance-linear;   pan.  ovoid, 

1—2' ;  spkl.  purple,  longer  than  their  branch- 
lets;  lower  fl.  with  an  awn  on  the  back  a.<«  long  as  the 
pales.    2f  High  Mts.,  N.  Eng.,  N.  Y.    June. 

28.  HOLOUS,  L.  Soft  G.  Spkl.  2-flwd.,  pan- 
iculate. Gl.  herbaceous,  boat-shaped,  mucronate. 
Fls.  pedicellate,  the  lower  § ,  awnless ;  the  upper 

5  or  neutral,  awned  on  the  back.    July. 

H.  lanatiis  L.  (Ji)  Hoary- 
pubescent,  li— 2f ;  lvs.  lance- 
linear;  pan.  oblong,  dense,  purplish-white;  fls.  (i) 
shorter  than  the  glumes  (A;);  awn  of  the  sterile  fl. 
curved,  included,    n  Wet  meadows.    A  beautiful  grass. 

29.  AIRA,  L.  Spkl.  2-flwd.  without  abortive 
or  sterile  ones.  Gl.  2,  thin,  shining,  subecjual. 
One  of  the  fls.  pedicellate.  Pales  subequal,  hairy 
at  base,  the  lower  truncate  at  apex,  and  awned  on 
the  back.    Fls.  in  an  open  pan.,  silveiy-purplisli. 

§  Glumes  longer  than  the  fls.    Pale  entire No.  1 

^  Gl.  about  equaling  the  fls.    ralclaccrated..NoB.  2,  % 


396 


Order  155.— GRAMINE^. 


1  A.  atropurpurea  Wahl.    In  tufts.  If,  very  slender;  Ivs.  flat;  pan,  thin;   awi. 

Ptout,  twice  as  lons^as  the  pale,    n  High  Mts.,  N.  Eng.  and  N.  Y.    August. 

2  A.  flexuosa  L.  (0    In  large  tnft^,  smooth,  1— 2f ;    Ivs.  setaceous,  mostly  radical; 

pan.  loose,  with  long  flexuous  spreading  branches ;  awn  geniculate,  twice  longei 
than  the  pale  (m).    u  Dry  hills  :  common.    June. 

3  A.  caespitosa  L.  (n)     Tufted,  glabrous,  18—30';  Ivs.  narrow-linear,  flat;  pan.  ob- 

long, finally  diffuse  ;    awn  straight,  as  long  as  the  pale,  which  is  longer  than  the  blu 
ish  glumes,  (o,  spikelet,  p,  fl.)    u  Swamps,  northward.    May, 

30.  DANTHONIA,  DC.  Spkl.  2-7-flwd.  Gl.  2,  subequal, 
cuspidate,  longer  than  the  whole  spikelet  of  fls.  Pales  haiiy  at 
base,  lower  one  bidentate  and  awned  at  apex,  upper  obtuse,  en- 
tire.   Awu  flattened  and  twisted  at  base.     U  Fls.  racemous. 

1  D.  (^picata   R.  &  S.    (a)     Lvs.  narrowly-linear,  shorter  than  the  inter- 

nodes;  culm  1— 2f,  slender;  spkl.  few  (about  6),  in  a  subsimple  raceme; 
gl.  4—5" ;  fl3.  (b)  about  7,  pubescent.    Lvs.  mostly  radi- 
cal, in  little  tufts.    Dry  hills  :  com.    June— Aug. 

/3.  compr^gga,  Lvg.  longer  than  the  internodes  ;  g])kl. 
about  4  in  the  simple  raceme;  gl.  twice  longer  than  the 
spikelet.  Onondaga  Co..  N.  Y.  (S.  N.  Cowles).  (D.  com- 
pressa,  Austin  ?)     These  characters  are  not  constant. 

2  I>.  sericea  Nutt.     Taller  (2— 2K);    lvs.  and  sheaths 

silky-hirsute ;  spkl.  9—17,  evidently  paniculate ;  gl.  8—9"; 

fls.  about  7,  densely  clothed  with  silvery-silky  hairs ;   awns  brown  at  base  Cas  in 

No.  1),  very  long.    Rare  N.,  common  S.    June. 

31.  AVENA,  L.  Oat.  Oat  G.  Spkl.  2-5-flwd. 
Gl.  2,  loose,  Ibin,  awnless,  large.  Pales  2,  becom- 
ing coriaceous,  the  lower  bifid,  bearing  (mostly)  a 
bent  or  twisted  awn  on  the  back;  upper  pale  coat- 
ing the  oblong  grain.    Fls.  paniculate. 

§  AnuHENATHERUM.   Glumcs  Unequal,  2-flowered, 

with  a  rudiment  of  a  third;    lower  flower 

staminate  and  awned.     Tall No.  1 

§  AiKOPSis.  Gl.  subequal,  2-flwd.,  both  flowers  5J , 

no  rudiment.     Dwarf Nos.  2, 

§  AvENA.     Gl.  equal,  longer  than  the   2  perfect 

flowers,  strongly  striate Nos.  4,  5 

1  A.  elatior  L.  (a,/)    Culm  erect,  2 — 4f;  lvs.  lance-linear;  pan.  narrow,  7- 

ding  ;  upper  gl.  {g)  and  pales  4",  lower  gl.  2"  ;  awn  bent,  twice  longer  than  the  jjile. 
U  A  tall  handsome  grass.    §  Eur.    (Arrhenatherum  avenaceum  Br.)    May— July. 

2  A.  praccox  Beauv,  {d)      Culms  tufted,  erect,  2—5' ;  lvs.  setaceous ;  pan.  dense,  ob- 

long,  \ — r  ;  gl.  {b)  equaling  the  fls.  (c) ;  awns  bent,  twice  longer,  u  N.  Y.  to  Va.    Jn. 

3  A.  faryopliylla  L.    Culms  5 — 10';    lvs.  very  narrow;  pan.  loose,  open;  glumes 

silvery-purple,  scarce  1",  pales  shorter,  awns  exserted.    Dry  fields,  M.    §  Eur. 

4  A.  sATivA.     Common,  Oat.    Culm  terete,  erect,  2— 4f;   lvs.  lance-linear;   pan.  loose, 

pyramidal;  spkl.  large,  pendulous;   both  fls.  tf ,  7",  the  lower  mostly  awned ;  both 
pales  coating  the  nutritious  grain.    Cultivated,  common.    June, 

)3.  nig-ra.    Black  Oafs.    Pales  dark  brown,  almost  black,  without  awns. 

y.  fierunda,    Horse-mane  Oat.    Panicle  one-sided,  nodding;  awns  bhort. 

5  A.  sTERiLis.    Animated  0.    Spkl.  5-flwd.,  2  lower  fls.  each  with    hairy  pales   and  a 

long  bent  awn  which  is  so  sensitive  to  moisture  as  to  be  kept  in  motion  by  the  ordl« 
nary  changes  in  the  air.    From  Europe.    Cult,  as  a  curiosity.    (I)  4f.    July,  August. 


Order  155.— GRAMINEJi:. 


397 


32.  TRISETUM,  L.  Spkl.  2-5-flwd.  Glumes 
2,  shorter  than  the  fls.  Lower  pale  with  two  bris- 
tles at  the  apex  and  a  soft  flexuous  awn  from  above 
the  middle  of  the  back.  Grain  coated,  furrowed. 
It  Fls.  paniculate. 

1  T.    purpurascens   Torn    Spkl,  (p)    about  4-flwd., 

6—8",  few  (6—9)  in  the  very  pimple  purple  panicle ;  fl?. 
(c?)  separate,  bearded  at  base  ;  gl.  (g)  unequal;  Ivs?.  nar- 
row-linear;  culm  erect,  2 — 3f.    Mountain  bogs,  N.    June. 

2  T.  palustre  (Mx.)  Spkl.  (a,  b)  3-flwd.  2i",  the  upper  fl. 

abortive ;  middle  fl.  with  a  bent  awn  its  own  length ;  pan. 
narrow,  4—0' ;  Ivs.  very  phort  (2—3') ;  culm  slender,  2f. 
Plant  smooth.    Wet  meadows.    Maj'— July,    (c,  pale.) 

3  T.  inolle  (Mx.)  Spikelets  2-flwd.,  3"  ;  upper  fl.  with  a  bent  awn  its  own  length  ;  gl, 

lance-linear;    panicle  as  in  No.  2;   Ivs.  broader   and  longer;    plant  2f,  minutely 
downy.    Eocky  hills,  N.    July. 

33.  BROMUS,  L.  Beome  G.  Spikelets 
5-00 -flwd.  Gl.  unequally  veined.  Lower  pale 
5-9-veined,  awned  from  below  the  mostly  bifid 
tip.  Upper  pale  ciliate  on  its  2  keels,  adhering  to 
the  linear  grain.  Coarse  grasses,  with  flat  leaves, 
and  large,  nodding,  panicled  spikelets.  June,  July. 

§  Glumes  narrow,  the  lower  1-veined,  upper  3-veined. 

Lower  pale  keeled. . .  (b) 
§  Glumes  veiny,  the  lower  3—5,  upper  5— 7-veined.  Lower 
pale  convex.,  .(a) 
a  Awn  much  shorter  than  its  pale.    Pan- 
icle spreading Nos.  1,  2 

a  Awu   as  long  as  its   pale.      Panicle  erect,  contracted  in  fniit Nos.  3,  4 

b  Lower  pale  compressed-carinate,  awn  very  short No.  S 

b  Lower  pale  rounded  on  the  back,  the  awn  conspicuous Nos,  6,  7 

1  B.  Ka.lmii  Gr.      Wild  Chess.    More  or  less  hairy,  IJ— 3f ;  spkl.  drooping,  closely 

7-12-flwd.,  densely  silky ;  lower  pal£  .auch  the  larger ;  pan.  small,     n  Dry. 
3  B.  secaliuus  L.     Cheat  or  Chess,  {s)    Nearly  glabrous,  2— 4f;  spkl.  ovate,  tnrgid, 
glabrous,  7-10-flwd.,  fls.  (a)  soon  diverging,  blunt,  awned  or  not;  panicle  nearly  sim- 
ple. 4—8'  long,  spikelets  8—10"  long,  drooping,    (i)  Fields,    §  Eur. 

3  B.  racemosus  L.    Urect  Chess.    Spkl.  ovate-oblong,  glabrous ;  closely  8-12-flwd., 

awns  straight,  4";  pan.  simple  ;  plant  slender,  some  hairy,    (i)  Fields.    §  Eur, 

4  B.  mollis  L.     Downy  Chess.     Plant  downy,  with  spreading  hairs;   spkl.  o""ate, 

about  6-flwd.,  fls.  closely  imbricated  ;  awns  straight,  3—1",    ®  @  Fields  :  rare. 
6  B.  uiiioloides  IL  &  K,     Rescue  G.     Culm  erect,  IJ— 3f,  smoothish ;    pan,  nar 
row,  6—10',  nodding;  spkl.  lance-oblong,  compressed,  1',  8-12-flwd.    ®  Cult.  South. 

6  B.  clliatus  L.    Pan.  compound,  5 — 8',  soon  nodding;  spkl.  at  first  lance-fusifoini 

(6),  7-11-flwd.,  the  fls.  soon  separating;   pale  (c)  compressed-carinate  above,  silky- 
haired  at  edge,  twice  longer  than  its  straight  awu ;  culm  2—41';   Ivs.  some  hairy.    "U 
Shady  banks  :  common,    July,  August. 
i3,  pursranit.    Plant  finely  and  closely  pubescent  all  over. 

7  B.  st^i-ilis  L.    Pan.  compound,  soon  1-sided  and  nodding;  ped.  capillary;   spkl. 

linear-oblong,  about  5-flwd.,  puberulent;  fls.  linear-subulate,  scarcely  as  long  as  the 
awn.    (D  Banks,  Pa.,  and  N.    Rare.    § 

8  B.  BRizoiuEs.    Culm  If,  erc-ct ;   Ivs.  narrow,  conduplicate,  rigid  ;   pan.  erect,  with  a 

few  large,  hanging,  ovate,  avrned  spikelets  ;  pale  dilated,  ear-shaped  above.    Cult. 


398 


OiiDEn  155.— GRAMlNEii:. 


34.  TRIOUSPIS,     Bcauv.      Spkl.  terete,    or   tumid,    3-9-flwd. 
Glumes  unequal,  awnless.     Lower  pale  {n,  c)  conspicuously  fringe- 
bearded  on  the  3  strong  veins,  tipped  with  2  or  3 
teeth,  and  1  or  3  short  awns  or  cusps ;  upper  pale 
much   shorter,   2-toothed    (n).      Fls.    paniculate. 
Sheaths  hairy  at  throat.    Aug.,  Sept. 

§  WiNDsdRiA.    Culm  erect,  simple.    Lower  pale 

.3-cusped No8,  1,  2 

§  Uralepis.    Culm  spreading,  branched.    Lower 

pale  l-cusped Nog.  3,  4 

1  T.  seslerioides  (Mx).  False  Bed-top.  (s,  a,  n,  m)  Culm 

3— of;  Ivs.  linear,  involute  when  dry;    pan.  open,  loose, 
8—12',  the  slender  branches  at  length  spreading ;    spkl. 
(a)  oblong,  3",  5-  or  6-flwd.,  purple,  shining,  u  Beautiful.     ^  ^ 
p.  flex'v'ona.    Branches  of  the  panicle  flexuous  ;  spkl.  3-.5-flwd.,  2".    Pa. 

2  T.  ambigua  (Ell.)    Culm  2— 3f,  wiry ;  Ive.  narrow  and  rolled;  pan.  small  (3—5'), 

few-flwd. ;  epkl.  ovate,  the  5—7  fls,  divaricate,    u  Pine-barrens,  S. 

3  T.  purpurea  (Walt.)  (6)    Culm  bearded  at  the  nodes,  10—18';  Ivs.  subulate,  short; 

panicles  more  or  less  sheathed;  epkl.  (b)  .3-fl\vd.,  awn  scarcely  exceeding  the  eroded 
segments  of  its  pale.    ®  Coast  sands,  Mass.  to  Fla.    (c,  lower  pale.) 

4  T,  coriiitta  (Ell.)    Culm2f;  Ivs.  and  sheatlis  hairy;  awn  of  the  lower  pale  plu 

mous,  much  longer  than  the  lateral  teeth,  recurved.       Dry  sands,  S. 

35.  ARUNDO  Donax.  A  gigantic  ornamental  grass  from  Italy, 
where  it  is  cult,  for  vine-poles,  fence-wood,  fishing  rods,  etc.  Culm  10— 15f  high;  Ivs. 
broad,  flat,  smooth,  and  shining;  pan.  diffusely  branched  ;  gl.  as  long  as  the  3  fle. ;  rachis 
beset  with  long  hairs ;  lower  pale  with  a  short  awn  in  the  cleft  at  apex.  U 

p.  vERSicoi.on.    Gard€n€7''s  Garters.    Leaves  striped  with  white. 

36.  GRAPHEPHORUM,  Desv.  Spkl.  of  2—5  remote  fls.  with  sub 
equal  glumes.  Fls.  Ijearded  at  base.  Gls.  and  pales  thin,  lanceolate,  awn- 
less, convex,  not  keeled.     2;  Erect,  glabrous.      Lvs.  flat.      Panicle  simple 

G.  nielicoides  Bcauv.    Culm  slender,  1— 2f,  with  2  or  3  short  erect  linear  lvs. ;  pan. 
loose,  3—1'  long;  spkl.  2-3-flwd.,  .3—4"  long.  Upper  Mich.    (C.  E.  and  A.  U.  Smith). 
/3.  ?  triflbrum  (Aira  trif.  Ell.)  "Fls.  somewhat  woolly  at  base,  not  villous.'"  Ga. 

37.  GYNERIUM  augenteum.  Pampas  Ghass.  A  magnificent  retd 
from  S.  Am.,  becoming  common.  (2)  Leaves  in  a  dense,  radical  cluster,  recurved,  nar- 
row, channeled.  Culms  10— 18f,  clustered,  bearing  dense,  hairy  panicles,  which  are 
]j_2f,  pilvery  white,  with  innumerable  flowers  and  their  long,  silky 
hairs.    Some  of  the  panicles  are  fruitful  (8),  others  barren  (5). 

■  38.  DAOTYLIS,  L.  Orchard  G.  Spkl.  3-5-flwd. 
compressed.  Glumes  unequal,  shorter  than  the  fls 
Pales  subequal,  lance-acuminate,  the  lower  (and  ghimes) 
carinate,  awn-pointed.  Lvs.  channeled.  Panicle  com- 
posed of  dense  1 -sided  clusters.  June. 
JD.  gloiuerata  L.  Culm  2— 4f  high;  lvs.  broad,  glaucous;  Ptipule^^ 

lacerate;  spkl.  loose-flwd.;  gl.  very  unequal,    y  Shady  llelds.    A 

good  grass  for  hay  or  pasturage.    § 

39.    KOEjLERIA,  Pers.      Spkl.  2-7-flwd.,  compressed; 
acute,  scarcely  shorter  than  the  fls.;    upper  fl.^ pedicellate 


gl.  subequa' 
lower  \m\c 


Order  155.— GRAlSIlNEJi:. 


399 


(and  gl.)  cariiiatc,  often  bristle-pointed.     U  Culms  tufted,  erect, 
simple,  -with  dense,  narrow  panicles. 

K.  crisilata    Sm.    Culm   20—30',    leafy  below;    Ivs.    flat,    ei-ect,  pubes- 
cent, narrow,  2—3'  by  1—2";  pan.  epike-like,  3—5';   spkl.  (a)  2",  silvery, 
jibout  2-flwd.,  -with  an  abortive  pedicel.      (6,  a  flower.)     Mid.,  W.,  and  N. 
/3.  g-r«c#//».      Slender  and  delicate,  with  a  simple  pan.    (K.  nitida,  N.) 

DIARRHENA,  Raf  Panicle  simple,  racemous.  Glumes 
2,  very  unequal,  rigid,  acuminate-mucronate,  2-5- 
flwd.  {d)  Pales  {e)  cartilaginous,  lower  cuspidate, 
3",  upper  much  smaller,  emarginate.  Grain  large, 
loose  in  its  pericarp.  Stam.  2.  2f  Culm  rigidly 
erect,  15 — 30'.  Lvs.  mostly  radical,  broad-linear. 
D,  Americana  Beauv.— Woods  and  river-banks,  O.  to  III.    Auff.    (Festuca,  Mx.) 

41.  FESTUCA,  L.  Fescue  G.  Spkl.  3- oo-flwd.  Glumes  unequal, 
mostly  carinate.  Pales  firm,  the  lower  rounded 
(not  carinate)  on  the  back,  obscurely  veined,  awned 
from  the  tip,  or  awuless.  Sta.  1 — 3.  Grain  mostly 
adhering  to  the  upper  pale.  Spkl.  panicled  or  ra- 
cemed,  the  lis.  remote,  not  webbed  at  base. 

§  Flowers  lanceolate  to  oblong,  awnless.    Culms 

tall,  leaves  flat Nos.  5—7 

§  Flowers  subulate,  awned  at  the  tip.     Leaves 
mostly  involute.,  .(r) 

X  Awn  much  shorter  than  the  flower,  u Nos.  3,  4 

X  Awn  as  long  as  the  fl.  or  iiinch  longer.  (i)..No8.  1,  2 

1  F.    Mtyurus    L.      Culm  5—12';    lvs.    subulate,  2—3'; 

•rlnnies  minute,  equal,  4-t5-flwd. ;    awn  G",   twice  longer 
tlian  the  pale  ;  panicle  slender.    M..  S.    § 

2  F.  tenella  Wild.    Slender  F.  (a,  b)    Culm  wiry-filiform,  often  in  tufts,  G— 12' ;  lvs. 

linear->etaceous  ;   pan.  simple,  narrow,  2—3';    spkl.  G-9-flwd.,  4—6"  long;    flowers 
puberulent,   brown ;    awn  about  as   long  (2").    Sandy.    June,  July. 

3  F.  ovina.  L.     Sheep's  F.     Culm  erect,  6—10';    lvs.  numerous  below,  very  nar- 

row, 2—4' ;  pan.  simple,  narrow,  2—1' ;    spkl.  ovate,  3-5-flwd. ;    fls.  lance-oblong,  U", 
the  awn  J-i  as  long.      2i  Pastures  and  fields.    A  valuable  grass.    June,    Europe. 
^.  vivlparn,     Spikelets  transformed  to  leafy  tufts.    Mountains,  N. 

4  F.  diiriuscula  L.    Hard  F.    Culm  erect.  12— 18' ;  lvs.  linear,  flattish;  pan.  ob- 

long, spreading,  3—5';    spkl.  5-8-flwd.,  teretish  Ixifore  flowering;    fls.  lance-subulate. 
2i",  the  awn  1"  or  less;  pales  equal.     2i  Valuable.    Common.    June,  July. 
^.  rubra,    Spikelets  7-9-flwd.,  fls.  pubescent;   the  herbage  reddish.    N. 

£  F.  pratensis  Iluds.  Meadow  F.  Culm  erect,  2— 3f;  lvs.  lance-linear ;  pan.  4— G' 
.oiig.  narrow,  with  short  branches  ;  spkl.  few  (10—2.'})  and  large,  tereIi^h  before  flow 
:.-ing,  6—9"  long,  6-9-flwd.  ;  pales  3",  barely  pointed.     11  A  fine  grass,    June. 

C  F.  elatlor  L.  Culm  2— 4f,  erect;  lvs.  lance-linear;  pan.  difl'use,  nodding,  com- 
pound, branches  branched,  and  floriferous  above,  naked  below;  spkl.  numerouB, 
;^.5-fiwd.,  2—3"  long ;  fls.  oblong,  U",  acute  ;  lower  gl.  3-veined.     2t  Fields.    § 

*  F.  nutans  WilUl.    Nodding  F.  {c,  d)    Culm  slender,  2— 4f,  about  2-jointed;   Ive. 
linear;    pan.  very  open,  with  few  long  drooping  branches  floriferous  at  the  end ; 
»pkl.  3",  lance-ovate  (c)  4-fi-flwd. ;  fls.  (d)  smooth,  nearly  veinless.     n  liocks. 
fi.  pa'.ikntrtt,     Panicle  le.-s  diffuse,  spkl.  ;^-5-flwd.     Betwe(>n  Nos.  6  and  7. 


400 


Order  155.— GRAMINE^. 


branches  short,  ap- 


42.  EATONIA,  Raf.  Spkl.  mostly  2-flowered, 
numerous,  panicled,  silvery.  Glumes  unlike,  the 
lower  linear,  l-veined,  the  upper  broadly  obovate, 
rounded  and  3-veincd  on  the  back.  Pales  obtuse, 
chartaceous,  awnless.  Grain  oblong.  u  Deli- 
cate grasses  with  simple  culms. 

1  K.  obtusata  (}/Lx.)    Panicle  narrow,  dense,  3—5'  by  i— 1' 

pressed  ;  spkl.  (a,  b)  U"  long,  2-fl\vd..  tumid  ;  pales  (c)  scarious  at  tip,  a  little  longer 
than  the  very  obtuse  upper  glume.    Dry.    Penn.  to  Wis.,  and  S.    June,  July.    2f. 

2  E.  Pennsylvanfca  (DC.)     Panicle  5— 10',  slender,  open  and  loose;   spkl.  U"; 

upper  gl.  abruptly  short-pointed,  or  obtuse  ;  upper  flower  exserted  half  its  length. 
Shady  rocks  and  meadows.    Elegant.    Summer.    2f. 

43.  MELICA,  L.  Melic  G.  Glumes  unequal,  ob- 
tuse, 2-5-flowered.  Fls.  exserted,  the  upper  incomplete. 
Pales  truncate,  veiny  as  well  as  the  glumes.  Grain  free. 
It  Lvs.  flat;  spkl.  pedicellate,  in  a  subsimple  panicle.  • — ^  -^ 

I?I,  inutica  Walt.  Culm  3— 4f ;  lvs.  linear,  flat;  pan.  few-flwd.,  inclined  to  one  side; 
spkl.  (e)  4—6"  long,  with  2  fertile  fls.,  and  the  third  upper  one  contorted;  pales  (/) 
unequal,  veined.     Penn.  to  Wis.,  and  S. 

44.  ERAGROSTIS,  Reauv.  Spkl.  2-co  -flwd.,  membranous.  Lower 
pale  carinate,  3-veined,  never  webby  at  base,  upper  pale 
persistent  on  the  flexuous  rachis  after  the  free  grain  and 
lower  pale  have  fallen.  Culm  simple  or  branched. 
Leaves  often  rolled,  bearded  at  the  throat.  Panicle  with 
hairj-^  axils. 

§  Culms  branched,  prostrate;  spikelets  sub-sessile No.  1 

§  Culms    branched,  ascending;  panicles  1—3 Nos.  2— 7 

§  Culms  simple,  erect,  shorter  than  its  loose  pan. ..Nos.  8—11     ^l 

1  E.  reptans  Nees.    Culms  creeping  and  rooting,  fj— 12' ;  lvs. 

subulate,  1—2' ;   panicles  many,  small,  dense;   spkl.  lance-lin- 
ear;   fls.  10— 30,  very  acute.    (T)  Banks.    August. 

2  E,  poseoides  Beauv.  (a)  Culms  ascending,  1-  2f ;  lvs.  linear,  flat;  panicles  oblong, 

dense,  2 — G',  compound ;  spkl.  (b)  ovate-oblong,  3—5",  8-50-flwd.,  turning  wliite; 
fls.  (c)  obtuse,  3-veined;  ((/,  grain).    (T)  Handsome,  but  ill-scented.    Fields.     § 

3  E.  pllosa  L.    Culms  in  tufts.  a.scending,  4—12' ;  lvs.  linear,  flat,  tender ;   panicles 

oblong,  loose  ;  spkl.  linear,  bluish,  about  as  long  (2—4")  as  their  pedicels  ;  flower* 
4—12,  obtuse,  with  only  the  mid  vein  apparent.    Q  Dry,  sandy  places.    July.    § 

4  E.  Purslili  Schr.     Culms  ascending,  G— 12— 20';  lvs.  1—3',. very  narrow;   panicle? 

long  and  loose ;  ped.  capillary  ;  spkl.  linear-oblong.  2—4"  :  fls.  5— 1>.  acute  or  acutish, 
3-veined.  purplish.    (T)  Dry  fields.  N.  J..  Penn..  and  S.    Common.    July.  August. 

.5  E,  erytliregona  Nets.  (E.  Frankii  Meyer )  Culms  in  tufts,  much  brandied, 
ascending,  G— IS',  joints  red  ;  pan.  narrow,  beardless,  2—4' ;  spkl.  about  1",  their  ped, 
much  longer;  gls.  and  pales  very  acute,  obscurely  3-Vc-ined.   (I)  Dry.  Pa.  to  III.. and  S. 

G  E.  ciliart!^  (L.)  Culms  decumbent  and  ascending,  G— 12' ;  pan.  cylindrical, 
branches  appressed.  covered  with  the  minute  (J')  ovate  spikelets  ;  fls.  5— T,  mncro- 
nate,  upper  pale  ciliate-fringed.    fj)  Waste  grounds.  South. 

7  E,  couferta  Trin.  Culm  stout,  erect,  2— 3f;  lvs.  broad  linear;  pan.  long  (."i — 12'), 
narrow,  branches  erect,  covered  with  innumerable  small  (1— H")  spikelets;  fl?.  7--n, 
hvaline.  obtuse,  3-veiued,  whitish.    (J)  River  bunk?,  S.    Aug.,  Sept. 


Order  155.—GRA^riNE.E. 


401 


8  K.  tenuis  (Ell.    Poa  trichodes  N.)     Plant  l-3f  hi^'h;   pan.  long  (S— 24  ),  looee, 

capillary,  bearded  in  the  lower  axils;  epikelets  3(2-6)-flwd.  (sonrtetimcs  7-9-flwd. 
Gray) ;  pales  and  ^'liimes  lanceolate,  hyaline,  3-veined,  U"  long.    U  HI.,  and  S. 

9  E.  caplllarls  (L.)    Like  E.  tenuis,  but  the  epikelets  are  minute  (1—1^"),  the  lis. 

2—4,  acute,  ecabrous,  with  only  the  midvein  apparent,    u  Sandy  fields,    Aug. 

10  E.  iiitlda  (Ell.)  Plant  2— 4f,  glabrous  and  polished  (except  the  bearded  throat  of 
the  long,  rolled  Ivs.) ;  pan.  1  j — 3f  long,  narrow,  branches  ?ome  whorled ;  spkl.  lance- 
iinear,  3—4",  5-12-flwd.,  on  capillary  divaricate  pedicels;  gl.  and  pales  acute, 
3-veined,  often  purplish,  1"  long.     ^l.  Marshes,  111.  (./.  Woff),  and  South. 

HE.  pectinacea  (Mx.)  Gr.  (E.  hirsnta  [Ell.  etc.]).  Culm  1— 3f,  rigid;  eheathe 
eome  hairy;  pan.  very  large,  branches  rigid,  the  lower  deflexed  in  fruit;  spkl.  («,/) 
oblong,  purple,  2—3" ;  tls.  5— 15,  oval,  acutish,  strongly  3-veined.  If  Sandy  fields. 
July,  Aug.    (Poa  t^pectabilis  Ph.)    A  showy  grass,  sport  of  the  winds  when  dry. 

45.  POA,  L.     Spear    G.    ^Ieadow    G.     Spike-      a/j^  j^ 

lets  2-.j(r;irely -9)-flwcl.,  compressed.     Glumes   sub-     .li«^   3rf    -' 
equal,  pointless,   shorter   than    the    contiguous  fls.  ^xv-^v^w^i  w" 

Pales    herbaceous,  soft,   awnless,   the  lower  com-  f         '^^^ 
])ressed-carinate,  5- veined,  usually  clothed  at  base  ^  f  „ 

with    a  cobweb-like  wool.      Grain  free.      Smooth 
grasses,  with  S(>ft  flat  leaves,  and  panicled  flowers. 

§  Branches  of  the  panicle  in  2'?,  3"s,  or  often  single.. (*) 

§  Branches  of  the  panicle  in  about  .Vs,  half-whorled..(**)       .^       -^m^ 

*  FU.  not  webbed,  merely  pubescent  on  the  back. .  .(a)  '.^^^v  j d 

*  Flowers  webbed  together  at  the  base  with  gossamer-like  wool.. .(/) 

a  Annual  or  biennial.    Panicle  dense,  spikelets  subsessilc — Nc.  1 

a  Perennial.    Panicle  loose,  spikelets  long-pcdicelled Nop.  2,  3 

b  Spikelets  2-  or  3-flowered,  on  slender  pedicels Nos.  4—7 

b  Spikelets  mostly  5-flowered,  ovate,  short-pedicellcd ". Nos.  8,  9 

**  Spikelets  2-4-flowcred,  loosely  pcdiccllcd.    Panicle  large Nos.  10—13 

**  Spikelets  3-5-flowered,  subsessilc,  panicles  rather  dense Nos.  13,  14 

1  P.  annua  L.  Low  (3—8'),  tender,  spreading;  culms  flattened;  Ivs.  2—4'  by  1—2"; 
pan.  2—3',  dense  ;  spikelets  ovate-oblong,  nei.'.-ly  sessile,  loosely  5-7-flwd.,  2—^";  fls. 
lanceolate,  acutish.    (i)  @  Fields  and  lawns,  forming  a  soft,  dense  turf.    Com.    Eur. 

2  P.  flexuosa  Muhl.     Culms  erect,  12—20';    Ivs.  linear,  2—5';   pan.  very  thin  and 

open  :  branches  filiform,  often  flexuous,  long  (2—3'),  bearing  the  spikelets  near  the 
«'nd;    fls.  3—0,  lance-linear,  2J",  3-veinpd,   remote.      U  Woods,  Ya.,  Ky.,  and  S. 

3  P,  liexantlia  Wood.    Weakly  erect.  U— 2f,  leafy  to  the  top  ;  branches  of  the  thin 

panicle  filiform,  suberect,  straight,  2—4' ;  spkl.  few,  terminal,  oblong,  3—4"  ;  fls.  six 
(.")— 7),  oblong,  H",  5-veined,  very  obtuse,     ll  Meadows,  Atlanta,  Ga. 

4  P.  brevifolla  Muhl.    Culm  compressed,  1— 2f,  its  Ivs.  generally  short  (|— 2'),  ab- 

ruptly cuspidate,  root  Ivs.  long,  pointed  ;  pan.  loose,  branches  filiform,  spreading; 
ppikelet  ovate,  purplish  ;  fls.  8  or  4,  2i-",  lanceolate,  .5-veined,  webbed.     U  Pa.  to  111. 

5  P.  debilis  Torr.    (d)    Culms  terete,  weak,  H — 2f;    pan.   loose,  some  spreading, 

brandies  capillary,  in  2"s  and  3's  ;  spkl.  (e)  few.  ovate  ;  fls.  (/)  3(2— 4),  broadly  oblong, 
very  obtuse,  li",  the  glumes  ovate,  1";  ligule  oblong,  acute.  21  Woods,  R.  I.,  and  W. 

0  P,  dinantlia  Wood,  (a)  Culm  compressed,  very  slender,  IJ— 2f ;  Ivs.  long,  1" 
wide ;  ligule  short,  truncate  ;  i)an.  slender,  branches  in  l"s  and  2's,  suberect ;  epkl.  (6) 
ovate  ;  fls.  (c)  2(1—3),  linear-oblong,  acute,  H"  ;  gl.  i  as  long.    7i  Fields,  Ala.    May. 

t  P.  laxa  lloenke.  Culms  tufted,  0—8';  Ivs.  erect,  1—3',  very  narrow;  pan.  open, 
1—2' long;  spkl.  few,  2i"  long;  glumes  acuminate,  as  long  as  the  (3)  purplish  fls. 
lU'') ;  lower  pale  villous  on  the  keel.    %  Mountains,  N. 

20 


402 


Order  155.— GRAMINEiE. 


S  p.  nlpiiia  L.  Culme  erect,  fi— 12';  Ive.  broad-linear,  1—2'  by  2—3";  panicle  equa*. 
ovbid-oblong,  loose,  with  rather  large  (3'')  ovate  epikelets ;  flowers  about  5(4—9), 
ovate,    u  If-le  Royal,  L.  Superior  (Porter),  C.  W.,  and  North. 

9  P.  coini>res$!ia  L.    Blue  G.     Plant  blnish  green ;  culm  com'pressed,  decumbent  at 

base,  rigid.  l->— 18' ;    pan.  contracted,  f5' by  1',  or  less;    epikelets  jjloraerate,  ovato 
oblong;  tls.  .3—7,  1"  ion^.    2{  Pasture?,  etc. :  common.    May,  June. 

10  P.  sylv^stris  Gr.  Culm  compressed,  erect,  1— 2f;  Ivg.  linear,  soft;  pan.  oblong 
pyramidal,  thin  ;  branches  flexuous,  the  middle  longest;  ppkl.  oval,  \\"  \  fid.  about 
3.  lance-oblong,  1".  obtuse,    ii  Woods,  meadows,  N.  Y.  to  Va.,  and  W. 

IIP.  otiesia  Sm.  (P.  nemorali:?  Torr.  P.  alsodes  Gr.  P.  Guadini  K.)  Culm  com- 
pressed. 18— 30,  sheathed  to  near  the  top;  pan,  farge  ((>— 12' long),  loose,  roughish; 
Kpkl.  lance-ovate,  2— 2^^" ;  fls.  2  or  3,  lance-liuear,  acute,  as  long  as  the  verj'  acute 
glumes  (IJ— 1J'') ;  pales  obscurely  veined.     l(  Woods,  N.  II.  to  Penn.,  and  Wis. 

12  P.  scrotiiia  Ehrh.  Foul  Meadow.  False  Pied-top.  Culms  erect,  weak,  2— Sf; 
lvi<.  1  .'UTOw,  flat,  long  ;  ligules  elongated,  torn  ;  pan.  large,  open,  capillary  ;  spkl.  2- 
or  3-fl\vd.,  H— 2"  long,  often  tawny;  gls.  and  lis.  acute,  narrow,     u  Wet,  N.  July. 

13  P.  trivialis  L.  Rovgh  Meadow  G.  Culms  roughish  backward,  20—30';  Ivs. 
rough-edged,  tlie  lower  elongated  ;  ligules  long,  pointed;  pan.  dense,  lance-shapcd, 
3—5',  spkl.  subsessile,  2-3-flwd.,  fls.  oblong,  acute,  strongly  5-veined.    %  N.  Jn.,  Jl. 

14  P.  pratensis  L.  Sjyear  G.  June  G.  Smooth;  culm  1— 2f,  terete;  ligules 
short,  truncate;  pan.  open,  egg-shaped,  3—10';  spkl.  ovate,  subscssile,  2",  abo.^t 
4-flowered;  fls.  ovate,  acute,  close,    n  Abundant  and  valuable.    April,  May. 

46.  BRYZOPYRUM,  Link.  Spikelets  oo-flow- 
M-ed,  compressed,  crowded  in  a  spikelike  panicle. 
Glumes  uucqual.  Pales  awnless,  sub-coriaceous, 
not  carinate,  obsoletely  many-veined.  il  Leaves 
mostly  rolled,  smooth  and  rigid.     Fls.  dioecious. 

B,    spicaiiini    Hook,  (a)      Culm   rigid,  erect,  10—20', 

branched  at  base,  beset  with  many  bayonet  shaped  Ivs.,  .       ...        .  .    ,,™ 

1—3',  the  highest  exceeding  the  short,  spikelike  panicle  (l!\     \\\\  ^ 

(a);  spkl.  {b.  c)  7-9-flwd.  (rf,  pistillate  flower,  e,  a  sta-      A^^*^      \   \\\\l 
men.)    Salt  marshes,  Conn,  to  Car,    July.  ^^*'W^       \    \^  »^^' 

47.  GLYCERIA,  Br.  Manna  G.  Spikelets 
'Xi-tlwd.,  teretisli  or  turgid,  rachis  jointed.  Glume      i>       ^ 

subequal,  pointless.    Pales  awnless,  webless,  her- 
baceous, the  lower  mostly  7-veined,  rounded  on  the  back,  not  carinate. 
Grain  free,    y  Smooth  grasses  in  wet  places,  with  ^  o 

creeping  rhizomes  and  simple  panicles.     Sheaths       ^^%.  ^ 
mostly  listular  (not  split).  1^^^       ff.'lliim 

§  Salt  marsh  grasses.      Lower   pale   5-veined.  ^^^fiii 

Stigmas  sessile,  simply  plumed Nos.  1, 

S  In  fresh  swamps,  etc.     Lower  pale  7-veined. 

Stigriias  doubly  i)himous.,.(r/)  " 
a  Spikelets  linear-lanceolate,  in  a  very  sim- 
ple panicle Nop.  3,  4         ix  ti  .  MW/II 

a  Spikelets     linear-oblong,    in    compound,  Xv^l         W^l^ 

spreading  panicles Nos.  5,  6  %^/  ^m-  ' 

a  Spikelets  ovate,  short,  turgid.  ..(6)  ^Sf  )^^.^' 

i  In  slender  appressed  panicles Nos.  7,  8  \ 

6  In  an  open,  ncurved  panule N()S.  Q,  10 


Order  loo.— GRAMINE^. 


403 


1  C.  maritima  Wahl.    Culm  1— lif,  terete;   Ivs.  rolled;   pan.  erect,  dense,  tho 

branches  in  pairs ;  spkl.  terete,  about  5-flwd.,  fls.  obtuse.    U  Mass.    June. 

2  G.  distans  Wahl.    Culm  1— 2f,  terete,  firm;  Ivs.  flat;  pan.  spreading,  the  branches 

fascicled  in  3'fi— 5*s ;  spkl.  oblong,  sessile,  3(.3-6)-flowered.    U  N.  Y. 

3  G.  fluitans  (L.)  Culm  flattened,  3— 5f;   Ivs.  broad-linear;  ligule  very  large;  pan. 

eecnnd,  virgate ;  spkl.  linear,  8—10"  ;  fls.  7—12,  obtuse.    Wet.    June. 

4  G,  aoMtiflora  Torr.    Culm  flattened,  l—2f;  Ivs.  narrow;  pan.  long,  raceme-like; 

spkl.  linear,  9— ly  ;  fls.  4—6,  distant,  acute,    n  Wet  places,  Penn.,  and  N.    June. 

5  G.  aqiiatica  (L.)  (g)  Stout,  leafy,  3— 5f;  Ivs.  broad,  soft;  pan.  diff"u6e,  with  spread- 

ing, flexuous  branches  in  3's— 5"s ;  spikelets  (/t)  purple,  2—3",  with  6—8  ovate,  obtuse 
flowers?  (k).    U  Wet  places.  Pa.,  and  N.    A  handsome  grass. 

6  G.  pikllida  Trin.    Weak,  ascending,  1— 2K;  Ivs.  flat,  with  longligules;  pan.  capil- 

lary,  spreading;    spkl.  few,  3";    fls.  5—9;   lower  pale  5-toothed  at  apex,  upper 
2-toothed  ;  the  veins  conspicuous.    ^  Swamps,  Va.,  and  N.    June. 
!7  G.  nervata  Trln.    Culm  3— 4f ;  Ivs.  broad-linear,  ligules  torn ;  pan.  large,  diffuse, 
branches  in  2''8  and  3*e,  capillary,  pendulous  in  fruit ;   fls.  about  5,  in  the  ovate- 
oblong  spikelet,  conspicuously  veinad.    if  Wet,  N.    June. 

8  G.  elongata  Trin.    Cnlm  terete,  erect,  3f;  Ivs.  narrow,  ligule  very  short;    pan.  ra- 

ceme-like, nodding,  8— 10';  branches  so'.itary  or  in  2's,  appressed ;  spkl.  tumid,  of 
about  2  obtuse,  5-veined  fls.    Meadows,  N.,  M.,  and  W.    July. 

9  G.  obtusa  (Muhl.)     Pan.  dense,  oblong,  erect,  3—4' ;   spkl.  ovate,  acute,  thick,  of 

5_7  ovate,  obtuse  fls.  ;  lower  pale  obscurely  7-veined;  culm  2 — 3f,  Ivs.  often  longer, 
dark  green,     u  Swamps,  Penn.,  and  N.    Aug.,  Sept. 

10  G.  Canadensis  Trin.  (m)  Panicle  large,  6— 8' long,  branches  flexuous,  in  half- 
whorls,  spreading  or  recurved  ;  spkl.  (n)  broad-ovate,  6-8-flwd. ;  upper  pale  (o)  very 
obtuse,  lower  acute  and  longer.    li  3— 4f.    Shady,  N.    July. 

48.  BRIZA,  L.    Quaking  G.     Spikelets  cordate, 
G-9-flowered.     Glumes  2,  imeqnal,  roundish.    Pales 
ventricous,  lower  one  cordate,  embracing  the  shorter , 
roundish  upper  one.      Grain   beaked.    Paniculate, 
spkl.  large,  drooping  on  slender  pedicels. 

1  B.  media  L.    Pan.  erect,  spreading ;  spkl.  soon  cordate, 

i)f  .5—9  flowers;  gl.  smaller  than  the  greenish-purple  vein- 
less  flowers.    U  Meadows,  coastward,  N.  Eng.  to  Penn.    May.  (b,  c) 

2  B.  MAXIMA.    Pan.  nodding  at  top ;  spikelets  oblong-cordate,  of  1.3—17  flowers.    ® 

Gardens.    Cultivated  for  the  curious  spikes,  which  are  light-brown,  hyaline,  i'  ia 
length.    From  Europe. 

3  B.  MINOR.    Pan.  erect,  difi'use :  spkl.  triangular,  5-7-flwd. ;   glumes  larger  than  the 

flowers.    (I)  From  Europe.    Small  and  pretty. 

49.  UNIOLA,  L.  Union  G.  Sjikl.  compressed, 
and  two-edged,  3-20-flwd.  Lower  fl.  or  fls.  neutral, 
of  1  pale,  similar  to  the  3  carinate  gls.  Pales  awu- 
lesF,  the  lower  wing-keeled,  upper  doubly  so.  Sta.  1 
ov  :i    Grain  free.    U  Smooth,  erect,  often  branchin< 

§  Spikelets  6—16"  long,  in  large  open  panicles, 

drooping Nos.  1, 

§  Ri)ikeletsi  2—6",  subsessile,  in  slender,  spikelike 

panicles Nos.  3,  4 

1  U.  latlf'olia  Mx.  («)  Culm  2-4f ;  Ivs.  very  broad,  i—V 
wide;  spikelets  oblong-ovate,  9—12",  flat,  9-13- flowered, 
drooping  on  slender  pedicels;  glumes  (c)  unequal,  much 
Bmaller  than  the  fls.  (b)    Sta.  1.     7^  Dry  woods,  M.,  W.    Elegant.    August. 


404 


Order  155.— GRAMINE^E. 


2  U.  panlculata  L.    Sea-side  Oats,    Calm  4— 8f ;  Ivs.  long,  narrow,  rolled,  fringixl 

at  throat ;  spikelets  ovate,  short-pedicelled,  12-20-flwd.  ;  lower  pale  obtuse,  9-vemed; 
stamens  3.    u  Sand-hill?,  coastward,  Va.  to  Fla.    July. 

3  V.  nitida  Baldw.    Culm  wiry,  2— 3f;  Ivfc.  narrow,  flat;  pan.  simple;  spkl.  subses- 

eile,  broad,  with  about  7  long-pointed  fls.    Sta.  1.    u  Ga.  to  La. 

4  II.  gracilis  Mx.  {d)    Slender,  3— 4f;   Ivs.  broad-linear,  flat;   pan.  long,  simple, 

branches  solitary,  appressed  ;  spkl.  (e)  2",  3-4-flwd.    Sea-coast,  N.  Y.,  and  South. 

50.  PHRAGMITES,  Trin.  Reed.  Fls.  3—6,  the 
lowest  sterile  and  monandrous ;  raciiis  beset  with  long 
silky  hairs.  Gl.  acute,  keeled,  very  unequal.  Lower.' 
pale  subulate,  silky  villous  at  base.  Sta.  3.  Grain  free. 
U  Tall ;  Ivs.  broad  and  flat ;  panicle  diffuse. 
P.  communis  Trin,    Culm  erect,  6— 12f,  near  1'  thick;   Ivs. 

1—2'  broad  :   pan.  effuse,  spkl.  (a)  4-5-flwd.,  erect;    fls.  (6)  col- 
ored, as  long  as  the  white  hairs.    Ponds.    July. 

51.  ARUNDINARIA,   Rich.      Cane.      Spkl.   flat- 
tened, 5-12-flwd.,  fls.  all  §  ,  trian- 

'drous,  remote.  Gl.  (a)  small.  Lower  pale  laiice- 
ovate,  rounded,  awn-pointed.  Stigmas  (b)  3.  Grain 
(c)  free.  +>  fy  Tall,  branching,  leafy.  Flowers  iu 
spikes  or  panicles. 

A.  macrosperma  Mx.  (a)  Culm  woody,  from  strong 
running  root-stocks,  10 — 25f  high,  with  fascicled  branches ; 
Ivs.  lanceolate.  If  and  less  ;  spkl.  1— 2i'  long,  eubsessile 
on  leafless  axillary  or  radical  branches  (from  the  rhizome). 
Swamps,  Va.  to  Ky.,  and  S.,  forming  the  brakes. 
/3.  tecia.  Culm  2— lOf ;  Ivs.  lance-linear ;  spikes  moBtly 
radical, 

52.  LEPTITRUS,  Rr.  Spikelet  1  on  each  joint  of  the  fili- 
form rachis  impressed  into  a  cavity,  1-  or  2-flwd.  Gl.  coriace- 
ous, acute,  subulate.  Pales  acute,  subequal.  Stam,  3.  Grain 
linear,  free,  (i)  Culm  branching,  leaves  very  narrow.  Spikes 
solitary  or  panicled, 

paniculatus  N.  (c)  Culm  asccnd- 
injr,  10—18' ;  Ivs.  near  the  base,  fili- 
form-subulate, short :  rachis  |  of  the' 
culm,  the  slender  spikes  2',  alternate, 
remote ;  spkl.  2",  gls.  lateral,  shorte.  • 
than  the  pales.     Illinois  to  Louisiana, 

53.  HORDEUM,  L,     Bakley,    Spkl.  3 

at  each  joint  of  the  rachis,  2-flowered,  the 

literal    imperfect  or   abortive.       Gl,    2,   subulate, 

awned,  collateral,  all   G   in  front  of  the  cluster_ 

Lower  pale  long-awned,  both  adhering  to  grain. 

II.  jiibatiim  L,     Sqtmret-tail  G.  (a)     Culm    terete,  2f;    Ivs,  broad-linear;  spike 

2—3'  long;  spkl.  0)  with  the  lateral  fls.  neuter,  the  7  awns  6  times  (2')  as  lo'ig  M 

Mu-  nowii-.*.    ©  Marshes,  N.  Eng.  to  Mo.,  aud  N.    June. 


Order  loS.—GRAMINEiE. 


405 


2  tt,  pusillum  N.   Culm  ascending,  4—12';  lateral  fls.  awnlens;  centrA  fl,  »,  with 

8  subequal  awns  (7") ;  spike  linear,  1—2'  long.    @  Ohio,  and  W.    May. 

3  H.  vuLGARE.    Four-rowed  B.    Culm  2— 4f ;  Ivs.  broad,  auricled  at  base ;  spike  thick, 

2—4' ;  fls.  all  fertile,  fruit  in  4  rows.    ®  Cultivated.    May. 

4  H.  DiPTicnuM.    Tico-rowed  B.    Culm  and  leaves  as  above.     Lateral  fls.  abortive; 

fruit  arranged  in  two  rows.    (I)  More  common  in  cultivation.    June. 

54.  ELYMUS,  L.    Lyme    G.      Wild    Rye.      Spikelets 
2 — 4  at  each  joint  of  tlie  racliis.  2-6-flwd.     Gl.  2,  subulate, 
f>laced  ou  the  outer  side  of  their  spikelet,  forming  an  invo- 
hicre  to  the  group,  sometimes  minute,  or  obsolete. 
Pales  coriaceous,  involving  the  grain,  the  lower 
acute  or  awned.    (See  Addenda.) 

§  Elymus  proper.     Involucre   present,  consist- 
ing of  the  conspicuous  glumes... (a) 
i  Gtmn6stichum.    Invol.  glumes  small  or  mi- 
nute, or  obsolete No.  6 

a  Spikelets     5-8-flowered.     soft-pubescent, 

without  awns No.  5 

a  Spikelets  1-5-flowered,  hard,  rough,  with  conspicuous  awns.. .(6) 

b  Spikelets  glabrous,  merely  rough,  2-  or  3-flowered No*.  1,  3 

b  Spikelets  hispid  with  hairs,  1-3- or  2-5-flowered Nos.  3,  4 

1  E.  Vlrginicus  L.    Culm  erect,  3— 4f,  smooth ;   Ivs.  broad,  flat,  scabrous;   spike 

3— 5' long,  thick,  erect,  often  sheathed  at  base;   gl.   lance-linear,  strongly  veined, 
tipped  (as  well  as  the  2  or  3  fls.)  with  short  (6—10")  awns,     u  Banks.    August. 
/3.  areu"  tntt,  (a)    Glumes  thickened  and  connate-arcuate  at  the  base.    S. 

2  E.  Enropreiis  L.    Culm  erect,  3— 5f;   Ivs.   broad,  flat,  scabrous;  spike  suberect, 

6— rf',  exserted;  spkl.  in  3'8,  2-flowered,  scabrous,  each  with  4  long  (1^—2')  straight 
awns  ;  glumes  linear,  5-veined.     2f  River  banks,  South. 

3  E.  Canadensis  L.   (b)     Spikes  4-8'  long,  rather  loose,  nodding,  hairy;  spike- 

lets (b)  in  2''s  and  3's,  3-fi-flwd, ;  awns  of  the  flowers  (c)  usually  curved,  longer  than 
(7—13")  those  of  the  lance-linear  .glumes  ;  culm  3— 5f.    y.  Banks.    August. 

4  E.  striatiis  VVilld.    Spike  3 — 4'  long,  dense,  suberect ;  spikelets  in  pairs,  1-3-flwd., 

hispid-pubescent;  awns  subequal,  3  or  4  times  longer  than  the  flowers,    u  Bank* 

and  rocky  woods.    Culm  slender,  2— 3f.    August. 
/3,  tilldsttg.    Culm  3— 4f,  sheaths  villous,  and  the  glumes  very  hairy. 
6  E.  mollis  Trin.    Culm  2— 4f,  stout,  soft-pubescent  above,  as  well  as  the  erect  5—8- 

spike  ;  spikelets  in  pairs,  about  T-flwd. ;  leaves  and  sheaths  smooth.    Shores,  N-W. 
6  E.  Histrlx  L.    Hedgehog  Q.    Glabrous,  tall  (3— 4f ) ;  spike  erect,  4—6' ;  spikeleta 

remote  on  the  flexuous  rachis,  widely  divergent,  2-  or  3-flwd. ;  fls.  subulate,  \'  long, 

their  awns  straight,  1'  or  more  ;  glumes  commonly  ru- 
dimentary.   Mr.  J.  Wolf  sends  specimen  from  Illinois 

with  awn-like  glumes  4 — 8"  long.     %.  Woods.    July. 

55.  LOLIUM,  L.  Darnel  G.  Spkl.  Co 
{Iwd.,  sessile,  remote,  placed  edgewise  to  the 
axis,  the  terminal  one  with  2  glumes,  the  lateral 
with  but  1.  Pales  herbaceous,  the  lower  awned 
or  mucronate. 

*  Ij.  perenne  L.    Ray  Darnel,  (a)     Smooth,  simple, 
1— 2f ;  spike  5—8' ;  spkl.  15—20,  oblong,  5—6",  awnless, 
T-13-flowcrcd,  flowers  exceeding  the  glume.    %  Fields. 
.  May,  June.    § 


40G 


Order  155.— GRAMllNE^. 


2  li.  temulentnm  L.    Poisonous  D.     Smooth,  2f,  simple;   Ivs,  rough-edged;  gpkL 
5-7-flwcl.,  remote  on  the  scabrous  rachis,  shorter  or  not  longer  thau  their  glume;  fls. 
twice  shorter  than  their  awn.    ®  Fields.    Pa.,  and  N.    Grain  poison,  (b,  c) 
^.  CanatUuse  (Mx.)    Fls.  awnless  !  or  some  of  them  ehort-awned ;  glume  1' long, 
much  exceeding  the  flowers.    Wayne  Co.,  N.  Y.    £J.  L.  Ilankenrson. 

56.  TRfTIOUM,  L.  Wheat.  Spikelets  sessile  in  2 
rows  on  the  teeth  of  the  rachis,  and  sidewise  to  it,  its  upper 
fls.  abortive.  Gl.  2,  equal,  opposite,  mucronate.  Pales  2,  the 
lower  awned  or  mucronate.     Spike  simple,  rarely  branched. 

§  Agropyuum.    Glumes  lanceolate,  acute  or  awn-pointed  .Nos.  1,  2 
§  Triticuji.    Glumes  ovate-oval,  obtuse  or  truncate Nos.  3,  4 

1  T.  repens  L.     CoucTp  G.     Quick  G.  (a)    Culms  trailing  at  base, 

then  erect,  t— 2f,  from  long  creeping  rhizomes  (Fig.  257,  p.  78) ; 
spike  (a)  erect,  3—5' ;  spikelet  remote,  lance-oblong,  5-7-flowered  ; 
awns  short  or  0.    U  A  vile  weed,  in  gardens,  etc.     June,  July.  (6,  a  flower.) 
/3.  da»y»tdchunm.    Glaucous;  spikelets  hoary-pubescent.    Lake  shores,  N-W. 

2  X.  vIo!rf,ceiim  Hornm.    Erect,  2— 3f;  root  fibrous;  spike  slender,  dense,  2—4' ; 

spkl.  closely  imbricated,  3-5-flwd.  ;  awns  1—3"  long,  straight.   Mts.,  Pa.  {Porter).,  &  N. 

3  T.  caniiiuni  L.    Dog's  Couch  G.    Ascending,  2— 3f;  rt.  fibrous  ;  sp.  dense;  spkl. 

5-7-flwd.  ;  awns  (6")  twice  longer  than  the  pale,  some  recurved.  U  Fields,  Del.  to  Wis. 

4  T.  VULGARE.       Common  Wheat.     Culm  firm,  3— 5f;  leaves  broad-linear ;  spike  some- 

what 4-sided  ;  spkl.  crowded,  broad,  4-flwd. ;  gl.  blunt,  round-convex  ;  flowers  often 
awned  ;  grain  free,  (i)  (g)  Varies  as  Summer  Wheat,  with  awns,  and  sown  in  spring ; 
and  Winter  Wheat,  without  awns,  sown  in  autumn. 

57.  SEOALE,  L.  Rye.  Spikelets  single  on  the  teeth  of  the  rachis 
2-8-flwd.,  the  2  lovver  fls.  fertile,  sessile  opposite,  the  upper  one  abortive. 
Gl.  2,  opposite,  subulate.     Pales  2,  herbaceous,  the  lower  awned. 

S.  CEKEALB.  Culm  firm,  4— 6f  high ;  Ivs.  glaucous  ;  spike  linear,  flattened,  3—6',  nod- 
ding ;  lower  pale  and  its  long  straight  awn  ciliate-scabrous.  (T)  (g)  Said  to  be  native 
in  the  steppes  of  Caucasus.    Cultivated  from  earliest  times, 

58.  LEPTOCHLOA,  Beauv.  Spkl.  3-  OO-flwd.,  subsessile,  in  one- 
sided, slender  spikes.  Gl.  2,  keeled,  awnless.  Pales  membranous,  awn- 
less or  awned,  the  lower  keeled,  3-veined.  Lvs.  flat  and  soft.  Pan.  com- 
posed of  many  long,  slender  spikes.  Aug.,  Sept. 

§  Spikelets  2-4-flowered.    Lower  pale  simply 

acute Nos.  1,  2 

§  Spikelets  6-10-flowered.  Lower  pale  mu- 
cronate and  notched Nos.  3,  4 

1  li.  miicronata  K.     Culm  ascending,  2— 3f ;  leaves 

broad-linear;  pan.  If  or  more;  spikes  filiform,  3— 4', 
floriferous  from  base ;  spikelet  of  fls.  minute,  shorter 
than  the  mucronate  glumes,    (i)  Fields,  Va.  to  111.,  &  S. 

2  L.  flliformis  R.  &  S.  (ft)    Tall,  stout;  pan.  1— 2f; 

spikes  filiform,  straight,  suberect,  5— S',  very  many ; 
•plv_.  of  fls.  (d)  exceeding  the  acute  glumes.   ®?  S-W. 

3  L..  fa.sficularis  (Lam.)    (a)    Tall,  stout;   pan.   ob- 

long, dense,  9—15' ;  spikes  2—3';  spkl.  (c)  lance-oblong,  i—5" ,  short  pedicelled ;  lower 
pale  strongly  3-veined,  the  veins  cxcurrent  into  2  teeth  and  a  cusp  between. 
Marshps.  N.  Y    S  and  W. 


Order  155.— GRAMINEJE. 


107 


4  li.  Domlngensis  Link.    Culm.s  Pimple,  slender;  Ivs.  linear-filiform;  spikes  few 
(6—12),  distant ;  spikelets  nearly  as  in  No.  3.    S.  Fla.  (Chapman).    Oct. 

59.  GYMNOPOGON,  Beany.    Spikes  setaceous,  corymbously  pani- 
cled.     Spkl.  remote,  1-flwcI.,  witli  an  awn-like  rudi- 
ment.   Gl.  2,  keeled,  lance-linear.     Lower  pale  with 
a  straight  awn  near  the  tip.     U  Low,  reed-like. 

1  G.  raccinosnm  B.  (a)     Calm  ascendino:,   11— 2f;    Ivs. 

lanceolate  from  a  broad  base,  short ;  spikes  erect  but  soon 
spreading,  thread-form,  5—8',  floriferous  from  base  ;  gl.  (b) 
pungent;  fertile  flower  and  abortive  rudiment  (c),  both 
long-awned.    Sands,  N.  J.,  and  S. 

2  G.  brevifolium  Trin.   (d)     Culm  8—16' ;    Ivs.   1-2' ; 

spikes  brjstle-form,  4—6',  flower-bearing  only  above  the 
middle  ;  fertile  fl.  awned  (e),  rudiment  not.    Md.,  and  S. 

60.  MANISURUS,  L.    Lizard-tail  G.    Spikes 
terminal  ana  lateral,  their  short  stalks  involved  in 
sheaths.     Spkl.  in  pairs,  1-flwd.,  the  lower  5 ,  the 
upper  neutral,  consisting  merely  of  2  empty  subequal  glumes.     5  Glumes 
coriaceous,  the  lower  rounded,  concave.    Pales  hyaline,  thin,  (i) 

III.  granule ris  Swtz.    Culm  2— 3f,  branching;   sheaths  hairy;   leaves  flat;  spikes 
i— 1',  colored  ;  spkl.  minute,  the  perfect  globular,  its  gl.  tessellated.    Waysides,  S.  § 


'( 


f 


Sp.  digitate,  one-sided.    SpkL 
persistent. 
Rudiment 


61.  CYNODON,  Rich.    Bermuda  G. 
1-flwd.  (c),  with  a  rudiment.    Gl.  2  {d), 
Pales  2,  membranous,  the  lower  keeled, 
an  awn- like  pedicel. 

€.  dactylon  Pers.  (a)  Difl'usely  creeping,  sending  up 
ehort  branches  ;  narrow  Ivs.  and  sheaths  hairy ;  spikes  (ft) 
4  or  5,  2—3'  long,  spreading.  "U  Waste  grounds.  Ever- 
green.   Pa.,  and  S.    § 

62.  OHLORIS,  Swtz.  (Eustachys,Desv.)  Spikes 
digitate-fasciculate,  rarely  few.  Spkl.  sessile  along 
one  side  of  the  rachis,  2-8-flwd.,  the  lower  1  or  2  fls. 

5  ,  the  rest  neutral  or  S  .    Gl.  2,  persistent,  acute  or 
short-awned.    Lower  pale  keeled,  mucronate  or  awned  below  the  tip. 
Culms  flattened,  often  branched.    Leaves  obtuse. 

1  C,  petriea  (Thunb.)    Culms  1— 2f ;  Ivs.  linear,  2-^',  flat,  on  carinatc  sheaths;  spikes 

3—6,  straight,  erect ;  spkl.  2-flwd.,  brown,  ciliate,  bearded  at  base.     71  Brackish.    S. 

2  C  glauca  (Chapra.)     Glaucous,  stout,  3— 5f;   leaves  1&— 24'  byi';  spikes  about  20; 

spkl.  roundish,  upper  flower  obovatc  ;  pales  brown.    (T)  Marshes,  Fla.    Aug.  + 

3  C.  Florldana  (Chapm.)    Slender,  2f ;  Ivs.  glaucous,  2 — 4' ;  spikes  1  or  2:  spkl.  S- 

flwd.,  light  brown,  middle  flower  i  ,  upper  neutral,  both  smooth.   Barrens,  Fla.,  Jl.  ■► 

4  C  UADiATA.    From  E.  Ind.    Cultivated  for  ornament.    Culms  leafy  at  base,  scapo* 

like,  bearing  at  top  numerous  long,  slender,  radiating  spikes  ;  spikelets  2-flowered, 
with  2  long  awns,  the  fertile  flower  beardeil  at  base,  the  sterile  club-shaped. 

63.  ELEUSINE,  Gaert.    Crab  G.     Yard  G.    Spikes  digitate,  unl- 
lateral.    Spikclet  5-7-flwd.,  sessile.    Gl.  obtuse,  the  lower  smaller.    Pales 


408 


Okder  155.— GRAMINE^. 


awnless,  lower  cariuate,  upper  bicarinate.     Grain 
ovate- triquetrous,  free,  loose  in  its  pericarp.  Lvs.  flat. 

E.  Indlca  L.  Culms  clustered,  ascending,  3—6—12';  leaves 
linear;  spikes  (a)  2—4,  rarely  1,  linear,  straight,  spreading, 
2-  4'  by  2" ;  spkl.  (6)  closely  imbricated  on  the  under  side 
of  tlie  rachis,  smooth  ;  fruit  brown.  ©Waysides:  com- 
mou     M.,  S-W.    August. 

64.  DACTYLOOTENIUM,  Wilkl.  Egypti.vn  G.  Spikes  several, 
digitate,  unilateral.  Spkl  2  -  OO-flwd.  Gl.  compressed-carinate,  the  upper 
awned.    Pales  boat-sliaped,  acute-mucronate.    Grain  roundish,  free. 

D.  E^ypticum  Willd.    Culms  creeping  and  ascending,  1— Hf;  lvs.  ciliate  at  base; 
spikes  commonly  4  (cruciate),  pointed;  spkl.3-fl\vd.    ®  Fields :  com.    Va.  toFla.    % 

65.  SPARTINA,  Schrel).  MakshG.  Coud  G. 
Spkl.  flat,  l-flwd.,  closely  imbricated  in  a  double 
row  on  one  side  of  the  triquetrous  rachis,  forming 
dense  spikes.  Glumes  keeled,  coriaceous.  Pales 
awnless.  Style  very  long,  y  Rigid  marsh  grasses. 

*  Upper  glume  decidedly  awned.   Lower  pale  rough- 

hispid  on  the  keel No.  1 

*  Glumes  merely  pointed... (a) 

a  Lower  pale  rough-hispid  on  the  keel Nos.  2,  3 

a  Lower  pale  smooth.    Spikes  1— 1-.J Nos.  4,  5 

1  S.  eynosuroidcs  Willd.     Ciihn  2— 4f,  slender  but 

firm  :  lvs.  long,  narrow,  involute-fiiilbrm  above  ;  spikes  5—15,  in  a  raceme-like  pani 
(le,  each  2— 4'  long;  upper  glume  witli  its  awn  8 -10'',  lower  glume  and  subequal 
jtalcs  4—5''.     Brackish  soils,    August. 

2  S,  polystacliia  Willd.    Culm  4— Sf,  ^-1'  in  diameter  ;  leaves  broadly  linear,  flat ; 

spikes  20—50,  in  a  dense  panicle,  aiid  3—4' ;  upper  pointed  gl.  6",  lower  gl.  2—3", 
haJ.f  as  long  as  the  equal  pales.    Salt  marshes,  cliiefly  southward.    Aug.,  -<  (a,b.c) 

3  S.  gracilis  Hook.  Culml— 2f;  iv*.  rolled,  rigid,  rusli-like  ;  spikes  15— 30,  very  short 

H').  closely  imbricated  into  a  spike-form  panicle.    Swamps,  Fla.    July,  August. 

4  S,  juncea  Willd.    Culm  1— 2f,  slender;  leaves  rolled  and  rush-like  or  setaceous; 

spikes  1— n,  subsessile,  1— H'  long;  upper  glume  4",  lower  U",  pales  Si";  M'holo 
plant  glabrous  except  the  rough-keeled  upper  glume.    Marshes  along  the  coast. 

5  S.  alteriiliiora  Lois.    Soft  Marsh  G.    Culm  3— 5f,  juicy;  leaves  channeled,  long; 

spikes  3—12,  sessile,  appressed,  their  rachis  produced  and 
pointed  ;  upper  gl.  lin.,  obtuse,  smooth  as  well  as  the  en- 
tire plant ;  lower  i  as  long.    Salt  marshes.    August. 

66.  BOUTELOUA,  Lagasca.  Musket  G.  Spkl. 
scBsile  in  two  rows  on  one  side  of  the  rachis,  form- 
ing dense  spikes.  G\umes  keeled,  the  lower  larger. 
Flowxrs  several,  the  lowest  5  ,  the  rest  abortive.  5 
Lower  pale  3-toothed,  upper  2-toothed.  Abortive 
flowers  awned. 
S  ATiiKnopoGOK.    Spikes  numerous  and  short,  forming  an 

erect,  virgate,  one-sided  raceme;  spikclets  4—8 No.  1 

§  Chondbosium.    Spikes  1  or  few,  dense  ;  spkl,  td  . .  Nos.  2,  3 


Order  155.— GRAMINE^E. 


409 


1  B*  curtlpendula  (Mx.)  (c)    Calm  ascending,  1— 2f ;  leaves  lance-linear ;  epikes 

20—40,  near  i'  long,  deflexed ;  ppkl.  (a)  2-flwd.,  abortive  fl.  1-awned.    U  M.,  W.  Jl. 

2  B.  lilrsuta  Lag.     Culms  tufted,  If;   leaves  at  base  lance-linear,  flat;   spikes  1—3; 

glumes  {b)  glandular-hispid,  shorter  than  the  3  awns  of  the  smooth  (d)  sterile  flower. 
(D  Sandy  soils,  Wis.,  and  S. 

3  B.  ollgostacliya  (N.)    Culm  filiform,  6—12' ;  Ivs.  at  base  subolate-BetaceoaB ;  gl. 

and  lower  pale  downy,  equaling  the  3  awns  of  the  villous  ster.  fl.    n  Wis.,  and  W. 

67.  OTENIUM,    Panner.      Tooth-ache    G- 

Spkl.  {b)  4-5-flwd.,  closely  imbricated  on  one  side 
of  a  flat  rachis,  middle  fl.  $  ,  the  upper  and  lower 
sterile.  Upper  gl.  exterior,  with  an  awned  tubercle 
on  the  back.  Lower  5  pale  awned  near  the  apex, 
silky-fringed  below.    Spike  solitary,  recurved.  

C.  arotnaticnm  (Ell.)    Culm  rigidly  erect,  3— 5f ;  leaves^^^^^ 

involute-setaceous  above  ;  scorpoid  spike  (a)  4—6',  very  dense,  the  short,  stout,  di« 
var.  awns  arranged  in  3  rows,     n  Sandy  swamps,  Va.,  and  S.    Curious.  Herb,  pung. 

68.  TRIPSAOUM,  L.    Sesame  G.     Spikes    i    above,    5 
below.    Gl.  coriaceous.     6  Spkl.  2-flwd.,  inner  fl.  neuter.      2 
Spkl.  2-flwd.,  the  lower  abortive.    Outer  gl.  covering  the  fls. 
in  a  cavity  of  the  thick-jointed  rachis,  with  an  aperture  each^ 
side  at  base. 


T,  dactyloides  L.    Culm  solid  with  pith,  4— 6f,  stout;  Ivs.  broad  and 
flat ;  spikes  (5—8')  2  or  3  together  at  top,  and  solitary  in  the   sheaths, 
sometimes,  in 
/3.    mono»lacht/on,  solitary  at  the  top  also.    U   Banks  and  shores, 
Penn.  to  III. 

69.  ZEA,  L.  Indian  Corn,  a  Fls.  awnless. 
S  Fls.  in  a  terminal  panicle  of  racemes  ;  spkl.  {a) 
2-flwd.  2  Fls,  embedded  in  the  thick  axillary 
spadix  (cob),  whicli  is  enveloped  in  many  bracts 
(husks) ;  spikelets  {b)  2-fl()wered,  1  fertile.  Glumes 
roundish.  Pistil  thread-form  (silk),  very  long, 
green.    (J)  Culm  solid. 

Z.  JUa  j's  L.    Culm  stout,  erect,  5— 15f,  smooth,  with  many 

ample  lin. -lanceolate  Ivsi.    Native  of  S,  Am,    Cultivated 

iu  many  varieties.    Grain  always  in  even  8— 24  rows  in 

the  ear,  golden  yellow,  varying  to  br.-piirple  or  pearl-wh. 

p.   jAPONiCA,       Leaves    variegated  with 

stripes  of  white  and  green.    Gardens.  ^|((((!] 

70,  ROTTBCGLLIA,  Br.     Rat-tail  G.     Spkl.  in  pairs  atl 
each  joint  of  a  terete  spike,  one  sessile  in  a  cavit}'-  of  the  rachis,! 
2  flwd.,  the  other  pedicelled,  abortive,     LoMcr  fl.  of  the  sessile  W^d 
spkl.  abortive.     Gl,  2,  subequal,  the  outer  concave,  coriaceous.   Pales 
hyaline.     24.  Spikes  i)edunculate.     Culm  solid. 

1  B.  cyliiidrlca  (Mx.)    Pedicellate  spkl.  a  minute  rndinient ;    ?  glume  ovate 
acute,  obsiurciy  impresecd-dottcd  in   lincH  ;  spikes  ryiin<irtCy  bit  ndcr,  single 


410 


Order  155.— GRAMINE^. 


culm  terete,  slender,  2— 4f,  with  very  narrow  involate-setaceot.^  leaves.      Dry  ')a^ 
rens,  Fla.  to  La.    July.  +     (R.  campestris  N.) 

2  11.   rugosa   (N.)    Pedicellate  spkl.  neutral;   B  gl.  lanceolate,  transversely  n<70w*; 

ppikes  2— y,  terminal  and  axillary ;  culm  compressed.  2^— 4f.    Swamps,  S.    Sept.  + 

3  R.  corrugiita  Baldw.  (a)    Pedicellate  spkl.  {d)  staminate ;  e  gl.  (c)  ovate,  deeply 

reticulately  pitted  ;  spikes  3—6',  colored  ;  culm  compreHscJ,  2— 4f.    Low  lands.    S. 

71.  STENOTAPHRUM,  Trin.  Spike  flat- 
lened.  Spkl.  2-flvv(l.,  in  pairs  at  each  joint,  eni- 
beclded,  one  pedicelled  and  sterile,  the  other  ses- 
sile and  constructed  like  Panicuni  (p.  391).  U 
Culm  branched. 

S.  dimidiltiim  (Thunb.)  (a)     Smooth,  leafy,  decum- 
bent, 2— 3f ;  leaves  (ft)  lance-linear,  flat ;  spikes  single,  lateral  and  termij.al,  3'  by  8' 
joint5=.  not  ^'eparating.    Low  lands,  S.    June.  + 

72.  ERIANTHUS,  Rich.  Plume  G.  Spkl. 
all  fertile,  2-fl\vd.,  in  pairs  at  each  joint  of  the  slen- 
der rachis,  one  sessile,  the  other  pedicelled,  both 
involucrate  at  base  with  a  tuft  of  hairs.  Gl.  sub- 
equal,  exccediug  the  fls.  Lower  ti.  neutral,  of  1 
hyaline  pale,  upper  of  2,  1-awned.  if  Stout,  erect 
grasses,  with  flat  leaves  and  tawny  silky  panicles. 

§  Hairs  of  the  iiivol.  much  Ioniser  than  the  spkL.Nos.  1,2  ^ 
§  Hairti  of  the  involucre  short  or  none Nos.  3,  4^ 

1  E,  alopeciiroides  Ell.   Cnlm  (6— lOf !)  and  broadlv: 

silky-hirsute;   panicle  do:i?«,  oblong.  12 — 2;)';   hairs  of 

the  invol.  twice  longer  than  the  (2i")  spkl.,  thrice  siiorter  than  the  straight  awn  which 

is  terminal  on  its  pale.    Wet  pine-barrens,  N.  J.,  W.  and  S.  (a,  h) 

2  E.  coutirtu-s  Ell.    Culm  (.4— 6f),  and  broad-linear  leaves  glibrous  ;  p.nniclc  oblong, 

6-  -10  ;  hairs  of  the  invol.  thrice  longer  than  the  (3")  spkl.,  twice  shorter  than  the 
contort(d  awn  ist^uing  from  the  base  of  the  2-cleft  pale.    Wet  grounds,  S. 

3  E.  brevibarbis  Mx.    Culm  and  leaves  as  in  the  last;  panicle  dense.  S— 14';  hairs 

thortir  than  tlie  (4'0si)kl. ;  awn  some  twisted,  8—10"  ;  pale  bitid.  Low  grounds.  S. (c) 

4  E.  strictu.s  Bald.     Culm  (1— 7f)  and  long,  narrow  (3— .J")  leave?  glabrous  ;  panicle 

strict,  spike-form,  10—20',  reddish  brown  ;  awn  straight ;  invol.  almost  0.  Banks,  S. 

73.  SACCHARUM,  L.  Sugar-cane.  Spkl.  all  fertile,  awnless,  in 
pairs,  one  sessile,  the  other  pedicellate,  2-flwd.,  lower  fl.  neuter,  of  a  singl ; 
pale,  upper  fl.'  5  of  2  pales.  Gl.  2,  subequal.  Pales  2,  hyaline.  Sla.  1—3. 
U  Giganlic  tr()])ical  t^rasses  with  branching  panicles.  Spikelets  cinctured 
at  base  with  long  silky  hairs. 

S.  cFFiciNAiiU.M.  Cnlm  solid,  short-jointed,  erect,  8— 20f;  Ivs.  many,  broad  and  flat; 
pan.  1- 2f,  of  numerous  racemes,  richly  clothed  with  the  long,  white,  silky,  involu- 
crate liairs.    Native  of  S.  Asia.    Cultivated  far  South. 

74.  ANDROPOGON,  L.  Beard  G.  Spkl.  in  pairs  at  each  joint  of 
a  slender  rachis  (a),  one  on  a  plumous-bearded  pedicel  {d)  imperfect,  the 
other  {e)  sessile,  2-fl\vd.  Lower  flower  of  1  empty  pale,  upper  flower  5 
of  2  hyaline  pales,  the  lower  lipped  with  an  awn.  Sta.  1—3.  2^:  Oulmf- 
erect,  branched,  coaiBC.    Flowers  spiked. 


OiiDER  155.— GllAMINE^. 


411 


Sept.,  Oct. 


§  naif!*  copious  silky,  lonj^er  than  the  gl.    Sta.  1  Nos.  1— 3 

%  Hair?  shortor  than  the  glumes.    Sta.  3  (1  in  No.  4).  ..(a) 

a  Spikes  digitate.  2— 4  together  at  pummits Nos.  4,  5 

a  Spikes  single,  one  at  the  top  of  each  branch..  Nos.  6—8 

a  Spikes  clustered,  paniculate ;  awns  very  long Tjfo.  g 

1  A.  macroiirna  Mx.  Culm  erect,  2— 3f,  much  branched  ; 

ppki.  very  delicate,  in  pairs,  with  a  spathe,  very  many, 
forming  a  dense  leafy,  silky  panicle  ;  sterile  spikelet  only 
a  pedicel ;  ?  awn  a  straight  bristle,  8",  hairs  4".  Wet 
grounds,  N.  Y.,  and  S.    Sept.  4- 

2  A.  Vlrginlcus    L.      Culm  triangular,  tall  (3--5f),  the^ 

upper  half  loosely  paniculate  and  nodding;  spikes  (like 
No.  1,  light  and  feathery,  1',  two  from  each  spathe)  scat- 
tered ;  sterile  spikelet  a  mere  pedicel ;  awns  9"  ;  spathe  2'.    Dry  soils. 

3  A.  arg^iiteus  Ell.    Culm  purplish,  slender,  1— 3f;  branches  1  or  2  at  each  upper 

node,  each  with  a  pair  of  spikes  12—15"  long  at  top :  fls.  concealed  by  the  silvery- 
white  hairs  ;  awn  7— 8".    No  spathe.    Dry  soils,  Ya.,  and  S.    Sept.,  Oct. 

4  A.  tetrastyclius  Ell.    Culm  erect,  2— 3f ;  leaves  and  sheaths  very  hairy ;  branches 

1  or  2  at  each  node,  each  with  4  (rarely  2)  spikes  at  top  ;  sterile  spikelet  an  awnliko 
glume  only  ;  glume  serrulate  ;  aAvn  4  times  its  length.    Low  lands,  S.    Sept. 

5  A.  furcatiis  Muhl.    Forked  spike.     Culm  erect,  4— 7f;  Ivs.  and  sheaths  glabrous; 

spikes  purplish,  digitate,  in  2s— 5V,  3—5'  long;  spkl.  appressed,  the  stalked  one  i  ; 
awn  of  the  5  flower  bent,  8— 10"  long.    Meadows  and  prairies  :  common.    August. 

6  A.  tener  (Xees).    Culms  2— 3f,  slender,  rigid  ;  leaves  narrow,  rigid;  spikes  erect,  2, 

slender;  spkl.  appressed  ;  pedicellate  fl.  neuter :   5  awn  bent.  4— 6".    Dry  barrens. 

7  A.  cillatus  (Nutt.)    Culms  3— 4f,  with  long  linear  Ivs. ;  spikes  3— 6',  on  long  ped 

icels  ;  hairs  close-pressed,  white;  spkl.  awnless,  the  stalked  one  6  ,    Damp,  S. 

8  A.  scoparlns  Mx.     Broom  G.   (a)     Culm  3r,  erect,  with   erect,  often  fascicled 

branches;  Ivs.  more  or  less  hairy  ;  spikes  sii-gle  on  the  filiform  pedicels,  loose,  6-12- 
flowored,  hairs  spreading  nearly  as  long  as  the  fls. ;  «  awns  ()"  long,  twisted  ;  stalked 
flower  (6)  neuter,  or  (in  p.  UaUt)  (d)  staminate.    In  dry  fields,  forming  tufts. 

9  A,  melanocarpus  (Muhl.)    Culms  4— 8f;  Ivs.  glabrous;  spikes  numerous,  clus- 

tered :  spkl.  many,  large,  each  from  a  subulate  spathe,  the  2  lower  spathes  longest, 
glumc-likc  9  awn  3--1'  long,  twisted.    Fields,  Ga.,  Fl.    Sept.+ 

75.  SORGHUM,  Pers.  Broom  Coux.  Spkl.  in  2's  and  3's,  panicled , 
the  middle  spkl.  complete,  2-flwd.,  lower  fl.  abortive.  Lateral  or  lower 
spkl.  sterile.  Glumes  coriaceous,  pales  membranous.  Sta.  3.  Otherwise 
like  Andropoi^on.     Culms  simple. 

1  S.  nutans  (L.)    Indian  G.     Wood  G.    Culm  2-4r;  pan.  elongated,  10— 20',  narrow, 

nodding;  si)kl.  all  tawny,  the  sterile  reduced  to  mere  pedicels  in  contact  with  the  «  , 
all  bristly  ciliate ;  awn  contorted,  longer  than  the  flower.     U  Dry:  common. 

2  S.  SACCHAKATUM.    Jiroom  Corn.    Culm  thick,  solid,  6— lOf ;  leaves  brotd,  downy  at 

base;  panicle  large,  difi"use,  with  the  slender  branches  whorled ;  o  glumes  hairy, 
persistent,    ij;  E.  Indies. 

3  S.  VL-LGARE.    Indian  Millet.    Culm  erect.  (5— 12f.  round,  solid  ;  leaves  broad,  keeled 

pan.  compact,  erect,  oval ;  glumes  and  pales  caducous,  fruit  naked,  (i)  E.  Ind.— The 
iStigar  Sorghum  is  re?;arded  as  a  variety  of  this  species. 

76.  COIX  LACRY.MA.  Job's  Tears.  Culm  1— 2f,  solid,  with  erect, 
rlender  branches  clustered  in  the  upper  sheaths  ;  leaves  lanceolate.  Spikelets  few  in  the 
i«ho:t  spikes,  awnless,  the  lowest  enclosed  in  an  involucre  which  becomes  ovoid,  bony, 
toiiebcd,  and  bluish-white,  likened  to  a  falling  tear.    ®  Qardeus.    From  E.  Indies. 


412  OiiDER  156.— MARSILEACE^. 


SuBKiNGDOM,  CRYPT  OGAMIA, 

Or  Flowerless  Plants.  Vegetables  destitute  of  true  stamens 
and  pistils,  gradually  descending  to  a  mere  cellular  structure, 
with  reproductive  organs  of  1  or  2  kinds,  producing,  instead  of 
seeds,  minute,  dust-like  bodies  (spores)  having  neither  integu- 
ments ]ior  embryo. 

Province,  ACROGENS.  Flowerless  plants,  having  a  regular 
stem  or  axis  which  grows  by  the  extension  of  the  apex  only, 
without  increasing  in  diameter,  generally  with  leaves,  and 
composed  of  cellular  tissue  and  scalariform  ducts.  (Ferns, 
Mosses,  Club-mosses,  Horsetails,  &c.) 

Ordeu  CLYL    MARSILTACE.E.     Peppeuworts. 

Herbs  creeping  or  flouting,  with  llic  leaves  pctiolate  or  sessile,  circinate  m 
vernation.  Fruit  (sporocarps)  situated  at  the  base  of  the  leaves  or  leaf- 
stalks, containing  the  capsular  sporanges  of  one  kind  with  3  kinds  of  spores, 
or  of  2  kinds  with  the  diiferent  spores  separated. 

*  Leaves  coinpouml.  on  slender  petioles,  with  4  leaflets.    Steins  creeping Marsilia.  i 

*  Leaves  simple,  {j;r!iss-like,  radiciil.     Stem  a  conn Isoktks.     2 

*  Leaves  miimte,  lobed,  imbricated.     Stem  filiform,  floating  free. . ..  AzoLiA.      3 

1.  MARSILIA,  L.  Sporocarps  at  the  base  of  the  leaf-stalks,  of  one 
kind,  2-celled,  cells  transversely  many-celled,  separating  into  two  lobes  at 
nlaturit3^  Sporangia  inserted  on  each  horizontal  partition,  of  3  kinds, 
some  1-spored,  others  Gc-spored.  if  Stems  creeping  and  looting.  Leaven 
})eti()late,  apparently  radical,  of  4  tchorled  leaflets^  resembling  clover. 

1  M,  qitadril'olia  L.    Lft«».  round-cuneiform,  as  broad  as  long,  glabrous  ;  pporocari)B 

oblong,  suioothish,  1,  2,  or  3  on  each  short  peduncle,  as  large  as  a  peppercorn.    7i  Pet- 
ioles 3— 5' high.    Margin  of  pond,  Litchfield,  Conn.  (Prof.  Eaton).    Leaves  floating. 

2  jTI.  vestita  Hook  &  (Jrov,   Lll.s.  cuneiform-obovate,  longer  than  broad,  glab. ;  pporo- 

ctirps  glob.-ovai,  2.y",  hisp..  1  only  on  each  short  (3")  peduncle,  i-foofhed  on  back.  S-W. 

3  ifl.  uaciitata  Biaun.    Lfts.  cuneiform-obovate,  hispid,  petioles  1—2' high  ;  sporo- 

carps* 2",  sub>^essile  at  the  base  of  the  i^etioJes,  clothed  with  rust-colored  wool.  Iowa. 

2.  ISOETES,  L.  Quilt  WORT.  Sporocarps  oval,  1-celled,  of  3  kinds, 
sessile  in  the  a.xils  of  the  radica»  .vs.  and  adhering  to  them.  Spores  in  the 
oxter  sporangia  larger,  globular;  in  the  i/uier  minute,  powalcry.  2^^' 
Leaves  linear,  grass-like,  clustered  on  the  short  corm. 

*  Species  growing  jinder  w-ater,  gene^Hy  wholly  submersed,  in  ponds,  &c.  .Noe.  1—3 

*  Species  growing  in  shallow  water,  or  in  damp  grounds,  emersed Nos.  4—1 

1  T.  lacustrisL.   Lvs.  2—0',  subulate,  rigid,  erect-spreading ;  sporocarps  round-avate, 

unspotted,  the  larger  spores  with  crested  ridges.    Varies  with  the  leave«  setaceox.* 
eabulate  and  recurved,  the  sporocarps  rarely  a  little  spotted.    N, 


OiiDEii  157.— L  VCOPODIACE.E. 


413 


2  I.  ecliliiospora  Diir,    Lvs.  fiihulate,  3—10',  red  at  base,  15—30  in  number;  sporo- 

carps  round-ovate,  spotted,  larger  spores  echinate  with  minute  points.  N.  J.,  Pa  .  &  N. 

3  I.  flacclda  Shutt.    Lv».  flaccid.  1—21"  long,  almost  filiform,  yellowish  green  ;  sporo- 

carps  oblong-ovatc  ;  spores  not  netted,  minutely  roughened.    Ponds  and  lakes.    Fla. 

4  I.  riparia  Eng.  Lvs.  10-;50  in  number,  4-S',  lin. ;  sporocarps  oblong,  spotted  ;  sporea 

with  a  band  of  crested  ridi,^cs,  ash-colored  ;  leaves  emersed.    Del.  R.  (Porter),  and  N. 

5  I.  Maccliarata  Eng.    Leaves  few  (7—15),  subulate-filiform,  2— .3',  recurved;  sporo- 

carps ovate,  spotless  ;  spores  minutely  tubcrclcd.  Wicomico  R.,  Md.  (Canby,  Porter). 
8  I.  inclanopodu  J.  Gay.   Leaves  very  slender,  8—10',  carinaieou  the  bnck,  brown  at 

base  ;  spoiocarps  brown  ;  spores  smooth,  smaller  than  in  No.  5.    111.  (Prof.  Porter). 
t  I.  digeliiiauiii  Braun.    Leavcs25— 100, 10 — 20'  long,  filiform-linear,  weak;  sporo- 
carps oblonj,  spotless  ;  spores  honeycombed  all  over.    Shallow  waters,  E.  and  \V. 
^.  g^tdciiiit.    Leaves  about  10,  very  flaccid.  If.    N.  E.  to  111.  (J.  Wolf). 
y.  validn,    1  v^?.  very  numerous,  2f,  from  a  stock  6"— 1'  thick.    Del.  &  Pa.  (Porter). 

3.  AZOLLA,  Lam.  Small  floating  plants,  with  filiform  stems  and  mi- 
nute imbricated  leaves  or  fronds.  Sporocarps  of  2  kinds,  sessile  on  the 
under  side  of  the  branches,  the  smaller  sterile,  filled  with  antheridia,  the 
larger  fertile,  thin,  containing  sporangia  on  stalks,  each  with  several  spores. 
A.  Carolinls^na  Willd.  Lvs.  ovate-oblong,  obtuse,  fleshy,  J",  reddish  beneath ;  ster. 
ile  fruits  1  or  2  at  the  base  of  the  fertile,  and  many  times  smaller.  Still  waters,  N.  &  W. 

Order  CLVII.    LYCOPODIACE^.    Club  Mosses. 

These  are  interesting  evergreen  creep-       /\3 
ors  or  runners,  rarely  erect,  branching,  '^^^\ 
abounding  in  ducts,  with  the  leaxes  small,  ||^^^\ 
numerous,  crowded,  entire,  lanceolate  or  ^^ 
subulate,  i-nerved.     Fruits  sessile,  ax-     _•  ~^ 
illary  or  crowded  into  a  spike,  2-valved,     4'^  cTn 
containing  lew  rather  large  spores,  or 
numerous  uiinule  ones  appearing  like 
powder. 

.151,  Lycopodiiim  dendrojdentn.  552,  A  single  spik*^ 
653,  A  scale  with  its  axillary  sporange  bursting.  654, 
Spoies. 

1,  LYOOPODIUM,  L.  Club  Moss. 

Sporc-cascs  all  of  one  kind,  1-celled,  reni- 

form,  opening  transversely,   2-valved  ;  W 2.  48  551 

spores  numerous,  minute,  sulphur-yel- 
low.— Leaves  in  4,  8,  or  16  ranks. 

§  Fruit  in  pedunculated  spikes  (the  fertile  branches  nearly  leafless)..  .(C) 
§  Fruit  in  sessile  spikes  (the  branches  h-afy  throHghout)...(*) 

§  Fruit  scattered,  axillary,  forming  no  distinct  spike Nob.  1,  3 

b  Leaves  of  tKe  spike  bract-like,  discolored Nos.  3,  4 

b  Leaves  of  the  spikes  and  stems  all  alike Nos.  .'1,  6 

c  Spikes  several  (2— U)  on  each  peduncle N08.  9,  10 

c  Spike  solitary  on  each  peduncle Nos.  7,  8 

I    L.  Sclago  L.    Fir  Club  Moxf.    Erect,  2— (}',  fastiiriately  branched  ;  lvs.  covering  the 
branches,  all  alike,  eiuirc.  acute  and  pmiiient.  awnlcds.    Top«  of  high  mountains,  N. 


41i  Ordeu  157.— LYCOPODIACEJ^. 

2  L.  lucidnlum  Mx.  Shining  C.  Ascenrlinp;.  forking,  8—16';  Ivs.  ihSrowp,  Itnenr- 

lanceolate,  denticulate,  ehiniiig,  epreading  or  reflexcd,  pointed,  large  for  the  genan 
(3 — 4'0,  the  fruitftil  ones  like  the  rept,  as  in  No.  1.    Damp  woods'. 

3  L.  inundatum  L.    Marsh  0.    Stem  creeping,  often  submersed,  the  simple  eoli' 

tary  ped.  1—3'  (Conn.,  Mr.  Bowles)  or  4— 7'  (Mass.,  Dr.  Ricard) ;  leaves  soft  and  fine, 
curving  upward  ;  spike  solitary,  1~H'  long,  leafy.    Swamps,  Can.  to  Car. 

4  L.  alopecuroides  L.    Sterile  branches  decumbent,  shorter  than  the  tall  (7— 20') 

erect   fertile  ones ;    leaves   crowded,  subulate,   awncd ;    spikes  leafy,   2—3'  long. 
Swamps  in  pine-barrens,  N.  J.  to  Fla.  and  La. 

5  li.  annotiniini  L.    Creeping,  branches  twice  forked,  ascending  fi— 8';  leaves  in 

5  rows,  lance-linear,  spreading,  denticulate  ;  spikes  solitary.    Woods,  N. 

0  li.  dendroideum  Mx.     Tree  C.     Ground  Pine.    Erect,  about  8',  with  its  erect 

branches  spirally  arranged,  forked  and  crowded;  Ivs.  lance-linear,  in  6  equal  rows; 
spikes  several  but  solitary,  1|',  yellow-brown.    Woods.    Vi-ry  elegant. 
/3.  obacurvm.    Branches  spreading  ;  spikes  1  or  2,  greenish  brown. 
T  Ij.  CaroliMianimi  L.    Stem  and  branches  creeping  and  rooting  ;  Ivs.  appearing  2- 
ranked,  the  lateral  spreading  while  the  others  are  apprcssed.  lanceolate ;  peduncle* 
simple,  2 — 4'.  bearing  each  a  single  spike.    Barrens,  N.  J.,  and  S. 

8  L.  sablnaelolinin  Willd.     Ground  Fir.    Long,  creeping;  branches  erect,  short, 

with  fastigiatc  branchlets  ;  Ivs.  terete-subnlate  ;  ped.  short.    White  Mts..  and  N. 

9  L.  complaiiatiim  L.    Festoon  Ground  Pine.    Long,  trailing;  branches  repeat- 

edly forking,  fan-shaped,  spreading;  leaves  4-ranked.  the  marginal  connate,  diverg- 
ing, the  others  distinct,  appressed  ;  peduncles  long,  with  4 — 6  spikes.    Woods. 

10  Ii.  claTatiim  L.  Common  C.  Extensively  creeping,  branches  ascending ;  leave* 
scattered,  incurved,  bristly-acuminate  ;  peduncles  erect,  remotely  bracted,  3—5',  bear- 
ing a  pair  of  straight  spikes  2'  long.    In  shades  :  common. 

2.  SELAGINELLA,  Spr.  Dwarf  Club  Moss.  Fruits  of  two  kinds, 
viz.,  antlieridia,\\\\\Q\\  are  1-celled,  opening  at  apex;  and  oophoridia,  larger, 
containing  1 — 4  (rarely  6)  globous-angular  grains. — A  large  genus.  The 
species  are  cultivated  in  every  greenhouse.  Spikes  quadrangular,  bracts 
in  4  rows.    (Lycopodium  L.) 

§  Leaves  all  alike  and  similarly  imbricated  all  around.    Native Nof .  1,  2 

§  Leaves  of  2  kinds,  in  4  rows,  those  of  the  2  lateral  rows  larger  and  spread 
ing,  of  the  2  intermediate  rows  superficial,  small,  appressed..  .(a) 
a  Slender  rootlets  produced  along  the  stems.— x*  Leaves  unequal-sided.. Nos.  3—5 

—X  Leaves  equal-sided Nos.  6—8 

No  rootlets,  &c.—y  Stems  erect,  frond-like,  simple,  stalk-like  below.  .Nos.  9—11 
— y  Stems  diffuse,  branched  from  the  base Nos.  12,  1.'3 

1  S.  riipestre  (L).  Sts.  ascending,  2 — 4',  divided  into  numerous  tufted,  mossy  branches ; 

leaves  crowded,  fine,  blue-green,  ciliate  ;  spike  indistinct,  (J".    Rocks. 

2  S.  Kclaginoides  (L).    Stem  filiform,  creeping,  branches  suberect.  3— C',  the  fertile 

simple.  1-spiked  ;  leaves  lanceolate,  yellow-green,  ciliate.    Wwuds,  N. 
8  S,  apus  Spr.    Stem  weak,  loosely  branched,  with  hair-rke  rootlets  near  tire  base; 
leaves  ovate,  slightly  oblique,  acutish,  the  smaller  ones  pjinted.    Damp,    t 

4  S,  STOLONiFERA.   Sts.  producing  long  threadform  rootlets  helow,  3-4-pinnately  branch- 

ed ;  branchlets  2 — 4"  broad  ;  Ivs.  imbricated,  ovate,  entire,  obtuse,the  smaller  ones  with 
a  filifonn  straight  point.  The  older  stems  become  zigzag.  G-10'.  Com.  (S.  Mertensii.) 

5  S.  DENTicuLATA  (or  Kraussiaua).    Prostrate,  delicate,  remotely  and  somewhat  .3-pin- 

nately  branched  ;  leaves  1",  oblong-ovate,  minutely  denticulate,  acute,  distant  on  the 

Rtem,  crowded  on  the  branchlets  ;  smaller  leaves  with  refiexed  points.  Very  common. 

p.  varik«.\ta.    Ends  of  the  branchlets  with  their  leaves  white.  Ilootlcts  hair-like. 

C  S.  t  KCTNArA  (orcxt-ia).   Lon(;crccping,  with  hair-like  rooUcto,  2  3  pinnatcly  branched. 


Order  1o8.--EQU1SETAC£.15. 


415 


branchlcts  crowded,  phort,  1"  wide;  leaves  crowded,  oblong,  entire,  obtaec,  the 
smaller  ones  with  an  'uncinate  (reflexed)  slender  point. 

7  S.  SERPENS.  Stems  prostrate,  with  hair-like  rootlets,  2-3-pinnate ;  branchlets  short  and 

crowded,  1"  wide ;  Ivs.  crowded,  round-ovate,  cordate,  obtuse,  entire,  the  smaller  acute. 

8  8.  DELicATissiMA.    Sts.  Creeping,  5—8',  rooting,  filiform,  loosely  2-.3-pinnate,  1"  wide  ; 

leaves  ovate,  obtuse,  ciliate,  not  crowded,  the  middle  ones  scarcely  smaller,  acute. 

9  S.  CAULEscEKS.    Glabrous,  suberect,  12—18',  3-4-pinnately  branched,  fern-like,  and  lan- 

ceolate in  outline  ;  branchlets  close,  ly  wide  ;  leaves  close,  ovate,  entire,  very  acute, 
the  points  turned  upward  ;  smaller  leaves  mucronate  ;  stem  straw-colored. 

10  S.  WiLLDENovii.  Like  the  last  as  to  steins  and  branches,  but  they  are  finely  pubes- 
cent, and  the  leaves  are  less  crowded,  ovate,  and  obtuse.    6—12',  ovate  in  outline. 

lis.  ERTTHROPUS.  Stems  red,  with  scattered,  appressed  leaves ;  frond  wide-spreaa, 
Fomewhat  palmate,  with  crowded  branchlets  and  leaves,  branchlets  H"  wide  ;  leaves 
ovate-oblong,  oblique,  obtuse,  ciliate,  the  smaller  with  long  straight  points. 

12  S.  cuspiDATA.  Stem  or  frond  3—6',  densely  and  somewhat  dichotomously  branched  ^ 
branchlets  1"  wide;  leaves  closely  imbricated,  all  nearly  alike,  elliptical,  ciliate, 
bristle-pointed,  with  the  point  inclined  upward.— A  variety  (perhaps  the  fertile  stems) 
are  lanceolate  in  outline,  2-3-pinnately  branched. 

1 3  S.  LEPiDOPHTLLA,  Resurrection  Moss,  is  a  roundish  ball  when  dry.  In  a  cup  of  water 
it  soon  expands  into  a  dense  circle  of  dark-green,  densely  2-3-pinnate  fronds,  with 
innumerable  oval,  obtuse,  entire  leaves.    From  Lower  California. 

3.  PSILOTUM,  R.  Br.  Sporangia  sessile,  3-celled,  imperfectly  3-valverl 
by  terminal  chinks,  filled  with  farinaceous  spores. — Stem  fork-branched, 
with  alternate,  minute  leaves,  as  if  leafless. 

P.  triquetriim  Swtz.  Stem  erect,  8—W,  many  times  forked,  and,  with  the  branches, 
3-anglcd  ;  leaves  remote,  f"  ;  fruit  3-lobed,  sessile  along  the  branches.    E.  Fla 


Order  CLVIII.    EQUISETACE.E.    Horsetails. 

Plants  leafless  simple  stems,  or  with  whorled  branches.  Stems  striate- 
Bulcate,  jointed,  fistular  between,  and  separable  at,  the  jomts.  S/imt/is 
dentate,  crowning  each  internodc.  Fructification  a  dense,  oblong-cylin- 
dric,  terminal,  and  cone-like  spike,  composed  of  6  sided,  peltate  scales, 
arranged  spirall}^  bearing  beneath  4 — 7  spore-cases,  which  open  laterally. 
Spores  globular,  each  with  4  elaters  attached,  involving  them  spirally,  oi 
open  when  discharged.    (Sec  Figures.) 

EQUISETUM,  L.  Scouring 
KusH.  Character  the  same  as 
that  of  the  order. — The  sheaths 
may  be  regarded  as  a  whorl  of 
united  Ivs.  The  cuticle  abounds 
in  si  lex. 

i>M,  Equisetum  arvense.  556,  E.  sylvati- 
cum.  657,  Section  of  the  spike,  enlarged.  658, 
A  peltate  scale  with  7  sporanges  beneath  (or 
cue  compound  sporange),  magnified.  553,  A 
fcpore  with  its  elaters  highly  magnified. 

§  Species  fniiting  in  Spring  and  decaying  Ix'forc  the  fo]lo\\ing  Winter. .  .(a) 
^  Species  fruiting  in  Summci  and  lasting  through  the  following  Winter..  .(i>) 


4]  6 


OiiDEK  159— FILICES. 


a  Fertile  stemfc  never  branching,  the  sterile  with  simple,  whorled  branche8..N0B.  1,S 
a  Fertile  stems  at  length,  like  the  sterile,  with  compound,  whorled  branches,  .No8. 8, 4 

b  Stems  with  whorls  of  simple  branches  from  the  middle  joints Nos.  5, 6 

b  Stems  mostly  simple,  large,  20-40- furrowed Nos.  7—8 

b  Stems  always  simple,  very  slender,  »-9-furrowed Nos.  10,  11 

1  E.  arvense  L.   Fertile  stems  erect,  6—8',  simple  ;  sterile  12-14-farrowed,  with  sim- 

ple, ascending,  4-angled  branches ;  sheath  cut  into  long  dark-brown  teeth ;  spike 
6—12",  oblong.    Can.  to  Va.  and  Ky.    The  sterile  stems  appear  alter  the  fertile. 
p,  serotinum.    Sterile  plant  also  producing  a  late  spike  of  fruit.    Pa.  (Porter). 

2  E.  Telmateia  Ehr.    Ivm-y  H.    Sterile  stem  2— 5f,  luhite,  about  30-furrowed,  its  30 

branches  4-angled  ;  fertile  stems  simple  ;  sheaths  with  subulate  teeth.    L.  Superior. 

3  E.  sylvatlcum  L.    Stems  12-  or  13-furrowed,  both  kinds  with  compound,  deflexed, 

angular  branches,  9— 16^    Woods  and  low  grounds.    North. 

4  E.  pr«  tense  Ehr.    Stems  10-1 2- furrowed,  both  kinds  soon  producing  simple,  straight 

branches,  in  several  whorls  ;  branches  3-angled.    N.  W. 

5  E.  limosum  L.    Pipes.    Stems  2— 3f,  smooth,  erect,  15-20-striate,  mostly  with  a 

few  irregular,  simple,  5-sided  branches  near  the  middle  ;  sheaths  white  above,  with 
15 — 20  teeth,  tipped  with  black.    Shores  and  swamps. 

6  E.  palustre  L.    Sts.  1 — Hf,  erect,  with  6—8  prominent  strife ;  branches  few,  sheaths 

with  as  many  pointed  teeth  as  striae.    Marshes,  N.    Rare  in  the  United  States. 

7  E.  Jsevlgatum  Braun.    Stems  2— 3f,  erect,  simple  or  some  branched  ;  sheaths  long 

(6 — 7'0,  close,  green,  with  20—25  black  teeth ;  branch  sheaths  S-toothed.  Miss.  River. 

8  E.  robustuni  Braun.    Sts.  2— 4f,  very  stout,  some  branched  above  ;  sheaths  shoit 

(3 — 4"),  close,  with  40  (in  the  branches  11)  deciduous  teeth,  and  a  black  band  near  the 
base,  rarely  with  another  above.    River  banks,  W.  States  to  California  I 

9  E.  hyeitiale  L.    Scouring  Rush.    Stems  all  simple,  erect,  2f,  very  rough  with  sill 

cious  points ;  sheaths  ashy-white,  black  at  base  and  summit,  short  (2—3"),  with  about 
I  20  subulate,  awned,  deciduous  teeth.    Con- 

-'~Jf\  A  spicuous  in  wet  shades. 

.A^'^\  ^^5r  10  E.  variegatum  Schleicher.   Simple 

J(a        }   y']  (^^^^  (branched  from   base),  slender,  straight, 

y^     f'^r^A  r^^^^^  6—12'.  5-9-farrowed  ;  sheaths  very  short, 

3  rt-T     ^    /©  ;/«B^  I  ^^^^^  Mith  brown  bristle-tipped  teeth.  N.  Rare. 

11   E.  scorploldesMx.  Sts.  tufted,  fili- 
form, 4-8',  recurved,  3-4-Iurrowed ;  sheaths 
l/luck,  teeth  3  or  4,  scarious  and  bristle- 
2  — -=^  .^^^Ir^^^       tipped.    Woods,  Penn.,  and  N. 

l!t^^  OiiDEii  CLIX.    FILICES.    Ferns. 

>SfeTO  a  perennial,  creeping,  liorizon- 

IL^^^^      tal  rhizome,  or  sometimes  erect  and 

tree-like.  i^?'(9;i<fo  (fruit-bearing  leaves) 

variously  divided,  rarely  entire,  with 

4|(  "^B^  %^     ""^^v  J   //    //  mostly  forked    veins    and    cirdnate 

W'"  w  ;  II     II  vernation.    i'Vw/i  occupying  the  back 

or  margin  of  the  fronds  arising  from 

''      560  the  veins.    Sporangia  (spore-cases)  of 

5     ^_r— r—:?-^-^^— ^..r^  li  //    fT-^  kA.    one  kind,  scattered,  or  clustered  in 

son,   1 -celled,  containing  numerous 
_^v^^^v.    minute  spores. 

"^  >  /r^^^^5^P  pjjj  5go^  Pol3-podium  vulgrare,  frond  pinnate.  561, 
A  teaflet  of  tlie  frond  enlarsred.  .showing'  tlie  «<.ri.  5(5"J  One  of  tlie  sori  enlarijred,  sliowing  the  sporan- 
|ria.  50:i.  One  Hp-ratiu'e  fiirilicr  iiiMiriiifi»".l,  l.iiibiinu  and  (liscliarKrinR  its  sp.irea.  661.  A  8oru»  of 
4«liidiuni   ni.iri:iii;ile  c.ieie.i   niili  ili*.  iu.liisnn.i.      .W..  Side  vi«>w  .,f  the  same. 


Order  159.— FILICES.  417 

A  large  and  interesting  Order,  distinguished  for  their  elegant,  plume- 
like foliage.  They  are  usually  a  few  inches  to  a  few  feet  high,  but  some 
of  the  Tropical  species,  as  the  Cyatheae,  are  15  to  25  feet,  vieing  with  the 
Palms  in  size  and  beauty. 

^^  The  stipe  is  the  etalk  of  the  frond,  and  the  rachis  its  continuation  through  it.  The 
oiniUR  (or  pn.)  are  the  first  divisions  of  a  divided  frond  (often  called  leaflets).  Pinnulce 
(or  jff^l-)  are  the  first  divisions  of  the  pinnae  when  further  divided.  Segments  (seg.)  are 
\\iQ  final  divisions,  and  the  partial  divisions  of  the  segments  are  lobes^  &c.  The  sort  (fruit- 
dote)  are  either  naked,  or  covered  with  an  indusiu7n  (see  cut), 

I  rOLYPODIACEiE.    The  Tkok  Pkkxs,  with  fronds  mostly  radical,  circinate  in  bud.    Fporangia  i« 

soH,  pedicellate,  with  a  vertical,  elastic  ring,  opening  transversely... (/) 
§  CYATHEACE^.    The  Tree  Ferns,  with  fronds  on  an  erect  trunk.     Sporangia  as  in  §  1. .  .(e) 
§  HYMENOPHYLLAGE^.    Pellucid  Ferns  ;  sporangia  in  a  cup  and  on  a  thread... (cZ) 
§  SCIIIZ^CE^.    Very  slender  vines  or  fronds.    Sporangia  with  a  ring-crown  at  apex. .  .(c) 
I  OSMUNDIACE^.    Fronds  stout,  radical.    Sporangia  with  no  ring,  2-valved. .  .(6) 
f  OPHIOGLOSSACE^E.  Frond  single  (in  our  species),  on  an  erect  stem.   Sporangia  with  no  ring. .  .(a) 

a  Fruit  in  a  spike.    Frond  entire,  reticulate-veined Ophioglossum.  1 

a  Fruit  in  a  panicle.    Frond  divided,  fork-veined Botrychium.  2 

6  Fronds  pinnate  or  bipinnate,  with  straight,  forked  veins Osmu.nda.  3 

e  Fronds  palmately  lobed.    Stems  climbing,  3 — 4f. Ltgodium.  4 

c  Fronds  linear-filiform,  undivided,  a  few  inches  high Schiz^a.  5 

«  Fronds  3-parted,  middle  division  sterile,  the  lateral  paniculate Aneluia.  6 

d  Fronds  pellucid  or  opaque.    Sporangia  with  a  transverse  ring Trichomanes.  7 

e  Fruit-dots  in  little  round  cups.    Trunk  and  leaves  smooth Cyathea.  8 

e  Fruit-dots  becoming  entirely  naked.    Fronds  prickly  or  hairy Alsophila.  J 

«  Fniit-dots  enclosed  in  the  reflexed  tip  of  the  lobe,  with  two  valves §  B alantiuji.  22 

/  Sporangia  scattered  singly  all  over  the  surface  (not  in  sori),  naked.  ..C7) 
/  Sporangia  collected  in  dots  (sori)  growing  from  the  veins... (A) 

g  Fronds  simple  or  pinnate.    Pinnae  on  short  petiolules Acrostichux.  10 

ff  Fronds  forked  at  the  summit,  entire  below,  the  sterile  different Platyceeium.  11 

h  Sori  (fruit-dots)  naked,  having  no  covering  of  any  kind.  ..(A;) 

h  Sori  involved  (at  first)  in  the  rolled  segments  of  the  panicled  fertile  frond. .  .(m) 

h  Sori  not  involved,  but  invested  with  special  coverings  (called  indusia) . .  .(n) 

Jt  Fronds  smooth  or  scaly,  never  powdery.    Sori  distinct,  roundish Polypodiu.ii.  12 

k  Fronds  covered  with  powder  on  the  back.    Sori  in  many  dorsal  lines Gymnogramma.  13 

k  Fronds  powdery  or  scaly  on  the  back  (bipinnate).    Sori  in  a  marginal  line Nothol^na.  14 

k  Fronds  linear,  simple.    Sori  in  a  continuous  line  on  the  split  margin.    Fla Vittaria  lineata 

m  Fertile  frond  bipinnate,  segments  berry-like.    Veins  reticulated O.noclea.  15 

m  Fertile  frond  pinnate,  pinnas  moniliform.    Veins  forking Strdthiopteris.  16 

m  Fertile  fronds  bipinnate,  segments  oblong,  soon  opening Allosorus.  17 

n  Sori  marginal,  indusia  only  the  reflexed  altered  margin  of  the  frond.. .(o) 
n  Sori  marginal,  indusium  double— a  scale  combined  with  the  margin... (p) 
n  Sori  dorsal,  oblong  or  linear,  indusium  attached  to  the  side  of  a  vein.  ..(7) 
n  Sori  dorsal,  round  or  roundish,  indusium  on  the  back  or  the  tip  of  a  vein. .  .(x) 

o  Fronds  of  2  kinds,  the  fertile  contracted.    Sori  continuous  to  apex Lcmaria.  18 

0  Fronds  all  similar,  smooth.  Indusia  continuous  ail  around.   Stipe  green  or  brown.. Pteris.  19 

o  Fronds  woolly,  Ac.    Sori  separate  or  continuous.    Stipe  brown,  hairy Cheilanthes.  20 

o  Fronds  smooth.    Sori  separate.    Stipe  black  and  polished Adiantum.  21 

p  Indusium  a  2-lipped  cup  at  the  edge  of  the  segments Dicksonia.  22 

p  Induy^ium  an  entire  cup  or  goblet  at  the  edge  of  the  segments Datallia.  23 

q  Sori  parallel  to  the  mid-vein,  the  indusia  opening  toward  it...(r) 
q  Sori  oblique  to  the  mid-vein,  borne  laterally  on  the  veinlets. . .(«) 

r  Sori  linear,  nearly  continuous,  in  2  rows,  sunk  in  the  frond WoodwakdiA.  24 

r  Sori  oblong,  remote,  in  two  rows  and  superficial.     Stipes  black DOODIA.  25 

r  Sori  linear,  in  1  double  row,  the  whole  length  of  the  segment Blechnom.  26 

r  Sori  oblong,  in  1  short  double  central  row.     Frond  finely  clett Onychium.  27 

B  Indusia  single,  regularly  arranged,  in  2  rows Asplenium.  28 

$  Indusia  single,  scattered  irregularly.    Frond  simple  or  lobed Camptosorcs.  29 

«  ludusia  double,  regularly  arranged.     Frond  simple ScoLOPENnRiua.  30 


4-18  Order  lOO.-FILICES. 

X  Indusium  cupform,  fringed,  fixed  beneath  all  around  the  sorus Woodsia.  31 

a.  Indiisinm  hoodform,  fixed  by  the  base  and  2  sides Cistopteris.  32 

X  Indusium  reniform,  opening  only  toward  the  margin  of  the  segm.    Fla...NKPHROLEPis  exaltata. 
X  Indusium  round-reniform,  fixed  in  the  midst,  open  all  around Aspidium.  33 

1.  OPHIOGLOSSUM,  L.  Adder's  Tongue.  Sporangia  roundish,  na- 
ked, opening  transvei-sely,  arranged  in  two  rows  along  the  margins  of  the 
iVnile,  contracted,  spike-like  frond.     Veins  reticulated. 

1  O.  TU]g:atiiiii  L.    Root  of  thick  fibre?;  ptein  simple,  bearing;  1  oblong-ovatc.  en- 

lire,  smooth  frond,  2—3',  with  no  mid-vein,  and  a  terminal  spike,  1—2'.    A  c-jiiou8 
little  plant,  ii;  low  grounds.    Vernation  straight,  as  in  all  this  section,— not  circinate. 

2  O.  bulbosum  L.  Root  a  globular  corm  ;  frond  ovate  to  reniform,  on  the  stem  close 

to  the  ground.    Wet  pine-barrens,  N.  J.,  and  S.    Often  2  stems  from  1  corm. 

2.  BOTRYCHIUM,  Swartz.  Moonwort.  Grape  Fern.  Sporangia 
Bubglobous,  1-celled,  2-valved,  distinct,  coriaceous,  smooth,  adnate  to  the 
compound  rachis  of  a  racemous  panicle.    Valves  opening  transversely. 

§  Frond  ternately  divided,  segments  palmately  veined Nos.  1,  2 

§  Frond  pinnately  divided,  segments  piunately  veineU Nos.  3—5 

1  B.  lunarioides  Swtz.    Scape  8— 12',  bearing  a  stalked  frond  near  the  base  and  a 

panicle  of  numerous  little  2-ranked  spikes  at  the  top ;  frond  in  3  bipinnatifid  divi- 
sions ;  segment  obliquely  lanceolate,  crenulate.    Shady  pastures  and  woods. 
(8.  di sanctum.    Frond  more  numerously  dissected,  almost  tripinnatifid. 

2  B,    simplex  Hitchcock.    Frond  simple,  or  3-lobed  or  parted,  segm.  broad-wedgti- 

obovate,  small,  incised  or  subentire,  unequal ;  spike  compound,  interrupted,  gmal!. 
Dry  hills,  Vt.,  Mass.    Whole  plant  3—6'.    Frond  6—12",  short-stalked,  near  the  base. 

3  B.  neg'l^ctum  Wood.    Frond  1—2',  simply  pinnate,  with  oval  or  ovate  incised  pin- 

nro,  short-stalked,  on  upper  part  of  stem,  which  is  5—8'  high.   Pan.  1—2'.  N.  H.,  Vt.,  to 
Vst,.—Pi'Of.  Porter  regards  both  this  and  No.  2  as  var.  of  B.  matricarisefolium  Braun 

4  B.  lanceolatiim  Angst.    Frond  bipinnatifid,  closely  sessile,  triangular  in  outline 

with  lanceolate,  incised  segments ;  panicle  2-  or  3-pinnate.  N.  J.,  Pa.,  to  L.  Sup.  (O.  B. 
Wheeler).    Certainly  distinct  from  No.  3. 

5  B.  Virginicum  L.  Rattlesnake  Fern.  Steml—2f,  with  the  large  (5— S')tripin.,tri 

angular  frond  sess.  at  or  above  the  middle;  ultimate  segm.  obtuse,  3-5-toothed;  pan. 
decompound,  3—6',  reddish  br.  A  beautiful  Fern,  in  damp  woods,  not  uncom,  Jn.,  Jl. 

3.  OSMUNDA,  L.  Flowering  Fern.  Sporangia  globular,  half  2- 
valved,  roughened  on  the  surface  somewhat  in  lines,  pedicellate  and  clus- 
tered on  tlie  lower  surface  of  the  frond  or  a  portion  of  it,  which  is  more  or 
less  contracted  into  the  form  of  a  panicle.  Spores  green.  Tall,  hand- 
some Ferns.    Veins  forked,  straiglit.    June. 

§  Frond  bipinnate  with  distinct  pinnae,  the  upper  part  contracted  and  fertile.... No.  1 
§  Frond  pinnate  with  pinnatifid  pinnae,  partially  or  separately  fertile Nc?.  2,  3 

1  O.  regalis  Mx.    A  large  and  beautiful  Fern  in  meadows  and  swamps  ;  fronds  3— 4f, 

glabrous,  bipinnate,  fruiting  above  in  an  ample  panicle ;  pinnae  with  6—9  pairs  of 
distinct,  oblong,  serrulate,  subsessile  leaflets ;  fruit  rust-colored, 

2  O.  cinnamome  L.    Sterile  fronds  pinnate,  in  clumps  .3— 5f;  pinnae  pinnatifid  with 

ovate-oblong,  obtuse,  entire  segments ;  fertile  frond  bipinnate,  pinnae  all  contracted, 
panicled,  clothed  with  c'ummon-colored  wool. 

3  O.  Claytoiiiana  L.    Fronds  ample,  2 — 3f,  smooth,  pinnate,  the  pinnae  lance-linear, 

pinnatifid,  some  of  the  intermediate  ones  fertile,  contracted  and  raceme-like. 

4.  LYGODIUM,  Swartz.  Climbing  Fern.  Sporangia  sessile,  arranged 
in  2-rankcd  spikelcts  issuing  from  the  margin  of  the  contracted  frond,  open- 


OiiDER  159.— FILICES.  419 

fn§  on  the  inner  side  from  the  base  to  the  summit    Indusium  a  scale-like 
veil  covering  each  sporange.    (Fig.  310.) 

li.  palmatum  Swtz.  Smooth  throughout;  stem  flexnous,  thread-like  or  wire-like, 
climbing  3— of ;  fronds  palmately  5-7-lobed,  2  on  each  ghort  stipe,  lobes  entire,  obtuse  ; 
upper  fronds  contracted,  fertile,  each  a  cluster  of  ppikelets.  Abundant  in  a  swamp  in 
Windsor,  Conn.  (Dr.  Wm.  Wood) ;  also  rarely  found  in  N.  J.,  Ky.,  and  S. 

5.  SCHIZ.S!A,  Sm.  Sporangia  oval,  crowned  with  a  ring  at  top,  sessile^ 
opening  laterally.  Indusium  continuous,  formed  of  the  inflexed  margins  of 
the  Ifts.,  which  are  contracted,  spike-like,  crowded  at  the  top  of  the  frond. 
S.    piisilla  Ph.    Fronds  clustered,  simple,  linear-filiform,  tortuous,  3—6',  the  fertile 

bearing  a  few  little  spikelets  at  top  in  two  rows.    Barrens,  Quaker  Bridge,  N,  J.  Aug. 

6.  ANEIMIA,  Swtz.  Sporangia  sessile,  crowned  with  a  ring,  in  1-sided 
panicled  spikes,  in  partially  or  wholly  fertile  fronds.  Indusium  none. 
Fronds  erect. 

1  A.  adiantlfolla  Sw.  Fronds  6— 12^  on  a  slender  stipe,  .3-parted,  the  middle  division 

sterile,  2-  or  3-pinnate,  the  lateral  ones  fertile  panicles  on  long  stalks.    S.  Fla.  t 

2  A,  Mandioccana.    Fronds  12—15',  long-stiped,  3-parted  like  the  other,  but  the  sterile 

division  simply  pinnate  with  lance-oblong  serrulate  pinnae.    S.  America. 

7.  TRIOHOMANESj  L.  Sporangia  with  a  transverse  complete  ring, 
and  arranged  on  the  base  of  a  thread-like  receptacle,  which  is  in  and  ex- 
serted  fro77i  a  cup  at  the  edge  of  the  pellucid  frond. 

1  T.  radicans  Sw.    Fronde  thin  and  delicate,  6',  lance-ovate,  bipinnatifid,  pinnse 

triangular,  obtuse,  very  oblique  at  base  ;  receptacle  exserted.    South.    Rare. 

2  T.  ELEGANS.    Sterile  frond  pinnate,  fertile,  long-linear,  edged  and  fringed  all  around 

with  the  thread-like  receptacles  and  their  cups.    From  S.  America. 

8.  CYATHEA,  Sm.  Sori  globular,  on  the  veins,  wholly  enclosed  in  an  in- 
dusium, which  soon  opens  and  remains  cupform.  Sporangia  subsessile  on 
an  elevated  receptacle.     5  With  cylindrical  trunks. 

C.  ARBOREA.  Trunk  10— 20f,  unarmed,  simple,  crowned  with  a  spreading  tuft  of  bipiu- 
natc  fronds  6 — Sf  long,  gracefully  arched  ;  pinnulse  again  pinnatifid  or  lobed,  cups  in 
2  rows,  smooth,  round,  entire.    Grows  near  Panama  I    t 

9.  ALSOPHILA  aspera.  Another  Tree  Fern,  from  W.  Indies,  cult,  by 
Mr.  Buchanan,  at  Astoria,  N.  Y.,  under  the  name  of  Hematelia  horrida.  Trunk  6— IQf, 
bearing  a  splendid  crown  of  fronds  4— 5f  long,  arched  and  spreading,  tripinnate.  Piul. 
deeply  lobed,  lobes  obtuse,  each  with  a  double  row  of  fruit-dots,  which  at  first  are  covered 
with  jagged  scales,  but  finally  naked.  Stipe  and  rachis  prickly. — A.  pkuinata,  very  ele- 
gant, with  a  trunk  near  If,  clothed  with  light-brown  woolly  hairs,  and  a  crov/n  of  light- 
green  bipinnate  fronds,  3f  long,  is  growing  with  the  other. 

10.  ACROSTICHUM,  L.  Fronds  simple  or  pinnate.  Sporangia 
scattered  (not  in  sori),  occupying  the  under  surface  of  the  whole  or  a  part 
o'  the  frond.    Veins  netted. 

A,  aiircuin  L.  A  noble  Fern,  3— 6f  high,  coriaceous,  evergreen,  pinnate,  with  alter- 
nate, lance-oblong,  entire  pinnie.    Swamps,  Fla.,  and  in  conservatories. 

11.  PLATYCERIUM,  Desv.  Stag-horn  Fern.  Fronds  coriaceous, 
net-veined,  fojkiug  at  tlie  summit.  Sporangia  in  large  patches  on  the  iindet 
eurfiicc  of  the  frond.    From  Africa,  &c. 


420  Order  159.— FILICES. 

p.  ai.cic6rnb.  Sterile  fronds  ronndieh,  lobed,  spreading ;  fertile  erect,  10—16',  dark- 
green  above,  pale  beneath,  fruiting  on  its  a— 4  lanceolate  segments.    Curious. 

12.  POLYPODIUM,  L.  Polypody.  Sori  roundish,  scattered  on  vari- 
ous parts  of  the  under  surface  of  the  frond,  with  no  indusium  (cover  or  in- 
volucre).— Ferns  of  various  habit. 

*  Fronds  simple  and  entire,  pinni-veined,  with  cross  veinulets Nos.  1 ,  2 

*  Fronds  pinnatifid  or  pinnate,  with  forking  veinlets Nos.  3 — 6 

*  Fronds  bipinnatifid,  the  veinlets  forked  (Phlegopteris) Nos.  7—9 

1  P.  Phyllttidis  L.    Fronds  lance-linear,  1— 2f,  pointed,  thin  and  papery,  with  the 

fruit-dots  arranged  in  a  double  row  between  the  veinlets.    Fla.,  and  W.  Indies,    t 

2  P.  Lingua.    Fronds  lance-ovate,  6—12',  obtuse,  smooth  above,  rusty-downy  beneath, 

and  there  covered  with  the  innumerable  sori,  in  rows.    China. 

3  P.  incannm    Ph.     Fronds  deeply  pinnatifid,  3— 6^  thick,  clothed  with  whitish 

scales  beneath ;  pinnae  oblong-linear,  the  upper  fruitful ;  sori  distinct  and  separate ; 
veins  invisible.    Grows  on  the  mossy  bark  of  trees,  W.  and  S. 

4  P.  vulgare  L,    Fronds  deeply  pinnatifid,  smooth,  6—12',  pinnae  linear-oblong,  alter- 

nate, sori  large,  in  2  rows,  distinct,  yellow-brown.    On  shady  rocks. 

5  P.  Plumula  Willd.  Fronds  lance-linear.  If  xl|';  pinnje  linear-oblong,  very  numerous, 

attached  to  the  hairy  rachis  by  a  broad  base.    Fla.,  and  cultivated. 

6  P.  ANGUSTiFOLiA.    Fronds  lin. -lanceolate,  18' x  2',  bright  green  ;  pn.  oblong,  attached 

to  the  chaffy  rachis  by  the  mid-vein  only,  the  base  auriculed  on  the  upper  side. 

7  P.  Plileg6pteris  L.    Beech  P.    Frond  bipinnatifid,  longer  than  wide  (3— C'),  the 

lower  pinnje  curved,  but  scarcely  larger  than  the  middle  ones ;  sori  all  marginal, 
about  four  on  each  segment ;  stipe  hairy.    Woods.  Can.  to  Penn.,  and  W. 

8  P.  hexagonopterum  Mx.    Frond  bipinnatifid,  broader  than  long,  rachis  pecu- 

liarly winged ;  lower  panicle  much  enlarged,  deflexed  ;  sori  partly  marginal,  many  on 
each  segment ;  stipe  smooth.    Woods.    Rather  common. 

9  P.  Dryopterls  L.    Tern  ate  P.  Frond  ternate,  the  divisions  stalked  and  bipinnato, 

light  green,  thin  and  delicate;  sori  marginal.    Woods,  Penn.,  and  N. 
/3.  calcareum.    Divisions  of  the  frond  more  rigid,  erect.    Northward. 

13.  GYMNOGRAMMA,  Desv.  Fronds  2-3-pinnate,  covered  beneath 
with  a  white  or  yellow  farinaceous  powder.  Sori  arran.ired  in  rows  along 
the  veins.     A  beautiful  genus,  much  cultivated.    Tropical  America. 

*  Golden  Ferns,— the  fronds  yellow-powdery  beneath Nos.  1—3 

*  Silver  Ferns,— the  fronds  white-powdery  beneath,  2-pinnatc No.  4 

1  G.  TRIANGULARIS.    Stipes  Clustered,  slender,  3— 12',  polished,  ebony-brown  ;  frond  5- 

angled,  1— S',  pedately  pinnate ;  pinnae  triangular-oblong,  finally  the  fertile  covered 
with  the  russet  sori  beneath.    Common  in  California.    Very  fine. 

*i  G,  8ULPHUREA.  Stipe  and  rachis  brown,  at  first  powdery ;  frond  6—10',  lanceolate, 
bipinnate ;  pinnae  lanceolate ;  segments  cuneate,  cut-lobed,  crcnate  at  the  obtuse 
apex.    From  Jamaica  (Rev.  E.  Wilson),  and  cultivated.    Very  delicate. 

\  G.  CHRYsopHTLLA.    Frond  triangular-lanceolate,  bipinnate ;  pinnae  lanceolate,  nearly 
contiguous ;  pinnae  cut-crenate-lobed.    Golden  yellow  beneath, 
p.  Mertensii.    Pinnae  rather  remote,  narrow  lanceolate,  long-pointed. 

\  G.  CALOMELANos.     Frond  2— 3f,  lance-ovate,  stipe  and  rachis  brown,  polished ;  Beg 
ments  entire  or  with  a  single  tooth,  cream-white  beneath. 
/3.  Peruviana  has  the  lower  segment  hastate-lobed  and  very  rich  green. 

14.  NOTHOLiENA,  Br.  Frond  1-2-pinnate,  scattered,  coriaceous, 
(haffy,  or  powdeiy  beneath.  Sori  marginal,  linear,  continuous,  naked. 
Sporangia  short-stalked. 


Order  159.— FILICES.  421 

1  N.  NivEA.    Very  delicate,  6—12',  bright  green  above,  covered  with  a  dense  white  pow- 

der beneath  ;  frond  bipinnate  ;  pinnge  roundish,  top  one  lobed:  elipe  blaclc.    Mex. 

2  N.  EcKLONiANA.    Kare  and  beautiful,  clothed  in  white  wool-like  scales,  bipinnate, 

pinnae  ovate,  remote,  pinnuke  pinnatifid,  oblong,  segments  roundish.    South  Africa, 

15.  ONOCLEA,  L.  Sensitive  Fern.  Fronds  scattered,  net-veined, 
the  sterile  broad,  the  fertile  contracted  and  panicled,its  convolute  segments 
berry-like,  enclosing  the  sori,  which  are  otherwise  nearly  naked. 

O.  sensibflis  L.    Fronds  1— 2f,  common  in  low  grounds,  veij.  sensitive  to  frost.    The 
fertile  dark-brown  in  color.    Sterile  fronds  deeply  pinnatifid,  with  few  oblong  entire 
or  lobed  pinnie,  the  upper  confluent.    July. 
p.  obtugiloba.    Fertile  frond  partially  metamorphosed,  the  segments  partly  revo- 
lute  on  the  fruit.    Wendell,  Mass.  (Mrs.  Piper),  to  N.  Y.  and  Penn. 

16.  STRUTHIOPTERIS,  Willd.  Ostrich  Fern.  Fronds  clustered, 
the  sterile  bipinnatifid,  fork-veined,  fertile  much  contracted,  brown,  with 
the  pinnae  revolute  into  a  necklace  form,  enclosing  the  sori,  which  are 
otherwise  destitute  of  an  indusium. 

S.  Germanlca  Willd.  Sterile  fronds  in  a  circular  clump,  3— 5f ;  pinnae  numerous, 
long  and  crowded,  with  numerous  oblong  segments ;  fertile  fronds  much  smaller, 
their  crowded  pinnae  1—2'  long,  appearing  later  in  the  season. 

17.  ALLOSORUS,  Bernh.  Fronds  small,  2-3-pinnate,  fork-veined ; 
the  fertile  some  contracted,  margins  of  the  leaflets  reflexed  and  meeting 
over  the  confluent  sori,  but  soon  opening. 

A.  acrostlflioides  Spr.  Fronds  in  tufts,  bipinnate,  3—6',  pale  green  with  whitish 
stipes  ;  seg.  oblong,  the  sterile  crenate,  the  fertile  entire,  petiolulate,  2—3'"  long.  Isle 
Royal,  in  L.  Superior  (Prof.  Porter),  W.  to  Washington  Terr.  (Rev.  Mr.  Gray). 

18.  LOMARIA,  Willd.  Fronds  clustered,  of  3  forms,  the  fruitful  con- 
tracted. Sori  marginal,  linear,  continuous ;  indusium  linear,  scarious,  the 
reflexed  edge  of  the  frond,  opening  toward  the  mid-vein. 

1  li.  8PICANT.    Fronds  pinnate,  long,  and  narrow,  the  fertile  nearly  solitary  in  the  midst 

of  the  numerous  sterile  ones,  and  twice  as  tall  (2—30  as  they  ;  stipe  purple,  polished. 
Europe,  Oregon.    Very  elegant.    (Blechnum  boreale.) 

2  L.  GiBBA.    Fronds  oblong-lanceolate,  pinnate,  pinnse  linear-falcate,  1—3',  their  broad 

bases  almost  conlluent. 

3  Ij.  ciLiATJELLA.     Fronds  oval  to  oblong;  pinnge  oblong,  slightly  lobed,  truncate  ftt 

apex,  ciliolate-spinescent  with  the  projecting  veins. 

19.  PTERIS,  L.  Brake.  Sori  borne  on  the  ends  of  the  veins  forming 
a  marginal  line  or  band,  covered  with  the  membranous,  reflected  edge  of 
the  frond.     Fronds  once  to  thrice  pinnate,  or  decompound. 

^  VTYAUSi  proj^er.    Sori  a  mere  line.    Stipes  greenish  or  pale.,  .(cc) 

I  I'ELL^A.    Sori  forming  a  broad  band.    Stipes  purple  or  brown. . .  (y) 

X  Frond  triangular,  twice  or  thrice  pinnate,  lowest  pinnie  long-stalked No.  1 

X  Frond  pedatoly  pinnate,  the  pinnae  few  and  long Nos.  2,  3 

X  Frond  pedately  bipinnatifid.  the  pinnie  numerous N»).  4 

X  Frond  simply  pinnate,  with  numerous  long  pinnie  No.  5 

y  Frond  pedate  and  pinnatifid,  as  broad  as  long.  5-angled.     t No.  (t 

y  Fronds  pinnate,  p  nnie  few,  the  lower  again  divided.    Native Nos.  7,  8 

y  Fronds  simply  pinnate,  or  compk'tely  tripiunate.    Cultivated Nos.  9—11 


422  Okdeu  mo.— FILICES. 

1  P.  aquilina  L.    Common  Brake.    Frond  3-parte(l,  branches  bipinnate,  segmenta 

oblong,  obtuse,  tbe  terminal  often  elongated.    Abundant  everywhere.    2— 6f. 
^.  caudtkta.    The  terminal  segment  linear-oblong.    Common  South. 

2  P.    Cr^tlca  L.    Pale-bright-green,  1—lJf,  smooth;  pinnne  lin. -lanceolate,  the  lower 

ones  2-parted  and  petiolulaie,  serrulate;  fertile  lougcr,  linear.    Fla.    Cultivated. 
/3.  4tlbi'lineata»    Pinnae  white-banded  in  the  midst  aiong  the  mid-vein. 

3  P.  SERRULATA.    Bright  green,  1— IK ;  pinna;  lorg-lincar,  decurrcnt  on  the  rachis,  ex- 

cept the  lowest  pair,  which  are  2-  or  3-parted  a:id  short-stalked.    China. 
/3.  CRisTATA.    Each  segment  expardp  J  ui  cpci  into  a  fan-shaped  blade. 

4  P.   QUABRiAURiTA.    Frond  ample,  ovitr,  i— Of!  smooth;  pinnie  distinct,  pinnatlfld, 

lobes  contiguous,  oblong,  obtuso,  w'.ch  the  forked  veins  conspicuous.    Jamaica. 
/3.  ARGYRiA.    Pinnae  whitened  Ir  tLe  ;n;dst  along  the  mid-vein. 

5  P.  longlfolia  L.    Tall,  2— 3f  rg'i;  pinnae  lance-linear  petiolulate,  obliquely  trun 

cate  at  base  ;  stipe,  rachis,  ba^  -.aU-veins  chaffy-hairy.    Fla.,  and  cultivated. 

6  P.  PEDATA.    Bright  green,  4- -«'.    l<'rond  3-parted,  as  broad  as  long;  lateral  pinnae  2- 

parted,  all  deeply  lobed,  sorl  \n  a  broad  band  all  around.    Fi-om  the  W.  Indies. 

7  P.  gracilis  Mx.    Delicto,  smooth  and  shining,  4—6' ;  fronds  lanceolate,  the  sterile 

bipinnatifid,  fertile  bipin.;.i.to  with  narrow  segments.    RccLs,  Vt.,  and  W. 

8  P.  atropurpurea  L.    Lock  Brake.    Coriaceous  ;  rachis  hairy  ;  lower  pn.  temate 

or  pinnate  ;  segments  oj  posite,  oblong,  margins  coni>picuoui>l>  revolute,  with  edges 
often  meeting  behind,  as  in  Allosorus,  3—6 — 12'.    On  lime  rocks,  N.  and  S. 
^.  tMlabaminain  (Buc  dey).  Taller  (10—200,  bipin.  below,  some  pn.  J-auriculate.  S. 

9  P.  ROTUNDiFOLiA.    Stipe,  rachis,  and  chaffy  hairs  purple,  1— IK ;  frond  narrow,  sim 

ply  pinnate  ;  segments  small,  round  or  oval,  alternate.    From  New  Zealand. 

1 0  P.  TRf  MULA.  Bright  gr-jen,  2 — 3f,  tripinnate  ;  pnl.  or  segments  linear-oblong,  ob  • 
tuse,  serrnlate,  the  lower  ones  again  pinnatifid.    From  N.  S.  Wales. 

IIP.  HASTATA.  Frond  bipinnate,  12—18' ;  pinnae  cordate-hastate  ;  segments  ovate,  the 
terminal  ones  much  larger,  oblong  or  hastate,  or  3-lobed.  Varies  much.  From  S.  AfV. 

20.  CHEILANTHES,  Swtz.  Lip  Fekn.  Fronds  small,  mostly  2-3- 
piniiate,  cliafFy  or  hair}^  mid-vein  central.  Sori  on  the  ends  of  the  vein- 
lets,  distinct,  or  some  confluent,  covered  by  an  interrupted  or  continuous 
indusium  from  the  edge  of  the  frond.  Stipes  brown. — Hardly  distinct 
from  the  preceding  genus. 

1  C.  vestita  S\v.    Lidm'ia  separate,— the  reflexed,  unchanged  tips  of  the  ovate  segm. ; 

fronds  5—12',  bipinnate,  lin. -oblong,  hairy ;  pn.  crenately  lobed.  Rocks,  M.  and  S.,  rare. 

2  C.  tomentosa  Link.    Indusia  continuous,— the  membranous  margin  of  the  small, 

obtuse  segm. ;  fronds  tripinnate,  lance-oblong,  rusty,  12—18'.    N.  C,  and  W. 

21.  ADIANTUM,  L.  Maiden-hair  Fern.  Sori  oblong  or  round- 
ish, marginal.  Indusia  membranaceous,  formed  from  the  reflexed  margins 
of  distinct  portions  of  tlie  frond,  and  opening  inwardly.  Stipe  ebony-black, 
l^olished.  Ultimate  segments  often  dimidiate,  the  mid-vein  on  the  lower 
margin. — A  large  and  beautiful  genus,  much  cultivated. 

*  Fronds  pedately  divided,  the  divisions  1-3-pinnate  ;  segments  oblique — Nos.  1 — 4 

*  Fronds  pinnately  divided  2 — 4  times  ;  segments  subequilateral No*.  5 — 8 

*  Fronds  simply  pinnate,  with  very  large  opposite  oblique  segments No.  9 

1  A.  pedatuin  L.  Very  smooth ;  branches  of  the  regularly  pedate  frond  pinnate; 
segments  rhombic-oblong,  ]',  toothed  on  the  upper  side,  obtu?e  at  apex  ;  sori  oblong- 
Innnlate.  8—14'.    Damp,  rocky  woodn.    Our  most  elegant  natre  Fern. 

3  A.  prBEscENs.    Stipe  rough-pubescent;  pn.  .5—7,  irregularly  pedate,  hispid  beneath. 

»5 — 9'  long;  segments  oblong,  6—8",  contiguous  ;  sori  round,  crowded.    N.  Uol.     11 


OuDER  l.-O.—FI LICKS.  423 

3  A.  TnAPKZioFoKME.    Frond  ample,  decomponnd,  glabrous,  2f ;  se;?raent9  light  green, 

large  (12— 18"  x  6— 10").  trapezmdal,  some  of  them  fan-shaped  ;  sori  lunulate  on  2  c«" 
the  4  margins  ;  ftipe  jet-black.    Superb!    Jamaica  (Rev.  S.  R  \Vil?on). 

4  A,  Sancta-Katrixa,  has  large  obliquely  fan-shaped  segments  cut-lobed  and  toothed, 

with  the  veins  uncommonly  distinct.    Cultivated  in  Bridgraau's  Garden,  A>^tor>i. 

5  A.  Captllus-Veiieris  L.    Delicate,  bright  green,  6— IS',  smooth,  thrice  pinnate  at 

base:  segments  round-cuneate,  lobed,  or  the  sterile  toothed;  sori  reniform,  one  oh 
each  lobe ;  stipe  and  branches  m^)j//ar7/.    Lime-rocks,  S. :  rare.    Eur.    Cultivated. 
B  A,  cune.Itttm.    Very  delicate,  If,  4  times  pinnate  at  base,  bright  green;  segm.  very 
numerous,  sharply  cuneake,  2-4-cut-lobed,  4— (i"  ;  sori  round-reniform.    Brazil. 

7  A,  ^/TUiopicuM,  TiNCTUM  and  call6podes,  are  greenhouse  species  or  varieties,  wilh 

roundish  segments  more  or  less  oblique  and  lobed,  4—7",  with  rounded  sori,  (5—12', 

8  A .  al.Itum,  has  the  rachis  narrowly  winged,  segm.  sessile,  obovate-long-wedgc-shaped 

at  base,  coarsely  toothed  at  apex.    (Greenhouse  of  Bridgman  &  Wiegand.) 

0  A.  MACUOPHYLLUM.    Stipe  jet-black,  simple,  bearing  about  3  pairs  of  large,  oppoeite, 

thick  leaflets,  and  an  odd  one  ;  leaflets  triang. -hastate,  oblique  ;  sori  linear.  Jamaica. 

22.  DICKSONIA,  L'lJer.  Dickson's  Fern.  Sori  marginal,  round- 
ish, distinct,  terminating  a  vein.  ludusium  double,  the  proper  one  cup- 
ehaped,  opening  outward,  the  other  formed  of  a  reflected  lobule  of  the 
margin,  and  opening  inward. 

1  D.  pllosiuscnla  Willd.    Frond  bipinnatc,  lanceolate,  2— 3f,  with  minnte  glaada- 

lar  hairs  ;  pn.  sessile,  lanceolate  ;  segm.  finely  pinnatifld,  lobes  toothed,  each  with  a 
minute  round  sorus.    Rocky  pastures.    Stipe  yellowish. 

2  D.  (BALANTIUM)  Antarctica.     A  beautiful  tree-fern  from  New  Zealand,  3— 20f, 

crowned  with  many  long,  heavy,  dark-green,  tripinnate  fronds  ;  pn.  and  pnl.  sessile ; 
segm.  oval,  G-crcnate  ;  sori  globular,  with  2  distinct  valves.    (Buchanan's  Conserv.) 

23.  DAVAIiLIA,  Smith.  Sori  globous,  marginal,  on  the  end  of  a 
vein,  in  a  goblet  or  pyxis,half  of  Avhich  is  formed  by  the  scarious  indusium 
opening  outward.    Root-stock  creeping  above  ground,  chaffy. 

1  D.  TENUiFOLiA.    Frouds  delicate,  G—10^  tripinnate  with  few  pinnse,  triangular-lan- 

ceolate ;  rachis  narrowly  winged  ;  segments  spatulate,  toothed.    China. 

2  D.  Canariensis,    llart' s-fool.    Fronds  3-parted,  decompound,  ultimate  segments  el- 

liptical, decurrent,  bearing  1  pyxis.    1— 2f.    Canaries. 

3  I>.  DissccTA,  is  very  diflerent,  irregularly  pinnatifld,  or  almost  entire. 

24.  WOODWARDIA,  Sm.  Sori  straight,  linear-oblong,  on  transverse 
veinulets,  parallel  to  the  mid-vein,  in  3  rows.  Indusium  from  the  same 
veiiiulet,  opening  inwardly. 

§  LORINSERIA.    Fronds  of  2  forms,  net-vtined  throughout No.  1 

§  A^X'HISTEA.    Fronds  all  similar,  netted  only  close  to  mid-vein Nos.  2,  3 

1  W.  aii<;iistif6lia  Sm.    Fertile  fronds  pinnate,  with  distant  linear  pinnie  covered 

with  the  fruit  beneath  ;  sterile  lance-oblong  in  outline,  deeply  pinnatitid  ;  segm.  ob- 
long, 2— 3t'.    Resembles  Onoclea.     Mass.  (Dr.  S.  Bowles),  and  S. 

2  W.  Vlrgiiilca  Sm.    Fronds  glabrous,  lanceolate,  pinnate;  pinnfe  remote,  pinna- 

tifi-1.  lance-liiiear;  segments  oblong,  obtuse,  2— 3f.     Swamps,  E.  and  S. 

3  W.  Japonica.    Rachis  chalTy  ;  frond  triangular,  as  broad  as  long;  pinnje  lanceolate, 

pinnatitid,  with  ovate  segment.-*.     Bright  green.     1— 2f. 

25.  DOODIA  ASPER.v.  Fronds  rough,  lanceolate,  pinnate.  If, in  clumps, 
the  caudex  a  few  inches  above  ground.  Pinnie  oblong-linear,  contiguous,  with  spines- 
••ent  teeth.  Sori  in  1  or  2  rows  each  side.— ».  cacu.Ita  has  linear-lanceolate,  pinhato 
fronds,  with  remote  serrate  segmecs,  the  terminal  one  elongated.     Bo  h  from  Australia. 


424  OuDF.R  159.— FILICES. 

26.  BLECHNUM,  L.  Son  coutinuous  on  the  cross  v^einulets,  close  lo 
and  parallel  with  the  mid-vein.     Indusia  opening  inward. 

B.  serrul^tum  Mx.  Fronds  pinnate,  lanceolate,  erect ;  pinnae  eharply  serrulate, 
those  of  the  fertile  fronds  contracted.    Florida. 

27.  ONYOHIUM  lucidum  (or  Jap6nicum).  Delicately  beautiful,  from 
K.  Ind.,  and  of  the  easiest  culture.  Fronds  1— 2f,  alternately  pinnate  3  or  4  t?mes  into 
innumerable  linear-acute  segments  2  or  3''  long.  Few  of  the  segments  fertile  with  an 
oblong  bivalved  sorus  on  the  mid-vein  half  its  length. 

28.  ASPLENIUM,  L.  Spleenwort.  Sori  linear  or  oblong,  atraighl 
(curved  in  No.  9),  separate,  regularly  arranged,  oblique  to  the  mid-vein, 
each  arising  with  its  indusium  from  the  forward  side  of  a  lateral  vein  and 
opening  forward.     Veins  forked  or  pinnate. 

*  Fronds  simple  and  entire,  with  regular  linear  fruit-dots No.  1 

*  Fronds  simply  pinnate.— a  Pinnye  roundish,  nearly  as  broad  as  long Noa.  2,  3 

— a  Pinnae  long, — much  longer  than  wide Nos,  4,  5 

*  Fronds  partly  bipiunate.  with  few  divisions.    Ferns  small,  2—8'  high Nos.  6,  7 

*  Fronds  twice  pinnate,  with  very  many  divisions.    Large  native  Ferns Nos.  8,  9 

*  Fronds  twice  or  thrice  pinnate.    Exotic  Ferns  cult,  in  conservatories. .  .Nos.  10—12 

1  A.  Nidus.    BircTs-Nest.    Fronds  thick  and  rigid,  polished  green,  tongue-shaped,  ob- 

tuse, 2— 4f,  clustered  in  a  circle,  forming  as  it  were  a  nest.    Oahu,  &c.   A  noble  Fern. 

2  A.  FLABELLirdLiuM.    Fronds  very  delicate,  long  and  narrow  (12 — 16');  rachis  pro 

longed  some  5'  beyond  the  pn.,  and  rooting  at  the  end  ;  pn.  broad-cuneate,  lobed  and 
toothed,  remote  and  alternate  on  the  rachis.    Australia.    Suitable  for  baskets. 

3  A.  Tricliomanes  L.    Divarf  S.    Frond  3—6',  lance-linear,  in  tufts ;  pn.  roundish, 

f?raall.  subsessile,  bearing  several  sori  each  ;  stipe  and  rachis  polished-black.  Rocks. 

4  A.  ebeneum  WId.    Ebony  S.    Fronds  8—14',  erect,  lance-linear;  pn.  lance-oblong, 

1',  some  curved,  serrate,  auriculato  on  the  upper  side  ;  stalk  polished-brown.    Dry. 

5  A.  ang-iistil'olium  Mx.    Fronds  2— 2if,  in  tufts,  the  inner  fertile  ;  pn.  lance-linear, 

alternate,  short-ptalked,  2—5',  of  a  thin  texture;  stalks  green.    Woods,  E.  and  S. 

6  A.  Ruta-inurarla  L.      Wall-nie.     Very  small  and  delicate,  2—3',  2-pinnate  at 

base,  pinnate  above  ;  pn.  petiolulate,  cuneate,  erosc-dentate,  few,  3—4".    Dry  rocks. 

T  A.  montaiium  Wilkl.    Glabrous,  2-pinnate  ;  tufts  4—8' ;  pn.  oblong-ovate,  parted 

into  a  few  (5  or  G)  2-  or  3-toothod  segm. ;  rachis  green,  winged.   On  cliffs,  Penn.,  &  S. 

8  A.  tlielypteroides  Mx.    Silvery  S.    Fronds  ample,  ovate-acuminate,  l^—Sf;  stipe 

pale  ;  pinniE  lance-linear,  pointed,  distinct,  subsessile  ;  segments  oblong,  obtuse,  ser- 
rate, pe!?sile  on  the  winged  rachis,  with  2  rows  of  linear  distinct  sori.    Shady  banks. 

9  A,    Fllix-foeniina  Bernh.    Latiy  Fern.    Fronds  ample,  1— 2f,  lance-oblong;  pn. 

lanceolate-acuminate,  rachis  not  winged ;  pnl.  lance-linear,  cut-pinnatifid;  segments 
minute,  eharply  2-toothed  ;  sori  oblong,  curved,  finally  confluent.    Moist  woods. 

10  A.  GoviNGiANA.  Slender  and  weak  (in  conservatories),  If.  lanceolate-acuminate  ;  pn. 
lanceolate,  long-pointed,  stalked  ;  rach.  winged  ;  seg.  acute,  sharp-serratj  ;  sori  oblong. 

11  A.  Belangejji.  Fronds  lance-linear,  1— 2fx2— 3',  pinnate  with  deeply  pinnatifid 
l)inn!e,  segments  linear,  small,  and  very  numerous,  each  with  a  sorus.  From  Java. 
Stipe  stout,  green.    The  upper  base  (or  axillary)  segments  are  2-j>arted. 

12  A.  BULBiFKRUM.  Froud  lanceolate,  bipinuate,  1— 3f;  pn.  lanceolate  from  a  broad 
base,  deeply  pinnatiAd  ;  seg.  oblong,  cui-lobed  and  toothed,  bearing  1— (i  hold  soii,— 
1  to  a  lube.    Often  produces  young  plants  from  bulblets  on  the  upper  surface.   N.  II(>1. 

29.  CAMPTOSORUS,  Link.  AValking  Feun.  Frond  lanceolate,  entire, 
or  pinnatifid,  with  the  apex  prolonged  and  inclined  to  root.  Veins  more 
or  less  netted.  Sori  oblong,  irregularly  scattered,  with  the  indusia  lateml 
on  the  veinlets.     (Antigramma,  C-B.) 


Ordeu  159.— FILICES.  425 

1  €,  rlkizopliyllus  Lk.    Frond  6—12',  subentire,  at  base  etipitate.  cordate,  -^r  tnin- 

cate,  or  eomewhat  auriculate,  the  apex  attenuated  in  a  long  thread-like  acniLTuation, 
arched,  and  rooting  at  the  point.    Rocky  woods.    Not  common. 

2  C.  pinnatifldU8(Nutt).  Frond  4—8',  abrupt  at  base,  pinnatifld,  with  a  long  at- 

tenuated apex  inclined  to  root ;  sorl  large,  at  length  confluent.    Pa,  to  Tenn.    Rare. 
/3  ebenoidea.    Frond  at  base  pinnate ;  stipe  black  and  polished.    NearPhila. 

30.  SCOLOPENDRIUM,  Smith.    Hart's-toxgue.    Sori  linear,  trans- 
vei'se,  scattered  ;  indusium  double  (arising  from  2  contiguous  parallel  veins), 
occupying  both  sides  of  the  sorus,  opening  lengthwise  along  the  middle. 
S.  offlclnarum  Willd.    Frond  simple,  ligulate,  acute,  entire,  cordate  at  base,  8—15'  ; 

stipe  chafly,  3—5'.    Shady  rocke,  Chittenango,  N.  Y.  (Sartwell). 

31.  WOODSIA,  Brown.  Rock  Polypod.  Sori  roundish,  scattered; 
indusium  fixed  beneath  the  sorus,  early  opening  above  it,  with  a  multifid 
or  fringed  margin,  including  the  pedicellate  spore-cases,  like  a  calyx. 
Small,  tufted  ferns,  with  pinnated  fronds. 

§  Indusium  closed  over  the  porus  at  first,  toothed  when  open No.  1 

§  Indusium  concealed  under  the  sorus,  fringed  with  ciliae Nos.  2 — 4 

1  W.  obtusa  Torr.     Fronds  6 — 12',  lance-oblong,  smoothish,  almost  trip-Innate ;  pn. 

distant,  sessile ;  segments  pinnatifid,  lobes  rounded,  toothed,  each  bearing  a  round 
fruit-dot,  which  dots  at  length  almost  meet.    Rocks  and  cliffs.    Vt.  to  Car.,  and  W. 

2  "W.  live  II  sis  Br.    Frond  4—7',  lanceolate,  bipinnate,  the  stipe,  rachis,  mid -veins  and 

their  bristly  chaff  rust-colored ;  pn.  oblong-obtuse,  sessile,  with  13—17  obtuse,  subeu- , 
tire  segments.    Dry  or  rocky  woods,  in  tufts.    Stipe  as  long  as  the  frond. 

3  W,  glabella  Br.    Frond  glabrous,  lance-linear,  2—5',  pinnate  ;  pii.  ovate,  very  ob- 

tuse, 2 — 4",  3-7-lobed,  the  upper  only  crenate.    Cliffs,  N.  Y.,  Vt.,  and  N.    No  chaflC 

4  W.  Oregaiia  Eaton.    Frond  glabrous,  lance-elliptic,  2—8',  pinnate  ;  pn.  pinnatifid, 

obtuse ;  segments  ovate,  obtuse,  denticulate ;  indusia  with  very  short  ciliic.    L.  Sup. 

32.  CISTOPTERIS,  Bernh.  Bladder  Fern.  Sori  roundish.  Indu- 
sium hood-shaped,  vaulted,  fixed  by  the  broad  base  (or  b}'  the  base  and 
sides),  soon  opening  toward  the  forward  end  of  the  frond  and  thrown  off". 
— Delicate  Ferns,  2-3-pinnate. 

1  C.  fragllis  Bernh.    Frond  lance-oblong,  6—10',  on  a  slender  stipe  of  the  same  length, 

with  open  divisions  ;  pn.  lance-ovate ;  segments  pinnatifid  below,  only  serrate  above, 
oblong,  with  prominent  veins  and  4—10  sori.    Shady  rocks.    Common. 

2  O.  bulbirera  Benih.    Frond  long-lanceolate,  12—18',  the  stipe  shorter;  pn.  trian- 

gular-ovate, the  lowest  pair  longest ;   segments  oblong,  obtuse,  phmatlfld  below, 
toothed  above,  1  sorus  to  each  lobe.    Bears  some  buiblets.    Shades. 

33.  ASPIDIUM,  L.  Shield  Feux.  Sori  orbicular,  scattered,  termi- 
nal or  lateral  on  the  pinnate  veins.  Indusium  orbicular,  peltate  or  reni- 
form  with  a  deep  sinus,  covering  the  sorus,  opening  all  around. 

$  ASPIDIUM.    Indusium   round,  entire,  centrally  peltate.    Pinnae  mostly  auricled  on 

the  upper  side  at  base.— a;  Fronds  simply  pinnate Nos.  1—4 

—X  Fronds  bipinnate Nos.  5,  <> 

5  NEPHRODIUM.    Indusium  roundish,  with  a  sinus  on  one  side  (subreniform). .  (a) 

a  Frond  simply  pinnate,  with  a  few  large  pinnae.    Cultivated. . .  No.  7 

a  Frond  once-aud-a-half  pinnate.— y  Segments  thin,  quite  entlr^^ Nos.  8—1 1 

—y  Segments  thick,  finely  serrate Nos.  12,  13 

a  Frond  twice  pinnate.— 2  Segments  bluntly  lobed,  or  crenate  or  entire. .  .Nos.  14, 15 
—z  Segments  sharply  serrate,  or  lobed  or  toothed.. Nos.  16,  11 


426  Order  159.— FILICES. 

1  A.  acrostlclioides  Swtz.    Frond  narrow-lixnceolate,  15—18';  stipe  chafiy;  pn 

talcate-lanceolate,  ciliate-scrrulate,  1—2',  auricnlatc  on  the  npper  side  at  base,  tlic  np 
per  covered  with  frr.lt,  smaller  than  the  sterile.    Rocky  shades.    Common. 
p.  inciauni.    Segments  incised  and  sharp-toothed,  most  of  them  fertile.  N.  Y.,  &c. 

2  A.  liOUClxitis  S\v,    Frond  linear-lanceolate,  rigidly  erect,  8— IS';  pn.  triangular- 

ovate,  auricled  on  the  upper  side  at  base,  longeet  (1')  in  the  middle,  gradually  les- 
sened to  apex  and  base,  all  densely  fertile.    Lake  Superior,  and  N. 
8  A.  MUIJITUM.    A  splendid  Fern  from  California,  growing  in  clumps,  .3— 5f,  smooth, 
rigid,  evergreen,  lance-linear  ;  segra.  oblong-falcate,  spinulou^-serrate  ;  son  2-rowed. 

4  A.  PALCATUM.    Frond  thick,  rich  green,  lanceolate,  pinnate,  2— .3f  high,  with  ample, 

lance-acuminate  pinnaj.    A  noble,  hardy  Fern  from  Japan. 

5  A.  Florldauum  (Hook).    Kigidly  erect,  lance-oblong,  pinnate  and  barren  below, 

bipinnate,  fertile,  and  contracted  above  ;  lower  pinnne  cut-pinnatitid  :  indusia  large, 
round,  2>eltate,  as  in  No.  1.    Ga.,  Fla.,  La.    (A.  LudoviciUna  C-B.) 

6  A.  aculcatuin  Sw.    p.  Rraunii,     Fronds  in  tufts,  dark  green,  2— -3f.  pinnate, 

lanceolate,  narrowed  l)oth  ways ;  stipe  short,  shaggy  with  large  scales  ;  segm.  ovate- 
falcate,  auricled  on  the  upper  side,  bristle-tipped.    Mts.,  Yt.  (Eaton),  N.  Y. 

7  A.  PODOPHYLLUM  (or  Sieb6ldii).    Fronds  of  two  forms,  thick,  smooth,  pinnate,  with 

a  few  large  oblong  pinnae,  in  the  fertile  contracted  and  covered  with  sori.    China. 

8  A,  Thelyptcrls  Sw.    Lady  Fern.    Frond  lance-ovate,  10— j.V ;  pn.  narrow,  distant, 

deeply  pinnatifid,  the  lowest  pair  a?  long  as  any;  margins  reflexed  in  fruit. 

9  A.  Novaboracense  Willd.    New  York  Fern.    Frond  elliptic-lanceolate,  12—18'; 

pn.  narrow,  gradually  shortening  from  the  middle  both  ways;  segm.  oblong,  obtuse, 
flat;  sori  close  to  the  margin,  at  length  confluent.    Moist  woods  :  com.    Delicate. 

10  A.  patens  Sw.  Frond  soft  and  thin,  downy  with  rusty  hairs,  lance.,  12—18' :  pn. 
linear-oblcng.  pinnatifid;  segm.  oblong,  obtuse,  entire;  sori  scattered.    Dry,  Fla. 

1 1  A.  mollk,  from  S.  Afr.  and  S.  Am.,  is  divided  just  like  A.  patens,  and  equally  hairy, 
but  is  larger,  finer,  with  straw-colored  stipes,  and  the  sori  in  regular  marginal  rows. 

12  A.  crlslatiim  Sw.  Frond  narrowly  lanceolate,  some  2fxG';  pn.  deeply  pinna- 
tifid, triangular-oblong  or  -ovate,  acute  ;  segm.  toothed,  bearing  a  single  row  of  large 
sori  each  side  of  the  mid-vein.    A  beautiful  dark-green  Fern,  common  in  woods, 

13  A.  GoMianiim  Hook.  Frond  oval  or  ovate,  about  15x10',  stipe  same  length: 
py.  broad  (H— 2'),  deeply  pinnatifid  ;  segm.  subfalcate,  crenate.    Woods,  E.  and  W. 

14  A.  fragrans  Sw.  Fronds  Iinear-lan«eolate,  6—12',  tapering  both  wayi»,  bipinnate  ; 
stipe  short,  chaff"y  ;  pn.  ovate-oblong,  1—10"  ;  segm,  lin. -oblong,  with  a  dozen  round- 
ish crenatures  or  lobes  ;  sori  confluent.    Rocks,  Northern  Mich,  and  Wis. 

1  5  A.  marginale  Sw.  Fern  ovate  to  lance-ovate,  thick,  glabrous,  1 — 2f,  bipinnate  , 
stipe  very  chafiy  at  base  ;  pn.  lanceolate;  segm.  oblong-falcate,  obtuse  and  entire  at 
jipex.  the  lower  crenatc-lobed  :  sori  round,  at  or  near  the  margin.    Rocky  woods. 

16  A.  Filix-inas,  Fern  lanceolate,  1— ."f;  stipe  very  chaffy;  pn.  triangular-lancr. ; 
segm.  oblong,  obtuse,  serrate  at  apex  ;  sori  near  the  mid-vein.    N.  J.  to  Va.  ?  N.  W. 

17  A.  spliiulosuMi  Willd.  Stipe  elongated,  soon  smooth,  the  chaff"deciduous  ;  frond 
1— 2f,  ovate,  acuminate,  nearly  or  quite  tripinnate;  pinnje  lanceolate,  acuminate,  the 
lower  longest ;  i)nl.  oblong,  acutish,  segm.  mucronate-serrate.   Woods  and  paatnrcs. 

/5.  tUtatittunf,    Stipe  permanently  chaflTy ;  frond  triangular-ovate  ;  pnl.  obtoflo 
y.  BootlH,    St'pe  chaffy;  frond  oblong-lanceolate  ;  pnl.  rather  acute. 


LATIN    INDEX: 

INCLUDING   ALSO   A    GLOSSARY   OF   THE    GENERA. 


Abdmoschus,  C2.    From  the  Arabic;  a  grain 
Abies,  313.    The  ancient  name.         [of  musk. 
Abronia,  279.     Greek,  delicate. 
Abrotanum.  184.    Absinthium,  184. 
Abutilon,  61.    Name  of  obscure  origin. 
Acacia.  99.     Gr.,  to  sharpen  ;  so.  the  spines. 
Acalvpha,  296.     Gr.  word  for  the  Nettle. 
ACANTHACE^,  233. 
Acanthus,  2.33.    Classic  for  spine  or  thorn. 
Acer,  74.    The  ancient  name,  sharp  or  strong. 
Aceratea.  273.     Gr.,  without  horns. 
AcJiceta,  178.     Gr.,  without  chaff. 
Achiliiea,  1S3.    Named  for  Achilles. 
Achimene;!,  219.    Meaning  unknown. 
Acmeila,  ISO.     Gr.,  a  point;  sense  doubtful. 
Acnida,  -289.     Gr.,  negative  of  stinging. 
Aconitum,  22.    The  ancient  Greek  name. 
Acorus.  318.     Gr..,  a  remedy  for  sore  eyed. 
ACROGEN^.  412. 

Acrostichum,  419,     Gr.,  a  row  at  the  top  ? 
Actjea,  23.     Gr.,  resembling  the  Elder. 
Actimeris,  178.    Altered  from  the  next. 
Actinomeris,  178.     Gr.,  partly  radiate,     [ate 
.-Vctinospermum,  182.     Gr.,  seed  pappus  radi- 
Adenocaulon,  160.     Gr.,  with  stipitate  inlands. 
Adiantum,  4S2,     Gr..  not  wetted  by  ram. 
Adlumia,  33.    Named  for  John  Adlum. 
Adonis,  19.    Sacred  to  Adonis. 
vEfchynomene.  87.     Gr..  modest,  or  sensitive. 
^Escuhis,  74.    Name  ancient  and  obscure. 
•■Eihusa,  140.     Gr.,  to  burn  ;  poisonous. 
Agapantlius.  345.     Gr.,  a  lovely  flower. 
Agathaja,  100.     Gr.,  good,  or  excellent. 
Agave.  3o3.     Gr..  admirable. 
Ageratum,  156.     Gr.,  fadeless ;  long  in  flower. 
Agrimonia.  108.     Gr.,  prize  of  the  field  ? 
Agrosiemmn,  54.     Gr.,  crown  of  the  field. 
Aj^rostis,  384.     Gr.,  of  the  field.    &  SSC. 
Ailauthus,  72.     Chinese;  tree  of  Heaven. 
Aira.  39.5.     Gr.,  a  weapon  ;  misapplied. 
All)izzia,  S2,     For  an  Italian  botanist. 
Alchemilla,  108.    Arabic,  'aikemelya. 
Alutris,  3;^.     Gr.,  a  millers  wife  ;  sc.  mealy. 
Alisma,  323.     Celtic,  alls,  water. 
ALISMACE^,  322. 

Ailamauda,  271.   To  Dr.  Allamand.  of  I.eyden. 
Allium,  343.     Celt.,  alt,  hot  or  burning. 
Allosorus,  421.     Gr.,  changing  sorus,  or  sori. 
Aluus,  a)8.     Celt.,  al  Ian,  near  the  rivt-i. 
Aloneoa,  222.    'I'o  Zanoni  Alonso. 
Alopecu-us,  387.    Gr,  fox-iail.  [Spain. 

Aloysia,  2:^6.     To  Maria    Louisa.   Quet-u    of 
Alpinia,  rwjl.    To  P.  Alpini,  aji  Iial.  botanist. 
Alsine,  56.     Gr.,  in  the  grove    Alsophila.  419. 
Alth«a,  60.     Gr.,  to  cure  ;  sc    medicinal. 
Alyssuai,  40.     Or.,  allaying  anger. 


AMARANTACE^,  288. 

Amarantus,  288.     Gr.,  unfading. 

AMARYLLIDACE^,  332. 

Amaryllis,  333.    Dedicated  to  that  nyniph. 

Amblygomim,  282.     Gr.,  around  the  joints; 

sc.  ochrete. 
Ambrosia.  174.     Gr..  food  of  the  gods. 
Amelanchier,  110.    The  French  name. 
Amianthium.  348.  Lat..  flowers  pure,  or  white. 
Ammannia,  124.  To  John  Ammann,  a  Russian. 
Ammobium.  186.     Gr.,  living  in  sand. 
Amorpha.  93.     Gr.,  formless  or  deformed. 
Ampelopsis,  78.     Gr.,  resembling  the  Vine. 
Amjjhianthus,  228.    Gr.,  flowers  of  two  forma. 
Amphicarpaja,  1)7.     Gr..  fruit  of  two  forms. 
Amphicarpum,  391.     Gr.,  fruit  of  two  forms. 
Amsonia.  270.    To  Chas.  Amson.  of  S.  C. 
Amygdalus,  102.    The  ancient  name. 
Amyris,  72.     Gr.,  jnyrrh  ;  perfumed  gum. 
ANACARDIACE^i:,  72. 
Anacharis,  324.     Gr.,  uncomely. 
Anagallis,  213.     Gr.,  laughii>g,  cheering. 
Ananassa.  .335.    The  name  in  Guiana  is  anas. 
Anantherix.TiZ.     Gr ,  bearaiess. 
Anchusa,  252.    A  name  of  obscure  origin. 
Andromeda,  201.      Like  Andromeda  of  old, 

bound  by  the  waters'  edge. 
Andropogon.  410.     Gr.,  a  man's  beard. 
Androsace,  211.  (^Pr.,  a  man's  buckler,    [cence. 
Aneimia,  419.     Gr.,  naked;   sc.  the  inflores- 
Anemone,  17.     Gr.,  wind;  or  Wind-flower. 
Anethuih,  \M,  139.    Gr.,  burning,  stimulating. 
Angelica,  137.    Name  of  excellence. 
ANGlOSPERMJi:,  15. 

ANONACE.iiJ,  26.     [the  bristles  of  the  pappus. 
Anteniiaria.  185.    Lat.,  antennse;  alluding  to 
Anthemis,  is;i.    Flowering  abundantly. 
Anthoxanthum.  .395.     Gr.,  yellow  flower. 
Antigranwia,  424.     Gr.,  like  writing. 
.Antirrhinum,  223.     Gr..  like  the  nose. 
Anychia,  .57.    Altered  from  Paronychia. 
A  PET  A  L.^.  278. 

Aphyllon,  217.     Gr.,  without  leaves. 
Apium,  140.     Celt.,  ai)on,  water. 
Apk'ctrum,  328.     Gr.,  without  a  spur. 
APOCVNACEiE,  269. 
Apocynnm,  270.     Gr.,  repelling  dogs. 
Apog'on,  190.    (Jr.,  without  beard  ;  no  pappus. 
Apteria.  32.5.     Gr..  without  wings. 
ACiUIFOLL\CEiE,  207.  ^eagles'  taloua. 

Aquilegia,  22.     Lat.,  an  eagle ;    petals  like 
Arabis.  37.    Originally  from  Arabia. 
ARACE.i:.  317. 

Araclds.  87.  Gr.,  without  branches. 
Aralia,  142.  Of  unknown  aieauiug. 
AUALL\CE-E,  142. 


4-28 


LATIN  INDEX. 


ArcJiangelica,  137.    Name  of  excellence. 
Archeraora.  1.36.    A  fanciful  name. 
Arctostaphylos,  201.     Gr.,  Bear's  Grape. 
Arcyphylknn,  06.     Gr.,  arched  leaf. 
Arenaria,  5.5,  (57).    Lat.,  a  sand  plant. 
Arethusa,  .331.    Named  for  that  nymph. 
Ar«fcnione,  .32.    Remedy  for  sore  eyes. 
Arisjema,  318.    Of  unknown  meaning. 
Aristida,  .388.    Lat.,  an  ear  of  Avheat. 
Arlstolochia.  278.     Gr.,  good  in  parturition. 
ARISTOLOCHIACE^,  278. 
Jrmeniaca,  102.    Originally  from  Armenia. 
Arnieria,  215.    Latin  for  the  Sweet-William. 
Armoracia,  41.    Native  of  Arraorica. 
Arnica,  188.    Za/.,  lamb's  skin. 
A7'onia,  112.         [the  staminate  spikes  awned. 
Anhenathertim,  396.     G?\,  male— point— i.  «., 
Artemisia.  184.    To  Artemis, =Diana. 
ART0CAHPEJ2,  298. 
Arnndinaria,  404.     Altered  from  the  next. 
Arnndo,  398.    Lat.,  a  reed.     Cell.,  am,  water. 
Asarum,  278.    Meaning  unexplained. 
ASCLEPrADACE^,  271. 
Asclepias,  272.    JmL,  ^sculapius. 
Ascynim.  48.     Gr.,  soft  to  the  touch. 
Asimina,  26.    Of  unknown  meaning. 
Asparagus,  347.  (7r..  tearing;  some  are  thorny. 
ASPHODELE^,  341.  [indnsium. 

Aspidium  42.5.     Gr.,  a  little  shield  ;  sc.  the 
Aspleninm,424.     Gr.,  without  the  spleen. 
Aster.  161.    Lat.,  a  star. 
ASTEROIDE^,  152. 
Astilbe,  114.     Gr.,  not  shining  ;  opaque. 
Astragalus,  94.     Gr.,  the  vertebra. 
Atragene,  16.     Gr.,  night-born. 
Atriplex,  287.    Lat.,  black  and  stragding. 
Atropa,  2(54.  To  Atrnpos,  one  of  the  Fates  who 
AURANTIACE^,  71.     [cut  the  thread  of  life. 
Avena,  396.     Celt.,  at  an,  to  eat  ? 
Ayenia,  6;i    To  the  Duke  of  Ayen. 
Azalia.  203.     Gr.,  arid;  grows  in  dry  places. 
Azolla,  413.     Gr..  killed  by  drought. 
Bacchari*,  171.    Dedicated  to  Bacchus. 
Baldvvinia,"  182.    To  Dr.  Wm.  Baldwin. 
Ballota,  24S.     Gr.,  to  cast  away  ;  ill-scented. 
BALSAMINE^,  67. 
Baptisja.  84.     Gr.,  to  dye,— to  color. 
Barbari-a.  39.    Dedicated  to  St.  Barbara. 
Bartonia.  268.    To  Dr.  B.  S.  Barton,  of  Phila. 
Batatas.  259.    Indian  name  of  Potato. 
Bat  is.  30:J.     The  Indian  name. 
Jiatrachium,  19.     Gr.,  the  frog  ;  amphibious. 
Begonia,  131.    To  Michael  Begon,  French,  a 
BEGONIACEiE,  131.       [promoter  of  Botany. 
Bejaria,  204.  To  M.  Bejar,  a  Sf)anish  botanist. 
Bellis,  165.    Lat..  bellas.  pretty. 
Benzoin,  290.    Fragrant  like  benzoin. 
BERBERIDACE^,  27. 
Berberis.  27.    The  ancient  Ai^abic  name. 
Berchemia,  77.    To  M.  Berciiem,  a  French  bot. 
Berlandiera,  173.     To  M.  Berlandier,  French. 
Beta,  28o.     Celt.,  belt,  signifying  red. 
Betonica.  249.     Celt.,  beutonic. 
Betula,  308.    From  betn,  its  Celtic  name. 
BETULACE^,  307. 

Bidens,  180.  Lat.,  two-toothed  ;  sc.  the  seed. 
Bigelovia,  169.  To  Dr.  Jacob  Bigelow,  Boston. 
Bignonia,  218.  To  Abbe  Bignoii,  librarian  to 
BIGNONIACE^,  218.  [Louis  XIV. 

Biotia,  161.     Gr.,  biod,  to  live. 
Blechnnm,  (421)  424.     Gr.,  blechnon.      [calyx. 
BlephiUa.  24.5.     or.,  eyelash :  sc.  the  frinired 
B5etia.  328.   To  Louis  6lel,  a  Spanish  botanit  t. 


Blitum,  286.  Gr.,  ft/i^o;i,= Insipid.  [M  D 
Bocconia,  32.  To  Paolo  Boccoue,  a  Sicilian 
Boehmeria,  300.  To  G.  R.  Boehmer,  German. 
Ba^rhaavia.  279.  To  Boerhaave,  of  Holland. 
Boltonia,  166.  To  J.  B.  Bolton,  an  English  bot. 
BORRAGINACEiE,  2.50.  [ing! 

Borrago,  251.    Altered  from  cw  ago—wowxwX' 
Borreria,  147.    To  J.  W.  Borrer,  F.  L.  S. 
Borrichia,  171.    To  Olof  Borrich,  Danish. 
Botrychium.  418.     Gr.,  a  cluster  of  grapes. 
Boussingaultia,  285.    To  J.  B.  Boussingault,  a 
Bouteloua,  408.  [eel.  German  naturalist. 

Bouvardia.  lEO.    To  Dr.  Bonvard,  of  Paris. 
Boykinia,  114.    To  Dr.  Boykin,  of  Georgia, 
Brachychaeta,  166.   Gr.,  short  hair ;  sc.  pappua. 
Brasenia,  29. 

Brassica,  40.    Brassic  was  the  Celtic  name. 
Brickellia,  158.    To  Dr.  Brickell,  of  Savannah, 
Briza,  403.     Gr.,  to  nod ;  sc.  the  epikelets. 
Brizopyrum,  402.    Briza  smxApyros  (wheat). 
BROMELIACE^,  335.  [the  Wild  Oat. 

Bromus,  397.     Gr.,  food  :  anciently  applied  to 
Broussonetia,  299.  To  P.  N.  V.  Broussonet,  Fr. 
Browallia,  221.    To  J.  Browallius,  of  Abo. 
Brunella.  246.     German,  a  throat-disease. 
Brunfelsia,  221.   To  Otho  Brunsfels.  of  Mentz. 
Brunnichia,  280.    To  F.  Brunnich,  Danish. 
Bryonia.  130.     Gr.,  to  grow  (sc.  rapidly). 
Bryophyllum,  119.    Gr.,  growing  from  the  leaf 
Buchnera,  230.    T.  J.  G.  Buchner,  German. 
Buckleya,  291.    To  S.  B.  Buckley,  Texas. 
Bumelia,  210.    Greek  name  of  the  Ash. 
Bupleurum,  138.     Gr.,  ox-rib. 
Burmannia.  325.    To  one  Burmann,  GermaL 
BURMANNIACE^,  325. 
Btirsera,  72     To  Joachim  Burser,  Naples. 
BURSERACE^.  72. 
BOTTOMED,  323. 

Buxus,  2f)8.    Gr.,  dense?  sc.  the  wood. 
CABOMBEJi:,  28.    Cabomba.  29. 
Cacalia,  186.     Gr.,  exceedingly  pernicious. 
CACTACE^,  132. 
Cakile,  4.3.    The  Arabic  name. 
Caladium,  319.    Altered  from  Calla. 
Calamagrostis,  386.    Calamus-Agrostis. 
Calamintha,  243.     Gr.,  beautiful  Mint, 
Calampelis,  219.     Gr.,  pretty  vine. 
Calandrinia,  59.    To  J.  L.  Calandrini,  Italian. 
Calceolaria.  222.    l,at..  a  little  clipper. 
Calendula,  188.    Lat.,  kalendce.  the  first  of  t)ic 
Calla.  318  (319).     Gr.,  beautiful.  [momb 

Calliastrum,lGl.     Gr..  beautiful  flower. 
Callicarpa,  2.36.     Gr.,  beautiful  fruit. 
Callirrhoe,  60,  61.    A  Greek  name. 
Callistachys,  100.     Gr.,  beautiful  spike. 
Callistemon,  122.     Gr.,  beautiful  stamens. 
Callistephus,  165.     Gr.,  beautiful  crown. 
CALLITRICHACE.^.  301. 
Callitriche,  301.     Gr.,  beautiful  hair. 
Calluna.  200.     Gr.,  to  sweep ;  sc.  a  broom. 
Calochortus,  343.     Gr.,  beautiful  grass. 
Calonyction,  260.     Gr.,  "good-night." 
Calophanes,  234.     Gr.,  appearing  beautiful 
Calopogon,  330.     Gr.,  beautiful  oeard. 
Caltha,  21.    Svncope  for  calathos,  a  goblet. 
CALYCANTHACE.^,  25. 
Calycanthus,  25.     Gr..  calyx  flower. 
Calycocarpum,  27.     Gr.,  calyx  fruit. 
Calypso,  326.     Dedicated  to  that  nymph. 
Calyptranthes,  121.     Gr.,  calyptra  flower. 
Calystej^ia,  260.     Gr..  calyx  covered. 
Cam  asst  a .  343     In  diau ,  (iuamass. 
Camulina,  42.     6'r.,  dval  Flajt. 


LATIN  INDEX. 


429 


CanielHa,  65.  To  Geo.  J.  Kamel,  a  Moravian 
PAMELLTACE^,  64.  [monk. 

Campanula.  19(;.    Lat.,  a  little  bell. 
CAMPANULACE^.  196. 
Camptosorus.  494.    Gr.,  curved  sorus. 
CANELLACE^.  8. 
Canna.  3o-2.    Celtic  for  cane  or  mat. 
Cannabis,  .SOI.    The  ancient  name. 
CAPPARIDACE^,  44. 
Capparis.  44.     Arabic  for  capers. 
CAPRIFOLIACEiE,  144. 
Capfifdhtm,  145.     LaL,  goat-leaf. 
Capsella,  43.   ia/^..  a  little  capsule,   [qualities. 
Capsicum.  268.     Gr.,  to  bite  ;  ?c.  its  pungent 
Cardamine,  37.     Gr.,  heart-subduing. 
Cardiospermum,  75.     Gr.,  heart-seed. 
Carex,  368.    Lat.,  to  want ;  upper  spike  want- 
Cariceie,  356.  [ing  seed. 

Carphephorup,  156.     Gr..  chaff-bearing. 
Carpinus,  307.     Celtic,  head-wood;    sc.  good 
Carthamus,  189.    ^7'a6.,  to  color,      [for  yolces. 
Carum,  13S.    From  Caria,  in  Asia  Minor. 
Carya.  .304.     Gr.,  the  walnut. 
CARYOPHYLLACE.E,  52. 
Cassia,  83.     ^e6.,  ketzioth;  ia^.  cassia. 
Cassiope,  201.  Gr.,  the  mother  of  Andromeda. 
Cassyta.  290.  [Thessaly. 

C.'astanea,  306.  From  Castanea.  a  province  m 
•JastilU-ja.  232.  To  Don  Castilleja,  a  Spanish 
Catalpa'.  218.  The  Indian  name.  [botanist. 
Catananche,  192.     Gr.,  from  necessity  (must 

be  admired). 
Caulophyllum,  27.     Gr.,  stem-leaf. 
Ceanothus,  77.     Gr.,  to  prick ;  plant  spiny. 
Cedronella,  246.     Gr.,  fragrant  like  cedar. 
Cedrns,  314.  From  the  river  Cedron.  in  Jud?ea. 
CELASTRACE^,  75.  [all  winter. 

Ce.la>;trus,  76.  Xai!.,  winter ;  the  fruit  remains 
Celosia,  288.   Gr.,  burnt ;  appearance  of  the  fls. 
Celtis,  299.    Ancient  name  for  the  T-otus. 
Cenchrus,  391.     Gr.,  oriental  name  of  Millet. 
Ccntaurea,  1B8.  To  the  centaur  Chiron. 
Centradenia,  123.    Gr.,  spur-gland ;  sc.  the  ap- 
Centrosoma,  98.         [pendages  of  the  anthers. 
Oentnncnlus.  213.     Ancient  Latin  name. 
Cephalanthus,  150.  Gr.,  head-fl.;  lis.  in  a  head. 
Cerasti  im,  54.    Gr.,  a  horn  ;  the  shape  of  the 

capsules.  [native  region. 

Cerafvs,  102.  From  Cerasns,  in  Pontus,  its 
Ceratiola.  .303.  Gr.,  a  little  horn;  sc.  the 
CERATOPHYLLACE^,  30>.  [stigma. 

Ceratophyllum,  302.     Gr.,  horn-leaf.       [fruit. 
Ceratoschienus,  3ii7.     (?r.,  horn-rush  ;  sc.  the 
Cercis,  8:^.     Gr.,  a  shuttle ;  sc.  the  legume. 
Cerens.  133.  Lat.,  wax  ;  the  shoots  are  plastic. 
Cestrum,  265.     Gr.  name  for  Betony. 
Chterophyllum,,137.  Gr.,  rejoice,  leaf ;  Ivs.  fra- 
Chamielirium,  349.     (?r.,  dwarf  fily.       [grant. 
Charncemelum,  ia3.    The  Greek  name. 
Chaniierops.  317.     Gr..  dwarf  stem.  [ist. 

ChaptaVia.  194.  To  M.  Chaptal.  a  French  chem- 
Chap'nania.  87.  To  Dr.  A.  W.  Chapman,  the 
CHARACE^.  14.  [Southern  botanist. 

Cheilanthes.  422.  Gr..  lip-llnwer  ;  sc.  the  iu- 
Chciranthus,  38.  Gr.,  hand-flower,  [dusium. 
Chdidoninm,  31.     Gr..   a   swallow;    liowers 

v/'th  the  arrival  of  that  bird. 
CluloMf-.  224.      Gr.,  tortoise;    form   of  the 
CHENOPODIACE.E.  284.  [flower. 

Cnenopodiiia.  287.  Altered  fr.  Chenopodium. 
Chenopodium,  235.    Gr.,  goose-foot ;  shape  of 

the  leaf.  [ter-green. 

Chlmaphila,  206.    Gr.,  lover  of  w'ntcr ;  win- 


!  Chiococca,  147.     O.,  winter  beny. 
Cbiogenes,  199.     Gr..  winter-born. 
Chionanthus,  276.     Gr.,  snow  (white)  flower. 
Chloris.  407.     Gr.,  green. 
Chorozema,   100.     Gr.,  dance,  drink;    foun^ 

near  a  spring  in  a  thirsty  land— N.  IIoliai:d. 
Chrysanthemum,  184.    Gr.,  golden  flower. 
Chrysobalanus,  101.     Gr.,  golden  acorn,  or  fr. 
Chrysogonum,  172.     Gr.,  goloen  joint;  fls.  in 

the  axils. 
Chrypopsis,  170,     Gr..  golden  appearance. 
Chrysospleninm,113.  Gr..  golden  spleen  (wort). 


Chthamalia.  274.    Gr.,  on  the  ground ;  trailing 
ingquan- 
CICIIORACEiE,  152.  [t 


Cicer,  85.    Gr..  strength ;  its  nourishing  qua* 


Cichorium,  190.  Greek  name,  adopted  from  the 

Cicuta,  141.  Name  unexplained.     [Egyptians. 

Cimicifuga,  2.3.    Gr.,  bug-repelling. 

Cineraria,Wii.   Lat.,  ashes ;  clothed  with  ash- 
colored  down.    See  also  187. 

Cinna,  385.    An  ancient  name  of  a  grass. 

Circfea,  128.    To  the  enchantress  Circe. 

Cirsium,  189.    The  old  Greek  name. 

Cissus,  78.    The  Greek  name  for  the  Ivv. 

CISTACE^,  47.  [siura  inflated. 

Cistopteris,  425.     Gr..  bladder  fern  ;  sc.  indu 

Citharexylura,  2.35.     Gr.,  harp-wood ;   fiddle- 

Gitrullus,  130.  Derived  from  the  next.    [wood. 

Citrus,  71.    From  Citron,  in  Jud>ea. 

Cladastris,  84.    ^.,  brittle  branches? 

Cladium,  367.    Gr.,  a  branch  or  twig. 

Clarkia,  126.    To  Captain  Clark,  the  pioneer 
traveller  In  Oregon. 

Claytonia,  59.    To  John  Clayton,  of  Virginia. 

Clematis,  16.    Gr.,  a  tendril;  the  petioles  act 

Cleome,  44.    Gr.,  to  shut :  fls.  closed,  [as  such. 

Clethra.  204.    The  Greek  name  of  the  Alder. 

Clianthus,  100.    Gi'.,  the  flower  of  glory. 

Clintonia  (195),  346.   To  Gov.  De  Witt  Clinton, 

CI  i  tori  a,  98.    A  fanciful  name.  [of  N.  Y. 

Clusia,  8.    To  Charles  de  I'Ecluse,  of  Artois. 

Cnicus,  189.     Gr.,  to  prick. 

Ciddoscoliis,  29fl.     Gr.,  nettle-prickle. 

Cobiea,  258.    To  B.  Cobo,  a  Spanish  botanist. 

Cocculns,  27.    Lat..  cochineal ;  berries  red. 

Coix.411.     A  Greek  name  of  a  grass.         [try. 

Colchicum,  348.  From  Colchis,  its  native  coun- 

Coleus.  239.    Gr..  a  sheath ;  of  the  stamens. 

Collinsia,  225.    To  Z.  Collins,  of  Philadelphia. 

CoUinsonia.  241.    To  Peter  Collinson.  F.  R.  S. 

Collomia,  257.  Gr.,  glue ;  referring  to  the  seeds. 

Colocasia,  319.  [mens. 

Coliibrina,  76.     (?r.,  snake;  the  twisted  sta- 

Colutea,  95.  [character. 

Comandra,  291.     Gr..  hair  stamens;   see  the 

Comarum,  107.    Greek  name  of  the  Arbutus. 

COMBRETACE.^,  12.  [mous  Dutch  botanists. 

Commelyna,  353.   To  J.  and  G.  Commelyn,  fa- 

COMMELYNACEiE,  353. 

COMPOSITiE.  152.  [Bishop  of  London. 

Coraptonia,  309.     To  Henry  Compton,   Lord 

CONIFER.E,  312. 

Conio-^-elinmn.  140.    i.  e.,  Conium-Selinum. 

Conium.  139.     Gr.,  dust ;  unexplained. 

Conobea.  226.    Name  unexplained, 
,  Uonoclinium,  160.     Lai.,  conical  receptacle. 

CONOIDE^.  311. 

Conopholis,  217.     Gr.,  scale,  cone. 
I  Conostytis.  336.     Gr.,  cone,  style. 

Consolida.  22.     Lat..  slvlcs  all  in  one  ? 

Convallaria,  346.    Lat.,  a.  valley. 

Convolvulus,  260.  Lat.,  to  entwine,  or  involve 

Conyza,  171.    L'nexplained. 


430 


LATIN    INDEX. 


Coptis.  21.    Gr.,  to  cnt ;  bc.  the  cleft  leaves, 
Coiallorhiza.  3:iS.     Ch'.,  coral-root. 
Corchorns,  04.     (fr.,  to  purj^e  ;  laxative. 
Cordia.  250.    To  E.  Corclius.  a  Germ,  botanist. 
Corema,  303.    Lat.^  a  broom;  sc.  the  habit. 
Coreopsis.  178.     Gr.,  bujj-like  ;  ec.  the  eeeds. 
Coriandrum,  141.     Gr.,  ^mg;  from  the  odor. 
Corispermum.  287.     Gr.^  bug-peed. 
CORNACEJE,  142.  [of  the  wood. 

Cornu!?.  143.    Lat.,  a  horn  ;  from  the  hardnets 
Coronilla,  87.    Lat.,  a  little  crown. 
Corydalis,  33.     Greek  name  for  Fumitory. 
CoryluH, 307.  (rr..  a  helmet;  the  involucrate fr. 
Corythivm^Z'^'i.    Gr..  a  helmet;  PC.  the  flower. 
Cosmanthus,  255.     Gr.,  elegant  flower. 
Cotula,  172,    The  old  Latin  name. 
Cranichis.  330.    Derivation  uncertain. 
Crantzia,  135.    To  Prof.  Crantz,  Eng. 
Crapsula,  119.    Lat..  thick;  leaves  fleshv. 
CRASSULACEiE.  117.         [ness  of  the  wood. 
Cratsegiis,  110.  -  Gr..  strength  ;  from  the  hard- 
Criuum,  333.    The  Greek  name  of  the  Lily. 
Crocus,  3:37.    The  name  in  Chaldaic. 
Croomia,  339.    To  H.  B.  Croom.  of  Florida. 
Crotalaria,  90.  Gr.,  a  rattle  ;  sc.  the  sds.  in  pod. 
Croton,  297.     Gr.,  a  tick  ;  sc.  the  seeds. 
Crotonopsis.  297.    Croton-like. 
CRUCIFERJS,  34.  [are  in  the  sheaths. 

Crypsis,  387.     (?r.,  concealed:  as  the  flowers 
CRYPTOGAMIA,  412.  [the  calyx). 

Cryptotyenia,  138.     Gr.,  concealed  border  (of 
Cteniuni.  409.     Gr.,  a  comb  ;  sc.  the  beard. 
Cucumis,  131.    Za^..  crooked  ?  (fruit), 
(^uciirbita.  130.    Lat.,  crookedness  :  the  fruit. 
CUCURBITAUE^,  129. 
Cunila,  240. 

Ciiphea,  123.     Gr.,  curved;  sc.  the  capsule. 
Cupressus.  315.     Ch'.,  equal  growth  ;  referring 
CUPULIFERiE.  304.        [to  the  reg.  branches. 
Cuscuta,  2f;o.    Name  from  the  Arabic. 
Cyathea,  419.     Gr.,  little  cup:  sc.  indusium. 
CYCADACfi^.  311. 

Cycas,  312.    A  name  in  Greek  for  a  Palm. 
Cyclamen,  212.     Gr.,  circular ;  sc.  the  leaves. 
Cycloloma.  285.    Gr.,  circle,  border  (of  the  cal.) 
Cydonia,  112.    From  Cydon,  in  Crete. 
Cynara,  188.     Gr.,  a  do* ;  involucre  spiny. 
Cynodon.  407  G^r., dog  tooth :  sc.  the  spikelets. 
Cynoglossum,  251.  Gr..  dog  tongue ;  sc.  the  Ivs. 
Cynthia,  191.    A  name  of  Diana. 
CYPERACE^E,  356. 
Cyperus,  357.    A  name  of  Venus. 
Cypripedium,  326.     Gr.,  Venus'  slipper. 
Cyrilla,  205.    To  Dom.  Cyrillo,  M.  !).,  Naples. 
Cyrtauthera,  235.     Gr.,  curved  flower. 
Cytisus,  100.    First  found  in  Isl.  Cythrus. 
Dact.ylis,  398.    G^.,  a  finger;  spikes  digitate. 
Dactyloctenium.  408.      Gr.  finger  comb ;   the 

spikes  digitate-pectinate. 
Dahlia,  16(i.    For  A.  Dahl,  a  Swedish  botanist. 
Dalea.  93.  For  Thos.  Dale,  an  English  botanist. 
Dalibarda,  105.    To  Dalibard.  a  Fr.  botanist. 
Danthonia,  391).    To  M.  Danthoine.  a  Fr.  hot. 
Daphne,  292.  A  nymph  transformed  by  Apollo. 
Dasystoma,  230.   Gr.,  haiiy  mouth :  sc.  the  cor. 
Datura.  265,    From  the  Arabic,  Totorah. 
Daucus,  l;?9.    The  Greek  name. 
Davallia,  423.    M.  Davall,  a  Swiss  botanist. 
Decumaria,  116.  Lat.,  decern,  ten  ;  fls.lO-parted. 
Delphinium,  'iU.     Gr.,  a  dolphin. 
Dentaria,Zl.   Lat.,  a  tooth  :  the  root  toothed. 
Desman  thus,  82.     Gr.,  bundle  (of)  flowers. 
Desraodium,  88.    Gr.,  a  bond  :  sc.  the  lomcut. 


Deutzla.  116.    For  Deutz,  a  Dutch  botanist. 
DIALYPETALJE,  15.  [the  pod 

Diamorpha,  119.     Gr.,  peculiarly  formed;  so. 
Dianthera.  234.     Gr..  two  anthers. 
Dianthus,  52.     Gr.,  the  flower  of  Jove. 
Diapensia,  2.58.     Gr.,  flowers  by  5's  ;  5-cleft. 
Diarrhena,  399.     Gr.,  two  rough  (keels  in  th« 
Dicentra.  33.     Gr.,  two  spurs.  [pales. 

Dicerandra,  242.     Gr.,  anthers  two-homed. 
Dichondra,  260.     Gr.,  two  grains  (carpels). 
Dichromena.  :jfi4.     Gr.,  two-colored,     [amist. 
Dicksonia.  42:3.     To  J  as.  Dickson,   cryptog- 
Diclii)tera,  234.     Gr.,  double-valved  (capsule). 
Dictamnus,  70.    Greek  name  of  the  Ash. 
Didiplis,  124.     Gr.,  twice  double. 
Dielytra,  33.     Gr.,  two  wings. 
Diervilla,  146.    To  M.  Dierville,  M.D.,  French. 
Digitalis,  228.    Lat.,  finger  of  a  glove. 
JJigitaria,3&i.    Lat.,  a  finger  ;  sc.  the  spikea. 
Diodia,  149.     Gr.,  wayside  (plants), 
Dioniea,  51.    A  name  of  Venus. 
Dioscorea.  338.    To  Pedacius  Dioscorides,  a 
DIOSCOREACE^,  3;38.        [Greek  physician. 
Diospyros.  209.     Gr.,  the  pear  of  Jove. 
Dipholis.  210.   Gr.,  two  scales  (bet,  the  petals). 
Diphylleia,  28,     Gr.,  two-leaved. 
Diplopappus,  164,    Gr.,  double  pappus. 
DIPSACE^E.  151.  [hold  water. 

Dipsacus,  151.     Gr.,  to  thirst ;  the  leaf-axils 
Dipter acanthus, 'HZ^.    Gr.,  2- winged  Acanthus. 
Dirca,  292.     Ghr.,  a  fountain. 
Discopleura,  141.     Gr.,  disk,  ribs  (united). 
Dodecatheon,  211.  6r7'.. twelve  deities  (flowers). 
DodonjBa,  74.    To  R.  Dodonseus,  M.  D. 
Dolichos  98.  Gr.,  long ;  sc.  the  twining  stems, 
Doodia.  423.    To  S.  Doody,  botanist,  Loudon. 
Downingla.  195.    To  J.  Downing,  florist,  «.tc. 
Draba.  41.    Gr.,  acrid  or  biting ;  sc.  the  leaves, 
Dracocephalum,  246.     Gr.,  dragon  head. 
Dracopsis,  176.     Gr.,  dra<i:on-like. 
Dracunculus,  184.     Gr.,  little  dragon, 
Drosera,  51.     Gr.,  dew  (drops  on  the  leaves). 
DROSERACE^,  50. 

Dryas,  105.     Gr.,  Oak  nymph  ;  sc.  its  leaves. 
Dulichium,  856.    First  found  on  that  island. 
Duranta,  235.    To  Castor  Durant,  1580. 
Dysodia.  181.     Gr..  ill-scented. 
Eatoijia.  400.    To  Prof.  Amos  Eaton,  the  well- 
EBENACE/E,  2U9.  [known  botanist. 

Eccremocarpus,  218.     Gr.,  pendent  fruit. 
Eclieveria.  119.  To  M.  Eclieveri,  botanic  artist. 
Echinacea,  175.    Gr.,  hedgehog ;  sc.  the  spines. 
Echinocactus,  132,     Gr.,  hedgehog  cactus. 
Echinocystis,  129.    Gr..  hedgehog  bladder;  fr. 
Echinodorus,  323.   Gr.,  hedgehog  sac;  carpels. 
Echinosperraum,  251.     Hedgehog  seed. 
Echites,  271.    Gr.,  a  viper ;  the  smooth  shoot*. 
Echium,  251,     Gr.,  a  viper ;  sc.  the  seeds. 
Eclipta,  172.     Gr..  deficient ;  sc.  no  pappus. 
Ehretia.  250.    To  D.  G.  Ehret,  German  artioL 
ELiEAGNACE^,  292. 

Ekeagnns,  292.     Gr.,  the  olive;  resemblance. 
ELATINACE^,  51. 
Palatine,  51.     Gr.,  the  fir  ;  resemblance, 
Eleocharis,  359.     Gr.,  marsh  delight. 
Elephantopus,  156.     Gi\,  elephant's  foot, 
Eleusine.  407.     A  name  of  C«res. 
EUlottia.  205.    To  Stephen  Elliott.  S.  Car, 
Ellisia,  2,54.    To  Josejjh  Ellis,  F.  R.  S. 
Elodea,  50.     Gr..  a  marsh.         [in  the  sheath. 
Elvmua.  405.     Gr.,  enveloped-  sc.  the  spike 
Ely traria,  2,33.  Gr.. enveloped :  the fls.in  bracta, 
EMPETRA.CE/E,  302. 


LATIN    INDEX. 


431 


Erapctrum.  303.     Or.,  on  a  rock. 
ENDOGENiE,  316. 
Enplenia,  273     To  Aloyeltis  Enelen. 
Epidendrnra,  331.     Gr..  on  a  tree. 
p:pit>;!ea.  200.     Gr.,  on  the  earth  ;  trailiug:. 
Epi'lobinm.  124.     Gr.,  on  the  pod  (sc.  thi;  fls.) 
E[)iphepn!?,  217.     Gr.,  on  the  Beech  (root*). 
P^piphyllnm.  132.  Gr.,  on  a  leaf  (sc.  the  fla.) 
EQUISETACE^.  415. 
Eqiiii^etnm,  415.     Lat..  horse-hair. 
Era?rosti8, 400.     Gr..  lovely  ^rass. 
Erectitcs,  ISO.     Gr.,  to  trouble. 
Erianthus,  410.    Gr.,  wool-flower. 
Erica,  200.    Lat..  the  old  name. 
ERICACE^,  197. 
Erigenia,  140.     Gr.,  ppring-born. 
Erigeron,  1G5.     Gr..  in  spring  (early)  old. 
Eriocaulon,  3i>5.     Gr..  woolly  Btem. 
ERIOCAULONACEiE,  355. 
Eriogonum,  280.     CrA,  woolly  joint. 
Eriophorum.  302.    Gr.,  wool-bearing. 
Erlthalis,  147.     Gr..  to  grow  green. 
Emodea,  147.    Gr.,  branched ;  much  branched. 
Erodium,  68.     Gr.,  a  heron's  (bill). 
Erophila,  41.     G^\,  lover  of  Spring. 
Eryngium,  135.    Gi\,  to  belch  :  a  remedy. 
Ery>iinmni.  39.     Gr.,  to  draw  (blistere). 
Erythrjea,  267.     Gr.,  red  ;  sc.  the  flowers. 
Erythrina;  97.    Same  as  the  last. 
Erythronium.  341.    Ditto. 
Escallonia,  IIG.    To  Escallon,  Spanish. 
Eschscholtzia,  32.    To  Eschschoitz,  German. 
Eucalyptus.  121.  (7r..  well  covered;  ec.  thecal. 
Eugenia,  122.    To  Pi-ince  Eugene,  of  Savoy. 
Eufuphus,  141.     Gr.,  handsome  crest. 
Euonymus,  76.     Gr.,  well  named. 
Eupatorium.  158.    Named  for  Eupator. 
Eunihorbia.  293.  To  Euphorbus,  of  Mauritania. 
EUPHORBIA CEvE,  293, 
Euphrasia,  2:«.    To  the  Muse  Euphrosyue. 
Ev.^farJ/y.9.  407.    Gr.,  handsome  spike. 
Eustoma,  267.     Gr.,  handsome  mouth. 
Eutoca.  255.    Gr.,  fruitful. 
Euxouis,  2S8.     Gi\,  well  closed. 
Evolvulus,  260.    Lat.,  to  roll  out,  to  trail. 
Exccucaria.  296.    Lat.,  to  blind  ;  the  poisonous 
EXOGEN^,  15.         [juice  destroys  the  sight. 
Exostemma.  147.     Gr.,  stamens  exserted? 
Faba,  85.     Gr.,  to  cat. 
Fabiana,  265.    To  F.  Fahiana,  of  Valencia. 
Fagoi)yram,  284.     Gr.,  beech-nut  wheat. 
Fagns,  307.    The  ancient  name. 
Fedia.  151.    From  fedus,  a  kid. 
Fenzlia,.257.    To  £)r.  Fenzl,  a  botanic  author. 
Festuca.  3f)9.    Celt.,/es^,  pasture, 
FICOIDEJ]:,  133. 

Ficus,  299.    The  ancient  Latin  name. 
Filago,  185.    Lat.,  thread-spinning ;  the  plant 
FILICES,  416.  [is  clothed  in  cotton. 

Fimbristvlis,  363.     Gr.,  fringed  style. 
Fioerkea,  68.    To  Flcerke,  a  German  botanist. 
FLORIDE^,  322. 

Fceniculum,  139.    Lat.,  a  kid ;  why  ? 
Forestiera,  277.    To  M.  Forestier,  French. 
Forsteronia,  270.  To  T.  F.  Forster,  an  Eng.bot. 
Forsythia,  276.  To  Mr.  Forsyth,  horticulturist. 
Fothergilla,  120.  To  J.  Pothergill,  M.D.,  Lond. 
Fragaria,  106.    Lat.,  fragrant ;  sc.  the  fruit. 
Francisea,  221.  To  Francis,  Emperor  of  Aust. 
Frankliuia,  65.  [plants  in  the  South. 

Frasera,  268.    To  John  Eraser,  collector  of 
Praxinus,  277.    Lat.,  a  hedge  ;  hedge  plants. 
Frltiilaria,  342.     Lat.,  a  chess-board. 


Proelichia,  290.    To  J.  A.  Froelich,  a  Germ,  bot 

Fuchsia,  127.    To  Leonard  Fiichs.  German. 

Puirena,  359.    To  G.  Fuiren,  Danish. 

Fumaria.  34.    iMt..  smoke  :  sc.  the  eraell. 

FUJIARIACE^,  m. 

FUNGI,  14. 

Fuukia,  315.    To  Henrv  Funk,  German. 

Gaillardia,  181.    To  M.'Gaillard,  French. 

Galactia,  ^l.     Gr..  milk. 

Galanthus,  334.     Gr. .  milk-flower. 

Galax,  206.     Gr.,  milk  ;  flowers  milk-white  ? 

Galeopsis,  248.     Gr..  weasel-like  ;  sc.  the  fl. 

Galinsoga,  172.    To  M.  Galinsoga,  Madrid. 

Galium,  148,     Gr.,  milk  (to  curdle). 

GAMOPETALiE.  144. 

Gardoquia,  246.  To  Diego  Gardoqui,  Spanish. 

Gaultheria,  201.    To  Dr.  Gaulthier,  Quebec. 

Gaura,  126.     Gr.,  superb.       [French  chemist. 

Gaylussacia,  198.  To  Gaylussac,  the  celebrated 

Gazania,  181.    Lat.,  riches  (richness). 

Gelsemium,  269.    Italian  for  Jessamine. 

Genista,  90.    Celt.,  gen,  a  h-ish. 

Gentiana,  267.    To  <3entiu&,  King  of  Illyda. 

GENTIANACEiE,  266. 

GERANIACE^E,  67. 

Geranium,  68.    Gr.,  crane's  (bill) :  sc.  the  fruit. 

Gerardia,  (230)  231.    To  John  Gerard,  English. 

Gcsneria.  219.    To  Conrad  Gesner,  German. 

GESNERIACEiE,  219.  [of  G.  urbicuin, 

Geum,  105.     Gr.,  to  give  relish :  sc.  the  roots 

Gilia,  257.    To  P.  S.  Gill,  Spanish. 

Gilleuia,  104.    Named  for  A.  Gille,  German. 

Ginkgo,  316.    The  name  in  Japanese. 

Ginseng,  142.    The  name  in  Chinese. 

Gladiolus,  338.  Lat.,  a  little  sword  ;  sc.  the  Ivfl, 

Glaucium,  31.     Gr.,  glaucous  (iu  color). 

Glaux,  212.    Ditto. 

Glechoma,  246.    An  old  Greek  name. 

Gleditschia,  83.  To  Prof.  G.  Gleditsch,  Berlin. 

Glottidium.  93.     Gr.,  tongue  :  sc.  the  pods. 

Gloxinia.  219,    To  P.  B.  Gloxin,  of  Colmar. 

GLUMIFER^.  856. 

Glyceria,  402.     Gr.,  sweet :  sc.  the  herbage. 

Gnaphalium,  185.     Gr.,  soft  down. 

Godetia.  126.    To  M.  Godet,  French. 

Gomphrena,  2S9.    Gr.,  a  club  ;  sc.  the  flowers, 

Gonolobus,  274.     Gr.,  angular  pods. 

GOODENIACEiE,  10. 

Goodyera,  330,    To  John  Goodycr,  English. 

Gordonia,  65.    To  Alex.  Gordon,  London. 

Gossipium,  6;?.    Arabic,  a  softues.s, 

GRAMINE.^,380. 

GRAMINOIDE^,  356.  [bearded  at  base 

Graphephorura,  398.     Gr.,  pencil-bearing ;  fls. 

Gratiola,  227.    iMt.,  grace  (medicinally). 

GROSSULACE^  (113). 

Grossularia,  117.  Name  of  doubtful  meaning, 

Gucttarda,  147.  To  Etienne  Guettard,  French, 

Guiacum,  67.    The  aboriginal  name. 

GUTTIFER^,  8. 

Gymnadenia,  326.    Gr.,  naked  igland. 

Gymnocladus,  83.     Gr.,  naked  branches. 

Gymnogramma,  420.  Gr.,  naked  writing  (sori), 

GjTunopogon,  407.     Gr. ,  naked  beard. 

Gymnospermae.  311.     Gr.,  naked  seeds. 

Gynandropsis.  44.     Gr.,  like  gynandria. 

Gynerium,  398.     Gr.,  style  woolly. 

Gypsophila,  53.     Gr.,  loving  chalk  (cliflfs). 

Jiabenaria,  326.    LmL,  thong,  =  the  loujg  »pup. 

Hahrothamnus,  265.    Gr.,  a  gay  branch. 

lliEMODORACE^E,  336. 

Halenia,  2f)8.    A  personal  name. 

Halesia,  209.    To  S.  Hales,  D.  D.,  F.  K.  ». 


432 


LATIN  INDEX. 


ITALORAGE^.  120. 
HAMAMELACE^,  120. 
Ilamameli?,  120.     G^.,  (flower)  with  the  IVnit. 
Hamelia,  147.    To  H.  L.  Duhamel.  [berg. 

Harden bergia,  99.  To  the  Countess  of  Harden- 
Iledeoma,  241.    The  Greek  name  for  Mint. 
Hedera,  142.     Celt.,  a  cord. 
Hedychium,  331.    Gr.,  sweet  snow  (white  fls.) 
Hed}-!«ariiui,  87.    An  old  Greek  name. 
Helenium,  181.    Dedicated  to  Helen. 
nelianthella,  177.    Diminutive  of  Helianthus. 
llelianthemum,  47.     Gr.,  Sun-flower. 
Helianthus,  176.    Ditto. 
Heliclirysum,  18(5.     (7n,  golden  sun. 
Heliophytum.  251.     Gr.,  Sun-plant. 
Heliopeis,  175.     Gr.,  sun-like. 
Heliotropium.  250,  Gr.  tiirninp:  (with)  the  Pun. 
Hellcborns,  21.    Gr.^  killing  (poisonous)  food. 
Helonias.  34!).     Gr..,  a  raarsli. 
Hdosciadium.,  140.     Gr..,  marsh  umbel. 
Ifemalelia,  419. 

Hemerocallis,  345.     Gr.,  beauty  of  a  dav. 
Hemicariiha,  .3(8.     Gr.,  half  (ot  t lie)  chaff. 
Hepatica.  18.    Gr.,  of  or  ref?embling  the  liver. 
HEPATIOiE,  14. 

Meraclenm,  136.    Sacred  to  Hercules. 
Herpestis,  226.     Gr.,  a  creeper. 
Hesperis.  39.     Gr.,  the  evening,         [anthers. 
Heteranthera.  350.    Gr.,  other  (two  kinds  of) 
iletcrotheca,  170.  Gr.,  other  (2  kinds  of)  fruits. 
Heuchera,  115.  To  Dr.  H.  Heucher,  Wittembg. 
Hibiscus,  62.    From  ibis,  the  stork, 
ilieracium,  191.    Gr.,  hierax,  the  hawk, 
liierocliloa,  3vl5.     Gr.,  holy  Grass. 
IHPPOOASTANE/E,  73. 
Ilippomane,  293.     Gr.,  horse  madness. 
Hipi)opliie,  293.     Gr.,  horse  destroyer. 
Ilippuris,  121.     Gr.,  mare's  tail. 
IIolcus,  3{lo.     Gr..  to  extract  (thorns). 
Holostenm,  54.    Gr..  all  bone  (by  antithesis). 
l{onk..nya.,  56.    A  personal  name. 
Ilordeum,  404.     Gt'.,  heavy  (so.  bread). 
Hottonia,  211.    To  Prof,  P.  llotten,  of  Leyden. 
Houstonia,  149.  To  Wm.  Houston.  M.  D.,  Eng. 
lloya,  275.    To  Thos.  Hoy,  F.  L.  S. 
Hudsonia,  4S.    To  Wm.  Hudson.  F.  II.  S. 
Humea,  194.  To  Lady  Hume,  of  Wormleybnry. 
Humulus,  301.  Lat.,  on  the  ground, = trailing. 
Hyacinthus,  344.    A  boy  killed  by  Zephyrus. 
Hydrangea.  116.    Gr.,  a  water-vessel. 
ITydranthelium,  228.    Gr.,  a  little  water-flower. 
Hydrastis,  23.    In  or  near  water. 
HYDROCTIARIDACEiE.  3^4. 
Ilydrocleis,  323.     Gr.,  enclosed  in  water, 
ilydrocotyle,  1:35.     Gr..  a  water-vessel. 
Hydrolca,  255.     Gr.,  water,  oil;    sc.  an  oily 
HYDRO PIlYLL.\CEiE,  253.         [water-plant. 
Hydrophyllum.  254.    Gr.,  water  leaf. 
Hygrophila,  234.     Gr..,  loving  moisture. 
Hymenopappus,  181.     Gr.,  membranous  pap- 
HyoKcyamus,  264.     Gr..  hog-bean.  [pus. 

Hvpclato,  74.    Unexplained, 
.IVPERICACE^.  48. 

Hypericum,  49.    Not  Batisfactoiily  explained. 
llypohrychia,  124.  [the  pod), 

Hypoxis,  334.  Gr.,  sharp  under  ;  (the  base  of 
Hyptis,  239,  <?r,,resup;nate:  so  the  cor.  upper 
Hyssopus,  241.  The  old  Hebrew  name.  [lip. 
Fberis,  42.  From  Iberia,  now  Spain. 
Ilex,  207.  The  ancient  name. 
Illicium,  24.  Zaf.,  alluring;  sc.  the  perfume. 
Ilysanthea,  227,  Gr.,  mud-flower,  [touched. 
Impaticns,  69.     Lat.^  impatient;    not  to  be 


Indigofera,  93.    Lat.,  indigo-bearing. 

Inula,  171.    A  corruption  of  Helleniura. 

lodanthus,  36.     Gr.,  violet-flower. 

Ipoma^a,  259  (260).     Gr.,  like  bindweed. 

Ipomopsis,  257.     Gr.,  like  Ipomtea. 

Ircsine,  289.    Gr.,  eiros,  wool. 

IRIDACE^,  336. 

Iris,  3.36.    From  its  varied  colors. 

Isauthus,  239.     Gr.,  equal  (regular)  flower. 

Isatis,  43.     Gr.,  to  smooth  (the  skin) ;  a  con- 

Isoetes,  412.    Cr.,  equal  (all  the)  year,    [mctic. 

Isopappus,  170.     Gr..  equal  pappus. 

Isopyruih,  20.     Gr.,  equal  wheat. 

Itea,  115.    Greek  name  of  the  Willow. 

Iva,  174.    Leaves  resembling  the  Greek  Iva. 

Jxia,  337.    Lat.,  bird-lime ;  sc.  sticky. 

Jacquemontia,  258.    To  Victor  Jacquemont. 

Jasminum,  275.    Gr.,  violet  smell ;  sc.  fragrant. 

Jatropha,  296.  Gr.,  physician,  food ;  ec.  "medi- 
cinal. 

Jeftersonia,  28.  To  President  Thos.  Jeflferson. 

JUGLANDACEiE,  303.  [walnut. 

Juglans,  304.     Gr.,  the  nut  of  Jove ;   sc.  the 

JUNCACE^,  350. 

JilNCAGINEiE,  323.  [of  these  rushes. 

Juncus,  351.    Lat.,  to  join  :  ropes  were  made 

Juniperus,  314.     Celt.,  rougii  or  rude. 

Jussisea,  125.    To  Arjtoine  Jnssieu,  the  elder. 

Justicia.  2:35.  To  J.  Justice,  a  Scotch  botanist. 

Kallstrcemia,  67.    A  personal  name. 

Kalmia,  200.    To  Prof.  Peter  Kalm,  of  Abo. 

Kennedya,  99.  To  Mr.  Kennedy,  of  Ham- 
mersworth. 

Kerria,  104.    To  Mr.  Kerr,  botanist,  Ceylon. 

Ka?leria,  398.    To  Prof.  Koelcr.  of  Mayence. 

Ktelreuteria,  75.   To  J.  G.  Koelreuter,  German 

Kosteleizkva,  ()2.  A  personal  name,  [botanist. 

Krameria,  80.  To  J.  G.  and  W.  H.  Kramer,  Ger. 

Krigia,  191.    To  Dr.  David  Kreig^,  German. 

Kuhnia,158.  ToAdamKuhn.  of  Pennsylvania. 

Kvhfnstera,9S.    From  Kuhnia. 

Kyilingia,  .3.59.     To  P.  Kylling,  Danish,  1690. 

LABIATE,  237.    LABIATIFLOR^,  153,  155 

Laburnum,  91.    The  old  Latin  name. 

Lachnocaulon,  .355.     Gr.,  wool-stem. 

Lachnanthes,  335.     Gr.,  wool-flower. 

Lactuca,  19:3.    Lat.,  /ac,=milk;  sc.  mjik-weed. 

Lagenaria,  1:30.    Lat..  a  bottle  ;  sc.  the  gourd. 

Lagerstroemia,  123.    To  Marcus  Lagerstrceni, 

Laguucularia.  jMt.,  a  small  bottle.    [Ger. 

Lamium,  248.    Gr.,  throat ;  sc.  gaping-flowers. 

Lampsana,  190.    A  personal  name. 

Lan'^na,  2,37.   Old  Latin  name  for  Laburnum. 

Lapithaa.  266. 

I^portea.  »J0.    To  M.  Laporte,  French. 

Lappa,  190.    Old  Latin  name  of  Burdock. 

Larix,  314.     Celt.,  fat  or  resinous ;  from  lar. 

Lathyrus.  85.    Gr.,  stimulating. 

LAURACEiE,  290.  [made  of  lavender 

Lavandula,  239.    Lat.,  to  wash;  from  the  usa 

Lavatera,  60.   To  the  two  Lavalers,  of  Zurich. 

Leavenworthia,:38.  ToDr.Leavenworth,U.S.A. 

Lechca,  47.    To  G,  Lechc,  Sweden,  1760. 

Ledum,  204.    An  old  Greek  name.  [nivt. 

Leersia.  383.    To  J.  D.  Leers,  a  German  bota- 

LEGUMINOS^,  80. 

Leiophyllum,204.   (??•.,  smooth  leaf.  [Florida. 

Leitneiia,  Z09.    To  Dr.  Leitner,  collector  in 

Lemna,  319.   The  Greek  name  of  some  water- 

LEMNACE^,  319.  [plant. 

Lens,  100.    The  seeds  are  shaped  like  a  lens. 

LENTIBULACE^.,  215. 

Lconotis,  249.   Gr  ,  lion's  ear ;  ec.  the  flowers 


LATIN  INDEX. 


433 


r.eontodon,  191.   Gr.,,  lion's-tooth ;  sc.  the  Iva. 
l.eonnni8,  249.    Or.,  lion'e-tail;  ec.  the  gpike 

i*f  (lowers. 
Leprtclu!*,  17H.    From  lepis,  Gr.  word  for  scale. 
Lopiiiium.  42.    Gr..  a  little  s^cale  ;  sc.  the  sill- 
Upfocaulis.  \A0.    ^r..  t^lender  s^teni.         [cles. 
[..■prociilott.  4nfi.     Gr.y  slender  grass. 
Ltj  (fioUa,  182.     Gr.,  slender  loot  or  stem. 
Ltitciriihon,  257.     Cr.,  slender  tube;  sc.  the 

liowcrs. 
[  eprunis,  404.  (?r.,  slender  tail;  sc.  the  spikes. 
I.opuropetalon,  115.    Gr.,  husk  petal.        [ida. 
Lospodeza.  81).  To  M.  Lcspedeis,  Gov.  of  Flor- 
Leucanthemnm.  183.    Gr.,  white  rtower. 
Leucas,  238.  Gr.,  whiteness ;  sc.  of  the  flowers. 
Leucojum,  334.    Gr..  white  violet. 
Liatris.  157,    A  uauie  uuexplaine'd. 
LICHENES,  14. 
LIGULIFLOR.'E,  152,  155. 
Lij^usticuni,  140.    Originally  found  in  Liguria. 
iJirnsiruin.  276.     Lat.,  ligare,  to  tie;   sc.  its 
LiLlACE^E.  ;^1.  [flexible  branches. 

Lllium.  342.    Celt.,  li,  whiteness. 
Lirananthemnrn,  268.     Or.,  marsh-flower. 
Liinuanthes,  68.    Ditto. 
Limnobium,  324.     Or.,  marsh-life. 
Limnocharis.  323.     Or.,  marsh-joy. 
Limosella,  228.     Gr.,  little  mud  (plant). 
LINACE^.  b6.  [resembles. 

Linaria.  222.     From  Linum.  flax ;   which  it 
Linderd,  290.     Name  unexplained. 
Lininea,  144.  To  the  great  naturalist.  Carl  von 
Linum,  66.    Celt.,  lin,=ii  thread.       [Linnseus. 
Liparis.  329.    Gr..  liparos.  unctuous. 
Lipocarpha,  303.     Or.,  oil  chatf ;  why  ? 
Lippia,  23(i.    To  Aug.  Lippi,  French  traveller. 
Liquidambar,  120.     Lai.,  liquid  amber. 
Liriodend!-on,25.    <?r..  lily- tree;  sc.  tulip-tree. 
Listera,  329.    To  Dr.  Martin  Lister.  English. 
Lithospermum,  252.     Gr.,  stone-seed. 
Loasa,  128.    Name  unexplained. 
LOASACE.<E,  128.  [to  James  I. 

Lobelia,  194.    To  Matthew  Lobel,  physician 
LOBELL\CE^,  194.  [nist.) 

LOGAN lACE^,  269.   (Jas.  Logan,  Eng.  bota- 
Loiseleuria,  2(J3.    A  mythological  name. 
Lolium,  405.    The  Celtic  name  is  loloa.    [sori. 
Lomaria.  42t.     Or.,  the  edge  ;  position  of  the 
Lonicera,  145.   To  Adam  Lonicer.  Germ.,  1580. 
Lophanthus.  245.    Or.,  crest-flower. 
Lophiola,  335.     Lat.,  diminutive  ;  little  crest. 
Lophospcrmum,  223.     Or.,  crest-seed. 
LORANTHACE.^,  291.    Lorinseria,  371. 
Liidwigia,  127.  To  Prof  C.  D.  Ludwig.  Lcipsic. 
Lunaria,  40.    Lat.,  the  moon;  sc.  the  silicles. 
Lupinus.  9j     Lat.,  a  wolf:  devours  the  soil  * 
Luzioia.  3^;^.    Lat.,  lux,  light ;  sjjarkling  with 
Luzula.  351      Germ.,  the  glow-worm.       [dew. 
Lychnis,  54.     Gr.,  a  lamp  (wick). 
Lycium.  264.    The  old  Greek  name. 
Lvcopersicum.  ;62.     6-';'.,  wolf-peach. 
LVcOPODIACE.^.  413. 
Lycopodium.  413,  (414).    Gr..  wolf-fool. 
Lycopsis.  251.     6^r..  wolf-like :   the  flower  is 

fancied  to  resemble  a  wolfs  eye. 
Lycopus.  240.     Gr..  wolf- toot. 
Lyjrodesmia.  193.     (r?-..  flexible  band.    ' 
LvL'^oiuun.  418.     Gr..  a  flexible  (vine). 
Lvsimachia.  212.     Gr.,  dissolution  of  strife; 
LYTHKACE^E.  123.  [sc.  loose-strife. 

Lvthrum  123.  (rr..  black  blood;  sc.  purple. 
Macbridea.  -^47.  To  Dr.  Jas.  McBride.  of  S.  C. 
Madura,  299.  To  Wm.  Machuo,  Pcnnsylvan  a. 


Macranthera,  230.    Or.,  long  anthers. 
'Macrotis,  23.     Gr.,  long  ears  ;  sc.  racemes. 
Madia,  173.    The  name  in  Chili. 
Magnolia,  24.    To  Prof.  Pierre  Magnol,  Mont- 
.MAGNOLIACE.E,  24.  [poller,  Francft 

Majanthemum,  346.    Lat.,  Mav-flower. 
Malachode.ndron,  65.     Or.,  Mallow-trcc. 

malpighia(;e.e,  s. 

Malm,\\%    Za;!.,  the  apple.  [=8oft 

Malva,  60.    Altered  from  the  Greek  malache 
MALVACE^,  59. 
Malvastrum,  61.    From  Malva. 
Malva viscus,  62.    lM.t.,  glue  mallow, 
Mammilaria,  1.32.    Lat.,  mawma,  nipple;   ec. 
the  protuberances.  [Ayres. 

MandevUla.  271.  To  H.  B.  Mandevllle,  Buenoa 
Manisurus,  407.     Or.,  lizard's-tail.  [1.550. 

Maranta,  331.    To  B.  Maranti,  M.  D.,  Venice, 
Marrubium,  249.    Hebrew,  bitter  juice. 
Marshallia.  182.  To  Humphrey  Marshall,  Phila. 
Marsilia,  112.   To  Count  F.  Marsiirli,  B»logiia. 
MARSILL\CE^E.  412.  0^'''^^=«'  1^*«- 

Martynia,  219.  To  Prof.  John  Martyn,  Cam- 
Marvta,  183.  Meaning  unexplained.' 
Matricaria.  183.  An  anatomical  word.  [1750. 
Matthiola,  .38.  To  Dr.  P.  A.  Matthioli,  Italy, 
Maurandia,  22;3.  To  Prof.  Maurandi,  Cartha- 
Mayaca,  354.    Name  unexplained.  [gena. 

Maytenus.  76.     The  Chilian  name. 
Meconopsls,  32.     Gr..  poppy-like. 
Medeola,  .340.     From  Medea,  the  sorceress. 
Medicasjo,  92.  An  ancient  name.    |  (branches). 
Melaleuca,  122.      Gr..   black    (trunk),    white 
Melampyrum.  233.     Or.,  black  wheat. 
MELANTIIACE.E.  347. 
Melanthera,  174.     Gr.,  black  anthers. 
Melanthium,  348.    Gr..  black  flower. 
MELASTOMACE^,  122.  [Ash. 

Melia.  65.    The  Greek  name  for  the  Mauua 
MELL\CR.^,  65. 

Melica,  4)).     Italian,  from  md,  honey. 
Meliiotus.  92.     Jjil.,  honey  lotus. 
Melissa.  243.    Za/..  a  bee;  yields  honey. 
Melocactus.  1.33.     Gr.,  melon  cactus. 
Melothria.  130.    The  old  Greek  name. 
MENISPERMACEiE,  26. 
Menispermum.  26.     Gr.,  moon-seed. 
Mentha.  240.    Minthe.  daughter  of  Cocyton. 
Mentzelia,  128.  To  C.  Mentzel,  of  Brandenburg. 
Menyanthes,  268  (269).     Gr.,  moon-flower. 
Menziesia.  201.  To  Archibald  Menzies,  F.L.S. 
Mercurialis.  297.     Dedicated  to  Mercury. 
Mertensia.253.  ToProf.F.C.Meitens,Breraen 
Mesemhryanthemum,1.3:i.  G'r., mid-day fl.ower 
Metastelma,  274.     Gr.,  with  a  girdle. 
Micranthemum,  227.     Gr.,  minute  flower. 
Microstylis,  329.     Gr.,  minute  style. 
Mikania,  160.  To  Prof  Joseph  Mikan,  Prague. 
Milium,  .391,     T,at.,  a  thousand  (seeds). 
Mimosa,  82.    6  r.,  a  mimic;  sc.  its  motions. 
Mimulus,  226.    Or.,  an  ape  ;  sc.  its  flowers. 
Mimnsops.  210.     Gr.,  ape-like, 
Mirabilis,  279.     Lat..  wonderful;  sc.  the  fls. 
Mitchella,  148.    To  Dr.  John  Mitchell,  Va. 
Mitella.  1 13.    Lat.,  a  little  mitre  ;  sc.  the  fruit. 
Mitreola.  269.     Ditto. 

Modiola,  61.  Lat.,  a  little  measure  or  cup. 
Moencliia,  .56.  To  the  Germ,  botanist,  Moench. 
Moeringia.  .o5.  To  Dr.  P.  IL  G.  Mcehring,  Germ., 
Mollugo.  5S.  Name  applied  by  Pliny.  [17.30, 
Moluccella.  248.  Natives  of  the  Moluccas. 
Monarda,  24.').  To  Dr.  N.  Monardez,  Seville.  , 
Mojic.-oci.  20;i.     From  aw^.o/j,  =  one  ;  sc.  l-fld. , 


434 


LATIN    INDEX. 


Monotropa.  206.  Gr.,  one,  ttiriiing :  flowers 
Montelia,  289.  ftiirneft  one  way. 

Moriiida.  147.    i.  e..  Tnrlian  Mulberry, 
Moms.  800.     Celt.,  black:  kc.  the  fruit. 
Muhlfiiber^ia,  8F5.    To  Rev,  Henry  Muhlen- 
MULISIACE.^,  15.3.  [ber^:,  D.  D. 

Mul^^edinm,  193.    Meauinjr  nnknowu, 
Musa.  331.    To  Antoniiis  Musa. 
MUSACE.I5,  331. 

Muscari,  344.    From  moschus,  musk, 
MUSCI,  14. 

Myjifinda,  76.  To  Francis  von  Mypind,  G(M-m. 
Mylocarium,  20.>.    Gr.,  mill-nut;  form  of  the 

fruit. 
Myosotis.  2.5'i.    (77'.,  moupe-car;  ?c.  the  Ivs. 
Myoifuru!?.  iiO.    Gr..  mouse-tail ;  sc.  the  toruf. 
Mvrica,  ,300.     Or..  (On  the  banks  of)  tlowini; 
MYRICACE/E.  308.  [(rivers), 

iMvriopliylluin.  121.     Gr..  a  thousand  Icavee, 
MVRSINAC.'K.II:.  id.     (Gv.,  mynh.) 
MYRTACE^,  121. 
Myrtus,  122.      Gr.,  perfume. 
Nabalu:»,  192.    The  meauiiij^  unkraown. 
NAIADACE.^.  3-20. 
Najas,  320.     Gr..  a  water-nymph. 
Nap;ea,  til.    Gr..  dell-nymph,    [on  the  nerves. 
Narcissus.  ;^^)2.    From  harke.  stupor ;  its  ettect 
Nardosmia.  160.     Gr..  smell  of  nard.  or  spikc- 
Nartheciiim.  351.    Gr..  a  rod.  or  wand,    [nard. 
Nasturtium,  36.     Lat.,  twisted  nose;  on  ac- 
NaunWcrgia.  212.  [count  of  its  acridity, 

Neifundo!  74.    Of  unknown  meaning. 
Nelumbium,  29.     Nehunbo  is   the  Vinr/alg.9e 
Nomastylis.  .•J37.     6^/'..  thread  style.       [name. 
Nemesia,  222.    An  old  name  revived. 
Nemopaiithes.  208.     Gr..  ^'rove-tiower, 
Nemophila.  254.     Gr..  loving  the  grove. 
Nepeta.  2i5.   From  Nepet.  a  lown  in  Tuscany. 
Nephrodium.  4£5.  Gr..  the  kidney  ;  sc.  the  sori, 
Nephrolepis.  41!^.    Gr..  kidney  scale. 
Neptunea.  82,    Dedicated  to  Nepiune. 
Nerium.  2T1.     Gr.,  humid;  sc.  the  habit. 
Nessea,  124.    The  name  of  a  sea-nymph. 
NeurophijUuni.  136.     Gr..  nerve-leaf. 
Neviusia,  104.     To  Rev.  R.  Nevius. 
Nicandra,  2f>3.       [duced  tobacco  into  France. 
Nicotiana,  26">.     To  John  Nicut,  who  iniro- 
Niereraher;;ia.  -264.      To    J.  E.   Nieremberg. 
Nigella,21.   /.a/.,  black  ;  the  seeds.    [Spanish, 
Nolana,  262.    Lat..  a  little  bell ;  sc.  corolla. 
Nolina.  343.     To  V.  C.  Nolin,  American. 
Nothohena,  490.  Gr..  false  cloak  :  tlie  indiisia. 
Nuphar.  29.    Tlie  Arabic  name  of  Water-lily. 
NYCTAGINACE.E.  279, 
NYMPlIJiACE^:.  28. 
Nymphiea.  29,     Gr..  a  water-nymph. 
Nyssa.  143.    The  name  of  a  water-nymph. 
Obione.  2S7,    Gr..  a  shield  ;  the  rouu'd  leaves. 
Obolaria.  2i)-<.     Gr.,  a  pieee  of  money. 
Ociuium,  238.     Gr..  to  smell;  strong-scented, 
CEnotheia.  125.   G^/*.,  wine-hunting;  incentive 
OLACACE.ii:.  10.  [to  wine-drinking. 

Oldenlandia,  1.50.  To  H.  B,  Oldenland.  Danish. 
Olea,  276.  Tne  Greek  name  of  the  Olive.  [1695. 
OLEACE.E,  27.5. 

Omphalodes.  251,    Gr..,  navel-like. 
ONAGRACE.E.  121. 
Oncidium.  328.    Gr.,  a  tumor;  sc,  the  form  of 

the  depressed  stem. 
Onoclea,  421.     Gr.,  closed  vessel ;  sc.  the  fruit. 
Onopordon,  189.     Gr.,  an  ass,  to  explode  ;  \t:< 

supposed  eflects. 
Ono-modium,  252.    Compared  t    the  (JMo^a  a. 


Onychium,  421.  Gr.,  the  finger  nail :  a  fancl 
fnl  name.  [the  frond, 

Oi)hioglossum,  ''IS.    Gr.,  8er.>ent"e  tongue ;  ec, 

Oplismenns.o93.     Gr.,  strong  weapon ;  cock- 

Opuntia.  132.     From  Opus,  in  Locria.     [epur. 

ORCHID.\CE^,  32.5. 

Orchis,  32(5.    Name  a  physiological  conceit. 

Orijranum.  242.     Gr.,  mountain  joy. 

Ornithotralum.  .343.     Gr.,  bird  milk, 

OROB.\NCTIACEJ5.  217.  [sc.  the  Vetch. 

Orobus,  100.     Gr..  to  excite  (nourish)  the  ox  ; 

Orontium,  318.  Name  ado])ted  from  the  Greek. 

Orthodanmii.  96.     Gr..  a  true  jrift. 

Oryza,  383.    The  Arabic  nameis  eruz.^Tlice. 

Ory/.opsis,  388,     Gr  ,  Orj-za-like.^ Rice-like, 

Oi/rnanf/ms,  276.     Gr.,  fragrant  flower. 

Osmorhiza,  137.     Gr..  fragrant  root. 

Osmunda.  418.  Osmi/nder  was  a  Celtic  divinity. 

Ostrva,  307.   Gr.,  a  scale ;  sc.  the  bcaly  catkins. 

Otophvlla.  2:n.     Gr..  ear-leaf, 

OXALIDE.^.  67.  [taste. 

Oxalis.  67.      Gr.,  acid ;  the  plant  has  a  bout 

Oxybaphus.  279.     (r'v.,  acid  dye, 

Oxycoccus,  199.     Gr.,  acid  berry, 

Oxvdendrum,  203.     Gr..  acid  tree. 

Oxyria.  280.     Gr..  acid. 

Pachysandra.  2!t8.     Gr..  thick  Ftamcns. 

Pa>oiiia.  2:^.    To  the  physician  Pieon.      [ance. 

P;epalanthus.3.55.  6'r..  dust-flower;  its  appear- 

Palafoxia.  ISl,  To  Palafox,  a  Spanish  general 

PALMACE^,  3 it;. 

Panax,  14-2.    Tr?-.,  all-healing;  sc.  the  Ginseng. 

Pancratium.  S'i^i.     Gr..  all-potent, 

Panicum,  391,    Lat..  a  panicle. 

Papaver.  ;32.    Lat..  ])»\).  or  thick  milk  ;  Poppy 

PAPAVEUACE^.  31.  [seeds  were  used  in  i)ap 

PAPILIONACE/E.  80.  [for  children, 

Pardanthus.  337.   6'?-..  leopard  flower,     [cality, 

Parietaria,  .301.    Gr..  a  wall ;  their  frequent  lo- 

Parnassia.  1 15,  Mt.J'arnassus  was  feigned  their 
nativity.  [dy  for  felon. 

Paronychia,  57  (.58).    Gr.,  near  the  nail ;  reme- 

Parthenium,  173.  Gr.,  a  virgin  :  sc,  its  medi- 
cinal properties.  [Millet. 

Paspalum,  389.    One  of  the  Greek  names  for 

Pasvirtora,  l-.i9.  Lat..  passion-flower;  the  floral 
orjrans  resembling  the  Croag  iiid  )ioil$. 

PASSIFLORACE.*:,  129.  [its  form. 

Pat<tiiiaca.  136.     Lat..  a  garden  dibble;  from 

Paulownia.  225.  To  Paulownia.  princess  of  Rus- 

Pavia.  75.  To  Prof.  Peter  Paiv,  Leyden.      [sia, 

Pedicularis.  232,    Lat..  a  louse ;  sc.  Lousewort. 

Pelargonium,  6S.    Gr..  a  stork;  sc.  Stork-bill. 

PeUaia.4i\.     f//-..  little  cup.  [character. 

Peltandra.  318.     Gr..  shield  anther;  from  the 

Penicillaria.:J!)3.  Lat..  a  pencil :  sc.  the  spikes. 

Penthorum.  119.  Gr..  five  bounds ;  sc.  5  styles. 

Pentstemon,  224.     Gr..  five  stamens. 

Perilla,  240.     A  word  unexplained. 

I'eriploca.  274,     Gr..  intertwining. 

Persea.  290,     Adoi>ted  from  tlie  Egyptian. 

/'cruicaria.  282.     Lat.,  Peach-like, 

PETALIFER.^^:.  316.  [mens. 

Petalostemou,  93      Gr..  Detals  (joined  to)  ita- 

Petiveria.  281.     To  Dr.  J.  Petiver.  F  R.  8. 

Petunia,  264.  Adopted  from  the  Brazil'n  petun. 

I'eucedanum.  13(1.     Gr..  parched  pine  :  sc.  it* 

Phaca.  91.   (rr..  to  eat :  food,      [rebinou^i  smell, 

Phacelia.  255.     Gr..  a  bundle ;  bc.  the  flowers. 

Pll.^SNOGAMIA,  15. 

Phalari-',o94.   6^7'.,  brilliant ;  its  shining  seeds. 

Pharbitis.  259.    Meaning  not  known. 

Plia.culus,  'H).  LaL,  a  little  boat ;  bc.  the  pod^ 


LATIN    INDEX. 


435 


P{i?l1p:M.  21'!.  ToL.  &  J.  Phelipaux.  French. 
Philadelphiis,  116.    Adopted  from  Aristotle. 
Phlego/ile?-?".  368.    Gr.,  burning  wing  or  I'ern. 
Phleuni.  i^.&t.    Adopted  from  the  Greek. 
Phlomis,  248.  Gr.,  Uame :  used,  for  lamp-wicks. 
Phlox,25fi.  Gr.,flame:  the  appearance  of  the  flg. 
Phororlendron.  291.  G?'.,  thief  of  the  tree ;  tree 
Phragmitos,  404.  Gr.,  a  hedge ;  its  use.     [thief. 
Phryina,  2;3().    The  meaning  unknown. 
Phygcliuf,  225.  |on  the  leaf-like  stems. 

Phvllanthns,  297.  G^r.,  leaf-flower ;  the  flowers 
Phyllocactns,  13:^.  G^r.,  leaf  Cactus,  [leaves. 
rUyllodendron,  319.  G'r.,  leaf-tree  ;  immenpu 
Phyllodoce,  201.  A  mythological  name. 
Phyt^alis,  203.  Gr.,  a  bladder ;  BC.  the  calyx. 
Physostegia,  247.  Gr.,  bladder  covering ;  calyx. 
I'hytolacca,  284.  Gr.,  plant  lac;  the  crimson 
I'HYTOLACOACE^.  284.  [fruit. 

Pilea,  300.    Lat.,  a  cap  ;  one  of  the  sepals. 
Piinpinella,  139.    Altered  from  bip'mnate. 
Pinckneya,  150.  To  Gen.  Pinckney,  of  S.  Car. 
Piiiguicula,  215.    Lat.,  fat ;  the  greasy  leaves. 
Pinus,  312.    The  ancient  Greek  name. 
Piriqveta,  129.    Meaning  unknown. 
Pisonia,  279.    To  M.  Pi  so,  M.  D.,  Amsterdam. 
Pistia,  318.    M»'aning  unexplained. 
Pisum.  85.    Celt.,  pis.— a  pea. 
PITTOSPOTIACE^E.  9. 

Planera.  299.  To  J.  Planer,  a  German  botanist. 
rLANTAGINACE^E.  213.  [in  footpaths. 

Plantago,  213.  iMt..  the  sole  of  the  foot ;  grows 
PLATANACE^E,  303. 
Platanthera.  32H.     Gr.,  broad  anther. 
Platanus.  30.3.  Gr.,  ample  ;  the  branche^^  &  Ivs. 
Platycerium.  419.     6Y.,  broad  horn  ;  ihe  split 
Platycodon,  197.     Gr.,  broad  bell.  [frond. 

Pieca.  349.  Gr..  the  Pleiades  ;  seven  whiic  fls. 
Phichea.  171.    Meaning  unexplained. 
PLUMBAGINACE.-E,  214.       [der  of  the  eyes. 
Plumbago,  215.     \  cure  for  phnnbo/jo,  a  disor- 
I  oa.  401 .    'J'he  general  Greek  word  for  grass. 
I'<Hlocarpus.  31<).     Gr.,  fruit-stalks  (long). 
Podophvllum,  28.     Gr.,  loot  leaf;  duck's-foot. 
P0D0ST~EM1ACE.-E.  3U2. 
Podostemum.  302.     Gr.,  foot  stem  ? 
Pudostigma,  213.     Gr.,  loot  (stalked')  stigma. 
Pogonia.  330.     Gr.,  beard  :  flowers  fringed. 
Poinciana.  09.   To  .VI.  de  Poinci.  gov.  Antille.-. 
Polani-ia.  44.     Gr.,  many  unequal  (stamens). 
POLEMO^■L\CE.'E.  2.56. 
I'olcmoniiun.  257.     Gr.,  war:  Pliny  says  that 

two  kings  fought  for  ils  honois.  ' 
Polianthex,  334.     Gr.,  polished  flower. 
Polyaiuiies,  ;i:M.     (Jr.,  many  flowers. 
Polycarpon,  57.     Gr.,  much  fruit. 
I'olVgala.  IS.    Gr.,  much  milk  ;  eflect  on  goats. 
POiA'G.XLACK.I':;,  78. 
1  'O  L  Y  GO  N  A  C  K ,  E ,  280. 
Polygonatum.  .340.     Gr..  many  joints. 
I'olygoiiella.  2S2.    From  Polygonum. 
Polygonum.  282.     6'/'.,  many  joints. 
Polymnia.  172.  'I'he  name  of  one  of  the  Muses. 
Polypodium.  420,     Gr.,  many  feet  (roots). 
Poly pogon,  386.     Gr.,  much  beard. 
Polypremum.  2t>9.     Gr.,  many  stems. 
I'vl'/pierU,  Isl.     Gr.,  many  wings. 
Polyticnia,  136.     Gr.,  many  ttllets  (vitt:c\ 
Pontcderia.  -350.    To  Prof.  Julius  Pontedera, 
i  ONTEDEPJACE.E.  350.  [of  Padua, 

i'onihieva.  330.    To  M.  de  Ponthieu.  W.  India. 
Populus,  311.   The  arbor  itopufi  of  the  Romans. 
PurtulMca.  59.    Laf.,  to  cairy  milk,  or  juice. 
rOFiTULACACEJ-:.  bCi. 


Potamogefon.  321.    Gr.,  neighbor  of  the  river. 

Potentilia,  107.    Lat.,  powerful  (in  medicine). 

Poterium.  108.  Lat.,  a  cup  ;  used  in  cool  drinks. 

Primnla.  211.    Lat.,  the  first;  early  flowering. 

PRIMULACE^,  210. 

Prinos,  208.    The  Greek  name  of  the  Holly. 

Priva,  2^55.    Derivation  unknown.        [dulous. 
I  Prosartes,  347.     Gr.,  to  suspend;  so.  fls.  pen- 

Proserpinaca,  120.  Lat.,  to  creep ;  sc.  the  roots, 
I  Prunus,  101.    The  old  Greek  name, 
i  Psiiocarya.  36 1.     Gr..  slender  Carex. 

Psilotum.  415.     Gr.,  naked  (of  leaves). 

Psoralea,  92.     Gr.,  scurfy;  from  the  appeAr- 

Psycotria,  147.     Gr..;j^j/c7ie,  life  ?  [anc«». 

Plelea.  71.    The  Greek  name  for  the  Elm. 

Pteris,  421.     Gr.,  awing;  the  fronds. 

Pterocaulon.  171.     Gr.,  winged  stem. 

Pterospora,  207.     Gr.,  winged  seed. 

Pulsatilla,  17.    A  coined  name. 

Puiiica,  123.    LuL,  of  or  near  Carthage. 
I  Pycnaiithemum,  241.     Gr.,  dense  flowers. 

PuretltTum,  184.  Gr.,  fire  ;  taste  of  the  roots. 

l*yrola,  205.     From  Pi/rus,  pear-tree  ;  its  Ivs. 

Pyrrhopappus,  193.  Gr.,  flame-colored  pappus. 

Pyrularia,  292.    Meaning  unexplained. 

Pyrus,  112.  Pereti  was  the  Celtic  word  for  Pear. 

Pyxi(Ianthera,-2i^.  Cr.,  box  anther,    [cyamos. 

(iuamoclit.  258.    Resembles  the  bean-vine.=: 

Quercus,  305.  The  orig.  name,  from  the  Celtic. 

iTandia.  To  J.  Rand,  a  London  botanist. 

RANUXCULACE.E,  15.  [phibious. 

Itiinuncnlus.  19.    Lat.,  a  little  frog;  sc.  am- 

Raplianus,  43.     Gr..  quick  to  appear;   rapid 

Reseda.  45.   L(U.,  to  calm,  or  soothe,  [growth. 

RESEDACE^.  44. 

RIIAMNACE JL.  76. 

Rliamnus,  77.    The  old  name,  from  the  Celtic. 

Itheiim,  281.    First  found  on  the  banks  of  tho 

•  River  Rha  CV'ol''a). 

Rhexia.  122.    ImI.,  a  rupture  :  an  astringent. 

Rhinanthus.  232.     Gr..  snout-flower. 

ri;iizoporace.f:.  ». 

Rhodanthe,  186.     Gr.,  rose-flower. 
Rhododendron,  203.     Gr.,  rose-tre»'. 
Rhodora,  204.     Gr.,  the  rose  ;  sc.  the  color, 
l^hus,  72.    From  the  Celtic  rhudd,  red. 
Rhyuchosia,  90.     Gr.,  a  beak  :  flower  beaked, 
Rhynchospora.  36.'i.     Gr.,  beak-seed. 
Rhytiglcma,  23J.     Gr.,  wrinkled  toncnc. 
Rlbes.  1 17.    Adopted  from  the  Arabic. 
Richardia.  319.    'J'o  L.  C.  Richard.  French. 
Ricinus.  297.    ImI.,  a  tick  ;  sc.  the  seeds. 
Riviiia.  284.    To  A.  C^.  Rivinus,  of  Saxony. 
Robinia,  95.  To  Jean  Robin,  bot.  to  Henry  IV. 
Rochea,  119.    To  M.  de  la  Roche.  French. 
Rosa.  108.    Celt.,  red  ;  the  prevailing  color  of 
ROSACE.^,  101.  [the  flowers. 

Rosmarinus,  244.     Lat.,  dew  of  the  sea. 
Rottboellia,  409.    To  C.  F.  Rottbrell.  Danish, 
lioubicva,  286     To  G.  J.  Roubieii,  French. 
ROXBURGHTACEyE,  339. 
Rubia,  118.    Lat.,  red  ;  the  color  of  the  roots. 
RUBIACE.E,  147. 

Rubus.  104.     Cdt.,  red  ;  color  of  the  fruit. 
Rudbeckia.  175.   To  Prof.  Olaf  Rudbcc,  Upsal. 
Ruellia,  2:J3.  To  John  Rueile,  bot.  to  Francis  L 
Rugclia,  188.    To  ]\Ir.  Rugel,  collector  in  Fla. 
Rumex,  281.  Lot.,  to  stick ;  the  Ivs.  allay  thirst. 
Ruppia,  321.    To  H.  B.  Ruppia,  German. 
Russelia,  225.    To  Alex.  Russel,  M.D.,  F.  R.  %. 
Ruta,  70.     Gr.,  to  flow  ;  Eng.,  Rue. 
RUTACEiE.  70. 
Sahal,  317.    Word  not  explained. 


436 


LATIN  INDEX. 


Pabbatia,  SGR.  To  L.  S<ibbati,  an  Italian  bot. 
Sacchamra.  410.  The  Arabic  name  is  soukar; 
Sageretia.  76.  To  M.  Sageret,  Fr.  [Eng.,stiga7'. 
Sagina,  5H  (55).  Lat.,  fatness  ;  for  pasturage. 
Sa<^ittaria.  323.  Lat.,  an  arrow  ;  shape  of  the 
8AL1CACE.^,  30y.  [leaves. 

Salicornla,  287.    Lat.,  salt  horn  :  the  locality 

and  Bhape.  [Salisbury.  Enj,'. 

Salisbnria,  310.  To  the  distinguished  R.  A, 
Saiix,  309.     Celtic,  near  the  water.  [style. 

Salpiijlovjsis,  221.     Gr.,  tube  ton<,nie;  so.  the 
Sal«ola,  288.  Lat.,  t'alt ;  grows  in  ealt  marshes. 
Salvia,  24 1.    Lat.,  mlvo,  to  save  ;  ealutary. 
Sambucus,  14G.    Lat.,  a  musical  instrument, 

made  of  olderwood. 
Saniolus,  213.     Celtic,  pig's  food.  f  juice. 

Sanguinaria,  31.  Laf..  Mood  :  tilled  with  red 
Sanguisorba,  108.  Lat..  to  absorb  (stanch) 
Sanicula,  1.35.     Lat..  to  heal.  [blood. 

S.'^NTALACE/E,  291. 
SAPINDACEiE,  73. 

Sapindus,  75.    Sapo  Ii.dicus  :  Indian  soap. 
Saponaria.  53.    Lat.,  soap  :  sc.  Soapwort. 
SAPOTACE^,  210.  [corona. 

Sarcostemma,  279.     Gr..  fleshy  crown  :   the 
Sarracenia.  30.    To  Dr.  Sarrasin,  of  Quebec. 
SARRACENIACE.^.  30. 
Sassalras,  2:!0.    The  aborighial  name. 
Satureja,  212.    The  Arabic  Hattar,  a  labiate 
8AUKUKACE/E.  301.  [plant. 

Sanrunis,  301.     Gr..  lizard-tail, 
Saxifragji.  113.    Lat..  to  break  a  stone :  grow- 
ing in  the  clefts  of  rocks. 
SAXIFRAGACE^,  ll2. 
Scabiosa.  152.    Lat..  the  itch  :  which  it  cures. 
Hcievola,  10.  Lat.,  the  left  hand;  sc.  the  corolla. 
Scandix,  137.    The  Greek  name  of  an  eatable 

plant.  [a  German  botanist. 

Schffifferia,  70.  To  Jos.  Christian  Schjetifer^ 
bcheuchzeria,  324.  To  John  and  Jas.  Scheuch- 

zer,  German.  [llowers. 

Schizsea. 419.     Lat..  to  cut:  applied  to  the 
Schi/.andra,  25.    Lat..  to  cleave  (the  stamens). 
Schizanthus,  221.    Lat.,  cut  flower. 
Schizopetalon,  40.    Lat.,  cut  petals. 
Schizostylis,  337.    Lat..  cut  style. 
Scha-nocaulon.  348,    Gr.,  rush-stem. 
Schcenolirion,  314.     Gr..  Rush-lily. 
8chollera,  :i'>0.    To  one  Schollcr.  a  Germ.  bot. 
^Schrankia,  82.  To  F.  de  Paula  Schrank,  Germ. 
Schwaibea.  232.    To  one  Sschwalb,  Germ.  bot. 
bchweinitzia,  207.    To  Rev.  Lewis  de  Schwei- 

iiitz,  North  Carolina. 
Scilla,  343.     Gr..  to  injure:  bulb  poisonous. 
Scirpus,  rjfil.    Celt.,  cirs,  rushes. 
SCITAMINE.E,  :i3L 
Scleranthus,  58.     Gr..  hard  flower. 
f?cleria,  :3»)7.    Gr.,  hard ;  referring  to  the  fruit. 
8clorolepis.  15(3.     Gr.,  hard  scales. 
Bcolopcndrium.  425.    Lat.,  a  centipede;   its 

appearance  beneath. 
Scrophnlaria,  224.    (iood  in  the  scrofula. 
BCROPHULARIACE/E,  220.      [sc.  the  calyx. 
I?cutellaria,  24rt.    Lat..  a  little  cup,  or  vizor; 
Scutia,  76.    /-ai.,  a  shield.  [liau. 

Seba8tiania,293  (296).   Dedicated  to  St.  Sebas- 
Secalc.  406.     The  ancient  name  of  Rye. 
Sedum,  118.   Lat.,  to  sit ;  habit  of  the  plants. 
Selaginella,  414.     Diminutive,  from  belago, 

clnb-moss.  [ley. 

Selinura.  139.    Selinon  is  the  Greek  for  Pars- 
Scmpei'vivum,  119.    Lat,.  to  live  forever. 
Senebicra,  43.    To  John  dc  Scncbicr,  Gcucva. 


Scnecio,  187.  Lat.,  an  old  mail ;  the  receptacl* 

Seq^uoj'a.  315.    The  Indian  name.         [naked. 

Sericocarpus,  160,    Lat.,  silken  fruit. 

Sesamum,  219.  From  the  Egyptian,  Sempsen. 

Sesbania,  93.    The  Arabic  name  is  Steban. 

Sesuvium.  133.    Not  explained. 

Setaria,  ;394.    Lat.,  a  bristle  ;  sc.  the  involucre. 

Seutera.  274.    Not  explained. 

Seymeria.  230.    To  Henry  Seymer,  English. 

SlMjpherdia.  293.    To  John  Shepherd,  Liver- 

Shortia.  206.    To  Dr,  Short.  Kentucky,    [pool. 

Sibbaldia,  107.  To  Prof.  Robert  Sibbald,  Edin- 

Sicyos,  130.  The  Greek  for  Cucumber,  [burgh. 

Sida.  61.    Adopted  from  Theophraetus. 

Sideroxylon,  210.    (?/•.,  iron-wood.         [tionf?. 

Silene,  53.    Gr.,  saliva  ;  from  the  viscid  secre- 

Silphium,  172.    Adopted  from  the  Greek. 

Simaruba,  72.    The  name  in  the  West  Indies. 

SIMARUI3ACE^.,  71.  [bagc-planta. 

^'inajm,  40.   A  general  r.ame  in  Greek  for  cab- 

Sij-'honychia,  'y^i.     Gr..  tube,  and  Anychia. 

Sisymbrium,  39  (37).    The  old  Greek  name. 

Sisyrinchium,  337.      G?'.,  pig-snout;    sc.  the 
spat he. 

Sium.  141  (140).  From  a  Celtic  word  for  water. 

SMILACE.E.  :338. 

Smilacina.  346.    Derived  from  Smilax. 

Smilf.x.  S^JS.    Or.,  a  scraper;  from  its  rough- 

SOLAN  A  ^EyE,  261.  [ness. 

Solaiuun,  262.    Etymology  doubtful. 

Solea.  45.    To  W.  Sole,  of  England. 

Solidago,  1G6.  Lat..  to  unite ;  good  for  wounds. 

Soliva,  185.  To  Salvator  Soliva,  M.  D.,  Spain. 

Sonchns,  194.    Gr.,  hollow  ;  its  stems  are  hol- 

Sophora,  100.  Adopted  f.om  the  Arabic,   [low. 

So)'bi/s,  112.    Old  name  for  Mountain  Ash. 

Sorghum.  411.    The  Italian  name  is  Sorghi. 

SPADICIFLORJE.  31().  [like  leaves 

Sparganium,320.   Gr..  a  flUet;  for  the  ribbon- 

Spartina.  408.     Gr.,  a  rope ;  the  use  of  its  Ivs. 

Spartium,  90.     Gr..  a  rope  ;  use  of  its  twi<fs. 

Specularia.  1%.    Za^.,  a  mirror ;  suggested  by 
the  flowers. 

Spergula.  57.    Lat.,  to  scatter  (its  seeds). 

Spergularia.  57.    From  Spergula. 

Spermacoce.  149.     Gr.,  seed-points  ;  the  pod 
pointed  with  the  calyx  lobes. 

Sphenogyne,  173.     ti^r.,  wedge-shaped  pistil. 

Spigelia,  269.    To  Prof.  Adrien  Spigelius.  Pa- 
dua, 1620.  Ibrow  j. 

Spilanthus,  180.     G^r.,  spot-flower:   (he  d'sk 

Spinacia,  287.    Lat..  a  spine  or  prickle. 

Spiraja,  103.     Gr..  to  wind  ;  sc.  into  wreaths. 

Spiranthes.329.  6'r.,  spiral  fls.;  spike  tMisted. 

,Sjjirod€la,  319.    6^r..  spiral  bait ;  duck-meat. 
j  Sporobolus.  :JS4.    Gr.,  to  cast  the  seeds ;  drop- 
!  Sprekelia,  334.    A  personal  name.  [seed. 

i  Stachys,  248.    A  spike  (of  flowers). 

Stachytarpha,  2:^.    Gr.,  spikes  dense,    [dam. 

Stapelia,  275.  To  Dr.  Bmlerus  Stapel,  Amster- 

Staphylea.  74,    Gr..  a  cluster  (the  scarlet  Ir.; 

Statice,  215.     Gr..  to  stop;  an  astringent. 

Stellaria.  55.    JmI.,  a  star. 

Stenanthimn,  349.    Gr.,  narrow  flower. 

Stenotaphrum.  410. 

Stephanotis.  275.      Gr.,  crown,  ear;   crowr. 
with  ear-shaped  segments. 

Sterculia.  6:3.   Lat.,  stercus :  from  its  bad  odor. 

STERCULIACE^.  63. 

Slillingia,  29<).  To  Dr.  Benj.  Stillingfleet.  Eng. 

Stipa,  ;«8.    Lat.,  something  silky  or  teulhery. 

Stipulicida.  .57.     Laf.,  cut  stipules. 

StcjkesJa.  156.     To  Dr.  Jonathan  Stokca,  En^. 


LATIN    INDEX. 


437 


EtreMtzia.  331.    To  Iho  Queen  of  George  III., 

of  Mecklenburg-Strclit^. 
Streptopns.  347.     Or.,  twisted  foot  (-stalk). 
Strnmptia,  147.    A  personal  name. 
Strutliiopteris,  421.     Or.,  ostrich-wing  (fern). 
Stuartia,  65.  To  John  Stuart,  Marqui?  of  Bute. 
Stvlisma.  t^fiO.    Refers  to  the  two  styles. 
Stvlo-santhes.  87.  Or.,  style,  flower;  stj'le  long. 
STYRACAOE^.  208. 

Styrax,  209.    The  Arabic  name  i><  Assthiac. 
Su'bnlaria,  42.    Subida  is  the  Latin  for  an  awl. 
SnlUvantia,  114.    To  Wni.  S.  Sullivant,  Ohio. 
Swietenia,  6R.     To  Gerard  van  Swietcn,  Hol- 
SURIAN.\CE.E,  8.  [land. 

R}'mphoricarpui=s.  144.  Or.,  to  accnmnlate  fruit. 
Symphytum,  252.  Or.,  to  cause  to  unite  ;  heal- 
Symplo"carpus.  318.  Or.,  connected  fruit,  [ing. 
Symplocop,  209.     Or.,  connected  (stamens). 
Synandra,  247.     Or.,  united  anthers. 
Syndemion,  17.     Or.,  with  a  bond. 
Synthyris.  228.     Or,,  door  (valve:«)  closed. 
Syringa.  276.    Or.,  a  pips  ;  the  slender  shoots 

are IllU'd  only  with  pith.  [pod. 

Tajretes,  188.    Dedicated  to  Taires.  a  Tuscan 
Taliiium,  m.    From  thalia,  a  green  branch  ? 
Tamarix.  64.    Found  on  the  river  Tamaris, 
TAMARISCINEiE.  63.  [France. 

Tanacetum,  183.    Altered  from  Athanasia  ? 
Taraxacum.  193.     Or.,  a  cathartic. 
TAXACE.E,  315. 

Taxodium,  315.     Or.,  like  the  Yew. 
Taxns.  31tJ.    Or.,  the  bow  :  used  for  making. 
Tecoma,  21b.    The  Mexican  name,     [flowers. 
Telanthera,  289.     Or.,  complete    or   perfect 
Tephrosia,  94.     Or.,  ash-colored  (herbage). 
Tetrasonotheca,    175.     Or.,    four-angled    en- 
Tetranthera.  291.    (?r.,  four  anthers,    [velope. 
Teucrium.  239.     To  Teucer.  founder  of  Trov. 
Thalia.  332.    To  J.  Thalius.  M.  D..  Germ.,  1.3S5. 
Thallctrum,  18.    Or.,  to  grow  green. 
Thaspium,  133.    From  the  Isle  of  Thaspia  or 

Thapsas. 
7'hea.  iW     Telia  is  the  Chinese  for  Tea. 
THEOPIIRASTACE^.  210. 
Thermopsis,  85.     Or.,  like  a  Lupine.  [F.  R.  8. 
Thnnbersria,  233.    To   Charles  P.  Thunbcrg, 
Thuya.  315.    Gr.  thyov.  a  sacrifice  ;  the  wood 
Tfnn/0]ms,^\r>.    Like  Thuva.  [soured. 

THYMELACEzE,  292.  [Thyme  is  reviving. 
Thymus.  213.  Or.,  courage:  the  smell  of 
Thysanella.  282.  Gr.  thymnotiti^.  fringed. 
Tiarella.  113.  Tiara,  a  Persian  diadem,  [burg. 
Tiedmanina,  136.  To  Prof.  Tiedmann.  Heidel- 
Tigridia,  a37.  Lat.,  like  a  tiger  ;  fls.  spotted. 
Tiiirt.  64.  Etymology  unknown. 
TILIACEJE,  61. 

Tilhea.  118.    To  M.  A.  Til  i,  Italian. 
Tiilandsia.  335.    To  Prof.  Ellas  Tillands.  Abo. 
Tipularla,  328.    Lat..  Tipula,  the  crane-flv. 
Tofleldla,  349.    Dedicate!  to  a  Mr.  Tofl^ld. 
Torreya.  3l6.    Dedicated  to  Dr.  John  Torrey. 
Touruefortia,  250.  To  Joseph  P.  de  Tournefort. 
Trade.-cantia.  353.  To J.Tradescant.  gardener. 
Ttagia.  296.  To  Jerome  Bock  Tragus,  German. 
Tragopogon.191.  G'r.. goat's  beard;  thepuppns. 
Trautvetteria,  19.    To  one  Trautvetter,  Germ. 
Tribulus,  67.     Or.,  3-polnted  ;  sc.  each  carpel. 
Trichelostylls,  363.     Or.,  triple  style. 
Trichomanes,  4l9.     Or.,  soft  hair ;  the  stipes. 
Trichostema.  239.     Or.,  hair  stamens. 
Tricuspis,  398.     Or..  3-cusped  ;  the  chaff. 
Trientalis,  212.    Lat.,  trieti.0,  3  inches  (high). 
TrlfoU'im,  91.     Lat.,  llnce-icaf ;  Ivs.  3-foTialc. 


Trlglochin,  324.  Gr.,  three  points ;  port  3-angl. 
Trigonella,  100.  Or.,  3-angled  ;  so  the  corolla. 
TRILLIACE/E.  340. 


Trillium,  340.    Parts  of  the  plant  all  in  Ss. 
Triosteum,  144.    Or.,  three  bon.^s  (bony  seeds). 
Tripsacum.4C9.     Cr.,  to  thresh. 
Trisetum,  397.    Lat.,  three  bristles  (awns). 
Triticum,  406.     Lat.  fri'o,  to  rub  or  grind. 
Trltoma,  345.  Or.,  thrlce-cuttlng :  Ivs.  3-ed<red. 
Trolllus.  21.    German,  trol,  something  round. 
Troppeolum.  69.     Or.,  trophy  ;  shield  and  hel- 
Troximon.  193.  (7r..  something  eatable,  [met. 
TUBULIFLOR.^.  1.52,  153. 
Tulipa,  811.    The  Persian  name  is  Thaulyban. 
Turnera.  129.  To  Wm.  Turner,  M.  D.,  London, 
TURNERACE^,  128.  [1550. 

Turritis,  .36.    Laf.,  a  tower ;  remarkably  erect. 
Tussilasro.  160.    Lat..  tussis,  a  cough  :  cure  for. 
Tvpha.  320.     Or.,  a  marsh  :  the  habitat. 
TYPHACE.'E.  .319. 
ULMACE.E,  298. 

Ulmus.  298.     The  Saxon  name  was  ulm. 
t:MBELLIFER/E,  133. 
Uuiola,  403.    Lat.,  unity:  many  fls.  in  one  ? 
Urtic.a.  300.     Laf..  to  biini  (iiro) ;  stinging. 
URTICACE.^.  298. 

Utricularia.  216.  Lat..  vfricrilu.  a  little  bladder. 
Uvularia,  347.    Usefl  for  diseases  of  the  uvula, 
Vaccinium.  198.    The  ancient  name. 
Vachellia,  99.    Not  explained. 
Valeriana.  1.50.    To  King  Valerius. 
VALERIANACE^.  1.50. 
Valerianella,  151.    Derived  from  Valeriana. 
Vallesia,  270.  To  P. Vallesio.  phvs.  to  Philip  II. 
Vatlisneria.  .325.    To  Ant.  Vallisner.  Italv.. 
Vallofa,  3^33.    To  Pierre  Vallo,  French,   (root. 
Veratrum,  348.     Lat..  true  black  ;  the  fls.  oi 
Veihascum.  222.     Lat.,  beard:  plant  woolly. 
Verbena.  235.     From  the  diMic  Ferfam. 

verbenace^.  '2m. 

Verbesina.  180.     Sam<i  meaning  as  Verbena. 
Vernonla.  1.55.    To  Wm.  Vernon,  collector  in 

North  America. 
Veronica.  229.     Not  well  explained. 
Vesicaria,  42.  Lat..  a  blister;  the  inflated  pods. 
Viburnum,  146.   Laf..\o\\c:  twi<rs  pliant. 
Vicia.  86.    Lat..  tincio.  fo  hind  :  Its  tendrils. 
Victoria.  30.    To  Queen  Victoria,  of  England 
Visrna.  96.    To  Dominic  Vignl. 
Vilfa,  384.     Of  unknown  meaning. 
Vinca.  270.     Lat.  rincdiim.  a  band. 
Vincetoxicum.  2T4.    Mt^aning  unexplained 
Viola.  45.    The  old  Latin  name. 
VIOLACE/E,  45. 

Vis-iana.  276.    To  Prof.  Ylsiani,  Patavla. 
V1TACE.E,  77.  [ible, 

Vlfex.  237.    Lat.,  tieo.  to  bind  ;  branches  flex- 
Vitis.  77.     Celtic,  gwyd.  =  best  of  trees. 
Virtaria.  417,     Lat"..  vifta,  a  riband  :  its  form. 
Wrtldsteinia.  107.     To  Franz  de  Walds-lein. 
VValtheria,  63.  To  Prof.  A.  F.  Walther,  Leipsic. 
Warea,  39.    To  Mr.  Ware,  its  discoverer. 
Whitlavia,  255.    A  personal  name. 
lUef/e/a.  445.    A  personal  name.  [rania. 

Wigandia.  256.    To  Bishop  Wigand,  of  Pome- 
Wistaria.  96.    To  Prof.  Caspar  Wistar.  Phlla. 
Wolflia.  319.     A  personal  name. 
WocKlsla,  42".     To  Joseph  Woods,  Engllsn. 
Woodwardia.  423     To  Thomas  J.  XVoodward. 
Xanthium.  174.    Said  to  dye  the  hair  yellow. 
Xanthosoma,  318.     Or.,  yeilow  mouth. 
Xanthoxylum.    See  Zanthoxylum. 
Xeranthcmuni,  186.     Or.,  dry  flower*. 


438 


ENGLISH    IKDEX. 


Xerophyllum,  349.     ffr.,  dry  leaf.  [monk. 

Ximenia.    10.     To   F.  Ximenes,    a    Spanish 
Xvlosteon.  145.     Gr.^  wood  bone  ;  hard  wood. 
XYRIDACE^,  354. 
Xyris,  354.     6^>-.,  acute  ;  sc.  the  leaves. 
Yucca,  345.    Tlie  Peruvian  name.  [Italy. 

Zannichellia,  o21.    To  John  J.   Zannichelli, 
Zanthorhlza,  21.     Gr.,  yellow  root. 
Zanthoxylum,  70.     Gr.,  yellow  wood. 
Zauschneria,  125.    A  personal  name. 


Zea,  409.    Gr.,  tao,  to  live  ;  plants  natrlttve. 
Zephyranthu<,  8:33.    <7r.,  zephyr  flower. 
Zigadonus,  348.     Gr.,  joined  glands  (on  the 

petali?). 
Zinnia,  iTo.  To  Prof.  John  G.  Zinn,  Gottiugen, 
Zizania,  3(;S.     A  Greek  name  adopted. 
Zizia,  138  (130).    To  J.  B.  Zizi,  German. 
Zornia.  BH.    To  John  Zorn,  Bavaria. 
Zostera.  3-21.     Gr..  a  riband  :  sc.  the  long  IvB. 
ZYGOPHYLLACE/E,  66. 


ENGLISH    INDEX. 


Abele  Poplar      

311 

95 

233 

23 

412 

328 

418 

108 

3118 

13S 

57 

103 

333 

Banana  

331 
23 
200 
<104 
241 
64 
2'.>1 
310 

Black  lirass      ...   . 

S52 

Acacia.  Rope 

Black  Haw 



147 

ACANTHADS     

Banyan  

Barl«n' 

Basil: (2;ie,  243) 

Bass-wood 

Bastard  Toad-Flax 

248 

Aconite      

Black  Jack 

305 

ACftOGEXS      . 

Blackroot  

Black  Snakeroot 

Black  Thorn         

.... 

171 

Adder's- tongue. . . . 

(21)8) 

111 

Affrimony 

Aider 

Bladder  Campion  . . . 
Bladder  Fern 



Bay 24.65 

Bay berry 

Bay-gall's 

B  lyonet  Rush . . . 

Bi-an 

BEAN  CAPERS 

Bcar-biMiy    

Beard  l.-ass 

12L  20;i 

".'.Wm 

2'.10 
309 
290 
353 
96 
(56 
201 
388 
224 
315 
345 
148 
307 
217 
2S5 
206 
251 
1.31 
196 
»47 
384 
27 
27 
245 
219 

% 

198 
260 
2.58 
308 
307 
421 

495 

Alexanders  

Bladder-nut    . 

74 

All-seed      

Bladder- pod 

Bladder  Senna 

Bladderwort 

Blazini^  Star 

Bleediiiir-heart ." 

Blessed  Thislle 

Blite 

Blood-root 

.157 

12 

Almond 

Aloe 

95 
216 

Ahnn-root 

11  .-J 
288 
2S!» 
332 
2()6 
200 
137 
142 
140 
139 
26 
112 
111 

26;j 

2(53 
105 
142 
315 

349 

AMARANTHS 

Amaranth,  Globe 

AMARYLLIDS...   . 

.■.(24) 

■.■.■iioV.' 

33 

189 
986 

American  Centaury  . 

31 

Bears  Thread... 

Bed-straw 

Beech 

Beechdrops 

Beet 

Bectleweed 

Beggar- ticks.... 
BEGONIADS 

'::::(}m 
■.■.■.■.■.180, 

P.LOOD  WORTS     .. 

3:15 

Angelica 

A/igelica-tree 

Angelico 

Anise 

ANONADS 

Apple 

Apple  Haw 

Apple  of  Peru 

Apple  of  Sodom.. . . 

Bluebell 

1')R 

Biue-curfs 

Blue  Dangles 

Bhie-eveaGrass 

Bine  P'lag 

B'ue  Grass  

216. 

23f» 
198 
837 
a36 
402 

BELLWORTS... 

Belhvort 

Bent  Grass 

BERBERIDS  ... 

Berberry 

Bergamot 

Betony 

Bhotnn  Pine 

Bi<r  Laurel 

Bilberry 

Bindweed   

BINDWEEDS 

■.■.".■.(•isj) 

Blue-hearts 

Blue  Palmctlo 

Bluets 

Bog  Rush 

'i'm 

.'liO,' 

2:^ 
317 

Apricot 

149 

ARALIADS 

367 

158 
251 

AROIDS     

317 
321 
323 
312 
I4t; 
INS 
271 
277 

71 
311 
160 
152 
333 
211 
105 

42 
188 
243 
311 

70 
109 

BORltuiEWO'RTS.' 

Boston  Iris 

Bottle-brush 

Bouncing'  Bel 

\rro\v  Grass 

Arrow-head 

250 
3->r< 
122 

Arrow-wood 

(iVt) 

,'Vl2) 

5:-; 
109 

A^CLEPIADS    ...   . 

Bowman's-root 

Box  Elder 

10. 

Ash (TO 

Ash  Maple 

Aspen 

Birch 

BlltCII  WORTS. 
Binl's-nesi 

Boxwood 

Brake 

Bramble 

Bridal  Rose 

2! 
4', 
10, 
lO.' 

...   .206, 

ASTERWOR'PS 

BIRTH  WORTS. 

Bishoj)"s-cap 

Bishopweed 

Bitter  Cres* 

••••••••• 

278 
113 
141 

S04 
262 
KK) 
208 
104 
.i.|T 

Alamasco  Lily 

Auricula 

A  ven  8 



Brier (82, 

338) 

10't 

Broccoli 

Broine  (irass 

46 

BROMELIADS 

Brooklime 

Broom 

Broom  Corn   

Broom  Grass 

Broom  rape 

■.■.9b; 

331 

Bachelor's  Button  . . . 

Balm (72,241 

Balm-of-Gilead 

Balsamine 

Baltimore  Belle     . . 

'311) 
. .  72, 

22s 
10» 

Bitter  V^etch 

Black  Alder 

Blackberry 

Blackberry  Ld- 

41 
41 

ai? 

ENGLISH    INDEX. 


439 


BROOMRAPES 217 

Brvonv 130 

Buck  Beau 268 

Buck  eye 74 

Buckthorn 77 

BUCKTHORNS  76  : 

Buckwheat 284  | 

Buckwheai-tieo 205 

Bufrah)-berry 293 

Bugbano    23 

Bujjlewecd 240 

Bpk1o?8 (251)  252 

BuURnsh 361 

Burdock (173)  190 

Bnmec 108 

Buniiiig-bush 76 

Burr  Grass 894 

Burr  Marigold 180 

Burr  Reed 320 

Burr->^eed "^51 

BURSERIDS.... 72 

Bush  Clover S9 

Bush  Honeysuckle 146 

Bush  Trefoil 88 

Buttercups 19 

Buttertly-weed 273 

Butternut 304 

Bntterweed 187 

BUTTERWORTS 215 

Putton-bush 150 

Buttonvvood 303 

Cabbage 40 

Cactus V''2 

Cajeput 122 

Cale 40 

Calamiuth 243 

Calamus 3l9 

Calico-bush '. 2U0 

California  Poppy 32 

CALYCANTHS 25 

CAMELLIAS 64 

Campion 53.  54 

Canada  Thistle 190 

Canary-bird 69 

Canary  Grass 394 

Caudleberry 309 

Candytuft 42 

Cane 404 

'Canterbury  Bells 196 

CAPERS 66 

Caper  Spurge 295 

CAPPARIDS 44 

( 'ara  way 1 38 

('ardinal-flower 19.i 

<.!ard()on 188 

Carnation 5t 

Carolina  Beech-drops 207 

Carpet  Cress 43 

Carpet-weed 58 

Canion-rtower 275,  339 

Carrot 139 

Cassena  Tea 208 

Castor-oil  Plant 297 

Catalpa 218 

Catchrty 53 

Catchfly  Grass 383 

Cat-gut 94 

Catmint 245 

Catnep 246 

Cat-tail 387,  320 

Cauliflower 40  I 

Cayerne  Pepper 2iy^  [ 

Cedar 311,  315 


Cedar-of-Lebanon 814 

Celandine 81 

Celery 140 

Centaury 266 

Century  Plant 334 

Chatr-seed 282 

Charaomilo 183 

Chaste-tree 2:^7 

Cheat 397 

Checkerberrv 201 

CHENOPODS 284 

Cherry (262,  263)102 

Cherry  Latirel 102 

Chequered  Lily 342 

Chervil 137 

Chess 897 

Chestnut 306 

Chick  Pea 85,  86 

Chickweed 54.55 

Chickweed  Wintergrcen. .  212 

Chicory .  190 

China  Aster 165 

Chinquapin 307 

Chokeberry 112 

Chokecherry . .   102 

Christmas  Rose 21 

Cinnamon  Fern 366 

Cinquefoil 107 

Citron (71)  130 

Civos 344 

Cleavers 148 

Climbing  Boneset 160 

Climbing  Fern 418 

Clotweed.   174 

Cloudberry  105 

Clover  (89,  J)2)91 

Club  Moss 413 

CLUB  MOSSES 41} 

Club  Rush 3^1 

Cock's-comb 288 

Cockspu  r  Grass 393 

Cocoa  Plum 101 

Coffee  Bean ?S5 

Coffee-tree 83 

Cohosh 27 

Colic-root 335 

Colocynth 131 

Cok's-foot 160 

Columbine 2'i 

Columbo 268 

(_  oinfrey 252 

Cone-flower 175 

CONIFERS 312 

Coontie 312 

Coral-root 3-J8 

Coriander 141 

Corn  Cockle 54 

Cornel 143 

CORNELS 112 

Corn  Flag 338 

Cotton 63 

Cotton  Grass 3*i2 

Cotton  Rose 185 

Cotton  Thistle 189 

Cottonwood 31 1 

Conch  Grass 4(M» 

Cowbame 136 

Cowslip (211)21 

Cow-wheat    243 

Crab  Grass    390,  407 

Crab  Tree 112 

Cranberrv (146)  19*.) 

Crane's  bill 63 


j  Crape  Myrtl? 123 

Creeping  Greenhead 15C 

Cress  36,37,39,  43,  6S 

i  Crest-flower. .   335 

i  Crookneck  Squash 130 

;  CRO VVBERRIES 302 

Crowberry 803 

!  Crowfoot 19 

I  CROWFOOTS 15 

Crow  Garlic 344 

Crownbeard ISO 

I  Crown  Imperial 343 

j  CRUCIFERS 34 

Cuckoo-flower 38 

I  Cucumber (130)  131 

Cucumber-root 340 

Cucumber-tree 24 

I  CUCURBITS 129 

I  Cudweed 185 

i  Culver's  Physic 229 

I  Cu  p-plant 173 

I  Cupseed 97 

j  Currants 117 

1  Cutflower 221 

i  Cut  Grass 383 

i  CYCADS 311 

I  Cypress ....(257)  315 

'  Cvpress  Vine 258 

•  Datfodil 333 

Dahlia 166 

Dahoon 207 

Daisy    165 

Dandelion (191)  193 

DAPHNADS 292 

Darnel 405 

Daughter-of-Spriug 140 

I  Dav  Lilv  345 

I  Deadly  5s  ightshade 264 

I  Deerberry 198 

!  Detr-gras.-» 122 

!  Deer's-tongue 157 

j  Dewberry 105 

1  Dickson's  Fern 423 

I  Dill 136 

I  Ditch  Grass 321 

!  Ditch  Moss 324 

j  Dittany 240 

Dock 281 

Dockmackie 146 

Dodder 260 

Dogbane.. 270 

DOGBANES 269 

Dog  Fennel 181,  183 

Dogwood 73,  143 

Doorweed 2S2 

Dragonhead  246 

Dragon-root 318 

Drop-flower 192 

Dropseed 385,  3^-4 

Dry  Strawberry 107 

Duekmeat 319 

Dundee  Rambler I(i9 

Dutchman's  Pipe 278 

Dwarf  Clubmoss 414 

Dwarf  Dandelion 191 

Dwarf  Pink  149 

Dyers  Broom ....     9'J 

Dyer's  Cleavers 148 

Dyer"s-weed 45 

Ear-drop 33,  127 

Earth-galls 192 

EBONADS ?00 

Eel  grass 3*5 


440 


ENGLISH    INBEX. 


(110) 


Egg-plant 

Eglanune 

Esyptian  Calla 

Elder (74,  142,  174) 

El(^campane 

Elephant'' Si-ear 

Ek'phaut'p-foot 

Elm 

Enchanter's  Nightshade.. 

Endive 

ENDOGENS 

English  Mint 

Enjiflish  Moss 

Eternal  Flower 

Evening  Primrose 

Everlasting 

Everla^tinji;  Pea 

EXOGENS 

Eyehright     .    

Fals^e  Dogfennel 

False  Flax 

False  Goldenrod 

False  Hellebore 

Faii-e  Mermaid 

False  Netl'e 

False  Pennyroyal 

False  Pimpernel 

False  Redtop 398, 

False  Rice 

False  Rocket 

False  Rue-Anemone 

False  Syringa 

False  Violet 

False  Wallflower 

Felwort 

Fennel 

Fennel-flower 

Fenusrreek 

FERKS 

Fescue  Grass 

Festoon  Pine 

Fetter-bush 

Feverfew 

Feverwort 

Fig 

Figwort 

FIGWORTS 

Filbert 

Finger  Grass 

Fircweed 

Fir 

Fir  Balsam 

Flag 318, 

FlaminsjT  Pinxter 

FLAXWORTS,  Flax 

Fleabane 

Fleur-de-lis 

Flixweed 

Floating-heart 

Florida  Arrowroot 

Florin  Grass 

Flower-de-luce 

Flosveriii^j:  Fern 

FLOWERING  PLANTS. 
FLOWERLESS  PLANTS 

Flower-of-an-hour 

Fly  poison 

Fogfruit 

Fool's  Parsley 

Forget-me-not 

Forked  Spike 

Foul-meadow 

Four-o'clock 


I  Foxglove (230)  228 

I  Foxtail 894,  3tt7 

Fraxinella 70 

French  Mulberrj' 2-36 

Fringe  Grasa. . .  8it2 

Frin<rc-tree 276 

FROGBITS 324 

Frost-plant 47 

FUMEWORTS 83 

Fumitory 34 

GALEWORTS 308 

Gale 309 

Galingale 357 

Gargetweed 284 

Garden  Orachc 287 

Garlic 343 

Gay-feather 157 

Gentian 2fi7 

GENTIANWORTS 2fi6 

GERANIA 67 

Geranium (;8 

Germander 239 

GESNERWORTS 219 

Gilia 257 

Giil-over-the-ground 240 

Gin-er.  Wild  TS 

GINGERWORTS 3^]l 

Ginseng ]I2 

Glasswort 287 

Globe  Amaranth 2^9 

Globe-flower  (104)     21 

Glue  Mallow fi2 

Gnatbane 171 

Goat's-beard 104 

Goat's  Rue 94 

Golden  Alexanders 1:3« 

Golden  15artonia 1-2S 

Golden-cliain 91 

Golden  Club -SIS 

Golden  Fern 420 

Goldenrod IfiB 

Goldthread 21 

Good-king-Henry 28') 

Good-night 260 

Gooscijel-ry 117 

Goosel'ool 285 

GOOSEFOOTS 284 

Goosegrass 107,  148 

Gonrd 180 

GRAMINOIDS 350 

Grape 77 

Grape  Fern 418 

Grape  H vacinth 844 

GRASSES 380 

Grass  of  Parnassus 115 

Grass  Pink 380 

Grass-pdly 12:3 

Greek  Valerian 257 

Green  Brier 318 

Green  Dra-^on 318 

Green-head 150 

Green  Violet 45 

Gromwell 252 

Ground  Cherry 2«13 

Ground  Fir 414 

Ground  Pine 414 

Ground  Ivy 245 

Ground-niit 96,  142 

Groundsel 1S7 

Groundsel-tree 171 

Guava  .   122 

Gum-tree (120)  143 

GYMNOSPERMS 311 


Hair  Grass 884,888 

Hardliack lOS 

Hare-hell 196 

Hare's-foot 91,  428 

Hart's-tongue 425 

Haw (146,147)  ill 

Hawthorn 110,  111 

Hawkweed 19] 

Hazelnut ;i01 

Heart's-ease 47 

Heart-seed 75 

Heath.  Heather 200 

HEATH  WORTS 197 

Hedgehog 93 

Hedgehog  Grass 405 

i  Hedge  Hyssop 227,  245 

Hedge  Mustard 39 

Hedge  Nettle 248 

Hedtre  Bindweed 2S3 

Heliotrope 250 

Hellebore (348)  21 

Hemlock (139,  141)  313 

Hemp (^89)  301 

Hemp  Nettle 248 

Henbane •.  264 

Henbit 24.S 

Herb  Robert oa 

Hercules'  Club 142 

Herds  Grass 387 

Heron's-bill 68 

Hickory 304 

Hiuh  Cranberry 146 

Hitfh-water  Shrub 174 

HIPPURIDS 120 

Hoarhound (159,  248)  249 

Hobble-bush 146 

llogweed 174 

HOLLY  WORTS,  Holly...  207 

Hollvhock 60 

Honesty 40 

Honewort 138 

Honey  Locust 83 

Honeysuckle 144-6 

HONEYSUCKLES 144 

Hoop-petticoat 333 

Hop 301 

Hop  Hornbeam 307 

Hornbeam 307 

Horn  Pondweed 321 

Horn  Poppy. 31 

HORNWORTS 802 

Horse  Balm 241 

Horse  Chestnut 74 

Horsemint 240,  245 

Horse  Nettle  263 

Horse  Radish 41 

Horse-tail 415 

Horse-weed 174 

Hound's-tongue 251 

Houseleek 119 

HOUSELEEKS 117 

Hucklebeny 198 

Hyacinth 344 

Hydrangea 116 

HYDROPHYLLS 2.53 

Hyssop (227,245)  241 

Immortal-flower 186 

Indian  Corn 409 

Indian  Cress 69 

Indian  Cucumber-root....  34( 

INDIAN  FIGS 13S 

Indiati  Mallow 61 

IncJlau  Millet 411 


ENGLISH  INDEX. 


441 


Indian  Physic 104 

Indiau  Pipe 206 

Indian  Rice 3^3 

Indian  Shot 332 

Indian  Tobacco 195 

Indian  Turnip 318 

India-rubber  tree 299 

India  Wheat 284 

Indigo  Plant (84)    95 

Inkberry 208 

Innocence 149,  225 

IRIDS 336 

Ironweed 155 

Irouwood 307 

Ivjf. (73,  18S)  142 

Ivy,  Poison TS 

.lack-in-the-pulpit 318 

Jacobaea 187 

Jacobaea  Lily 334 

Japan  Globe-flower 104 

Japan  Quince 112 

Japan  Rose 65 

Japonica 65 

Jersey  Tea 77 

Jerusalem  Artichoke 177 

Jerusalem  Cherry 262 

Jerusalem  Sage 248 

Jessamine (269,  392)  2T5 

Jewelweed 69 

Jimson-weed 265 

Job's-tears 411 

Jonquil  333 

Judas-tree 83 

July-flower 38 

June  Grass 402 

Juniper 314 

Kidney  Bean 96 

Knap-weed 188 

Knawel 58 

Knot  Bindweed  2S3 

Knotgrass 282 

Labrador  Tea 204 

Lady-Fern  424,  426 

Lady's  Eardrop 127 

Lady's  Mantle 108 

Lady's  Slipper 326 

Lady's  Tresses 329 

Lamb  Lettuce 151 

Larch 314 

Larkspur 22 

Laurel 24,102,200 

LAURELS 290 

Laurestine 147 

Lavender 239 

Lead  Plant 93 

Leadwort 215 

LEAD  WORTS ...  214 

Leaf-cup 172 

Leather-flower 17 

Leather-leaf 202 

Leather-wood 292 

Leek  344 

LEGUMINOUS  PLANTS    80 

Lemon 71 

Lentil 100 

Lettuce (151, 192,)  193 

Leverwood 307 

Lignum-vitae  67 

Lilac 276 

Lily (333-4,  337,  345,)  342 

hily-of-the-valley 346 

LILYWOKTS 341 

Lime 71 


Lime-tree (143)  64 

Linden 64 

LINDENBLOOMS 64 

Lion's-ears 249 

Lion's-foot 192 

Lion's-heart 217 

Lip  Fern 422 

Liquorice 148 

Live-forever 118,  119 

Liver-leaf,  Liverwort 18 

Li/ard-tail 407,  301 

LOASADS 128 

LOBELIADS 194 

Loblolly  Bay 65 

Locust (S3)  95 

Long  Moss 335 

Loosestrife 212 

LOOSESTRIFES..  .(127)  I'-^S 

Lopseed 236 

LORANTHS 291 

Lousewort 562 

Lovage 140 

Love-lies-bleeding 289 

Lucerne 92 

Lungwort 253 

Lupine 90 

Lychnidea 256 

Madder (283)  148 

M  ADDERWORTS 147 

Mad-dog  Skull-cap 247 

Madwort 40 

M  AGNOLIADS 24 

Mahogany 66 

Maidenhair 422 

Maize 409 

Mallow 60-62 

MALLOW^S...   59 

Mangel-wurzel 285 

Manna  Grass 402 

Maple 74 

MAPLEWORTS 73 

Mare's-tail 121 

Marigold (21)  188 

Marj(jram 242 

Mar^h  Cress  36 

Marsh  Elder 174 

Marsh  Mallow 60 

Marsh  Marigold 21 

Marsh  Rosemary 215 

Marvel-of-Peru 279 

MARVELWORTS 279 

MAST  WORTS 304 

;Matrimony-vine 264 

Mav  Apple 28 

May-flower 200 

May-weed 183 

Meadow-Rue 18 

Meadow-sweet 104 

Medick 92 

MELANTHS 347 

MELASTOMES 122 

Melic  Grass 400 

Melilot 92 

MENISPERMADS 26 

Mercury 296 

MiTmaid  68 

Mermaid-weed 120 

MESEMBRYANTHS  ....  13:3 

Mexican  Tea 286 

Mexican-vine 286 

Miami-mist 255 

MIGNONETTES 44 

Milkweed 272 


MILKWORTS,  Milkwort, 

Milk  Vetch 

Millet  391,  393, 

Millfoil.  • (121) 

Mint (183,  245) 

Mistletoe 

Mitre  wort 

Mockernut 

Mock-Orange 

Molucca  Balm 

Moneywort 

Monkey-flower 

Monk's-hood 

Moon-seed 

Moonwort 

Morello 

Morning-glory 

Moss  Campion 

Moss  Pink 

Mother  Carey 

Motherwort 

Moth  Mullein 

Mountain  Ash 

Mountain  Fringe 

Mountain  Ileaih 

Mountain  Mint 

Mountain  Sorrel 

Mourning  Bride 

Mouse-ear  Chickweed  . . . 

Mouse-tail 

Moving-plant 

Mud  Purslane 

Mudwort 

Mugwort 

Mulberry.. .  (105,  236,  299) 

Mullein 

Mullein  Piiik 

Muscadine 

Musk  Melon 

Musk-plant 

Mustard (36,39) 

Myrtle (123.204,309) 

MYRTLEBLOOMS 

NAIADS 

Nailwort 

Narcissus 

Nasturtion 

Navel  wort 

Neapolitan 

Neckweed 

Nectarine 

Nelumbo 

Nettle (248,263,2%) 

Nettle-tree 

NETTLE  WORTS..  

New  York  Fern 

Nightshade (128,  264) 

NIGHTSHADES 

Ninebark  

Nipplewort 

Noi.-ette 

Nonesuch 

Nutmeg-flower 

NYMP1IL'U)S 

Oak 

Oak,  Poison 

Oak-ol- Jerusalem 

Oat (347) 

Oireechee  Lime 

Okra 

Oil-nut 

Oil-seed 

Oleander  


78 

94 

391 

183 

240 

291 

113 

304 

116 

248 

212 

226 

22 

26 

418 

1U2 

259 

53 

257 

183 

249 

222 

112 

33 

201 

245 

289 

152 

54 

20 

89 

51 

228 

184 

300 

222 

54 

78 

131 

226 

40 

122 

121 

320 

57 


251 

47 
229 

103 


299 
298 
426 
262 
261 
103 
190 
110 
92 
91 


73 
286 
396 
143 

63 
292 
219 


412 


ENGLISH    INDEX. 


Oleasjer 292 

Olive 2TR 

OLI\T5WORTS 275 

ONAGRADS '.....  124 

Onion 343 

Opium  Poppy 32 

Orache 287 

Orange (116,  2<)9)    71 

ORANGEVVORTS 71 

ORCHIDS 325 

Orris-root 337 

Opfige  Orange v99 

Oder (143)  309 

Ostrich  Fern 421 

Oxeye (171)  175 

Oxheart 102 

Pieony 23 

Painted-cup 232 

Palmetto 317 

PALMS S16 

Pampas  Grass 398 

Panic  Grass 391 

Paney 45 

Paper  Mulberry 299 

Pappoose-root 28 

Parsley .  138 

Pareley-piert 108 

Parsnip (141)  137 

Paftrirlge-berry 148 

Pasque-llo  wer 17 

Passion-rtower 129 

PASSION  WORTS 129 

Pawpaw 26 

Pea..*: (83,86)85 

Peach  103 

Peanut 87 

Pear 112 

Pearlwort 56 

Pea-vine 97 

Pecan-nut 304 

Pellitory 301 

Pencil-flower 87 

Pennyroyal (239)  241 

Pennywort 135,  268 

Pepper 2(13 

Pepper-and-Salt 140 

Pepper-buph 204 

Pepper-grass 42 

Peppermint 240 

PEPPERWORTS 412 

Periwinkle 270 

Persimmon 209 

Pet  timorrel 142 

Pheasaurs-eye 19,  52 

Phlox (39)  256 

PHLOXVVORTS 256 

Pickerel-weed 350 

Pie-pkml 281 

Pijjmy-weed 118 

Pignut 304 

Pigweed (289)  285 

Pimpernel 213 

Vitie 312 

Pineapple 3:i5 

Pine-sup 206 

Pink (54,  203.  257,  330)  52 

Pink-root 269 

PINKWORTS 52 

Pinweed    47 

Pinxter-bloom 203 

Pipes 416 

Pipewood 202 

Pipeworts    355 


Pipsessiwa 206 

Pitcher-plant 30 

Plane-tree 303 

Plantain (323,3:30)  213 

Plum 101 

Plume  Grass 410 

Poet's  Narcissus 333 

Poison  Haw 146 

Poison  Hemlock 139 

Poison  Ivy 73 

Poison  Oak 73 

Poke 284 

Pokeworts  284  i 

Polar-plant 173  ' 

Polypody (373)  4S0 

Pomegranate 123 

Pond  Lily 29 

Pond  Spice 291 

Pond-weed  321 

PONTEDERIADS 350 

Poor-mau"s-weather-glass  213 

Poplar 311 

Poppv 32 

POPfTVVORTS 31 

Possum  Haw 147 

Potato (259)  262 

Poverty  Grass 3F8 

Prairie  Burdock 173 

Prairie  Queen 109 

Prickly  Ash 70 

Prickly  Pear 132 

Prickly  Poppy 32 

Pride-of'-India 65 

Pride-of-Ohio 211 

Prid^-of-the-Meadow 104 

Prim 27() 

Primrose (125)  211 

Primrose-peerlese 333 

Primworts 210 

Prince's-feather 283    288 

Prince's  Pine £06 

Privet 276 

Puccoon 252 

Pumpkin 130 

Purple  Cone-flower 175 

Purple  Jacobaea 187 

Purslane (51,127,183)59 

PURSLANES 58 

Putty-root 828 

Quake  Grass  403 

Quamash 343 

Quassia 72 

QUASSIAWORTS 71 

Queen-of-ihe-Prairie 104 

Quillwort 412 

Quince 112 

Radish 43 

Rag<red  Lady 21 

Ram's-head 326 

Raspberry 105 

Rattle-pod    90 

Rattlesnake  Fern 418 

Rattlesnake  Plantain 330 

Red  Bay 290 

Red-bud 83 

Red  Osier 143 

Red  Pepper 263 

Red-root (77)  335 

Redtop 384 

Red-wood 315 

Reed (385)  404 

Reed-mace 320 

Resurrection  Moss 413 


Rhenmatism-root 28 

Rhubarb 881 

RIBWORTS 213 

Rice ,  .SR3 

Richweed .300 

Ri verweed 302 

Robin's  Plantain 165 

Rock  Cress 37 

Rocket (36,  43)  39 

Rock  Polvpod 425 

ROCK  ROSES,  Rock  Rose    47 

Roman  Wormwood 181 

Rose (21,105)  108 

Rose  Acacia ,95 

Hose  Apple 122 

Rose  Bay 124,  203 

Rose  Campion 54 

Rosemary... (202,  215,  303)  244 

ROSEWORTS 101 

Rosiu-weed 172 

Rue (18,94,372)70 

Rue  Anemone (20)  18 

RUEWORTS 70 

Rush 361,413,  863 

Rushes 350 

Rutland  Beauty 260 

Rye 406 

Safl-ron 189,337 

Sa^e 248,244 

Saftwort 212,  287,  288 

Samphire 287 

SANDALWORTS 291 

Sand-hill  Rosemary 803 

Sand  Myrtle 204 

Sand  Orache 287 

Sand  Reed 387 

Sand  Spurry 57 

Sandwort 55 

Sanicle 135 

Sarsaparilla 142,  338 

Sassafras 290 

Satin-flower 41 

SAURURADS 301 

Savory 242 

Saxifrage 113 

SAXIB^iAGES 112 

Scabish 152,  182 

Scarcity 285 

Scorpion  Senna 87 

Scotch  Broom 100 

Scourinjr  Rush 415 

Scratch-grass 281 

Screw-stem 268 

Scuppernong 78 

Scurvy-grass 89 

Sea  Aster 164 

Sea  Oxe3'e 171 

Sea  Purslane 183 

Sea  Rocket 43 

Sea  Wormwood 185 

Sea-wrack 821 

SEDGES,  Sedge 356,  357 

Seed-box 127 

Self-heal 246 

Seneca  Snakeroot "^9 

Senna (87,95)83 

Sensitive  Brier 82 

Sensitive  Fern 421 

Sensitive  Pea 83 

Sensitive  Plant 83,    82 

Serpent  Cucumber 131 

Service-tree 1 10 

Sesame  Grass 409 


ENGLISH     INDEX. 


443 


BhadJo'.k-tree Tl 

8hiul-iloiver     11 J 

ShagbarK      SO'l 

Sh:inir.)ck      . •  .       •*! 

Slieep-poison.. jJUO 

Sheep  Sorrol 281 

Shell-flower «48 

Shepherd's-poroo. 42 

Shield  Fern 425 

Shrub  Trefoil 71 

Siokle-pod 87 

Sidp.-^addle-flowor 80 

SILK  COTTONS 63 

Silk-tree 82 

Silk-weed 272 

Silver-berry 292 

Silver  Fern 420 

Silver-weed 107 

Sin<rle-8eed  Cncumber  —  130 

Skullcap. 210 

Skunk  Cabbage 318 

Sloe 147 

Slipper-flower 222 

Snmrtweed 283 

Smoke-tree 73 

Smooth  Lungwort 25;3 

Snails 92 

Snake-head   224 

Snake-root 23,  79,  192,  278 

Snapdragon 2'^3 

Snapdragon  Catchfiy 53 

Sueezewort 183 

Snowball. 146 

Snowberry 144 

Snowdrop  334 

Snowdrop-tree 209 

Snow-llake 334 

Soapberry 75 

Soapwort 53 

SOAPWOIiTS 210 

Soft  Grass    395 

Solomon's  Seal o4(i 

Sorrel  (67)  28i 

Sorrel-tree 203 

SOKRELWORTS 281) 

Southernwood 184 

Sow-Thistle 194 

Spanieh-dagirers 345 

Spanifh-needlea  180 

Spear  Grass 401 

Spearmint 240 

Spearwort 19 

Speedwell 229 

Spice-wood 290,  291 

Spider-flower 44 

SPIDERWORTS 353 

Spinai-h,  Spinage 287 

Spleen  wort (133)  424 

Sponge-tree 99 

Spoon  wood 20;) 

Spriug-Heauty 59 

Spruce 313 

Spurge  293 

Spurge  Nettle 296 

SPURGEWORTS 293 

Spurry 57 

Squash  ; 13) 

Squaw-root 217 

Squill..' 343 

Squirrel  Corn. 33 

Siafl-tree 76 

STAFF-TREES 75 

Stagger-bueh 202 


Standing  Cjrpreee   257 

Staghorn  Fern       ...  419 

St.  Aiidrcnv's  Cross 48 

Star  Anise  24 

Star-of-Bethiehem 343 

Star-grass  334.  335 

Star  Thistle ..   189 

STARWORTS 301 

St.  Johns- wort 49 

ST.  JOHN" S- WORTS   . .      48 

Stock.. 38 

Stone-crop 118.  119 

Stork's-hill 68 

St.  Peter's- wort 48 

St.  Peter's-wreath 103 

Strawberry      .       ,..(107)  106 

Strawberry  Elite 286 

Strawberry  Tomato 263 

Succory  (Chicory) 190 

Sugar-berry     299 

Sugar  Cane    410 

Sui^^ar-tree  (Maple) 74 

SLUM  A(.;S,  Sumac 72 

Summer  Savoiy  242 

SUNDEWS.  Sundew 50 

Sunflower       176 

Supplejack   77 

Swamp  Laurel 200 

Swamp  Pink 203 

Sweet  Basil 238 

Sweet  Brier 109 

Sweet  Cicely 137 

Sweet  Fern 309 

Sweet  Flag 318 

Sweet  Gale 309 

Sweet  Gum 120 

Sweet  Pea m 

Sweet  Pepperbush 204 

Sweet  Potato 259 

Sweet  Reed 385 

Sweet-scented  Clover ....    92 

Sweet-sceutrd  Shrub 25 

Sweet  Sultan 189 

Sweet  Vernal  Grass 395 

Sweet  Viburnum 147 

Sweet  William 54,    52 

Swine  Cress 43 

Sycamore 74,  303 

SYCAMORES .303 

Ta'.mehac 311 

Tallow-tree 296 

Taraarac 314 

TA.MARISKS 63 

Tansy 183 

Tansy  Mustard 39 

Tares 86 

Tassel-flower 186 

Tassel-tree 62 

Tea (77,204,286)  65 

TEAWORTS,Tea-Rose..64, 6.5 
TEASELWORTS,Teasel.  151 

Thimbieberry 105 

Thistle 189 

Thorn 110 

Thorn  Apple 265 

Thorough  was 138 

Thoroughwort 15C 

Threadloot 302 

THKEADFOOTS 302 

Three-birds  223,  330 

Three-seed  Mercury 296 

Thrift, 215 

Thyme 243 


Tick-seed 178 

Tiger-flower 337 

Timothy. .   (394)  387 

Toad  Flax (291)  222 

Tobacco (195)  265 

Tomato     (263)  262 

Tongue-grass 43 

Toothache  Grass 409 

Toucb-me-not 69 

Torch  wood 72 

Tower  Mustard .3C 

Trailing  Arbutua 20i 

Tree  Fern  419,  423 

Iree  Hibiscus     .    63 

Tree  of  Heaveu  72 

Tree  Orchis      . .  331 

Tiefoil 71,  88 

TRILLIADS      340 

Trumpet-flower  218 

Trumpui-leaf         ...      30 

Trnmi)et  Milkweed 193 

Trumpet-toniiue ,.  221 

Tnimpet-weed ,  159 

Tuberose .  3;i4 

Tulip     841 

Tulip- tree 25 

Turk"8-cap 342 

Turmeric-root 23 

Turnip  40 

Turnip  Beet 285 

Turtle-head 224 

Twayblade 329 

Twin-flower 144 

Twin-leaf   28 

Twist-foot 347 

TYPHADS  319 

UMBELWORTS  133 

Umbrella  leaf       28 

Umbrella  tree 25 

Unicorn-plant     219 

Valerian (257)  150 

Vanilla-plant..  ...  167 

Vegetable  Marrow.         ...  130 
Vegetable  Oyster  . .         . .   191 

Venus'  Comb .   .  137 

Venus' Flytrap ..  .    51 

Venus'  Looking-glass 197 

Vervain 235 

Vetch  (94, 100)  86 

Victoria  Lily 30 

VINES 77 

VIOLETS,  Violet (105)  45 

Viner's  Bugloss 2ol 

Virjrinia  Creeper 78 

Virginia  Lass 109 

Virginia  i>nakeroot 2T8 

Virginia  Stonecrop IHJ 

Virgin's-bower 16 

Wake  Robin 340 

Walking  Fern 424 

Wall-flovvei ':89)  38 

Wall  Rue 494 

Walnut 304 

WALNUTS 303 

Water-carpet 113 

Water  Cress 3t) 

Water-feaiher 211 

Water  Hemlock 141 

Water  Hemp 289 

Water  Hoarhound 240 

Water-leaf 254 

Water  Lily 29 

Water  Melon 130 


4M 


ADDITIONAL  INDEX.— Luxsr  axb  Exausa. 


ADDESDA 
X  MAflOfaonA  ^nmcsulrj^   A  lii^li/  y  w—iri  few  &  Aife^ 


Fa^eML   AlkrO.0ulii| 

P«^«l.    Afi«rT 

ito.  cnriwwg,  ipt'O m^  »i.  the jpwry hmg;  irflhi  '■j^wiiti  ;  gtanj^i;, <WM< 

Pa^74    Alt»rA.(Jlue») 


P^IM.    A&erO. 


Page  1 M.    AS«r  D,  (Dicrvflb^ 
Pa^tdlL    After BMnrj«4«s,a«UL 


mfmnmM%iK  fat  Sto  <tMy  li  yiWiiiji'  Itif  (iT  grtWMifw 


446  ADDENDA. 

On  page  190,  before  Lappa,  may  be  inserted, 

99a  CARDUUS  nutans,  L.    Bristles  of  the  pappus  not  plumsus,  nearly 

naked.  Stem  2f,  slender;  Ivs,  narrow,  einuate-spinescent, decurrent,  2 — 3'.  Heads  few, 
large,  nodding,  purple.  Ach.  linear-oblong,  rugulous,  'Z'\  crowned  with  a  mirjy-bri?tled 
deciduous  pappus  three-quarters  of  an  inch  long.    Ilarrisburg,  Pa.  (Prof.  Pof;<r).  §  Eur. 

Page  208.    After  P.  (Prinos)  laevig^tMS,  add, 
3a  P.  pubescens  Mx.    Shrub  6— 8f,  with  smooth,  virgate  branches ;  Ivs.  lijge,  ovate, 
actminate,  serrulate,  soft  pubescent  beneath ;  clusters  umbellate,  axillary,  shorter 
than  the  petioles;  berries  dark  red,  2—3"  in  diameter.    Alleghanies,  Pa. 

Page  281.    Next  before  R.  (Rumex)  crispus,  insert, 
1  R.  patl^utia  L.    Patience  Dock.    Stem  3— 5f,  stout;  leaves  lance-oblong,  6'— 2f; 
valves  large  (2—3"),  broad-cordate,  one  of  them  bearing  a  small  grain  or  all  naked. 
Grows  at  New  Baltimore,  N.  Y.    (Dr.  Howe.)    §  Eur. 

Page  388.    Next  before  S.  (Stipa)  aven-icea,  insert, 

1  S.  Rlcliardsonii  Link.    Culm  15—20',  very  erect  and  slender ;  Ivs.  shorter,  fili- 

form ;  pan.  loose,  3 — 4' ;  glumes  near  2",  acutieh ;  pales  not  bearded  at  the  blunt 
base,  the  crooked  awn  about  6"  in  length.    Mt.  Marcy,  N.  Y.    (C.  H.  Peck.) 

Page  394.    After  C.  (Cenchrus)  tribiiloides,  add, 

2  C.  ec1tiiiaitu$«  L.    Differs  from  No,  1,  in  the  globular,  purplish,  downy  involucre*, 

beset  above  with  rough,  stiff  bristles,  and  cleft  into  8—10  segments  inclosing  3— 6 
flowers ;  grain  brown.    South, 

Page  44.    After  C.  (Cledme)  pungens,  add, 
2  C.  liite«:rifolia  (Nutt.)    Smooth,  glaucous,  1— 2f ;  Ivs.  3-foliate,  Ifts,  lance-oblonj, 
entire,  mucronate  ;   rac.  dense;    calyx  5-toothed  ;    pet.  rose-color,  subsessile,  4" ; 
stam.  6.  equal :  pod  much  longer  than  its  stipe.     Banks  of  the  Mississippi  R.,  N. 
Klincis.  {Mr.  V.F/iese.)  and  Westward. 

Page  34').     Afier  'P.  (Tjillium)  cernnum,  add, 

p.  atroritbenx,    P«'tals  brownish  purple,  ovate-lanceolate,  acuminate.    Hanover, 
Indiana.  (.Ur.  A.  //.  Young.) 

Page  291.     After  Phorodendron,  insert, 

2.  AROEUTHOBIUM,  Bieb.  Differs  from  Phorodendron  in  having  its 
anthers  1-celled,  the  $  perianth  2-tootlied,  the  herbage  yellowish  and 
leajl£ss. 

A»  Oxycedrl,  p.  abigenium  (Wood).  Found  growing  on  the  branches  of  small 
starved  spruce-trees  (Abies  nigra),  in  a  marsh  in  Sandlake,  N.  Y.  (U.  If.  Peck). 
Stems  3—9",  jointed,  each  joint  terminating  in  a  truncated  sheath.  Fls.  terminal 
and  opposite;  berry  some  3-angied.  The  variety  a  grows  on  Pines  and  Cedais  iu 
Cal.  and  Oreg.!  and  is  much  larger. 

Page  133.    Under  Sesiivium,  insert, 
t  S.  pcntandruni  Ell.    Lvs.  spatulate-obovate  ;  fls.  sessile  ;  stamens  5.    (I)?    Se»- 
coast,  E.  Hampton,  L.  I.  {J.  S.  jUerria?)i),  Cape  May  (C.  F.  Park^?),  Cape  Ilenlopeo 
{Dr.  Leid!/),  to  Fla.     Hitherto  mistaken  for  S.  Portulacastrnm. 

Page  164.     After  45  A.  (Aster)  ericoides,  insert, 

/3.  viU'oguit  (Mx.)    Stem,  branches,  and  often  the  leaves  villous-hirsute. 

Page  1G7.     After  8  S.  (Solidago)  latifolia,  /3.  pitben.%  insert, 

fi.  tlUdta  (DC.)    Upper  racemes  elongated  and  spreading.    111.     {Mr.  Wo{f.) 


ADDKXDA.  447 

Page  1G8.    After  OO  S.  (Solidago)  Canadensis,  insert, 

/3.  Mcabra.    Stem  and  leaves  scabrous  ;  leaves  narrow,  rigid,  subentlre. 
Page  173.    After  6  S.  (Silpliium)  scaberrimum,  insert, 

/3.  ai»»iU.    Leaves  nearly  all  sessile,  lance-oblong  to  ovate.    (S.  Radula  N.)    111. 
Page  180.     After  5  B.  (Bidens)  connata,  insert, 

^.  petiolata.    Leaves  more  or  less  petiolate.    (B.  petiolata  N.)    111.    (J/r.  Wolf.} 
Page  283.     After  10  P.  (Polygonum)  Oareyi,  insert, 
10a  P.  perslcarioides  K.    Glabrous,  2— 4f :  stip.  ciliate  ;  Ivs.  lin.-lanceolate,  sub* 
sessile,  spotted,  not  acrid  ;  spikes  linear,  erect,  pale-purple  ;  sta.  (5—8  ;  styles  3-cleft ; 
ach.  .3-augled,  shining.    Low  ground.    111.    (J/r.  Woif.)    New  to  our  flora. 

Page  346.    At  bottom  insert,  • 

22a  MYRSIPHYLLUM  asparagoIdes.  A  delicate  vine,  twining 
and  climbing,  from  S.  Africa.  Cult.  Branches  very  slender  and  smooth.  Lvs.  V  or  more, 
ovate,  pointed,  thin,  and  polished.  Fed.  in  pairs,  with  an  empty  bract-like  one,  FIs.  sjmi- 
lar  to  those  of  Asparagus,  6-parted,  white.    Filaments  flattened.    Popularly  called  Smilax, 

Page  405.     After  E.  (Elymus)  Yirginicus,  /i.  arcuatus,  add, 

y.  ciltdguM.    Flowers  villous-pabescent    (E.  villosus  Muhl.)    UI.    (Mr.  Wolf.) 

Order  LXXX.     OLACxVCEJi:. 

Trees  or  shrubs  chiefly  tropical,  with  alternate,  ex-stipulate,  petiolate, 
entire  leaves,  regular,  liypogynous  jiowers,  and  drupe-like  fruit ;  repre- 
sented in  our  limits  by  the  following  genus  only. 

XIMSNIA,  Plum.  Calyx  small,  4-toothed.  Petals  4,  woolly  within, 
barely  united  at  the  base.  Stam.  8.  Style  1 ,  Ovary  4-celled,  with  several 
ovules,  but  forming  a  1  seeded  drupe,  ^  ^  Thorny.  Flowers  axillar}-, 
single  or  in  small  corymbs. 

X.  Americana  L.  Leaves  smooth,  coriaceous,  oval  or  oblong,  obtuse;  peduncles  several- 
tiovrereil,  shorter  than  the  leaves;  petals  oblanceolate,  thick,  spreading  above,  4 — 5" 
long.— Fla.  from  Picolata  {Mr.  Fry)  and  S.  FIs.  yellow,  fragrant.  Drups  as  large  as  a 
plum,  yellow,  well-flavored.    Thorns  J  an  inch. 

Page  76,  under  Celastreceae,  insert, 

3.  PACHYSTIMA,  Raf.  Petals  and  stam.  4,  inserted  on  the  throat  of 
the  4-lobed  calyx.  Style  very  short,  expanded  at  base  into  the  disk  which 
covers  the  ovary  and  lines  the  calyx  tube.  Caps,  oval,  3-celled,  seeds  2 — 
4.  inclosed  in  a  white  dissected  aril. — Low  shrubs,  with  opposite,  crowded. 
»;hort-petiolcd,  evergreen  leaves,  and  minute  axillary  flowers. 
P.  inyrniiiileH   Raf.  j3  Canbyi  (Gray),     Stems  and  branches  creeping,  ascending, 

bark  blackish  ;  lvs.  oblong  and  Unear-obloug,  obtuse,  with  a  few  minute  teeih  ;  caps. 

obtuse.— Mountain  bogs,    Wytheville,  Va.  {H.  Shriver.)    Sterna  8 — 16'.    Lvs.  6—9", 

margina  revolute. 

Page  234,  after  R.  (Ruellia)  strepens  L.,  insert, 

j3.  tnlcrantha  (Eng.  and  Qr.).  Flowers  crowded  in  the  axil?,  with  corolla  reduced 
to  a  slender  tube  witii  an  ob!?olete  lip-shaped  border,  or  quite  apetalous,  fertil- 
ized in  the  bud.— In  pond?,  'Mount  Carmel,  111.    {Dr.  Schneck.) 


448  A1>I)ENDA. 

Page  253,  under  Lilhospermum,  insert, 

8  li.  lut^sccns  Coleman.     Minutely  strigous  ;    Ivs.  lanceolate,  pointed,  roughUh 

above,    about  5-veined  ;    sepals    subulate,    shorter  than  the  conspicuous    yellow 
corolla.— Grand  Rapids,  Mich.  (iV.  Coleman.)    Allied  toL.  latiiolium. 

9  I«.  tuberosum  Rugel.    Hispid-bristly,  erect,  branching  ;  Ivs.   obovate-oblong. 

dotted  above  with  white  glands,  the  upper  lance-oblong  ;  calyx  lobes  linear,  as  long 
as  the  yellowish  corolla,  twice  as  long  as  the  polished  nutlet.— Fla.  to  La.  (Dr.  Joor.) 

Page  256,  under  Hydrophjilaceae.  insert, 

8.  NAMA,  L.  Calyx  5-partcd.    Cor.  tubular-funnelform,  5-cleft,  Stam. 

5  equal,  included,  styles  2  distinct.     Caps,  oblong.     Seeds  oo  ,  pitted. 

Hairy  diffuse  lierbs.     Lvs.  alternate,  entire.    Fls.  cyanic. 
N.  Jainaic^asls  L,    Pubescent,  prostrate,  branched  ;  stems  angular  ;  lvs.  obovate, 
obtuse  ;  fls.  1 — 3  in  the  axils  ;  calyx  lobes  linear,  as  long  (5")  as  the  corolla  ;  caps. 
2-,  then  4-valved  and  the  placentiB  free.—Ditches,  etc.,  Baton  Rouge,  La.  (Dr.  Joor.) 

Page  263,  under  Solanum,  insert, 
14  S.  verbascKoIiuin  L.     Shrubby,  hoary-tomentous  ;  Ivg.  large,  ovate-oblong, 
entire  ;  cymes  dense-flowered,  on  a  long  stout  forking  peduncle  ;  flowers  in  bud 
obovoid,  cor.  lobes  obtuse  ;  anthers  lin.-oblong ;  ovary  woolly.— Picolata,  Fla.  {Mr, 
Pry)  and  Bouthword. 

Page  140,  after  3  A.  (Apium)  nodiflorum,  read, 
3a  A.  an{>:u8tirolinm  Wood.  Weakly  erect  8— 20'  ;  lvs.  pinnate,  elongated;  Ifts. 
toothed,  cut,  or  pinnatifid,  oblong  in  outline;  ped.  as  long  as  the  rays  ;  invol.  and  in* 
volucc'ls  5— 7-bracted  ;  fr.  round-oval,  ribs  and  vittae  obscured  by  the  thick  pericarp. 
—Wet  places,  Peoria,  111.,  {Dr.  Stewart)  and  W.  Used  as  celery.  (Slum,  L.  Berula, 
Kotch.) 

Page  173,  after  8ilpliium,  insert, 

41a.  AOANTHOSPERMUM,  Sclirank.  Heads  radiate,  rays  (small) 
$  fertile,  disk  5  sterile.  Invol.  herbaceous,  inner  scales  closely  investing 
tlie  ray  cypsela?.  Recep.  chaffy.  Cyp.  few,  oblong,  without  pappus,  each 
enclosed  in  the  hardened  prickly  scale.  — ®  Diffusely  branchiug.  Lvs. 
opposite,  toothed  or  incised.     Fls.  yellow. 

A .  xaiitlioldes  DC.  Stems  creeping,  rooting  at  base  ;  scabrous-pubescent ;  lvs.  ovate 
or  obovate,  the  lower  petiolate ;  heads  stalked;  rays  about  5;  cyp.  5,  spreading, 
6"  long,  the  sack  muricate.— Atlanta,  Ga.    {T.  B.  Ooulding.)    %  S.  Am.  Jl.  Aug. 

Page  237,  after  Vitex,  may  be  inserted, 

7.  OLERODENDRUM,  L.  Corolla  salverform,  limb  some  unequal, 
6-cleft.  Drupe  baccate,  of  4  (or  fewer)  1-celled,  1 -seeded  drupes. — Shrubs 
or  trees.  Lvs.  simple,  entire,  opposite  or  ternate.  Cvmes  axillary,  or 
terminal,  trichotomous. 

C.  Slplionantlins  R.Br.  Glabrous,  virgatc,  erect  4— 8f.  ;  lvs.  whorled  in  8s  and4!«, 
long-lanceolate,  pointed  at  both  ends;  cymes  once  or  twice  trichotomous;  cor. 
white,  tube  4'  long,  linib  1'  broad  ;  stam.  long-exserted.— Macon,  Ga.,  naturalizod  iu 
fields,  waysides.    {Dr.  J.  Mercer  Oreen.) 

Page  358,  after  17  C.  (Cyperus)  divergcns,  read, 
17aC.  WolfllWood.    Glabrous,  slender,  erect  2— 3f.;  lvs.  at  base,  narrowly  linear, 
.3f,  of  the  invj>l.  '2f  ;  rays  abont  .5,  very  unequal,  each  hearing  a  dense  globular  head  ; 
spikes  many,  4— 5-flowered,  oblong,  scalts  imbricated,  obtuse,  9— 11-voined  ;  rachU 
broadly  xn:tgcd.—A.\\n&,  111.    [J.  ^Y<^f.)  ^ 


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The  American  botanist 
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